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If God could speak, what would he say?
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What would he tell us about the world?
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What would he tell us about himself?
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If God could speak, how would he speak?
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Would he tell us everything at once?
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Would he have an angel bring
heavenly books to Earth?
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If God could speak, would we understand?
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Would his language be so far beyond us,
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would his intention be impossible to see?
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When God speaks, what does he say?
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The Bible's a revelation of the character
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and the will of God.
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It tells us who he is and how we can live
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in a relationship with him.
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That's the primary thrust,
I think, of the Bible.
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It's interesting the Bible starts in Eden
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and it ends in Eden, so
it's all about living
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in a relationship with him,
and what that looks like.
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When we ask the question what the Bible is,
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the best way to say it is the Bible
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is God's written relation to his people.
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Now, God reveals himself
in all kinds of ways,
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and he actually speaks in
ways outside the Bible,
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in days of old to prophets
and to the people of God,
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and so you'd hear the voice of the Lord
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and call it the word of the Lord,
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but over time, that became inscripturated,
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became written down into his word,
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and over time we've collected the books
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that contain those words
into 66 smaller books
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that collectively we call the Bible.
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The Bible is a collection
of divinely-inspired texts
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that document not only what God
has done throughout history,
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but also what that means.
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So it interprets what those events mean.
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You have a book written by 40-some authors
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over 1,500-plus years, and
dozens of different topics
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that have absolute unity.
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Most of the people didn't
know each other who wrote it,
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so it has amazing unity
within great diversity,
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which is best accounted for by deity.
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But here we have this
grand narrative that is meant
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to bring us back into fellowship with him.
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To bring us into a harmonious
fellowship with one another,
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where we live together,
reflecting his character.
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And ultimately, a redeemed humanity
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in a new heaven and a new Earth.
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Here is the one who made
us, addressing us about how
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life should be lived and
how we should approach life.
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It's full of wisdom.
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It's full of discernment.
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It's full of direction and guidance.
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In some cases, correction.
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And so, I think to get a good
look at who we really are,
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as people, the image and
metaphor that's used about
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the Bible is that it's a good mirror.
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It helps us to see things
as they really are.
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I often tell people that one of the ways
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that I know that the Bible is true
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is the way that it diagnoses my sin.
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I'm often reading through
a passage and I'm thinking:
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this was written 3,000 years ago,
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and yet it perfectly diagnoses the state
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of the sin of my heart.
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How could human beings
have been able to do that?
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And the only way that can
happen is if my creator
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is actually the author of the book.
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We read books so that
we might understand them.
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But when we read the Bible, we
realize that it is describing
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who we are and what we are.
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It's also unique in that it
provides the only satisfying
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answer to the question
of our human existence.
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It tells us why we're here
and where we're going.
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And why it matters.
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You need God, specifically,
in propositional language,
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telling us certain facts about
reality, including himself.
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You can get some of
those facts from nature,
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but you can't get all of them.
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You can't get that God is triune,
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you can't get the plan of
salvation from the stars.
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You can only get it from
special revelations.
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So if we're gonna be saved and sanctified,
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we need the scriptures.
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The study of the word of God, at any level,
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is the study of God, himself.
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There's some kind of identity
between God and his word,
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and yet, to say that the study of the word
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as words and propositions on a page,
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is not an end in itself, because
it's to drive us to Christ.
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To God, himself.
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In the upper room, in the
great intercessory prayer,
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Jesus prayed for the
sanctification of his disciples,
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and he said: sanctify them by thy word.
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That's the means by
which we are sanctified.
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Then he went on to say: thy word is truth.
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So the scriptures should dominate
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everything that the church does.
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It shouldn't be an aside
to what the church does.
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The foundation of what the church should do
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should be about advancing
the message of scripture.
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Where you find a healthy biblical church,
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by definition, you're going
to find a church happily,
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faithfully, living under
the authority of that word.
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Understanding that the
most historic formula
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for the Christian church has been this:
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when the scripture speaks, God speaks.
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And if you understand that rightly,
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then everything else
simply falls into place.
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Language is an incredible mystery, really.
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What is it that makes human beings
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able to communicate in word?
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Personally, I think that
is the image of God in us.
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Because God speaks right at
the beginning of the Bible.
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God spoke the world into existence.
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You know, you think about
words and whether or not
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their important, and we
realize we can't even have
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a conversation without words.
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What's really interesting is that we can't
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even think to ourselves without words.
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We can't explain ourselves
to ourselves without words.
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Now, that's either an accident
of evolutionary biology
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and development, or it is evidence
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to the fact that God made us in his image.
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And so, here the Bible tells us that we are
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God's creatures, made in his image.
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And what distinguishes
us from other creatures?
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Well, at least in part the use of words.
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And because he's made himself accessible,
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through speaking to us
and through the display
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of his character in what he's made,
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he's made himself accessible,
that means that truth,
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also, is accessible.
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Now, that includes ordinary
truths like two plus two
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is equal to four, but it
also includes the truths
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about who God is, that he's everlasting,
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that he's all powerful,
that he's supremely good.
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So for God to speak is for God to engage
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in self-revelation; we only know God
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because God has
condescended to speak to us.
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So one of the first things we say about God
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is that he is a speaking God.
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We would not know him,
except that he speaks to us.
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And the beautiful thing, really,
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what makes life worth living and gives us
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the ability to, with hope, with joy,
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with tenacity, make it
through the valleys of life,
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is the fact that the
eternal god who created us
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can be personally known.
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He's with us, and according
to one passage of scripture
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in Hebrews, chapter 13, if we
will commit our lives to him,
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he will never, never
leave us or forsake us.
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The Bible is essentially
God's self-revelation,
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and God doesn't just reveal himself
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in terms of what you must do.
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That is the consequence of who he is,
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and the way in which he wants
us to understand his world.
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If God created us,
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then he sets the terms of his revelation.
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What we know, when we know
it, how it is revealed,
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it's all dependent on him.
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But it seems so strange.
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An eternal God, tying
himself to human history?
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Illustrating his character
in law, prophecy and wisdom?
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What happens when he appears?
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When he steps down into history and speaks?
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You know, the question that
always exists in people's mind
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is simply this: what is God like?
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And are there many gods,
or is there one God?
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Of course, left on our own,
all of these are mysteries.
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What you have at Sinai is very remarkable.
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You find, for example, that
the people were to stand back.
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God says: stand back.
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No animal was even to touch the mountain.
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If an animal touched the mountain,
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it was to be put to death, but not directly
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with the human hand; it was
to be shot with an arrow.
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Because God says: I'm coming, stand back.
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Get out of the way.
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What God was revealing
there was his holiness.
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So when we think of the 10 commandments,
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they were not simply given
for a certain point in time.
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They really are, let me
use the word omnitemporal.
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By that I mean they exist
as the basic law of God,
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throughout all eras.
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And God is really saying,
in the 10 commandments,
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this is what I'm like.
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And so there's no other words
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like them in all of scripture.
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Jesus speaks in the New Testament, God's,
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but nowhere else does God thunder words
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to the entire congregation
of the people of God.
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These obviously are of
fundamental importance
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to God's covenant with these people.
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God speaks in an audible
voice to the people,
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but then he writes it down
in the 10 commandments
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in written form; it was
written the first time
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by the very finger of God,
God himself did the writing.
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That's hammering home the fact
that this original writing
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was the very word of God,
and had the authority
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of the same God who
spoke in thunder and fire
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at Mount Sinai, but that written
form of the 10 commandments
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was the first piece of what we call canon.
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That is, it's the body of
things that God set aside,
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of his own word, for impermanent form.
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There's some things that
God said that he said
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to particular people,
and they weren't recorded
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in written form for posterity.
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That's okay; there are
many things, for instance,
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in Jesus's earthly life that he taught.
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Not all of those have been written down.
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It would be overwhelming
if we had all of those.
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But God purposed that
there would be a selection
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of those things that would
be there in permanent form.
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If God wrote a book,
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would it be a history book?
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The transcendent being
interacting with creatures
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who are separated by sin,
distanced by unbelief.
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What would he write about these people?
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Would bh paint grand pictures?
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Would he hide the embarrassing details?
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Is human experience beyond him?
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It's been said that the Bible is not a book
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that man would write, if he could write,
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or could write if he would write.
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Every now and then, I'll be in a debate
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at a university, and someone will say:
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well, the Old Testament
is merely pro-Israeli,
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Zionistic propaganda.
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It's just the Jewish people were trying
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to feel good about who they were.
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But that claim falls apart upon closer look
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at the content, because look, you've got
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one of the greatest kings of Israel, David,
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was an adulterer.
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Abraham twice lied about
the identity of his wife.
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So one of the things that
bears the ring of truth
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is the thing that we
probably would have excluded,
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had the Bible been a
merely human invention.
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The sin, the foibles, the failures
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of many of the Bible's great figures,
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we probably would have left out.
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The Bible's appeal to
prophecy and fulfillment,
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before and after, all of that depends
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on historical progress, on continuity,
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on the sequence of time.
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So God himself doubtless inhabits eternity,
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and is, in some sense,
above space and time.
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In that sense, he's transcendent.
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That's what we mean by transcendent:
250
00:14:16,182 --> 00:14:18,668
not limited by space and time.
251
00:14:18,678 --> 00:14:21,408
Yet, at the same time, he
discloses himself to us
252
00:14:21,418 --> 00:14:25,747
in space and time, that
is to say, in history.
253
00:14:25,757 --> 00:14:28,871
Now, one of the things to
understand about the Bible
254
00:14:28,881 --> 00:14:33,328
is that it talks about
God's plan through the ages.
255
00:14:33,338 --> 00:14:36,065
And we call it: redemptive history.
256
00:14:36,075 --> 00:14:38,065
And the Bible is intrinsically
257
00:14:38,075 --> 00:14:40,988
connected to that, in two ways.
