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Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:30,600 --> 00:00:33,000 Welcome, welcome, welcome to "Last Week Tonight." 2 00:00:33,079 --> 00:00:35,556 I'm John Oliver, thank you so much for joining us. We are back! 3 00:00:35,640 --> 00:00:39,075 After three long months and what has been one very busy week, 4 00:00:39,159 --> 00:00:42,876 especially for Fox News, a network whose very name is a lie, 5 00:00:42,960 --> 00:00:45,715 in that it provides neither news nor, indeed, foxes. 6 00:00:45,799 --> 00:00:49,395 Now, you may remember, they're being sued by Dominion Voting Systems, 7 00:00:49,479 --> 00:00:51,715 the company at the center of Trump's election conspiracy theories- 8 00:00:51,799 --> 00:00:55,476 theories which were repeatedly amplified by hosts on Fox. 9 00:00:55,560 --> 00:00:57,756 And in a legal filing made public this week, 10 00:00:57,840 --> 00:01:01,595 we got a glimpse at Fox's internal communications during that time. 11 00:01:01,679 --> 00:01:05,676 {\an8}Privately, top anchors and executives mocked trump's lies, 12 00:01:05,760 --> 00:01:10,036 {\an8}calling them "ludicrous," "really crazy stuff," and "totally off the rails." 13 00:01:10,120 --> 00:01:14,916 {\an8}Even as those same hosts went on the air arguing completely otherwise. 14 00:01:15,000 --> 00:01:17,836 {\an8}All right, these election challenges are still going on 15 00:01:17,920 --> 00:01:20,956 {\an8}and disturbing irregularities have been found 16 00:01:21,040 --> 00:01:23,200 {\an8}and must be investigated to the fullest. 17 00:01:23,840 --> 00:01:28,396 Wow. If I were a Fox viewer, I'd feel pretty betrayed by that. 18 00:01:28,480 --> 00:01:32,330 This is like finding out that Big Bird regularly texts Elmo, "Fuck them kids." 19 00:01:32,359 --> 00:01:34,319 And Elmo agrees. 20 00:01:35,120 --> 00:01:37,420 This filing shows the extent to which Fox hosts 21 00:01:37,480 --> 00:01:39,155 did not believe the shit that they were selling. 22 00:01:39,239 --> 00:01:43,635 Which is completely fine if you work for QVC and have to fill an hour 23 00:01:43,719 --> 00:01:46,196 on why a bejeweled Squatty Potty will change your life, 24 00:01:46,280 --> 00:01:49,956 but it's a bit more concerning when you pretend to be the news. 25 00:01:50,040 --> 00:01:53,916 But perhaps the most fascinating thing is how terrified major Fox figures were 26 00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:57,435 of losing their audience to more conspiracy-friendly networks 27 00:01:57,519 --> 00:02:00,036 like Newsmax, with Tucker Carlson at one point saying, 28 00:02:00,120 --> 00:02:03,836 "An alternative like Newsmax could be devastating to us." 29 00:02:03,920 --> 00:02:06,396 They seemed to understand that acknowledging Biden had won 30 00:02:06,480 --> 00:02:09,635 was alienating their viewers. Sean Hannity wrote to a producer, 31 00:02:09,719 --> 00:02:12,156 after the network called the election for Biden, 32 00:02:12,240 --> 00:02:16,075 "Respecting this audience whether we agree or not is critical. 33 00:02:16,159 --> 00:02:18,436 Fox has spent the month spitting at them," 34 00:02:18,520 --> 00:02:20,235 to which the producer replied, "Right, 35 00:02:20,319 --> 00:02:23,756 our best minutes from last week were on the voting irregularities." 36 00:02:23,840 --> 00:02:26,316 Which-remember-they all knew were bullshit. 37 00:02:26,400 --> 00:02:28,635 And look, on one hand, I kind of get it. 38 00:02:28,719 --> 00:02:31,235 We also face pressure to maintain our audience. 39 00:02:31,319 --> 00:02:35,515 It's just we do it the old-fashioned way, by having integrity, self-respect, 40 00:02:35,599 --> 00:02:38,436 and the blind fortune of airing right after hit, 41 00:02:38,520 --> 00:02:44,036 prestige dramas that people actually want to watch. It's not difficult. 42 00:02:44,120 --> 00:02:47,876 But multiple Fox hosts seemed to see telling the truth 43 00:02:47,960 --> 00:02:50,795 as a potentially existential threat. 44 00:02:50,879 --> 00:02:54,835 {\an8}After Fox News reporter Jacqui Heinrich fact-checked a Trump tweet about 45 00:02:54,919 --> 00:02:58,795 {\an8}votes being destroyed, Tucker Carlson texting his colleagues, 46 00:02:58,879 --> 00:03:01,555 {\an8} "Please get her fired, seriously, what the F? 47 00:03:01,639 --> 00:03:05,000 {\an8}It's measurably hurting the company. The stock price is down." 48 00:03:05,560 --> 00:03:09,115 Look, as egregious as that is, it does definitely track, 49 00:03:09,199 --> 00:03:11,999 as the list of fireable offenses at Fox News seems to be, 50 00:03:12,039 --> 00:03:16,156 "Making stock price go down or being a sexual monster for decades, 51 00:03:16,240 --> 00:03:19,740 parentheses, but only if people outside the company find out about it." 52 00:03:19,800 --> 00:03:21,596 But instead of going deeper into that sewer, 53 00:03:21,680 --> 00:03:23,276 we're going to turn to the continuing fallout 54 00:03:23,360 --> 00:03:26,196 from the train derailment in East Palestine, Ohio. 55 00:03:26,280 --> 00:03:27,916 As you probably know, two weeks ago, 56 00:03:28,000 --> 00:03:30,156 a Norfolk Southern freight train went off the rails, 57 00:03:30,240 --> 00:03:32,075 releasing large amounts of hazardous chemicals. 58 00:03:32,159 --> 00:03:35,316 And the situation continues to be troubling. 59 00:03:35,400 --> 00:03:36,635 {\an8}Tonight, outrage growing 60 00:03:36,719 --> 00:03:39,419 {\an8}less than two weeks after that massive train derailment 61 00:03:39,439 --> 00:03:41,476 {\an8}and the controlled burn of hazardous chemicals 62 00:03:41,560 --> 00:03:45,156 {\an8}sent up a toxic plume of black smoke in East Palestine, Ohio. 63 00:03:45,240 --> 00:03:49,316 {\an8}Residents demanding answers complaining of burning eyes, nausea, headaches 64 00:03:49,400 --> 00:03:52,276 {\an8}and a pungent odor, and reporting dead animals. 65 00:03:52,360 --> 00:03:56,436 {\an8}Officials confirming 3,500 fish killed by the chemicals. 66 00:03:56,520 --> 00:03:57,515 {\an8}Don't tell me it's safe. 67 00:03:57,599 --> 00:04:00,036 {\an8}Something's going on if the fish are floating in the creek. 68 00:04:00,120 --> 00:04:03,635 Right. That frustration makes sense. Because unless that train was carrying 69 00:04:03,719 --> 00:04:08,955 a bunch of small, loose, already-dead fish, that looks bad. 70 00:04:09,039 --> 00:04:10,996 This has been a nightmare for local residents. 71 00:04:11,080 --> 00:04:12,436 Initially, many were evacuated, 72 00:04:12,520 --> 00:04:15,555 before a "controlled release" of the train's contents, 73 00:04:15,639 --> 00:04:17,076 which looked like this. 74 00:04:17,160 --> 00:04:20,315 Then just two days later, they were told that it was safe to return, 75 00:04:20,399 --> 00:04:24,596 despite the fish cemetery that was now actively floating downstream, 76 00:04:24,680 --> 00:04:27,435 and initially they were given just a thousand-dollar check 77 00:04:27,519 --> 00:04:30,315 as an inconvenience fee. It's frankly no wonder 78 00:04:30,399 --> 00:04:33,355 a meeting on Wednesday night quickly got contentious. 