258
00:14:40,998 --> 00:14:45,052
One is that it gives a lot
of attention to explaining
259
00:14:45,062 --> 00:14:47,388
how God was dealing with the human race,
260
00:14:47,398 --> 00:14:50,572
from creation onwards, the fall into sin,
261
00:14:50,582 --> 00:14:53,832
and then various periods of redemption.
262
00:14:55,361 --> 00:14:57,728
So it talks about redemptive history,
263
00:14:57,738 --> 00:15:00,748
but the second way is that it's given,
264
00:15:00,758 --> 00:15:03,568
progressively, in history.
265
00:15:03,578 --> 00:15:06,128
God didn't have it just drop from heaven,
266
00:15:06,138 --> 00:15:07,985
at one point in time.
267
00:15:07,995 --> 00:15:10,108
There's some people who
practically treat it
268
00:15:10,118 --> 00:15:13,271
as if it was that way;
it is a book from God.
269
00:15:13,281 --> 00:15:16,252
But it's a book where he addresses people
270
00:15:16,262 --> 00:15:19,105
where they are in history,
271
00:15:19,115 --> 00:15:22,108
and he doesn't reveal
everything all at once.
272
00:15:22,118 --> 00:15:25,488
His plan of redemption keeps pace
273
00:15:25,498 --> 00:15:28,415
with his speaking about redemption.
274
00:15:30,698 --> 00:15:33,328
Redemptive history moves forward,
275
00:15:33,338 --> 00:15:36,368
through prophets, priests, and kings,
276
00:15:36,378 --> 00:15:39,831
to an ultimate prophet, priest, and king.
277
00:15:39,841 --> 00:15:42,252
But people need proof.
278
00:15:42,262 --> 00:15:46,092
How can we be confident that
Jesus is the fulfillment?
279
00:15:46,102 --> 00:15:47,351
How do we see it the way his
280
00:15:47,361 --> 00:15:50,028
earliest followers would see it?
281
00:15:51,558 --> 00:15:53,708
When Jesus came and the disciples preached,
282
00:15:53,718 --> 00:15:56,387
there wasn't a New Testament to appeal to.
283
00:15:56,397 --> 00:15:58,467
They were dealing with
promises that were coming
284
00:15:58,477 --> 00:16:01,265
out of the Old Testament,
tied to the great covenants.
285
00:16:01,275 --> 00:16:03,728
The covenant of Abraham,
that God was gonna bless
286
00:16:03,738 --> 00:16:05,452
the world through Abraham's family.
287
00:16:05,462 --> 00:16:07,948
The covenant to David
that there would be a king
288
00:16:07,958 --> 00:16:11,692
and a line of kings that would
represent the way of God,
289
00:16:11,702 --> 00:16:13,372
and then finally, the new covenant,
290
00:16:13,382 --> 00:16:16,551
the idea that God was gonna
write his law on our hearts,
291
00:16:16,561 --> 00:16:18,668
put his spirit within us, and
that we were gonna do that
292
00:16:18,678 --> 00:16:21,612
in the context of having our sins forgiven.
293
00:16:21,622 --> 00:16:24,412
And the story of Jesus
steps into those promises,
294
00:16:24,422 --> 00:16:28,589
made centuries before, and
addresses really the reconnecting
295
00:16:29,665 --> 00:16:34,071
of God to us in what had
been a broken relationship.
296
00:16:34,081 --> 00:16:36,609
You know, the very first
book of the New Testament,
297
00:16:36,619 --> 00:16:40,448
Matthew, opens with the genealogy of Jesus.
298
00:16:40,458 --> 00:16:43,020
And the purpose of that
genealogy is to affirm
299
00:16:43,030 --> 00:16:44,908
that Jesus is the fulfillment
300
00:16:44,918 --> 00:16:47,668
of the whole Old Testament story.
301
00:16:48,561 --> 00:16:50,892
It's crafted very, we could go into detail,
302
00:16:50,902 --> 00:16:53,212
but there's not time,
very carefully crafted,
303
00:16:53,222 --> 00:16:55,932
to show that he fulfills
the whole history of Israel,
304
00:16:55,942 --> 00:16:58,222
the whole story of the Old Testament.
305
00:16:58,232 --> 00:16:59,728
As we look through the New Testament,
306
00:16:59,738 --> 00:17:02,787
I mean, he fulfills everything
in the Old Testament.
307
00:17:02,797 --> 00:17:04,828
He is the revelation of God that fulfills
308
00:17:04,838 --> 00:17:08,231
God's revelation in Moses, and
brings it to its completion.
309
00:17:08,241 --> 00:17:11,671
He is the lamb slain from
the foundation of the world,
310
00:17:11,681 --> 00:17:14,231
the lamb of God who takes
away the sin of the world.
311
00:17:14,241 --> 00:17:17,068
That fulfills all the
old sacrificial system
312
00:17:17,078 --> 00:17:18,828
in the Old Testament.
313
00:17:20,563 --> 00:17:23,728
I would imagine that Jesus
probably knew the whole
314
00:17:23,738 --> 00:17:27,751
Old Testament off by heart,
so that when he, then,
315
00:17:27,761 --> 00:17:31,388
in the synagogue in
Nazareth says, you know,
316
00:17:31,398 --> 00:17:33,612
this is about me.
317
00:17:33,622 --> 00:17:36,945
He is able too say "this is
about me" because he knows
318
00:17:36,955 --> 00:17:40,027
what this is about, and
that the prophecy of Isaiah
319
00:17:40,037 --> 00:17:44,037
was revealing who and
what the messiah truly is.
320
00:17:45,462 --> 00:17:47,938
I would talk about these
prophecies, and a professor
321
00:17:47,948 --> 00:17:50,608
would say: well, I don't
believe this ever happened,
322
00:17:50,618 --> 00:17:52,547
I don't think these prophecies
in the Old Testament
323
00:17:52,557 --> 00:17:55,185
were written down until Jesus was born,
324
00:17:55,195 --> 00:17:56,791
and then they were written out so they
325
00:17:56,801 --> 00:17:58,791
would coincide with his life.
326
00:17:58,801 --> 00:18:00,529
I said: wow.
327
00:18:00,539 --> 00:18:02,625
That's amazing, that sounds pretty good.
328
00:18:02,635 --> 00:18:04,528
Unless you wanna think.
329
00:18:04,538 --> 00:18:08,705
I would say: look, if you say
there's not a 500-year gap,
330
00:18:10,395 --> 00:18:13,345
minimum, from the completion
of the Old Testament
331
00:18:13,355 --> 00:18:15,708
and the time of Christ,
I said, you got a problem
332
00:18:15,718 --> 00:18:18,828
with the Septuagint, the Greek translation
333
00:18:18,838 --> 00:18:21,367
of the Hebrew Old Testament,
documented in history,
334
00:18:21,377 --> 00:18:25,701
that was initiated right
around 250 years before Christ.
335
00:18:25,711 --> 00:18:28,464
Well, first of all, the
Septuagint is the ancient
336
00:18:28,474 --> 00:18:31,460
translation of the Hebrew
scriptures into Greek.
337
00:18:31,470 --> 00:18:33,723
It was probably the first translation made
338
00:18:33,733 --> 00:18:35,680
of the Hebrew scriptures.
339
00:18:35,690 --> 00:18:38,980
It was begun in the third
century before Christ,
340
00:18:38,990 --> 00:18:41,184
with the Pentateuch being translated,
341
00:18:41,194 --> 00:18:44,421
probably in Alexandria, Egypt.
342
00:18:44,431 --> 00:18:48,283
Tradition has it that there
were about 70 translators,
343
00:18:48,293 --> 00:18:52,126
so it was the Bible of
Greek-speaking Judaism,
344
00:18:54,127 --> 00:18:58,640
before Christ came, and because
Greek was the lingua franca
345
00:18:58,650 --> 00:19:02,240
of the Mediterranean world,
when the apostles go out
346
00:19:02,250 --> 00:19:07,120
to preach the gospel, they
naturally preach in Greek,
347
00:19:07,130 --> 00:19:10,437
because their language, Aramaic, probably,
348
00:19:10,447 --> 00:19:14,614
wasn't widely used outside
of first-century Palestine.
349
00:19:16,750 --> 00:19:19,879
If the Old Testament
is composed of 39 books,
350
00:19:19,889 --> 00:19:21,403
written across hundreds of years
351
00:19:21,413 --> 00:19:24,123
from a diversity of authors, how do we know
352
00:19:24,133 --> 00:19:27,040
that these are the books that God intended?
353
00:19:27,050 --> 00:19:28,624
Would Jesus even recognize
354
00:19:28,634 --> 00:19:31,884
the Old Testament we hold in our hands?
355
00:19:32,970 --> 00:19:35,639
The books that were
being discussed as possibly
356
00:19:35,649 --> 00:19:37,424
a part of the Old
Testament canon by the time
357
00:19:37,434 --> 00:19:40,384
we get to the first century
are books like Lamentations,
358
00:19:40,394 --> 00:19:44,340
Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes,
works like that.
359
00:19:44,350 --> 00:19:47,163
And maybe a few other works
that end up showing up
360
00:19:47,173 --> 00:19:49,600
in what we call the apocrypha.
361
00:19:49,610 --> 00:19:52,037
Wisdom, Sirrac, those kinds of works.
362
00:19:52,047 --> 00:19:56,435
But the works that everyone
recognizes were seen
363
00:19:56,445 --> 00:19:59,300
as inspired and a part of the
Jewish scripture at the time
364
00:19:59,310 --> 00:20:01,861
include the Torah, the first five books,
365
00:20:01,871 --> 00:20:05,529
Proverbs, Psalms, your major prophets,
366
00:20:05,539 --> 00:20:08,875
most of your minor prophets, and so,
367
00:20:08,885 --> 00:20:11,451
if we don't know the exact
limits of the Old Testament canon
368
00:20:11,461 --> 00:20:13,461
in the first century, which is possible,
369
00:20:13,471 --> 00:20:15,595
it may be that it was
already decided by then.
370
00:20:15,605 --> 00:20:17,515
That's also conceivable.
371
00:20:17,525 --> 00:20:20,489
That which is being excluded
doesn't really represent
372
00:20:20,499 --> 00:20:22,587
any significant portion of the text
373
00:20:22,597 --> 00:20:25,389
that the New Testament's interacting with.
374
00:20:25,399 --> 00:20:27,709
We all know now that, if
we have Catholic friends,
375
00:20:27,719 --> 00:20:29,813
their Bibles will generally
be bigger than ours
376
00:20:29,823 --> 00:20:33,375
because they contain a number
of books in the Old Testament.
377
00:20:33,385 --> 00:20:35,849
Book of Maccabees, for example,
378
00:20:35,859 --> 00:20:38,359
that Protestant books exclude.
379
00:20:39,503 --> 00:20:42,315
And they're excluded, by
and large, on the grounds
380
00:20:42,325 --> 00:20:45,072
that we don't find them in the Hebrew,
381
00:20:45,082 --> 00:20:49,973
they don't seem to have
the kind of longstanding,
382
00:20:49,983 --> 00:20:53,150
universal acceptance within the church
383
00:20:54,277 --> 00:20:56,840
prior to, say, the Council of Trent,
384
00:20:56,850 --> 00:20:59,931
that one expects from canonical books.
385
00:20:59,941 --> 00:21:02,091
One of the primary reasons
we don't use those books,
386
00:21:02,101 --> 00:21:03,872
or don't view those books as scripture,
387
00:21:03,882 --> 00:21:06,635
is because Jesus and the
apostles did not use those books,
388
00:21:06,645 --> 00:21:08,453
or view those books as scripture.
389
00:21:08,463 --> 00:21:10,155
That's a very basic way of putting it.
390
00:21:10,165 --> 00:21:12,507
If those books, indeed,
were viewed as scripture
391
00:21:12,517 --> 00:21:14,752
and that people were using
them widely as scripture
392
00:21:14,762 --> 00:21:17,792
and they were considered part
of the Old Testament canon,
393
00:21:17,802 --> 00:21:20,011
we would have expected Jesus
and the apostles somewhere,
394
00:21:20,021 --> 00:21:22,752
sometime, at least once, using
at least one of those books
395
00:21:22,762 --> 00:21:24,773
as scripture, and the fact is,
396
00:21:24,783 --> 00:21:26,773
we don't see that even a single time.
397
00:21:26,783 --> 00:21:28,955
They were respected and utilized because
398
00:21:28,965 --> 00:21:32,635
they were regarded as helpful
Jewish sources of material
399
00:21:32,645 --> 00:21:34,832
and information, particularly about
400
00:21:34,842 --> 00:21:36,832
what was called the Maccabean War,
401
00:21:36,842 --> 00:21:39,332
in the case of the
historical apocryphal books,
402
00:21:39,342 --> 00:21:41,701
which is a very traumatic
period in Israel's history,
403
00:21:41,711 --> 00:21:45,376
when she was almost wiped
out by Antiochus Epiphanes,
404
00:21:45,386 --> 00:21:48,555
and had the Jews not won the Maccabean War,
405
00:21:48,565 --> 00:21:50,528
we may not have Judaism today.
406
00:21:50,538 --> 00:21:52,976
It might have been
extinguished from the Earth.
407
00:21:52,986 --> 00:21:55,152
It's true that some of the apocryphal books
408
00:21:55,162 --> 00:22:00,016
are found bound within some
of the biblical manuscripts,
409
00:22:00,026 --> 00:22:03,693
but not all of them,
and not in every codex.
410
00:22:05,743 --> 00:22:10,352
And I don't think that
that necessarily entails
411
00:22:10,362 --> 00:22:11,915
that they must be canonical.
412
00:22:11,925 --> 00:22:14,751
If you look at our Bibles today, we've got,
413
00:22:14,761 --> 00:22:16,853
between the cover's called the Holy Bible,
414
00:22:16,863 --> 00:22:18,672
we've got essays, we've got maps,
415
00:22:18,682 --> 00:22:20,896
we've got indices, we've
got reader resources,
416
00:22:20,906 --> 00:22:22,912
we've got study notes on
the bottom of the page.
417
00:22:22,922 --> 00:22:25,093
There's lots of material
in our modern Bibles
418
00:22:25,103 --> 00:22:29,355
that none of us would consider
canonical or inspired.
419
00:22:29,365 --> 00:22:32,213
It's noteworthy, for
example, that Jesus disagrees
420
00:22:32,223 --> 00:22:35,509
with the Pharisees and
Sadducees over a number
421
00:22:35,519 --> 00:22:37,751
of different issues,
theologically and doctrinally.
422
00:22:37,761 --> 00:22:40,416
They debate all kinds of
things, all throughout
423
00:22:40,426 --> 00:22:42,218
the pages of the gospels,
but one of the things
424
00:22:42,228 --> 00:22:44,256
that's noteworthy is
they never debate about
425
00:22:44,266 --> 00:22:45,968
which books belong in the canon
426
00:22:45,978 --> 00:22:47,871
and which books do not belong in the canon.
427
00:22:47,881 --> 00:22:49,653
Jesus refers to the
scripture, and the Pharisees
428
00:22:49,663 --> 00:22:51,456
seem to understand what
books he's talking about.
429
00:22:51,466 --> 00:22:53,115
Jesus refers to the Old Testament writings,
430
00:22:53,125 --> 00:22:55,253
Sadducees seem to be fairly
content that we all agree
431
00:22:55,263 --> 00:22:57,488
on which books are in
and which books are out.
432
00:22:57,498 --> 00:22:59,915
There's no oddity of them saying:
433
00:22:59,925 --> 00:23:02,053
well, you're quoting from a
book that's not in the canon.
434
00:23:02,063 --> 00:23:05,102
And Jesus never says that
to a Pharisee or a Sadducee,
435
00:23:05,112 --> 00:23:07,660
and there seems to be
every good reason to think
436
00:23:07,670 --> 00:23:11,427
that that issue was relatively
settled in the time of Jesus.
437
00:23:22,469 --> 00:23:24,341
You know, of course, one
of the most favored verses
438
00:23:24,351 --> 00:23:27,499
in all the Bible is
John 1:1, where it says:
439
00:23:27,509 --> 00:23:30,009
in the beginning was the word.
440
00:23:31,367 --> 00:23:34,297
The Greek word is "logos".
441
00:23:34,307 --> 00:23:37,579
We could say: in the beginning was logic.
442
00:23:37,589 --> 00:23:40,763
And why is that word used
and applied to Jesus?
443
00:23:40,773 --> 00:23:45,437
As John later says in verse
14: the word became flesh.
444
00:23:45,447 --> 00:23:48,560
First of all, because the
word had a great meaning,
445
00:23:48,570 --> 00:23:51,897
in those days, and
there's some debate as to
446
00:23:51,907 --> 00:23:55,040
whether or not it's based on
the Greek or other meanings,
447
00:23:55,050 --> 00:23:58,300
but here's the idea: Jesus is the logic
448
00:23:59,263 --> 00:24:01,846
and the intelligibility of God.
449
00:24:04,430 --> 00:24:08,013
The word signifies God's self-disclosure.
450
00:24:09,290 --> 00:24:11,403
The word is God's self-revelation.
451
00:24:11,413 --> 00:24:14,163
It's how God makes himself known.
452
00:24:15,034 --> 00:24:19,003
So it's profound and immensely significant
453
00:24:19,013 --> 00:24:23,940
and actually quite logical
that Christ would be called
454
00:24:23,950 --> 00:24:27,450
the word made flesh, because now, visibly,
455
00:24:28,602 --> 00:24:32,769
before our eyes, we have the
revelation of God, himself.
456
00:24:33,973 --> 00:24:36,304
As much as I love the book of Hebrews,
457
00:24:36,314 --> 00:24:39,077
if I were marooned on a desert island
458
00:24:39,087 --> 00:24:41,344
and could only have one biblical book,
459
00:24:41,354 --> 00:24:43,461
it would be one of the gospels.
460
00:24:43,471 --> 00:24:46,544
Because it's there we meet Jesus.
461
00:24:46,554 --> 00:24:50,740
It's there that the narrative,
the story, the account,
462
00:24:50,750 --> 00:24:55,060
of the actual incarnation of
the son of God takes place.
463
00:24:55,070 --> 00:24:58,070
So he sent his son as the god-man,
464
00:24:58,954 --> 00:25:01,163
just as much man as if he'd never been god,
465
00:25:01,173 --> 00:25:04,560
and just as much god as
if he'd never been man.
466
00:25:04,570 --> 00:25:07,963
So that we could see and
hear in a way that we could
467
00:25:07,973 --> 00:25:12,140
comprehend the truth of
God's very heart and mind.
468
00:25:14,910 --> 00:25:16,704
In order that you might
know that the son of man
469
00:25:16,714 --> 00:25:18,864
has authority on Earth to forgive sins,
470
00:25:18,874 --> 00:25:20,437
I say to you: get up and walk.
471
00:25:20,447 --> 00:25:23,003
He does something that you can see,
472
00:25:23,013 --> 00:25:24,740
and links it to something you can't see.
473
00:25:24,750 --> 00:25:26,640
You can't see forgiveness of sins.
474
00:25:26,650 --> 00:25:28,843
You can see someone being healed.
475
00:25:28,853 --> 00:25:32,101
And if that guy gets up
and walks, his walk talks.
476
00:25:32,111 --> 00:25:33,957
And it says: the son of man has authority
477
00:25:33,967 --> 00:25:35,637
on Earth to forgive sins.