79 00:04:33,439 --> 00:04:37,596 {\an8}Outrage poured over at a town hall in East Palestine last night 80 00:04:37,680 --> 00:04:41,476 {\an8}as anxious residents grilled state and local officials. 81 00:04:41,560 --> 00:04:45,115 {\an8}- Is everybody satisfied with my answer? - No! 82 00:04:45,199 --> 00:04:47,639 Yeah, of course, they weren't! 83 00:04:48,160 --> 00:04:51,115 And one of the reasons that fire chief was the one getting yelled at 84 00:04:51,199 --> 00:04:54,076 was because no one from Norfolk Southern showed up, 85 00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:55,836 with the company later explaining their absence, 86 00:04:55,920 --> 00:04:59,195 citing the "growing physical threat" to their employees. 87 00:04:59,279 --> 00:05:00,276 And, you know what, 88 00:05:00,360 --> 00:05:04,636 you certainly would not want them exposed to that level of toxic anger. 89 00:05:04,720 --> 00:05:07,636 Not without at least giving them a thousand-dollar check first, 90 00:05:07,720 --> 00:05:10,235 you know, for the inconvenience. 91 00:05:10,319 --> 00:05:12,355 And look, the National Transportation Safety Board 92 00:05:12,439 --> 00:05:15,235 is conducting an investigation into the causes of this crash, 93 00:05:15,319 --> 00:05:18,755 so we don't yet have answers on exactly what went wrong. 94 00:05:18,839 --> 00:05:19,995 That said, 95 00:05:20,079 --> 00:05:22,716 some of the things Norfolk Southern workers are telling reporters 96 00:05:22,800 --> 00:05:25,315 about that train are pretty worrying. 97 00:05:25,399 --> 00:05:28,555 {\an8}CBS News has learned that some of the company's employees 98 00:05:28,639 --> 00:05:32,755 {\an8}had previously expressed concern over the excessive size and weight 99 00:05:32,839 --> 00:05:35,315 {\an8}of the 151-car train, 100 00:05:35,399 --> 00:05:40,195 {\an8}which was 9,300 feet long and weighed 18,000 tons. 101 00:05:40,279 --> 00:05:44,476 {\an8}They say it had suffered at least one breakdown on its route 102 00:05:44,560 --> 00:05:46,519 {\an8}before it derailed in East Palestine. 103 00:05:47,120 --> 00:05:49,716 That's not great! And it should say something that 104 00:05:49,800 --> 00:05:54,315 employees were raising concerns about the 18,000-ton combustible centipede 105 00:05:54,399 --> 00:05:55,836 that the company was operating. 106 00:05:55,920 --> 00:05:59,355 Because that's not something you can just brush off, like me being told, 107 00:05:59,439 --> 00:06:02,396 "I think you should show your parent company a little more respect." 108 00:06:02,480 --> 00:06:06,675 I'll do that if you can tell me who the fuck it actually is right now. 109 00:06:06,759 --> 00:06:08,476 Then I'll give my deadbeat business daddy 110 00:06:08,560 --> 00:06:11,435 the exact amount of respect that they deserve. 111 00:06:11,519 --> 00:06:12,516 And troublingly, 112 00:06:12,600 --> 00:06:15,795 this is part of a larger trend of trains getting longer and heavier, 113 00:06:15,879 --> 00:06:19,156 even as companies have operated with smaller staffs. 114 00:06:19,240 --> 00:06:20,235 And workers have claimed 115 00:06:20,319 --> 00:06:22,795 that this was widely known as a difficult train to run. 116 00:06:22,879 --> 00:06:25,956 And that, while its official name was 32N, 117 00:06:26,040 --> 00:06:29,995 it had a nickname among some rail workers of "32 Nasty." 118 00:06:30,079 --> 00:06:34,036 Which sounds like a bra size that was on sale at Victoria's Secret 119 00:06:34,120 --> 00:06:35,959 until, like, two years ago. 120 00:06:36,759 --> 00:06:40,716 The thing is, this accident is exposing much more than just chemicals. 121 00:06:40,800 --> 00:06:44,036 It's exposing some much broader big issues 122 00:06:44,120 --> 00:06:47,115 in how freight trains like 32 Nasty are regulated- 123 00:06:47,199 --> 00:06:51,315 one of which even seemed to startle Ohio Governor Mike DeWine. 124 00:06:51,399 --> 00:06:52,555 {\an8}This train apparently 125 00:06:52,639 --> 00:06:55,516 {\an8}was not considered a high hazardous material train. 126 00:06:55,600 --> 00:06:59,995 {\an8}Even though some rail cars did have hazardous material on board, 127 00:07:00,079 --> 00:07:02,675 {\an8}and while most of them did not, 128 00:07:02,759 --> 00:07:08,516 {\an8}that's why it was not categorized as a high hazardous material train. 129 00:07:08,600 --> 00:07:13,795 {\an8}Frankly, if this is true-and I'm told it's true- this is absurd. 130 00:07:13,879 --> 00:07:18,276 Oh, come on, Mike! What're you really so confused about? Everyone knows, 131 00:07:18,360 --> 00:07:21,795 it's not dangerous if only part of something can kill you. 132 00:07:21,879 --> 00:07:25,836 That's why Russian roulette is a great activity for a child's birthday party. 133 00:07:25,920 --> 00:07:27,755 It's the new pin the tail on the donkey. 134 00:07:27,839 --> 00:07:31,836 Where have you been? They love it! It's fine. And I will say, 135 00:07:31,920 --> 00:07:35,995 I don't know exactly how to regulate or classify hazardous materials on trains, 136 00:07:36,079 --> 00:07:39,076 but a key question for me would be, if it derails, 137 00:07:39,160 --> 00:07:42,596 will authorities have to turn it into an apocalyptic mushroom cloud 138 00:07:42,680 --> 00:07:44,036 to try and mitigate the damage? 139 00:07:44,120 --> 00:07:45,435 'Cause if the answer's yes, I don't know, 140 00:07:45,519 --> 00:07:49,675 maybe slap that "hazardous" label on it, just to be on the safe side. 141 00:07:49,759 --> 00:07:51,755 Another issue that's now being discussed is 142 00:07:51,839 --> 00:07:54,396 antiquated braking systems, as on many trains, 143 00:07:54,480 --> 00:07:58,355 each railcar receives the stop signal one after the other, 144 00:07:58,439 --> 00:08:01,355 instead of all at once, costing valuable seconds. 145 00:08:01,439 --> 00:08:04,115 And a lot can happen in even small amounts of time. 146 00:08:04,199 --> 00:08:05,799 For instance, a few minutes ago, 147 00:08:05,839 --> 00:08:10,560 you were excited to see this show come back, weren't you? Not so much now! 148 00:08:11,120 --> 00:08:13,916 The Obama administration actually took steps to address this, 149 00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:17,036 issuing a rule in 2015 requiring railroads to use 150 00:08:17,120 --> 00:08:21,315 electronically controlled pneumatic brakes on especially dangerous trains, 151 00:08:21,399 --> 00:08:25,716 which remember, the East Palestine train supposedly wasn't. 152 00:08:25,800 --> 00:08:27,836 But train companies lobbied against it, 153 00:08:27,920 --> 00:08:30,916 Congress held it up, and the Trump administration finally killed it. 154 00:08:31,000 --> 00:08:33,100 And it's not like people weren't warning us 155 00:08:33,120 --> 00:08:34,715 about the risks of doing that. 156 00:08:34,799 --> 00:08:39,435 Because here is a rail accident investigator in Ohio at that time. 157 00:08:39,519 --> 00:08:43,116 {\an8}A controlled pneumatic braking system could make a big difference 158 00:08:43,200 --> 00:08:44,795 {\an8}versus what these have now. 159 00:08:44,879 --> 00:08:47,036 There have been fires, explosions 160 00:08:47,120 --> 00:08:49,276 all caused because they're using 161 00:08:49,360 --> 00:08:53,236 this ancient, 150-year-old braking system. 