478
00:25:35,647 --> 00:25:37,397
And then the context for that remark is:
479
00:25:37,407 --> 00:25:39,584
but no one can forgive sins but God.
480
00:25:39,594 --> 00:25:42,864
And words are cheap, I
mean, they, I can utter it
481
00:25:42,874 --> 00:25:44,763
and you know, then you're
left with the choice
482
00:25:44,773 --> 00:25:46,144
of whether to believe it or not.
483
00:25:46,154 --> 00:25:49,540
But if I can show it, if I
can compellingly demonstrate
484
00:25:49,550 --> 00:25:52,144
that what I'm claiming
might have, you know,
485
00:25:52,154 --> 00:25:54,224
some avenue to the truth and be reflective
486
00:25:54,234 --> 00:25:56,704
of what's going on, that's a
more powerful way to do it.
487
00:25:56,714 --> 00:25:59,620
So the Bible calls the
miracles that Jesus does
488
00:25:59,630 --> 00:26:02,597
things like signs, or powers.
489
00:26:02,607 --> 00:26:05,504
Those are the words that are
used to describe the miracles.
490
00:26:05,514 --> 00:26:08,224
And the miracles are really
what I call: power-points.
491
00:26:08,234 --> 00:26:11,300
They're audio-visuals to a
truth about who Jesus is,
492
00:26:11,310 --> 00:26:14,227
that shows his power and authority.
493
00:26:19,850 --> 00:26:22,000
I love the beginning of the Gospel of Mark,
494
00:26:22,010 --> 00:26:24,843
where Jesus stands forward and he says:
495
00:26:24,853 --> 00:26:29,163
the time is fulfilled, the
kingdom of God is at hand.
496
00:26:29,173 --> 00:26:31,600
Repent and believe the good news.
497
00:26:31,610 --> 00:26:34,900
Because there had been
400 years, essentially,
498
00:26:34,910 --> 00:26:37,877
of silence in the inter-testamental period.
499
00:26:37,887 --> 00:26:39,984
John the Baptist had stepped forward
500
00:26:39,994 --> 00:26:44,375
and he was pointing the
way, and it was all pregnant
501
00:26:44,385 --> 00:26:48,385
for the appearing of this
one, and the very fact
502
00:26:49,485 --> 00:26:54,123
that Mark begins by Jesus
reaching into the old,
503
00:26:54,133 --> 00:26:57,563
in order to put himself in the present
504
00:26:57,573 --> 00:27:00,101
is so wonderfully helpful.
505
00:27:00,111 --> 00:27:02,997
For him to unroll the Isaiah scroll
506
00:27:03,007 --> 00:27:06,304
and explain, today, this is
fulfilled in your hearing,
507
00:27:06,314 --> 00:27:10,397
speaks of his own messianic
identity and mission.
508
00:27:11,274 --> 00:27:14,757
But also suggests that he
has studied the scriptures.
509
00:27:14,767 --> 00:27:16,880
Someone had taught them to him.
510
00:27:16,890 --> 00:27:20,690
And he saw fit to announce
his own mission and ministry
511
00:27:20,700 --> 00:27:23,680
with a reference to the Bible.
512
00:27:23,690 --> 00:27:25,904
If anyone could have
just announced: it's me.
513
00:27:25,914 --> 00:27:28,340
You don't need to read
that dusty book anymore,
514
00:27:28,350 --> 00:27:30,459
that old scroll, it would have been Jesus.
515
00:27:30,469 --> 00:27:32,000
But he never did that,
because he understood
516
00:27:32,010 --> 00:27:36,177
that his ministry was an
extension and a fulfilling,
517
00:27:37,325 --> 00:27:40,679
but never an abolishing or an eradicating.
518
00:27:40,689 --> 00:27:42,640
I remember when I was in Bible college,
519
00:27:42,650 --> 00:27:45,540
I said to myself: I can
believe in the New Testament,
520
00:27:45,550 --> 00:27:49,680
but it's hard for me to
believe in the Old Testament.
521
00:27:49,690 --> 00:27:51,819
And then I realized something.
522
00:27:51,829 --> 00:27:55,246
I can't believe less than Jesus believed.
523
00:27:57,029 --> 00:28:00,757
And he had absolute confidence
in the Old Testament.
524
00:28:00,767 --> 00:28:03,856
There's no debate about what
his view of scripture was.
525
00:28:03,866 --> 00:28:06,992
He says, you know, his word
is true, thy word is truth.
526
00:28:07,002 --> 00:28:10,336
He said that: not one jot
or tittle will pass away.
527
00:28:10,346 --> 00:28:13,317
To all this will, he got
jot and tittle inspiration,
528
00:28:13,327 --> 00:28:14,677
is what he taught.
529
00:28:14,687 --> 00:28:16,256
He never sets scripture aside.
530
00:28:16,266 --> 00:28:17,957
What he did was to make very clear
531
00:28:17,967 --> 00:28:20,815
that he perfectly fulfilled scripture.
532
00:28:20,825 --> 00:28:24,917
And of course, he went beyond
even the Old Testament law
533
00:28:24,927 --> 00:28:26,815
in the Sermon on the Mount,
saying: you've heard it said.
534
00:28:26,825 --> 00:28:30,095
And he never reverses it,
he never minimizes it.
535
00:28:30,105 --> 00:28:32,400
Instead, he goes even beyond it.
536
00:28:32,410 --> 00:28:35,259
You've heard it said, you
shall not commit adultery.
537
00:28:35,269 --> 00:28:36,939
I will tell you that if
you've lusted in your heart,
538
00:28:36,949 --> 00:28:39,680
you have already committed adultery.
539
00:28:39,690 --> 00:28:41,634
Our popular evangelical understanding
540
00:28:41,644 --> 00:28:43,632
of Jesus and the Pharisees is this.
541
00:28:43,642 --> 00:28:47,419
We think that Jesus's big
message to the Pharisees is:
542
00:28:47,429 --> 00:28:50,800
aw, come on guys, don't be so nitpicky.
543
00:28:50,810 --> 00:28:53,899
You will never once find
Jesus in the gospels
544
00:28:53,909 --> 00:28:58,736
saying to the Pharisees: you
care too much about the law.
545
00:28:58,746 --> 00:29:02,975
Invariably, Jesus will say:
you have added to the law,
546
00:29:02,985 --> 00:29:04,917
and thus contradicted it.
547
00:29:04,927 --> 00:29:07,760
Or he'll say: you guys make
a whole lot about the law,
548
00:29:07,770 --> 00:29:09,760
but you don't really follow it.
549
00:29:09,770 --> 00:29:12,192
Over and over, watch him make that move.
550
00:29:12,202 --> 00:29:13,979
Those are what he says.
551
00:29:13,989 --> 00:29:15,695
And what is that flowing out of?
552
00:29:15,705 --> 00:29:19,899
A rock-solid commitment to
the sole, final authority
553
00:29:19,909 --> 00:29:21,615
and sufficiency of the word of God.
554
00:29:21,625 --> 00:29:23,074
What does Jesus wanna see?
555
00:29:23,084 --> 00:29:25,695
The word of God as the
sole, final authority
556
00:29:25,705 --> 00:29:28,117
for faith and practice
in the life of believers.
557
00:29:28,127 --> 00:29:31,375
And he's saying Pharisees,
for all the bells and whistles
558
00:29:31,385 --> 00:29:33,476
that you attach to your
teaching on the law,
559
00:29:33,486 --> 00:29:34,903
you undermine it.
560
00:29:36,287 --> 00:29:40,454
So, every evidence is that
Jesus knew our Old testament,
561
00:29:43,727 --> 00:29:47,152
the books that we have, that
he affirmed them as holy
562
00:29:47,162 --> 00:29:51,152
scripture, along with the
other Jewish people of his day,
563
00:29:51,162 --> 00:29:53,745
and that from beginning to end,
564
00:29:55,327 --> 00:29:59,557
he interpreted and understood
his own life in that way.
565
00:29:59,567 --> 00:30:03,244
He is the Messiah, he is the fulfillment
566
00:30:03,254 --> 00:30:06,960
of the history of God's
people in the Old Testament.
567
00:30:06,970 --> 00:30:09,920
So, yes, Jesus very much
affirmed the authority
568
00:30:09,930 --> 00:30:11,637
of the Old Testament, so if you deny it,
569
00:30:11,647 --> 00:30:14,897
you have to disagree with Jesus.
570
00:30:14,907 --> 00:30:18,815
The New Testament needed
to be written because
571
00:30:18,825 --> 00:30:21,717
the Old Testament hadn't
completed the story.
572
00:30:21,727 --> 00:30:26,162
That the timeline and the arc
of God's redemptive purposes
573
00:30:26,172 --> 00:30:30,262
reached a point where
everybody, if you like,
574
00:30:30,272 --> 00:30:32,640
was standing on their tiptoes
575
00:30:32,650 --> 00:30:34,512
to see how the thing would finish.
576
00:30:34,522 --> 00:30:37,579
And so, in the way that the
writer to the Hebrews says,
577
00:30:37,589 --> 00:30:41,215
that God, you know, has spoken
in the past in various ways
578
00:30:41,225 --> 00:30:44,812
and by different prophets and
so on, it anticipates the fact
579
00:30:44,822 --> 00:30:48,277
that that story will
then come to completion.
580
00:30:48,287 --> 00:30:50,658
And it's the New Testament
that does that for us.
581
00:30:50,668 --> 00:30:54,815
In the Old Testament, Jesus is anticipated
582
00:30:54,825 --> 00:30:57,992
and in the gospels, Jesus is revealed.
583
00:30:59,727 --> 00:31:01,760
In the acts, he's preached.
584
00:31:01,770 --> 00:31:03,776
In the epistles, he's explained.
585
00:31:03,786 --> 00:31:06,400
So, in other words, everything
is just pointing forward
586
00:31:06,410 --> 00:31:10,640
to that great fulfillment,
which comes in Jesus.