162 00:08:53,320 --> 00:08:55,835 It's been available for at least 20 years. 163 00:08:55,919 --> 00:08:59,156 And they don't want to put it in because it costs money. 164 00:08:59,240 --> 00:09:02,236 Exactly, and that is pretty frustrating 165 00:09:02,320 --> 00:09:05,916 because a train's ability to stop is kind of important. 166 00:09:06,000 --> 00:09:08,356 It's in the top three things that trains need to do, 167 00:09:08,440 --> 00:09:13,240 along with go, and teach children their only value to society is having a job. 168 00:09:14,039 --> 00:09:18,756 And again, we don't know yet exactly what caused this crash in Ohio. 169 00:09:18,840 --> 00:09:20,876 Maybe classifying that train as hazardous 170 00:09:20,960 --> 00:09:24,435 and requiring those brakes would've helped. Maybe not. But in general, 171 00:09:24,519 --> 00:09:28,116 it sure seems like we need to be tightening things up going forward. 172 00:09:28,200 --> 00:09:32,036 Train worker unions have been warning us about safety issues for a long time. 173 00:09:32,120 --> 00:09:34,795 And it really feels like we should maybe start listening more 174 00:09:34,879 --> 00:09:36,675 to the people who actually run these trains, 175 00:09:36,759 --> 00:09:38,955 rather than just to those who profit from them. 176 00:09:39,039 --> 00:09:42,195 Because if you ask yourself whether this is an acceptable way 177 00:09:42,279 --> 00:09:46,396 to run a vital national industry, if I may quote the people of East Palestine, 178 00:09:46,480 --> 00:09:48,595 the answer should pretty clearly be- 179 00:09:48,679 --> 00:09:52,795 - No! - Exactly. And now, this. 180 00:09:52,879 --> 00:09:58,636 And Now: Jim Cramer Will Not Shut Up About His Brioni Suits. 181 00:09:58,720 --> 00:09:59,715 {\an8}We can talk about that 182 00:09:59,799 --> 00:10:02,636 {\an8}but I want to talk to you about how nice you're looking in that suit. 183 00:10:02,720 --> 00:10:04,675 {\an8}- I don't know who makes that suit. - That's a Brioni. 184 00:10:04,759 --> 00:10:07,156 {\an8}- Look at this, it's a nice Brioni. - You look-you look amazing, by the way. 185 00:10:07,240 --> 00:10:09,356 {\an8}Well, isn't that what the dollar is telling you at this point? 186 00:10:09,440 --> 00:10:12,835 {\an8}Dollar is saying don't be so gloomy, go to Italy and go buy Brioni suits. 187 00:10:12,919 --> 00:10:15,795 {\an8}Who wears black shoes with a olive suit? 188 00:10:15,879 --> 00:10:18,715 {\an8}It's a-first of all, it's a Brioni suit, it's worth a lot more than you. 189 00:10:18,799 --> 00:10:21,555 {\an8}I mean, I'm on the-the back and forth here with Milan and Brioni. 190 00:10:21,639 --> 00:10:25,356 {\an8}This is a Super 180 Brioni! I got this in Milan! 191 00:10:25,440 --> 00:10:27,916 {\an8}40% off, buy one, get one Brioni! 192 00:10:28,000 --> 00:10:30,700 {\an8}We both wear Brioni or I don't know if he wears Brioni. 193 00:10:30,720 --> 00:10:32,036 {\an8}This, by the way, is a Brioni. 194 00:10:32,120 --> 00:10:34,075 {\an8}I wear Brioini. Brioni. 195 00:10:34,159 --> 00:10:38,636 {\an8}They have the Brioini men's super150 two-button notch lapel suit. 196 00:10:38,720 --> 00:10:40,675 {\an8}David, this is the first time this has ever happened. 197 00:10:40,759 --> 00:10:43,195 {\an8}I'm buying with one click on air right now. 198 00:10:43,279 --> 00:10:45,156 {\an8}You're not buying a Brioini suit on Amazon. 199 00:10:45,240 --> 00:10:46,475 {\an8}- This used to be a $2,100 suit- - You're not buying it. 200 00:10:46,559 --> 00:10:49,876 {\an8}They have it for $2,004. This is a saving of 100. 201 00:10:49,960 --> 00:10:52,475 {\an8}- Add to cart and then- - No way, no way. 202 00:10:52,559 --> 00:10:53,756 {\an8}I just add it to the cart, David. 203 00:10:53,840 --> 00:10:58,720 {\an8}That's stu-you can't buy a Brioni suit on Amazon. What's wrong with you? 204 00:11:00,679 --> 00:11:03,360 {\an8}My god, all right, let's move on. 205 00:11:05,600 --> 00:11:09,756 Moving on. Our main story tonight concerns drugs- 206 00:11:09,840 --> 00:11:11,916 y'know, the substances that gave us most music, 207 00:11:12,000 --> 00:11:13,795 seasons one and two of "The West Wing," 208 00:11:13,879 --> 00:11:18,955 and this spectacular clip of a BBC reporter getting inadvertently wasted. 209 00:11:19,039 --> 00:11:22,795 Burning behind me is eight and a half tons of heroin, opium, hashish, 210 00:11:22,879 --> 00:11:24,759 and other narcotics. 211 00:11:26,879 --> 00:11:28,080 Burning behind me... 212 00:11:33,279 --> 00:11:35,879 Quick! Quick, quick, quick! We just need one more. 213 00:11:42,159 --> 00:11:43,555 Exquisite. 214 00:11:43,639 --> 00:11:47,720 That deserves the Pulitzer Prize for "Reporter on Most Drugs." 215 00:11:48,360 --> 00:11:50,996 I'm not sure what my favorite part is there-his little giggle, 216 00:11:51,080 --> 00:11:53,195 the idea that someone thought, "Let's put a guy downwind from 217 00:11:53,279 --> 00:11:55,996 an eight-and-a-half ton pile of burning narcotics," 218 00:11:56,080 --> 00:11:57,715 or the fact that its main effect on him seems to be 219 00:11:57,799 --> 00:12:00,279 to turn him into a total sweetie pie. 220 00:12:01,200 --> 00:12:03,475 Specifically, we're going to talk about psychedelics- 221 00:12:03,559 --> 00:12:06,835 a category that includes drugs like psilocybin, LSD, and MDMA. 222 00:12:06,919 --> 00:12:09,756 And let me first say, I know, anyone with my face, voice, 223 00:12:09,840 --> 00:12:12,876 and generally off-putting aura who talks about drugs 224 00:12:12,960 --> 00:12:15,396 is usually warning you about the devil's lettuce. 225 00:12:15,480 --> 00:12:18,195 But I'm no fucking narc. In college, 226 00:12:18,279 --> 00:12:21,516 I practically majored in herbology with a minor in ganja-neering. 227 00:12:21,600 --> 00:12:25,475 They-they called me Sonic the Hedgehog because I rolled tightly. 228 00:12:25,559 --> 00:12:28,595 Also, I've done blow on tour with Ozzy Osbourne, 229 00:12:28,679 --> 00:12:32,595 who's also my dad, by the way. So, I'm in the scene, okay? I get it. 230 00:12:32,679 --> 00:12:35,156 The truth is, lots of people use psychedelics. 231 00:12:35,240 --> 00:12:36,835 Some for spirituality, some for healing, 232 00:12:36,919 --> 00:12:39,356 and some, like A$AP Rocky, just for fun. 233 00:12:39,440 --> 00:12:43,715 The first time he did LSD, it started to kick in just as he was having sex, 234 00:12:43,799 --> 00:12:46,036 with some surprising consequences. 235 00:12:46,120 --> 00:12:49,916 {\an8}No lie, a rainbow shot out of my dick. 236 00:12:50,000 --> 00:12:54,516 {\an8}And it had a sound with it, like-like a piano or some shit. 237 00:12:54,600 --> 00:12:59,396 I have no idea why there was a rainbow coming out of my penis. 238 00:12:59,480 --> 00:13:00,840 I don't even like rainbow. 239 00:13:02,080 --> 00:13:05,555 Excellent. Every sentence is better than the last there. 240 00:13:05,639 --> 00:13:07,916 "A rainbow shot out of my dick"- fantastic. 241 00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:10,955 "It had a sound with it, like a piano or some shit"-I love it. 242 00:13:11,039 --> 00:13:14,036 "I have no idea why there was a rainbow coming-coming out of my penis"- 243 00:13:14,120 --> 00:13:16,356 now, he's introduced suspense to the story! 244 00:13:16,440 --> 00:13:20,116 "I don't even like rainbows"- what a way to stick the landing. 245 00:13:20,200 --> 00:13:22,156 Also, I'm pretty sure that A$AP Rocky 246 00:13:22,240 --> 00:13:24,116 just gave Skittles their next commercial. 247 00:13:24,200 --> 00:13:26,639 "Skittles: taste the dick rainbow." 248 00:13:28,360 --> 00:13:29,475 But tonight, 249 00:13:29,559 --> 00:13:33,396 we're going to focus on one particular use of psychedelics-in therapy. 250 00:13:33,480 --> 00:13:35,276 It's a field that you may've heard about recently, 251 00:13:35,360 --> 00:13:39,036 in stories featuring testimonies from some very satisfied patients. 252 00:13:39,120 --> 00:13:41,396 {\an8}I had all this access to my mind 253 00:13:41,480 --> 00:13:44,156 {\an8}and I could control where I was thinking and going. 254 00:13:44,240 --> 00:13:48,516 It connected me back to my body, like I could feel my body again. 255 00:13:48,600 --> 00:13:53,555 It made me feel more comfortable with-with living, you know, 256 00:13:53,639 --> 00:13:58,156 because you're not afraid of dying. 257 00:13:58,240 --> 00:14:01,636 It's like doing therapy while being hugged by everyone who loves you 258 00:14:01,720 --> 00:14:04,020 in a bathtub full of puppies licking your face. 259 00:14:04,600 --> 00:14:07,795 Wow. That is a pretty powerful endorsement. 260 00:14:07,879 --> 00:14:09,236 He makes it sound pretty nice there. 261 00:14:09,320 --> 00:14:12,356 It would sound nicer if a rainbow also shot out of your dick, 262 00:14:12,440 --> 00:14:14,955 but that's only because A$AP Rocky has now raised the bar 263 00:14:15,039 --> 00:14:17,675 on what constitutes a pleasant human experience. 264 00:14:17,759 --> 00:14:20,916 That last guy is a veteran who claims that psychedelic treatment 265 00:14:21,000 --> 00:14:23,996 not only helped him with PTSD but saved his life- 266 00:14:24,080 --> 00:14:26,715 and he is not the only vet who has benefited. 267 00:14:26,799 --> 00:14:29,636 I had three experiences at full dosage, 268 00:14:29,720 --> 00:14:34,955 but the effects after the first treatment were profound. 269 00:14:35,039 --> 00:14:40,435 {\an8}I would have said a 60% reduction in my symptoms immediately. 270 00:14:40,519 --> 00:14:43,315 {\an8}I felt a-a mighty change had occurred. 271 00:14:43,399 --> 00:14:47,756 60% immediately. It is not often you see those kinds of results 272 00:14:47,840 --> 00:14:49,555 after your first therapy session. 273 00:14:49,639 --> 00:14:52,396 Especially now that so much of it happens over Zoom. 274 00:14:52,480 --> 00:14:55,435 Usually, day one is spent for introductions and trying to figure out 275 00:14:55,519 --> 00:14:57,876 what the fuck that thing behind yourtherapist's head is. 276 00:14:57,960 --> 00:15:01,799 That can't be what I think it is, right? It just can't be. 277 00:15:02,679 --> 00:15:04,955 And look, it's not just anecdotal. 278 00:15:05,039 --> 00:15:07,756 A recent clinical trial of MDMA-assisted therapy found that, 279 00:15:07,840 --> 00:15:11,475 for those suffering from PTSD, just two months after treatment, 280 00:15:11,559 --> 00:15:16,636 67% no longer qualified for a PTSD diagnosis. 281 00:15:16,720 --> 00:15:19,675 And that is not even getting into the promise that psychedelics have shown 282 00:15:19,759 --> 00:15:21,955 in treating conditions like addiction and depression. 283 00:15:22,039 --> 00:15:25,276 The fact is, all of this is hugely encouraging. 284 00:15:25,360 --> 00:15:29,236 But it is worth knowing, we've actually been here before with psychedelics, 285 00:15:29,320 --> 00:15:33,116 and we fucked it up-and if we are not very careful in the years ahead, 286 00:15:33,200 --> 00:15:34,276 we could go backwards again. 287 00:15:34,360 --> 00:15:36,876 So, tonight, let's talk about psychedelic therapy- 288 00:15:36,960 --> 00:15:40,675 its history, its potential, and what the pitfalls ahead might be. 289 00:15:40,759 --> 00:15:43,036 And let's begin by acknowledging a lot of these medicines, 290 00:15:43,120 --> 00:15:46,595 especially psilocybin, are nothing new to Indigenous communities, 291 00:15:46,679 --> 00:15:49,595 who've been conducting rituals involving mushrooms, peyote, ayahuasca, 292 00:15:49,679 --> 00:15:54,036 and other ceremonial medicines, far longer than western civilization has. 293 00:15:54,120 --> 00:15:57,396 But interest in psychedelics outside of Indigenous communities 294 00:15:57,480 --> 00:15:59,795 really picked up around the middle of the last century. 295 00:15:59,879 --> 00:16:03,555 LSD was first synthesized in a Swiss lab in 1938. 296 00:16:03,639 --> 00:16:06,835 And a banker at J.P. Morgan named R. Gordon Wasson 297 00:16:06,919 --> 00:16:08,475 popularized magic mushrooms, 298 00:16:08,559 --> 00:16:11,756 after hearing about an Indigenous Mexican woman named Maria Sabina, 299 00:16:11,840 --> 00:16:16,195 who used them in healing ceremonies, and tracked her down in 1955. 300 00:16:16,279 --> 00:16:17,715 After several attempts, 301 00:16:17,799 --> 00:16:23,356 he finally convinces Maria Sabina to let him taste the "magic mushrooms," 302 00:16:23,440 --> 00:16:24,795 as they came to be called. 303 00:16:24,879 --> 00:16:28,435 He comes back and writes an account of his adventure 304 00:16:28,519 --> 00:16:31,116 that is published in Life Magazine of all places. 305 00:16:31,200 --> 00:16:34,636 Now, this is astonishing. This is 1957 when it comes out, 306 00:16:34,720 --> 00:16:38,516 thousands of words in the biggest magazine in America. 307 00:16:38,600 --> 00:16:41,120 This article, when it's published, is a sensation. 308 00:16:41,679 --> 00:16:44,955 It's true. Wasson was basically the very first white guy who did shrooms 309 00:16:45,039 --> 00:16:47,559 and then made it his entire personality. 310 00:16:47,919 --> 00:16:51,236 That article started a stampede of hippies and celebrities 311 00:16:51,320 --> 00:16:54,475 into Maria Sabina's village, that turned her neighbors against her 312 00:16:54,559 --> 00:16:57,715 to such a point that they burned her house to the ground. 313 00:16:57,799 --> 00:17:01,299 So, you can add magic mushrooms to the list of things completely ruined 314 00:17:01,320 --> 00:17:06,160 by finance bros, along with vests, dating apps, and the middle class. 315 00:17:07,559 --> 00:17:11,195 But it wasn't just bankers and hippies drawn to the power of these substances. 316 00:17:11,279 --> 00:17:14,829 The U.S. military actually conducted experiments to see if they could be 317 00:17:14,839 --> 00:17:18,035 dropped on enemy troops to incapacitate them- 318 00:17:18,119 --> 00:17:21,955 and lucky for us, they filmed those experiments for posterity. 319 00:17:22,039 --> 00:17:23,596 Here is a group of normal soldiers 320 00:17:23,680 --> 00:17:26,640 responding correctly to a series of routine drill commands. 