587
00:31:10,650 --> 00:31:12,400
You have to understand, the early Jews
588
00:31:12,410 --> 00:31:15,216
were not looking for a crucified messiah.
589
00:31:15,226 --> 00:31:18,197
They did not expect a crucified messiah.
590
00:31:18,207 --> 00:31:21,680
Even Isaiah 53, the
great Old Testament text
591
00:31:21,690 --> 00:31:24,059
that's thought to refer to this, right?
592
00:31:24,069 --> 00:31:28,470
Early Jews didn't interpret
that as a crucified messiah.
593
00:31:28,480 --> 00:31:33,120
For one thing, my servant,
Israel, was assumed
594
00:31:33,130 --> 00:31:35,552
to be the nation of Israel,
suffering for the sins
595
00:31:35,562 --> 00:31:37,957
of the world, not a particular individual.
596
00:31:37,967 --> 00:31:41,637
On the one hand, they had to
explain this to the world.
597
00:31:41,647 --> 00:31:44,219
On the other hand, they had
to explain this to themselves.
598
00:31:44,229 --> 00:31:45,935
Because they were not expecting this.
599
00:31:45,945 --> 00:31:49,200
This was an unexpected outcome.
600
00:31:49,210 --> 00:31:52,619
And let's be clear, if
crucifixion was the end
601
00:31:52,629 --> 00:31:56,539
of Jesus's story, there is
really no good historical
602
00:31:56,549 --> 00:31:59,157
explanation for why we have the gospels.
603
00:31:59,167 --> 00:32:01,120
Or the rest of the New Testament at all.
604
00:32:01,130 --> 00:32:04,656
There had to be a reversal
of that final judgment.
605
00:32:04,666 --> 00:32:08,833
When you think about where
the New Testament came from,
606
00:32:09,785 --> 00:32:11,819
it came out of Judaism.
607
00:32:11,829 --> 00:32:15,456
Why would these Jewish
believers who thought
608
00:32:15,466 --> 00:32:17,456
they were God's chosen people,
609
00:32:17,466 --> 00:32:20,677
why would they invent a resurrected Jesus?
610
00:32:20,687 --> 00:32:22,514
What motivation would they have for that?
611
00:32:22,524 --> 00:32:24,027
Why would they invent this?
612
00:32:24,037 --> 00:32:25,877
It makes no sense at all.
613
00:32:25,887 --> 00:32:26,772
I mean, if one of them said:
614
00:32:26,782 --> 00:32:27,942
hey, we're gonna start a new religion!
615
00:32:27,952 --> 00:32:29,602
And one of the others said: we are?
616
00:32:29,612 --> 00:32:30,436
Yeah!
617
00:32:30,446 --> 00:32:31,479
Well, what's it gonna get us?
618
00:32:31,489 --> 00:32:33,195
Well, first of all, we're gonna
619
00:32:33,205 --> 00:32:34,928
get kicked out of the synagogue.
620
00:32:34,938 --> 00:32:36,969
And then we're gonna get
beaten, tortured and killed.
621
00:32:36,979 --> 00:32:39,013
You think the other guy's
gonna go: hey, great idea!
622
00:32:39,023 --> 00:32:40,155
Sign me up!
623
00:32:40,165 --> 00:32:42,213
No, he's not gonna say that, right?
624
00:32:42,223 --> 00:32:45,355
There's no motivation for Jews
625
00:32:45,365 --> 00:32:47,915
to invent a resurrected Jesus.
626
00:32:47,925 --> 00:32:49,232
In fact, let me put it this way,
627
00:32:49,242 --> 00:32:50,649
because I hear some
people out there thinking
628
00:32:50,659 --> 00:32:53,072
that the New Testament writers
invented the resurrection.
629
00:32:53,082 --> 00:32:55,129
No, the New Testament
writers did not invent
630
00:32:55,139 --> 00:32:57,069
or create the resurrection.
631
00:32:57,079 --> 00:33:00,509
The resurrection created
the New Testament writers.
632
00:33:00,519 --> 00:33:02,155
There would be no New Testament
633
00:33:02,165 --> 00:33:04,832
unless there was a resurrection.
634
00:33:06,238 --> 00:33:10,405
The resurrection is God's
amen to Christ's atoning work.
635
00:33:12,099 --> 00:33:16,266
It is the signal evidence that
what Jesus has accomplished
636
00:33:18,159 --> 00:33:22,667
has been, if you like,
ratified by the Father.
637
00:33:22,677 --> 00:33:26,844
That what God the Father,
if you like, has planned
638
00:33:27,793 --> 00:33:30,448
that God the Son has procured.
639
00:33:30,458 --> 00:33:34,625
And the resurrection is the
signal to the entire world
640
00:33:35,477 --> 00:33:39,691
that the mission upon
which Jesus has embarked
641
00:33:39,701 --> 00:33:42,165
has actually been accomplished.
642
00:33:42,175 --> 00:33:46,368
So we're not just talking
about a reversal of death.
643
00:33:46,378 --> 00:33:49,227
We're talking about a
whole new kind of life.
644
00:33:49,237 --> 00:33:51,205
That he gets by means of resurrection,
645
00:33:51,215 --> 00:33:54,068
and that's what the
earliest writers about Jesus
646
00:33:54,078 --> 00:33:57,328
were trying to make
clear, is this is not just
647
00:33:57,338 --> 00:34:01,205
a kindness or a mercy of God on Jesus.
648
00:34:01,215 --> 00:34:04,368
No, this is a vindication of who he was
649
00:34:04,378 --> 00:34:08,545
and of his claims and you
need to pay attention now.
650
00:34:09,541 --> 00:34:12,208
The First Corinthians
15, I mean, that is a,
651
00:34:12,218 --> 00:34:15,051
a text that has a robust
resurrection theology,
652
00:34:15,061 --> 00:34:17,547
where Paul says on multiple occasions
653
00:34:17,557 --> 00:34:20,667
that Jesus died and was raised
according to the scriptures,
654
00:34:20,677 --> 00:34:23,029
according to the scriptures,
according to the scriptures.
655
00:34:23,039 --> 00:34:25,611
And he suggests that there
was a real, physical,
656
00:34:25,621 --> 00:34:29,627
bodily resurrection of
Jesus Christ from the dead.
657
00:34:29,637 --> 00:34:32,768
And without that, there
is no Christian faith.
658
00:34:32,778 --> 00:34:35,691
In my view, it is theological insanity.
659
00:34:35,701 --> 00:34:39,701
And an exegetical suicide
to argue that there is
660
00:34:41,098 --> 00:34:44,237
no real resurrection
of Jesus from the dead,
661
00:34:44,247 --> 00:34:47,173
it's something spiritual,
Jesus lives in the heart
662
00:34:47,183 --> 00:34:51,266
of his people; that belief
does not save anybody.
663
00:35:09,363 --> 00:35:11,312
If Jesus's Bible only consisted
664
00:35:11,322 --> 00:35:15,392
of the Old Testament,
why do we need the new?
665
00:35:15,402 --> 00:35:17,851
When was the story written down?
666
00:35:17,861 --> 00:35:20,813
Why was the story written down at all?
667
00:35:20,823 --> 00:35:22,573
How do sinful people write
668
00:35:22,583 --> 00:35:26,473
the undefiled words of transcendence?
669
00:35:26,483 --> 00:35:30,112
If memories fade, people exaggerate,
670
00:35:30,122 --> 00:35:32,432
and events get misinterpreted,
671
00:35:32,442 --> 00:35:34,832
if the New Testament is true,
672
00:35:34,842 --> 00:35:36,342
how could we know?
673
00:35:38,202 --> 00:35:39,549
You know, there's a difference between
674
00:35:39,559 --> 00:35:41,993
what happened two days ago,
which was just a benign event,
675
00:35:42,003 --> 00:35:45,013
and what we call
psychologically, an impact event.
676
00:35:45,023 --> 00:35:47,456
An impact event is
something that impacts you
677
00:35:47,466 --> 00:35:50,091
so dramatically, you'll
never forget what happened.
678
00:35:50,101 --> 00:35:51,296
Like, for example, where were you
679
00:35:51,306 --> 00:35:53,456
when the second plane hit the tower?
680
00:35:53,466 --> 00:35:56,272
Right, right now as we record
this, that was 15 years ago.
681
00:35:56,282 --> 00:35:58,173
But I can remember what happened exactly.
682
00:35:58,183 --> 00:35:59,413
I remember who I was talking to,
683
00:35:59,423 --> 00:36:02,075
and what I was saying, and
what he was saying to me.
684
00:36:02,085 --> 00:36:03,376
And the question is: do you think
685
00:36:03,386 --> 00:36:05,673
a resurrection would have
been an impact event?
686
00:36:05,683 --> 00:36:08,053
Do you think if Jesus
really rose from the dead,
687
00:36:08,063 --> 00:36:11,056
that would have had an impact
on the people that saw him,
688
00:36:11,066 --> 00:36:12,491
after he had resurrected?
689
00:36:12,501 --> 00:36:16,253
Yeah, they would have
remembered that til their grave.
690
00:36:16,263 --> 00:36:18,613
So I don't have any doubt
that even if the eyewitnesses
691
00:36:18,623 --> 00:36:20,815
wrote it down 20 years
later or 30 years later,
692
00:36:20,825 --> 00:36:23,513
doesn't matter; they remembered it.
693
00:36:23,523 --> 00:36:27,152
The reason to not just
rely on oral tradition,
694
00:36:27,162 --> 00:36:29,693
and to actually write down a gospel,
695
00:36:29,703 --> 00:36:32,533
like the earliest gospel,
probably the Gospel of Mark,
696
00:36:32,543 --> 00:36:35,611
the reason to do that
is because you're losing
697
00:36:35,621 --> 00:36:38,693
the living voice, you're
losing the eyewitnesses.