321 00:17:27,799 --> 00:17:32,359 After receiving a small dose of LSD, they're confused and undisciplined. 322 00:17:33,079 --> 00:17:35,076 Yeah, you really got 'em there. 323 00:17:35,160 --> 00:17:37,396 Those soldiers went from "tightly choreographed parade" 324 00:17:37,480 --> 00:17:40,396 to "tourists trying to decide where to have lunch," 325 00:17:40,480 --> 00:17:44,675 and all it took was a tiny bit of chemical warfare. It's brilliant! 326 00:17:44,759 --> 00:17:48,715 But even as the army was dicking around trying to invent a literal love-bomb, 327 00:17:48,799 --> 00:17:52,035 some researchers were using LSD as a mental health treatment. 328 00:17:52,119 --> 00:17:53,995 In 1966, CBS News 329 00:17:54,079 --> 00:17:58,596 followed a man who received LSD as part of his treatment for alcoholism 330 00:17:58,680 --> 00:18:01,035 and reported on its startling results. 331 00:18:01,119 --> 00:18:03,636 Six months after treatment with LSD, 332 00:18:03,720 --> 00:18:06,596 six months after his release from the alcoholics' ward 333 00:18:06,680 --> 00:18:08,156 at Spring Grove Hospital, 334 00:18:08,240 --> 00:18:10,435 Arthur King has started over. 335 00:18:10,519 --> 00:18:11,995 At the age of 33, 336 00:18:12,079 --> 00:18:16,195 he has gone back to school, something he talked about doing for years. 337 00:18:16,279 --> 00:18:18,916 In evening classes, he's studying accounting. 338 00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:21,156 Have you had anything to drink, for example? 339 00:18:21,240 --> 00:18:23,755 No, I haven't. Nothing at all. 340 00:18:23,839 --> 00:18:26,139 And I haven't had any desire to drink anything. 341 00:18:26,279 --> 00:18:30,079 That is incredible, but also-that guy is 33? 342 00:18:30,839 --> 00:18:32,396 I know that I'm hardly one to talk, 343 00:18:32,480 --> 00:18:35,556 as a legal 45 but a spiritual octogenarian, 344 00:18:35,640 --> 00:18:37,396 but holy shit, 345 00:18:37,480 --> 00:18:40,396 people sure aged a lot worse back when we painted everything with lead 346 00:18:40,480 --> 00:18:42,530 and let people smoke in the delivery room. 347 00:18:43,200 --> 00:18:45,636 Unfortunately, by the late 1960s, 348 00:18:45,720 --> 00:18:48,316 psychedelics became increasingly associated with the counterculture. 349 00:18:48,400 --> 00:18:50,995 And as the government cracked down on that movement, 350 00:18:51,079 --> 00:18:55,636 they began an era of anti-psychedelic hysteria. And it was intense. 351 00:18:55,720 --> 00:18:58,316 Junk studies made dubious but terrifying claims, 352 00:18:58,400 --> 00:19:00,755 like that LSD could warp your chromosomes, 353 00:19:00,839 --> 00:19:05,035 and education films employed a wide range of tones, and scare tactics, 354 00:19:05,119 --> 00:19:06,156 like these. 355 00:19:06,240 --> 00:19:11,435 This is a fetus from a mother not receiving LSD, a normal fetus. 356 00:19:11,519 --> 00:19:14,235 This is a fetus from the mother receiving LSD. 357 00:19:14,319 --> 00:19:16,636 I know doctors, and I know lawyers, 358 00:19:16,720 --> 00:19:19,876 and I know the most stable people in the world 359 00:19:19,960 --> 00:19:24,156 that have taken trips on LSD and are still waiting to return. 360 00:19:24,240 --> 00:19:27,796 Unfortunately, these dreamy, psychedelic trips 361 00:19:27,880 --> 00:19:29,640 are very often one-way. 362 00:19:30,359 --> 00:19:32,995 Okay, okay. That is quite the smear campaign, 363 00:19:33,079 --> 00:19:35,755 from the hamster fetus that looks like dino nuggets, 364 00:19:35,839 --> 00:19:39,636 to the woman screaming at you about all the doctors and lawyers she knows, 365 00:19:39,720 --> 00:19:41,796 to the hearse that apparently makes house calls. 366 00:19:41,880 --> 00:19:43,955 And while all of that was nonsense, 367 00:19:44,039 --> 00:19:46,396 I do kind of miss the days when we used to get dressed up 368 00:19:46,480 --> 00:19:49,156 to watch our drugged-out relatives get carted off to the morgue. 369 00:19:49,240 --> 00:19:53,040 "Honey, they'll be hauling Jimmy's body to its final stop before hippie hell, 370 00:19:53,119 --> 00:19:54,876 quick, where's my tie clip? 371 00:19:54,960 --> 00:19:58,556 Helen! Tie clip! The neighbors may see, they're gonna think we're poor, 372 00:19:58,640 --> 00:20:02,960 get it together, Helen, and find my tie clip! The boy is dead!" 373 00:20:04,359 --> 00:20:06,556 Tall tales about LSD ran rampant. 374 00:20:06,640 --> 00:20:08,995 At one point, a Pennsylvania state commissioner claimed 375 00:20:09,079 --> 00:20:11,675 "half a dozen tripping Pennsylvania college students 376 00:20:11,759 --> 00:20:14,995 stared at the sun so long that they went completely blind." 377 00:20:15,079 --> 00:20:18,515 But the truth is, he made it up! He later admitted the hoax, 378 00:20:18,599 --> 00:20:21,475 saying that he'd attended a lecture on the use of LSD by children 379 00:20:21,559 --> 00:20:25,116 and became so concerned, he wanted to scare people away from the drug. 380 00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:27,675 But the hysteria hit its absolute peak 381 00:20:27,759 --> 00:20:30,435 when Nixon passed the Controlled Substances Act, 382 00:20:30,519 --> 00:20:31,955 which "placed LSD and psilocybin 383 00:20:32,039 --> 00:20:36,876 in the most restrictive legal category" possible, alongside drugs like heroin, 384 00:20:36,960 --> 00:20:40,796 essentially stopping medical research dead in its tracks. 385 00:20:40,880 --> 00:20:44,876 One researcher described the work as being put in the "deep freeze." 386 00:20:44,960 --> 00:20:47,235 And when scientists started working with MDMA, 387 00:20:47,319 --> 00:20:51,275 it, too, got swept up into the panic, with the journal Science alleging that 388 00:20:51,359 --> 00:20:55,235 just one use can cause permanent brain damage in monkeys, 389 00:20:55,319 --> 00:20:59,235 a study that got a lot of attention before being retracted 390 00:20:59,319 --> 00:21:02,475 after it was found that the monkeys hadn't actually taken MDMA at all, 391 00:21:02,559 --> 00:21:04,916 but instead, had been given meth. 392 00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:08,275 And that is a very different drug! 393 00:21:08,359 --> 00:21:11,559 Any study's result is going to change if the independent variable 394 00:21:11,640 --> 00:21:14,955 is suddenly, and unexpectedly, fucking meth. 395 00:21:15,039 --> 00:21:16,675 "We've studied the vaccine for Covid 396 00:21:16,759 --> 00:21:20,000 and the participants are going apeshit for it!" 397 00:21:20,880 --> 00:21:23,880 But in recent years, perceptions have finally begun to shift, 398 00:21:23,880 --> 00:21:25,755 with the FDA granting breakthrough status 399 00:21:25,839 --> 00:21:28,556 to support the study of MDMA for treating PTSD, 400 00:21:28,640 --> 00:21:31,076 and doing the same for psilocybin to treat depression. 401 00:21:31,160 --> 00:21:32,235 And at this point, 402 00:21:32,319 --> 00:21:36,396 let's talk about exactly why psychedelics can be so effective. 403 00:21:36,480 --> 00:21:38,596 Different ones can work in different ways, but for instance, 404 00:21:38,680 --> 00:21:42,035 research shows that MDMA dampens the response in the amygdala, 405 00:21:42,119 --> 00:21:45,116 which is the threat-detecting center of the brain, meaning that 406 00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:49,116 you're able to confront and process trauma that you can't otherwise face. 407 00:21:49,200 --> 00:21:51,475 Here-here is one researcher explaining how it works 408 00:21:51,559 --> 00:21:55,356 with a story about taking MDMA recreationally in his younger days. 409 00:21:55,440 --> 00:21:58,316 I can remember at one time after a rave, 410 00:21:58,400 --> 00:22:01,955 all of us lying around all loved up and somebody said, 411 00:22:02,039 --> 00:22:05,796 "Oh, wow, this is amazing. It's so beautiful. Everything's so perfect." 412 00:22:05,880 --> 00:22:09,396 And someone said, "Let's think of the worst possible thing we can imagine," 413 00:22:09,480 --> 00:22:13,035 and someone said, "Let's- let's imagine our mums dying." 414 00:22:13,119 --> 00:22:15,955 And then someone said, "It's not that bad." 415 00:22:16,039 --> 00:22:17,116 And 416 00:22:17,200 --> 00:22:21,876 {\an8}I didn't know it then, but that really was what MDMA does. 417 00:22:21,960 --> 00:22:25,556 {\an8}It allows you to think about 418 00:22:25,640 --> 00:22:30,435 {\an8}and go to those dark, difficult, forbidden avoidant memories 419 00:22:30,519 --> 00:22:32,556 that you normally wouldn't be able to touch. 420 00:22:32,640 --> 00:22:36,356 That is fascinating, and I'm so glad that that worked out for him, 421 00:22:36,440 --> 00:22:41,275 but "let's imagine our mums dying" doesn't sound like an amazing time. 422 00:22:41,359 --> 00:22:44,116 It sounds like a rave DJ'd by Werner Herzog. 423 00:22:44,200 --> 00:22:47,636 "Life is fleeting. Let's imagine our mums dying 424 00:22:47,720 --> 00:22:50,755 as a solemn reminder that all we have is tonight. 425 00:22:50,839 --> 00:22:55,435 Now, wave your hands in the air as if our slow passage towards oblivion 426 00:22:55,519 --> 00:22:57,680 makes you just not care." 427 00:23:00,240 --> 00:23:01,720 Now, to be clear, 428 00:23:02,400 --> 00:23:06,156 psychedelic therapy involves much more than just taking a pill. 429 00:23:06,240 --> 00:23:09,195 These drugs alone don't automatically produce results. 430 00:23:09,279 --> 00:23:11,995 Usually, treatment entails multiple sessions lasting most of the day, 431 00:23:12,079 --> 00:23:14,316 in which you may take MDMA or psilocybin 432 00:23:14,400 --> 00:23:16,356 under the supervision of medical professionals, 433 00:23:16,440 --> 00:23:19,156 and then follow up with processing and aftercare. 434 00:23:19,240 --> 00:23:22,876 They are not a replacement for conventional talk therapy, 435 00:23:22,960 --> 00:23:26,396 they just seem to make you significantly more receptive to it. 436 00:23:26,480 --> 00:23:29,156 Just watch this former firefighter narrate video of himself 437 00:23:29,240 --> 00:23:31,916 undergoing MDMA-assisted therapy. 438 00:23:32,000 --> 00:23:34,300 This is your first medicated treatment session. 439 00:23:34,319 --> 00:23:35,316 Correct. 440 00:23:35,400 --> 00:23:38,636 This is the beginning of some interesting revelations on this video. 441 00:23:38,720 --> 00:23:41,836 Are you feeling completely conscious and you're in control and- 442 00:23:41,920 --> 00:23:44,636 {\an8}Yeah, I felt like I was able to relax 443 00:23:44,720 --> 00:23:48,796 {\an8}even when I was talking through probably my most traumatic memories. 444 00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:51,755 I don't think I'd seen a dead person until then. 445 00:23:51,839 --> 00:23:53,239 First one was gruesome, too. 446 00:23:53,279 --> 00:23:55,596 It was like being able to take a big breath, 447 00:23:55,680 --> 00:23:59,079 you know, after being stuck underwater for a long time. 448 00:23:59,680 --> 00:24:02,836 Yeah, and you can see the utility of having two people 449 00:24:02,920 --> 00:24:05,475 either side of that man, talking him through the experience. 450 00:24:05,559 --> 00:24:06,715 And if it sounds like I'm treating 451 00:24:06,799 --> 00:24:10,035 "having two people to talk to about your feelings" like a radical idea, 452 00:24:10,119 --> 00:24:14,715 you do have to remember that I was born tragically and medically British. 453 00:24:14,799 --> 00:24:19,195 What is interesting is, though, it is not just that your fear is muted, 454 00:24:19,279 --> 00:24:21,035 your brain's ability to make other connections 455 00:24:21,119 --> 00:24:23,836 and forge new neural pathways is also heightened. Meaning that 456 00:24:23,920 --> 00:24:27,515 these sessions can fundamentally alter the way you process things. 457 00:24:27,599 --> 00:24:30,275 That is thought to be one reason why psychedelics are so promising 458 00:24:30,359 --> 00:24:32,916 for treating conditions like addiction and depression. 459 00:24:33,000 --> 00:24:36,636 And why they're proving especially useful for dealing with trauma. 460 00:24:36,720 --> 00:24:40,515 That is what makes this form of therapy particularly appealing to veterans, 461 00:24:40,599 --> 00:24:43,156 as PTSD is an urgent issue for them. 462 00:24:43,240 --> 00:24:47,396 In 2019, over 6,000 veterans died by suicide, 463 00:24:47,480 --> 00:24:50,396 a rate substantially higher than the general population. 464 00:24:50,480 --> 00:24:53,235 And it's not like the VA's current treatment methods 465 00:24:53,319 --> 00:24:55,995 are particularly effective. Remember the guy from earlier, 466 00:24:56,079 --> 00:24:59,316 who compared psychedelic treatment to a bathtub full of puppies? 467 00:24:59,400 --> 00:25:02,356 Listen to him describe the mental health care from the VA 468 00:25:02,440 --> 00:25:04,116 that he initially received. 469 00:25:04,200 --> 00:25:06,750 I drove to Womack Army Medical Center at Fort Bragg, 470 00:25:08,039 --> 00:25:09,789 {\an8}and I said I was gonna kill myself. 471 00:25:10,920 --> 00:25:12,156 {\an8}They gave me six Xanax, 472 00:25:12,240 --> 00:25:16,240 {\an8}told me not to take 'em all at the same time because it might kill me. 473 00:25:16,799 --> 00:25:19,356 They asked if I had guns at home, and I said, "Yes, a lot," 474 00:25:19,440 --> 00:25:22,796 and they said-asked if I had ammo, I said, "Yeah, plenty." 475 00:25:22,880 --> 00:25:24,356 And they said, "Okay, when you get home, 476 00:25:24,440 --> 00:25:28,190 give all your guns to a neighbor," this is like four o'clock in the morning. 477 00:25:30,279 --> 00:25:32,529 And they said, "Come back after the holidays." 478 00:25:32,880 --> 00:25:36,356 Okay, I knew the VA's mental health services were subpar, 479 00:25:36,440 --> 00:25:37,715 but I didn't know they stooped to 480 00:25:37,799 --> 00:25:40,596 "here's a bunch of ways to kill yourself, but honor system, don't. 481 00:25:40,680 --> 00:25:44,160 And anyway, see you after the saddest time of the year!" 482 00:25:44,759 --> 00:25:48,636 Thankfully, that guy saw such a profound change from MDMA therapy 483 00:25:48,720 --> 00:25:51,235 that he's now helping to lead a movement to allow psychedelics 484 00:25:51,319 --> 00:25:53,675 to be used to treat conditions like PTSD, 485 00:25:53,759 --> 00:25:56,955 enlisting help from democratic lawmakers like AOC, 486 00:25:57,039 --> 00:26:01,116 and even Republican lawmakers like Rick Perry and Dan Crenshaw. 