698
00:36:38,703 --> 00:36:42,016
So there is this huge
impetus in the second half
699
00:36:42,026 --> 00:36:45,693
of the first century
AD to produce documents
700
00:36:46,762 --> 00:36:49,536
that would allow us to not lose the memory
701
00:36:49,546 --> 00:36:52,432
of what Jesus was like,
what he did, what he said,
702
00:36:52,442 --> 00:36:55,013
and what his earliest
followers were like, as well.
703
00:36:55,023 --> 00:36:57,113
And that's really the
impetus behind the writing
704
00:36:57,123 --> 00:37:00,133
of the New Testament, and
when they got busy with it,
705
00:37:00,143 --> 00:37:03,696
they got busy with it, between
about 49 and about 100,
706
00:37:03,706 --> 00:37:05,851
all 27 documents of the New Testament
707
00:37:05,861 --> 00:37:08,028
seem to have been written.
708
00:37:10,543 --> 00:37:13,253
When we think in terms
of authorship of the Bible,
709
00:37:13,263 --> 00:37:16,333
we have essentially a dual authorship.
710
00:37:16,343 --> 00:37:19,433
So it's true to say that Paul wrote Romans.
711
00:37:19,443 --> 00:37:22,272
It's equally true to say
that God wrote Romans.
712
00:37:22,282 --> 00:37:25,593
And the great wonder of it
is that without any violation
713
00:37:25,603 --> 00:37:29,456
of Paul's personality or his intellect,
714
00:37:29,466 --> 00:37:33,433
God, through the instrumentation
of the Holy Spirit,
715
00:37:33,443 --> 00:37:37,610
both provided Paul and enabled
Paul to write as he wrote.
716
00:37:39,263 --> 00:37:44,075
And that would be true
for all the Bible authors.
717
00:37:44,085 --> 00:37:47,792
When David writes Psalm
23, it's not as if he came in
718
00:37:47,802 --> 00:37:51,033
after a hard day's work and
was about to fall asleep
719
00:37:51,043 --> 00:37:53,291
when a voice spoke to him
out of the gloom and said:
720
00:37:53,301 --> 00:37:54,885
not yet, David, pick up your stylus.
721
00:37:54,895 --> 00:37:56,752
I've got some dictation for you.
722
00:37:56,762 --> 00:38:00,325
And then God said: the Lord, the Lord,
723
00:38:00,335 --> 00:38:02,708
is my, is my, shepherd, shepherd.
724
00:38:02,718 --> 00:38:04,688
I shall lack nothing, I shall lack nothing.
725
00:38:04,698 --> 00:38:06,512
There's no way in God's green Earth
726
00:38:06,522 --> 00:38:08,811
that Psalm 23 was written that way.
727
00:38:08,821 --> 00:38:13,072
It was spoken out of the
fullness of David's experience,
728
00:38:13,082 --> 00:38:16,085
both as a believer and as a shepherd.
729
00:38:16,095 --> 00:38:17,728
And he thought about these
things, turned them over
730
00:38:17,738 --> 00:38:20,528
in his mind, and he picked
up his stylus and he wrote.
731
00:38:20,538 --> 00:38:23,872
Nevertheless, scripture
insists that God so worked
732
00:38:23,882 --> 00:38:27,088
through such forms of
inspiration that the result
733
00:38:27,098 --> 00:38:29,848
was nonetheless, the word of God.
734
00:38:30,893 --> 00:38:33,303
I think, on the other end of that spectrum,
735
00:38:33,313 --> 00:38:36,641
perhaps, we also can't get
too loose between the text
736
00:38:36,651 --> 00:38:39,703
of scripture and the meaning of scripture.
737
00:38:39,713 --> 00:38:43,680
That those words really
are there for a reason,
738
00:38:43,690 --> 00:38:46,845
and they're not dictated,
but that doesn't mean
739
00:38:46,855 --> 00:38:49,885
that we can just kind of loosely paraphrase
740
00:38:49,895 --> 00:38:52,020
or understand the text.
741
00:38:52,030 --> 00:38:54,141
That we do have to respect what
742
00:38:54,151 --> 00:38:57,101
the biblical authors actually wrote.
743
00:38:57,111 --> 00:38:59,581
Of course, the Christian
claim from the start
744
00:38:59,591 --> 00:39:01,201
is that this is a supernatural event.
745
00:39:01,211 --> 00:39:04,241
We don't believe that it
just happened to work out
746
00:39:04,251 --> 00:39:06,221
that human beings wrote down perfect words.
747
00:39:06,231 --> 00:39:08,663
Or that they just tried a lot
and eventually got it right,
748
00:39:08,673 --> 00:39:10,525
or something like this,
no, we believe that God
749
00:39:10,535 --> 00:39:13,646
superintended the whole
process by his Holy Spirit.
750
00:39:13,656 --> 00:39:18,103
And this is why, a common
complaint by non-Christians
751
00:39:18,113 --> 00:39:21,220
and by critics of Christianity
often misses the point.
752
00:39:21,230 --> 00:39:22,743
People would say: well,
you can't believe the Bible
753
00:39:22,753 --> 00:39:24,685
is the word of God, because
it was written by men.
754
00:39:24,695 --> 00:39:27,623
But of course, that presumes
the non-Christian view
755
00:39:27,633 --> 00:39:28,781
of the way it happened.
756
00:39:28,791 --> 00:39:29,901
That's not the Christian claim.
757
00:39:29,911 --> 00:39:31,645
The Christian claim is that,
wasn't just that it was
758
00:39:31,655 --> 00:39:33,725
written by men, our claim
is that it was written
759
00:39:33,735 --> 00:39:35,885
by men who were carried
along by the Holy Spirit.
760
00:39:35,895 --> 00:39:38,082
And it's that second step that's so key.
761
00:39:38,092 --> 00:39:40,882
Behind your doctrine of
scripture is the doctrine of God.
762
00:39:40,892 --> 00:39:45,059
And behind the product of
scripture is the activity of God.
763
00:39:47,153 --> 00:39:50,825
The scripture is the product
of God, the Holy Spirit.
764
00:39:50,835 --> 00:39:54,503
Which is why God, the Holy
Spirit, uses it in conversion
765
00:39:54,513 --> 00:39:56,561
and in sanctification.
766
00:39:56,571 --> 00:39:59,404
So what we believe about the Bible
767
00:40:00,391 --> 00:40:04,141
is based on what we
believe about its source.
768
00:40:05,831 --> 00:40:09,041
And because we believe God to
be the author of the Bible,
769
00:40:09,051 --> 00:40:12,381
we talk about the quality
of the Bible as inspired,
770
00:40:12,391 --> 00:40:13,724
or God-breathed.
771
00:40:18,910 --> 00:40:22,743
Paul's letters were
written somewhere between
772
00:40:22,753 --> 00:40:25,336
about 49 and maybe 63 or 64 AD.
773
00:40:27,191 --> 00:40:29,063
Not a big timeline.
774
00:40:29,073 --> 00:40:31,021
But that's almost half the New Testament.
775
00:40:31,031 --> 00:40:33,138
13 of the documents of the
New Testament are attributed
776
00:40:33,148 --> 00:40:37,101
to Paul, and they are by
consensus the earliest
777
00:40:37,111 --> 00:40:39,063
New Testament documents.
778
00:40:39,073 --> 00:40:42,401
So we don't have any
documents that are, today,
779
00:40:42,411 --> 00:40:46,925
part of the New Testament,
from before about 49.
780
00:40:46,935 --> 00:40:49,298
Even the Atheists admit
that Paul is writing
781
00:40:49,308 --> 00:40:52,641
First Corinthians in about
55 AD, and we can date that
782
00:40:52,651 --> 00:40:57,458
from an archeological
discovery in Delphi in Greece,
783
00:40:57,468 --> 00:41:00,285
and we can date all of
Paul's missionary journeys
784
00:41:00,295 --> 00:41:02,900
from that archeological inscription,
785
00:41:02,910 --> 00:41:05,121
and we're almost certain
that Paul is writing
786
00:41:05,131 --> 00:41:09,063
First Corinthians in either 55 or 56 AD.
787
00:41:09,073 --> 00:41:12,541
I think Collin Hemmer's work,
who is a Roman historian,
788
00:41:12,551 --> 00:41:14,525
I don't even think he was a Christian,
789
00:41:14,535 --> 00:41:17,901
he wrote a book called,
back in the late '80s,
790
00:41:17,911 --> 00:41:21,058
called: Acts in the Setting
of Helenistic History.
791
00:41:21,068 --> 00:41:23,645
In which he makes, in my
view, a very persuasive case
792
00:41:23,655 --> 00:41:27,165
that Acts, the Book of Acts,
had to be written by 62 AD.
793
00:41:27,175 --> 00:41:30,301
In fact, he gives a number
of reasons in the book.
794
00:41:30,311 --> 00:41:34,182
If Acts is 62 AD, that means
Luke has to be prior to Acts.
795
00:41:34,192 --> 00:41:36,823
Because Acts is Luke's second work.
796
00:41:36,833 --> 00:41:40,045
And then if Luke is written,
say, sometime in the 50s,
797
00:41:40,055 --> 00:41:44,205
it appears that Luke, maybe
one of his sources is Mark.
798
00:41:44,215 --> 00:41:47,201
Which means Mark is prior to
Luke, so you're very early now.
799
00:41:47,211 --> 00:41:49,741
You're in the early 50s, maybe 40s.
800
00:41:49,751 --> 00:41:52,561
So the bulk of the New
Testament is said to be written
801
00:41:52,571 --> 00:41:55,904
from the end of the 40s, 49 thereabouts,
802
00:41:56,908 --> 00:42:01,618
all the way up to the last
decade of the first century,
803
00:42:01,628 --> 00:42:03,261
and you're dealing with a period
804
00:42:03,271 --> 00:42:06,521
of about 50 years from start to finish.