487 00:26:01,200 --> 00:26:03,715 And that kind of bipartisan consensus 488 00:26:03,799 --> 00:26:05,955 has brought us to the tipping point that we're at right now. 489 00:26:06,039 --> 00:26:07,596 Because so far, in the U.S., 490 00:26:07,680 --> 00:26:11,836 these drugs have only legally been available to people in clinical trials. 491 00:26:11,920 --> 00:26:12,916 But over the next year, 492 00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:16,435 it is widely anticipated that the FDA will approve MDMA for clinical use, 493 00:26:16,519 --> 00:26:19,316 with psilocybin expected to follow a few years later, 494 00:26:19,400 --> 00:26:21,435 and maybe even LSD one day. 495 00:26:21,519 --> 00:26:24,515 Meaning that we may be about to finally realize 496 00:26:24,599 --> 00:26:28,035 some of the huge potential of psychedelics, which is great. 497 00:26:28,119 --> 00:26:32,515 But it is worth being very careful at this point to make sure that 498 00:26:32,599 --> 00:26:36,475 we don't repeat past mistakes, or, indeed, make new ones. 499 00:26:36,559 --> 00:26:39,916 And those who work in this field point to a few big areas for caution. 500 00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:43,475 The first concerns how psychedelics are administered, and by whom. 501 00:26:43,559 --> 00:26:46,396 Because while people have used these drugs recreationally forever, 502 00:26:46,480 --> 00:26:49,596 and will continue to, at parties, at raves, in nature, 503 00:26:49,680 --> 00:26:52,240 or to really liven up a baptism, 504 00:26:53,240 --> 00:26:56,876 psychedelic-assisted therapy is not for everyone. For example, 505 00:26:56,960 --> 00:27:01,195 anyone with a history of schizophrenia or psychosis may want to steer clear. 506 00:27:01,279 --> 00:27:03,475 And even if you are a good match, 507 00:27:03,559 --> 00:27:07,156 because these drugs can put you in an incredibly vulnerable state, 508 00:27:07,240 --> 00:27:10,475 experts emphasize the importance of trying them in a controlled setting, 509 00:27:10,559 --> 00:27:13,509 which ideally would involve two people present at all times, 510 00:27:13,559 --> 00:27:17,209 and even videotaping the session, like that one that you just saw earlier. 511 00:27:17,240 --> 00:27:19,316 They advise this not just for your own safety, 512 00:27:19,400 --> 00:27:22,396 but also because, for all their potential benefits, 513 00:27:22,480 --> 00:27:25,755 these drugs aren't always a bathtub full of puppies. 514 00:27:25,839 --> 00:27:29,715 We tell people that their experiences may vary, 515 00:27:29,799 --> 00:27:31,876 from very positive to, 516 00:27:31,960 --> 00:27:36,076 you know, transcendent and lovely, to literally hell realm experiences. 517 00:27:36,160 --> 00:27:37,435 Hell realm? 518 00:27:37,519 --> 00:27:42,035 As frightening an experience as you have ever had in your life. 519 00:27:42,119 --> 00:27:43,836 Now, that does sound bad, 520 00:27:43,920 --> 00:27:48,035 although to be fair, you don't need to take drugs to get to the hell realm. 521 00:27:48,119 --> 00:27:51,235 After all, that is why airports have Sbarros. 522 00:27:51,319 --> 00:27:54,675 But it is important to note that 523 00:27:54,759 --> 00:27:58,715 even those in studies who've reported hell-realm-type experiences 524 00:27:58,799 --> 00:28:02,435 have often still felt that they'd benefited from the treatment. 525 00:28:02,519 --> 00:28:04,116 But safety is not the only worry here. 526 00:28:04,200 --> 00:28:06,475 There are also concerns over accessibility. 527 00:28:06,559 --> 00:28:09,235 These treatments are likely to be very expensive, 528 00:28:09,319 --> 00:28:12,319 and there are some players angling to make them even more so. 529 00:28:12,319 --> 00:28:13,955 Just look at Compass Pathways, 530 00:28:14,039 --> 00:28:17,035 a for-profit psychedelic company backed by Peter Thiel. 531 00:28:17,119 --> 00:28:18,916 It sought, and obtained, patents to 532 00:28:19,000 --> 00:28:21,675 protect its formulations of psychedelic compounds, 533 00:28:21,759 --> 00:28:24,316 which already seems pretty aggressive for a drug that, remember, 534 00:28:24,400 --> 00:28:27,316 has been around for thousands of years. 535 00:28:27,400 --> 00:28:30,275 And Compass' executives seemed pretty defensive 536 00:28:30,359 --> 00:28:32,059 when they were pressed about this. 537 00:28:32,079 --> 00:28:36,636 Do you really believe that your form of psilocybin is novel and non-obvious? 538 00:28:36,720 --> 00:28:39,916 {\an8}Well, it doesn't really matter what we believe. 539 00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:42,955 {\an8}What does matter is what the U.S. Patent Office believes, 540 00:28:43,039 --> 00:28:46,955 what the U.K. Patent Office believes, what Germany, what Hong Kong believes. 541 00:28:47,039 --> 00:28:49,995 And all of them believe that actually it is, 542 00:28:50,079 --> 00:28:51,879 because we have the granted patents. 543 00:28:52,319 --> 00:28:55,469 Okay, but, we shouldn't necessarily trust the U.S. Patent Office 544 00:28:55,519 --> 00:28:57,356 as an arbiter of good judgment. 545 00:28:57,440 --> 00:29:00,596 This is the same place that issued patents for an umbrella for your beer, 546 00:29:00,680 --> 00:29:04,356 a tricycle with a lawnmower attached to it, and a stick. 547 00:29:04,440 --> 00:29:07,316 That's it, just a stick for animals to play with. 548 00:29:07,400 --> 00:29:09,116 Someone at the patent office saw that and said, 549 00:29:09,200 --> 00:29:12,079 "We've never seen a stick before! Approved!" 550 00:29:12,640 --> 00:29:16,235 So, take what they believe is important with a big pinch of salt. 551 00:29:16,319 --> 00:29:18,519 And look, it's not just the drug formulation, 552 00:29:18,519 --> 00:29:21,396 Compass has also tried to patent other aspects of what's often called 553 00:29:21,480 --> 00:29:23,515 the "set and setting" of treatment, 554 00:29:23,599 --> 00:29:25,995 from the room comprising soft furniture, 555 00:29:26,079 --> 00:29:28,356 or being decorated using muted colors, 556 00:29:28,440 --> 00:29:30,955 to the subjects lying on a bed or on a couch, 557 00:29:31,039 --> 00:29:34,636 or a therapist responding to things a patient is saying. 558 00:29:34,720 --> 00:29:38,156 Which is just the entire fucking concept of therapy. 559 00:29:38,240 --> 00:29:39,995 It'd be like me patenting the concept of 560 00:29:40,079 --> 00:29:42,596 "wearing a suit while sitting at a desk." 561 00:29:42,680 --> 00:29:44,435 I'm clearly not the only person who does this. 562 00:29:44,519 --> 00:29:46,675 Now, if I were to patent the concept of doing that 563 00:29:46,759 --> 00:29:48,796 while making you wonder why the fuck your TV is still on 564 00:29:48,880 --> 00:29:53,475 after "The Last of Us" has ended, then yeah, that would be uniquely my thing. 