805
00:42:08,433 --> 00:42:11,261
I would say that Mark
is our earliest gospel.
806
00:42:11,271 --> 00:42:15,842
That yes, Matthew and Luke
used the vast majority of Mark.
807
00:42:15,852 --> 00:42:19,921
There's 95 percent of Mark
is in Matthew's gospel,
808
00:42:19,931 --> 00:42:23,140
but Matthew was not just copying Mark,
809
00:42:23,150 --> 00:42:25,919
he added another 50 percent to his document
810
00:42:25,929 --> 00:42:27,521
from various other sources.
811
00:42:27,531 --> 00:42:29,245
So he was using a variety of sources
812
00:42:29,255 --> 00:42:30,898
to produce his document.
813
00:42:30,908 --> 00:42:33,981
And under the inspiration
of God, each one wanted
814
00:42:33,991 --> 00:42:36,823
to present a slightly
different portrait of Jesus.
815
00:42:36,833 --> 00:42:39,581
It's not as if, let's say, Matthew says
816
00:42:39,591 --> 00:42:42,801
that Jesus is the king
in the line of David.
817
00:42:42,811 --> 00:42:46,578
He emphasizes that, even in
the beginning of his gospel.
818
00:42:46,588 --> 00:42:50,045
Is that incompatible
with John, who emphasizes
819
00:42:50,055 --> 00:42:53,458
that Jesus is the revelation
of God the Father?
820
00:42:53,468 --> 00:42:55,842
Well, no, they're both true, right?
821
00:42:55,852 --> 00:42:57,921
But they're complementary.
822
00:42:57,931 --> 00:42:59,901
What's hard for people to remember is,
823
00:42:59,911 --> 00:43:01,741
is that when you wrote
a gospel and you did it
824
00:43:01,751 --> 00:43:05,741
on a running scroll of papyrus,
if you wanna think about
825
00:43:05,751 --> 00:43:08,301
it that way, there's a certain length that,
826
00:43:08,311 --> 00:43:10,900
oftentimes, is the maximum
that you can deal with,
827
00:43:10,910 --> 00:43:13,293
and particularly when we
get into Matthew, Luke,
828
00:43:13,303 --> 00:43:15,161
and John, our longer gospels,
829
00:43:15,171 --> 00:43:17,115
they're running up into those limits.
830
00:43:17,125 --> 00:43:20,395
And so that impacts how
much detail they communicate
831
00:43:20,405 --> 00:43:22,795
about the stories that they present.
832
00:43:22,805 --> 00:43:26,801
Still another issue is in recorded speech.
833
00:43:26,811 --> 00:43:29,798
Because some people expect
that recorded speech
834
00:43:29,808 --> 00:43:31,757
will be verbatim accurate.
835
00:43:31,767 --> 00:43:34,875
It will be like a court stenographer
836
00:43:34,885 --> 00:43:38,321
who just takes down every word, exactly.
837
00:43:38,331 --> 00:43:40,157
If we did most preaching classes
838
00:43:40,167 --> 00:43:42,721
and used the Sermon on
the Mount as an example,
839
00:43:42,731 --> 00:43:45,398
most of our church services
would be very short.
840
00:43:45,408 --> 00:43:47,258
Because you can read through
the Sermon on the Mount
841
00:43:47,268 --> 00:43:49,019
in five to seven minutes.
842
00:43:49,029 --> 00:43:52,001
What we know is that Jesus
spoke to people all day.
843
00:43:52,011 --> 00:43:55,238
And you know, when you bring
a crowd out from the city
844
00:43:55,248 --> 00:43:58,278
to come sit in the fields,
and listen to a teacher,
845
00:43:58,288 --> 00:44:00,938
he isn't speaking for just
five to seven minutes.
846
00:44:00,948 --> 00:44:04,321
So there are cases where you
may not be getting always
847
00:44:04,331 --> 00:44:06,619
the exact words of Jesus,
you may be getting a summary
848
00:44:06,629 --> 00:44:08,957
of something that he actually
spent a much longer time
849
00:44:08,967 --> 00:44:11,878
talking about, and you may
be getting snippets of that,
850
00:44:11,888 --> 00:44:14,481
or a summary of that,
that's boiled down into,
851
00:44:14,491 --> 00:44:16,618
you know, into a package-able length,
852
00:44:16,628 --> 00:44:19,201
given everything else that's
going on in the gospel.
853
00:44:19,211 --> 00:44:21,338
We need to stop thinking about the gospels
854
00:44:21,348 --> 00:44:23,942
as if they were like modern photographs.
855
00:44:23,952 --> 00:44:25,302
They're not.
856
00:44:25,312 --> 00:44:27,115
They're like portraits.
857
00:44:27,125 --> 00:44:30,801
And portraits are inherently, interpretive.
858
00:44:30,811 --> 00:44:35,222
They're not just history,
they are interpreted history.
859
00:44:35,232 --> 00:44:38,401
History from a particular
theological and ethical angle.
860
00:44:38,411 --> 00:44:40,058
And this is true of all four gospels.
861
00:44:40,068 --> 00:44:43,258
It's not just true about John,
which is highly theological.
862
00:44:43,268 --> 00:44:46,838
All four gospels provide
us with a theological
863
00:44:46,848 --> 00:44:50,321
interpretation of the
historical figure, Jesus.
864
00:44:50,331 --> 00:44:52,902
And we may be thankful to have four of them
865
00:44:52,912 --> 00:44:56,262
that have differences
of angles of incidence.
866
00:44:56,272 --> 00:45:00,619
And yet recognizably, it's the same person.
867
00:45:00,629 --> 00:45:02,459
Remember, ancient biographies,
868
00:45:02,469 --> 00:45:04,298
their issue was characterization.
869
00:45:04,308 --> 00:45:08,459
Who is this person, as revealed
by his words and deeds?
870
00:45:08,469 --> 00:45:11,552
That's what they're trying to get at.
871
00:45:20,571 --> 00:45:24,678
One of the big challenges
in biblical studies today
872
00:45:24,688 --> 00:45:28,855
is the very subtle suggestion
that, well, it's the
873
00:45:30,528 --> 00:45:34,695
theological teachings of
the Bible that are inspired,
874
00:45:36,546 --> 00:45:40,379
and whether any of those
historical narratives
875
00:45:41,232 --> 00:45:44,698
that the teachings come out
of, whether they ever happened
876
00:45:44,708 --> 00:45:48,118
or not, it really doesn't matter.
877
00:45:48,128 --> 00:45:51,878
I wanna argue, that's absolutely wrong.
878
00:45:51,888 --> 00:45:53,138
It does matter.
879
00:45:54,112 --> 00:45:57,259
The fundamental divide
on the issue of inspiration
880
00:45:57,269 --> 00:45:59,978
is whether it is subjective or objective.
881
00:45:59,988 --> 00:46:03,658
When I was a first year
PhD student in Edinburgh,
882
00:46:03,668 --> 00:46:05,947
Scotland, the very first
debatE that I witnessed
883
00:46:05,957 --> 00:46:08,144
at the University of Edinburgh was a debate
884
00:46:08,154 --> 00:46:10,669
on the topic of the inspiration
of the Old Testament.
885
00:46:10,679 --> 00:46:13,369
And a liberal Old Testament scholar
886
00:46:13,379 --> 00:46:15,993
and an evangelical were
going to have a debate.
887
00:46:16,003 --> 00:46:18,749
And the moderator's first
question to both of them was:
888
00:46:18,759 --> 00:46:20,932
how do you define inspiration?
889
00:46:20,942 --> 00:46:23,789
And Dr. Alls said: well,
I believe that the Bible
890
00:46:23,799 --> 00:46:27,433
is inspired because it inspires me.
891
00:46:27,443 --> 00:46:30,452
Now, that is a classic
subjective definition
892
00:46:30,462 --> 00:46:33,648
of inspiration, in other
words, whatever inspiration is,
893
00:46:33,658 --> 00:46:37,469
doesn't reside in scripture, itself.
894
00:46:37,479 --> 00:46:40,562
It resides in its effect on or in me.
895
00:46:41,443 --> 00:46:45,248
Whereas the Bible claims
an objective inspiration.
896
00:46:45,258 --> 00:46:48,852
Listen again to Paul's words:
all scripture is God-breathed.
897
00:46:48,862 --> 00:46:52,212
It's not something that has
been put into scripture.
898
00:46:52,222 --> 00:46:55,230
It's not something that
scripture does to me.
899
00:46:55,240 --> 00:46:58,110
It is something that is
inherent in scripture
900
00:46:58,120 --> 00:47:00,703
because of where it comes from.
901
00:47:02,040 --> 00:47:04,110
Peter, in particular, draws this contrast
902
00:47:04,120 --> 00:47:08,249
between myths, just
stories, fables, legends,
903
00:47:08,259 --> 00:47:10,670
versus eyewitness accounts.
904
00:47:10,680 --> 00:47:12,569
He says: we saw this.
905
00:47:12,579 --> 00:47:14,528
We didn't make up a story
to make you feel better.
906
00:47:14,538 --> 00:47:16,569
We're not just giving you, you know,
907
00:47:16,579 --> 00:47:20,766
the spirit of Christmas, or
the inspiration of Easter.
908
00:47:20,776 --> 00:47:25,033
I was on the mountain, I saw
Jesus Christ transfigured
909
00:47:25,043 --> 00:47:29,369
in glory; these are things
we saw with our eyes,
910
00:47:29,379 --> 00:47:32,658
we heard with our ears, they happened.
911
00:47:32,668 --> 00:47:35,684
You can count on them, and
that sets the Bible apart
912
00:47:35,694 --> 00:47:40,190
from almost everything
else in the ancient world
913
00:47:40,200 --> 00:47:43,586
and its religious pantheon
of gods and goddesses,
914
00:47:43,596 --> 00:47:47,630
because this good news
is rooted in history.