565 00:29:53,559 --> 00:29:57,156 Now, those "set and setting" patent applications are still pending, 566 00:29:57,240 --> 00:30:01,040 but the very fact they applied for them at all is a pretty clear sign of just 567 00:30:01,119 --> 00:30:04,515 how aggressive companies in this space intend to be going forward. 568 00:30:04,599 --> 00:30:08,195 And it is not like these treatments are going to be cheap to start with, 569 00:30:08,279 --> 00:30:10,755 experts project a course of psychedelic therapy 570 00:30:10,839 --> 00:30:14,356 is likely to cost upwards of $15,000. 571 00:30:14,440 --> 00:30:16,715 And given that, as we've discussed before on this show, 572 00:30:16,799 --> 00:30:20,356 there is currently a massive shortage of mental-health professionals, 573 00:30:20,440 --> 00:30:23,836 due in part to how fucked-up our health insurance system is. 574 00:30:23,920 --> 00:30:27,356 You can see how this could quickly and easily become a big mess, 575 00:30:27,440 --> 00:30:31,235 or only accessible to the wealthiest Americans. 576 00:30:31,319 --> 00:30:33,035 So, there is a lot to figure out here, 577 00:30:33,119 --> 00:30:35,675 even before you get into questions like, 578 00:30:35,759 --> 00:30:37,715 "Who will regulate psychedelic therapy?" 579 00:30:37,799 --> 00:30:40,076 Because the FDA is in charge of drugs, 580 00:30:40,160 --> 00:30:42,596 but it doesn't regulate the practice of medicine. 581 00:30:42,680 --> 00:30:46,156 Now, state laws could cover it, state regulatory agencies could, 582 00:30:46,240 --> 00:30:50,195 or professional organizations might, but someone has to, 583 00:30:50,279 --> 00:30:53,275 because if they don't, people are likely to get hurt, 584 00:30:53,359 --> 00:30:57,076 which could then send us all the way back to fearmongering, bans, 585 00:30:57,160 --> 00:30:59,076 and research getting put on ice. 586 00:30:59,160 --> 00:31:01,876 Which is the last thing that we should want to happen. 587 00:31:01,960 --> 00:31:04,156 Because there is massive potential here. 588 00:31:04,240 --> 00:31:08,035 These treatments have shown that they can sometimes have lasting effects. 589 00:31:08,119 --> 00:31:11,675 Remember the world's oldest 33-year-old that you saw earlier, 590 00:31:11,759 --> 00:31:14,636 whose LSD treatment seemed to have curbed his alcoholism? 591 00:31:14,720 --> 00:31:17,356 CBS caught up with him a quarter-century later 592 00:31:17,440 --> 00:31:21,356 to see how things were going, and the answer was pretty well. 593 00:31:21,440 --> 00:31:24,836 LSD allowed me to see my own mind. 594 00:31:24,920 --> 00:31:27,955 There was a problem that I had to resolve, and I faced it, 595 00:31:28,039 --> 00:31:29,156 and it disappeared. 596 00:31:29,240 --> 00:31:31,556 Far as I'm concerned, I wouldn't take a million dollars 597 00:31:31,640 --> 00:31:35,076 for the peace of mind that I obtained from this therapy. 598 00:31:35,160 --> 00:31:39,076 It was that good, that refreshing, that rejuvenating. 599 00:31:39,160 --> 00:31:40,079 And that enduring. 600 00:31:40,640 --> 00:31:44,796 Exactly. 30 years later, he was still feeling benefits from the treatment, 601 00:31:44,880 --> 00:31:45,876 which is striking. 602 00:31:45,960 --> 00:31:49,076 And you would think that we'd have acted on evidence like that, 603 00:31:49,160 --> 00:31:51,275 but instead, it seems we've spent the last half-century 604 00:31:51,359 --> 00:31:55,636 terrifying people with bogus science and giving meth to monkeys. 605 00:31:55,720 --> 00:31:58,755 But the good news is, we are finally moving forward. 606 00:31:58,839 --> 00:32:02,556 And hopefully, we will do that with real caution and real care. 607 00:32:02,640 --> 00:32:05,235 Because if we do, maybe, just maybe, 608 00:32:05,319 --> 00:32:08,916 one day, you will see ads for psychedelic therapy on TV 609 00:32:09,000 --> 00:32:11,556 with a voiceover warning you that side effects may include 610 00:32:11,640 --> 00:32:15,359 visits to the hell realm and rainbows shooting out of your dick. 611 00:32:16,640 --> 00:32:18,079 And now, this. 612 00:32:19,079 --> 00:32:20,316 And Now: 613 00:32:20,400 --> 00:32:26,275 A Retirement Tribute to NBC four Washington's Beat Poet Pat Collins. 614 00:32:26,359 --> 00:32:31,675 That bittersweet goodbye for our News four family, after 50 years in journalism, 615 00:32:31,759 --> 00:32:34,319 our friend and colleague, Pat Collins, is retiring. 616 00:32:37,440 --> 00:32:41,319 {\an8}JP's, a gentlemen's club in Glover Park. 617 00:32:42,119 --> 00:32:44,316 {\an8}Tonight, no gentlemen. 618 00:32:44,400 --> 00:32:46,515 {\an8}Tonight, no ladies. 619 00:32:46,599 --> 00:32:50,160 {\an8}Tonight, just a lot of nothing. 620 00:32:50,799 --> 00:32:52,715 {\an8}This is how it goes. 621 00:32:52,799 --> 00:32:54,839 {\an8} "Are you all right, sir? 622 00:32:55,839 --> 00:32:58,475 {\an8}Do you need some help, sir? 623 00:32:58,559 --> 00:33:04,396 {\an8}Do you need to get something out of your car before we steal it, sir?" 624 00:33:04,480 --> 00:33:09,195 Look at the list. Look at the list. Look at the list! 625 00:33:09,279 --> 00:33:13,675 Aisle number nine. Aisle number nine. 626 00:33:13,759 --> 00:33:19,519 Attention: major shoplifting job on aisle number nine. 627 00:33:20,160 --> 00:33:22,116 Why is this man running, 628 00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:25,799 and why is he running with one shoe on and one shoe off? 629 00:33:26,559 --> 00:33:30,480 Wait a minute, here's his other shoe! It's in this bag! 630 00:33:31,200 --> 00:33:33,836 And then, and then, 631 00:33:33,920 --> 00:33:39,235 not long after the takeoff of that United 767 plane, 632 00:33:39,319 --> 00:33:44,515 a passenger leans back in his seat into the lap of another passenger. 633 00:33:44,599 --> 00:33:48,916 There's a fight, and the pilot decides to turn the plane around. 634 00:33:49,000 --> 00:33:53,079 They scrambled two F-16 fighter jets from Andrews, 635 00:33:53,720 --> 00:33:57,116 and they flew above the United plane, 636 00:33:57,200 --> 00:34:01,076 escorting it back as it landed here in Dallas 637 00:34:01,160 --> 00:34:04,559 because you never can be too sure. 638 00:34:09,760 --> 00:34:11,356 That's our show, thanks so much for watching. 639 00:34:11,440 --> 00:34:13,719 We'll see you next week, good night! 640 00:34:14,400 --> 00:34:16,796 {\an8}No comment from the school about this case 641 00:34:16,880 --> 00:34:20,360 {\an8}or any disciplinary action they dish out to a student, 642 00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:24,716 {\an8}but when you think about it, you might see their point. 643 00:34:24,800 --> 00:34:29,035 {\an8}It starts with a banana, then all of a sudden you have an apple, an orange, 644 00:34:29,119 --> 00:34:31,196 {\an8}and-and maybe a grape, and before you know it, 645 00:34:31,280 --> 00:34:34,519 {\an8}you have fruit salad at the schools. 646 00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:38,280 {\an8}We can't have that. 60108

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