915
00:47:47,640 --> 00:47:49,268
Something that happened.
916
00:47:49,278 --> 00:47:53,646
And based on a future that
we know, then, will happen.
917
00:47:53,656 --> 00:47:56,081
One of the remarkable
things about the gospels
918
00:47:56,091 --> 00:47:58,344
that we have in our New Testament,
919
00:47:58,354 --> 00:48:01,268
as well as the whole
Bible, is that the Bible
920
00:48:01,278 --> 00:48:04,637
subjects itself to historical verification.
921
00:48:04,647 --> 00:48:07,480
It puts itself at risk of inquiry.
922
00:48:08,572 --> 00:48:12,024
Unlike the gospel of
Thomas, unlike the Koran.
923
00:48:12,034 --> 00:48:14,254
Unlike the Bhagavad Gita or the teachings
924
00:48:14,264 --> 00:48:17,720
of the compassionate Buddha
that are talking-head theology.
925
00:48:17,730 --> 00:48:21,101
The Bible says: Jesus did
this at a certain place.
926
00:48:21,111 --> 00:48:24,002
Here's the guy's name whom he healed.
927
00:48:24,012 --> 00:48:25,608
Or here's the house where he did it at,
928
00:48:25,618 --> 00:48:28,584
like in Mark two, where
you had these four men
929
00:48:28,594 --> 00:48:32,940
who lift parts of the thatched
roof at Peter's house,
930
00:48:32,950 --> 00:48:36,344
and they drop this paralyzed
man right in front of Jesus,
931
00:48:36,354 --> 00:48:38,264
and he heals the man and he walks out.
932
00:48:38,274 --> 00:48:41,442
I've been to Peter's
house, it's in Coppernium,
933
00:48:41,452 --> 00:48:43,500
on the shore of the Sea of Galilee.
934
00:48:43,510 --> 00:48:46,104
You can see the very
place where Jesus stood
935
00:48:46,114 --> 00:48:48,440
when he was lecturing to
this crowd that was packed,
936
00:48:48,450 --> 00:48:51,197
and the actual door that
this man walked out of.
937
00:48:51,207 --> 00:48:53,464
That's historically verifiable stuff.
938
00:48:53,474 --> 00:48:57,160
You don't have that in
these other documents.
939
00:48:57,170 --> 00:48:59,522
A faith rooted in history.
940
00:48:59,532 --> 00:49:02,840
A revelation coming
through human instruments.
941
00:49:02,850 --> 00:49:07,160
A religion spreading through
the entire region and beyond.
942
00:49:07,170 --> 00:49:11,020
But we wonder: who wrote these books?
943
00:49:11,030 --> 00:49:13,000
How did they spread?
944
00:49:13,010 --> 00:49:15,281
Can we be confident they
are the actual words
945
00:49:15,291 --> 00:49:17,704
that God meant for us to have?
946
00:49:17,714 --> 00:49:19,720
The question of authorship is a common one.
947
00:49:19,730 --> 00:49:21,442
If we're gonna rely on these books,
948
00:49:21,452 --> 00:49:23,197
we wanna know who wrote them.
949
00:49:23,207 --> 00:49:24,840
We wanna know when they were
written, and whether we should
950
00:49:24,850 --> 00:49:27,740
listen to the person who's
names are attached to them.
951
00:49:27,750 --> 00:49:29,997
Many people doubt whether
we can know those things.
952
00:49:30,007 --> 00:49:33,026
I don't think those things are
out of the range of knowing.
953
00:49:33,036 --> 00:49:37,042
In fact, we have a tremendously
good amount of evidence
954
00:49:37,052 --> 00:49:38,824
about the authors of these books.
955
00:49:38,834 --> 00:49:41,100
And there's all kinds of ways
we know who wrote these books.
956
00:49:41,110 --> 00:49:43,432
Certainly, the titles attached
to these books are a key part
957
00:49:43,442 --> 00:49:45,784
of that evidence that go
back very, very early.
958
00:49:45,794 --> 00:49:47,997
When we look at the gospels
themselves, for example,
959
00:49:48,007 --> 00:49:50,920
we know those titles were
attached probably by the end
960
00:49:50,930 --> 00:49:53,464
of the first century, if not
the early second century.
961
00:49:53,474 --> 00:49:56,482
There's a second-century
impulse that begins
962
00:49:56,492 --> 00:50:00,242
that says: add the name
of an apostle to a book,
963
00:50:00,252 --> 00:50:03,682
to make sure that we know that
it really is by that person.
964
00:50:03,692 --> 00:50:06,717
Those kinds of things we see
in these apocryphal books.
965
00:50:06,727 --> 00:50:08,719
The Gospel of Thomas, the
Gospel of Phillip, of Mary,
966
00:50:08,729 --> 00:50:12,319
of Judas, all these works
ascribe authorship in the text,
967
00:50:12,329 --> 00:50:15,160
not as a title above it,
but actually in the text.
968
00:50:15,170 --> 00:50:17,160
The New Testament gospels don't do that.
969
00:50:17,170 --> 00:50:20,120
They were originally anonymous, I believe.
970
00:50:20,130 --> 00:50:23,581
The ancient church fathers
were unanimous that Mark
971
00:50:23,591 --> 00:50:26,904
got his gospel from the apostle Peter.
972
00:50:26,914 --> 00:50:29,500
And Mark was a follower of
Paul, an associate of Paul's
973
00:50:29,510 --> 00:50:33,400
to start with, but he got
his gospel from Peter.
974
00:50:33,410 --> 00:50:36,760
If you have this apostolic
authorship impulse,
975
00:50:36,770 --> 00:50:39,122
why isn't the Gospel of Mark ever,
976
00:50:39,132 --> 00:50:41,799
ever called the Gospel of Peter?
977
00:50:42,647 --> 00:50:43,960
It isn't.
978
00:50:43,970 --> 00:50:46,984
So that apostolic authorship
impulse is not something
979
00:50:46,994 --> 00:50:50,381
that's intrinsic to the New Testament.
980
00:50:50,391 --> 00:50:53,640
It's intrinsic to
pseudepigrapha, apocryphal books,
981
00:50:53,650 --> 00:50:55,421
books that came later.
982
00:50:55,431 --> 00:50:58,018
And guys like Bart Erman,
who wrote this book, Forged,
983
00:50:58,028 --> 00:51:00,461
about the books that
were not really written
984
00:51:00,471 --> 00:51:02,354
by the people that we think they were,
985
00:51:02,364 --> 00:51:05,037
he tries to argue for this
apostolic authorship impulse
986
00:51:05,047 --> 00:51:06,717
in the first century.
987
00:51:06,727 --> 00:51:07,937
If that's the case,
988
00:51:07,947 --> 00:51:10,276
why don't we have it
for the gospel of Mark?
989
00:51:10,286 --> 00:51:12,818
Did Jesus change over the first
990
00:51:12,828 --> 00:51:15,101
three hundred years of the church?
991
00:51:15,111 --> 00:51:16,221
The depiction of Jesus?
992
00:51:16,231 --> 00:51:19,181
And when you look at people
who followed the apostles,
993
00:51:19,191 --> 00:51:23,474
Clement, Papias, Irenaeus,
these types of individuals,
994
00:51:23,484 --> 00:51:27,544
Justin Martyr, these folks,
when you look at their writings
995
00:51:27,554 --> 00:51:29,517
you see they're given the same basic data
996
00:51:29,527 --> 00:51:31,640
that the New Testament writers gave.
997
00:51:31,650 --> 00:51:33,842
So you have this chain of custody,
998
00:51:33,852 --> 00:51:36,184
going through the first three
centuries of the church,
999
00:51:36,194 --> 00:51:38,861
before we have, say,
the first full copy of,
1000
00:51:38,871 --> 00:51:42,538
say, the New Testament
or the Old Testament.
1001
00:51:43,830 --> 00:51:47,437
Early Christianity was basically
an evangelistic movement,
1002
00:51:47,447 --> 00:51:50,184
which is distinctive in early Judaism.
1003
00:51:50,194 --> 00:51:53,759
The other early Jewish movements
like the Kumran community
1004
00:51:53,769 --> 00:51:57,199
or John the Baptizer,
they were not evangelistic
1005
00:51:57,209 --> 00:51:59,661
in the sense that they were
going out and getting recruits
1006
00:51:59,671 --> 00:52:01,900
that were non-Jews.
1007
00:52:01,910 --> 00:52:04,162
This is something pretty
distinctive about early
1008
00:52:04,172 --> 00:52:07,042
Christianity is, A, it
was a missionary movement,
1009
00:52:07,052 --> 00:52:11,597
and B, it went after Gentiles,
deliberately, by intention.
1010
00:52:11,607 --> 00:52:15,960
So, in that kind of environment,
they needed some tools
1011
00:52:15,970 --> 00:52:19,437
to do a better job
evangelizing and teaching
1012
00:52:19,447 --> 00:52:21,362
in those kinds of environments,
1013
00:52:21,372 --> 00:52:24,962
and so the impetus to generate sources
1014
00:52:24,972 --> 00:52:28,184
of important material to convince both Jews
1015
00:52:28,194 --> 00:52:32,024
and Gentiles about Jesus was paramount.
1016
00:52:32,034 --> 00:52:34,002
When it comes to the
New Testament writings,
1017
00:52:34,012 --> 00:52:36,799
authors not only had to write a book,
1018
00:52:36,809 --> 00:52:38,559
and then people would read that book,
1019
00:52:38,569 --> 00:52:40,402
but eventually that book had to be copied
1020
00:52:40,412 --> 00:52:42,600
and then transmitted over time.
1021
00:52:42,610 --> 00:52:44,461
Obviously this was before
the printing press.
1022
00:52:44,471 --> 00:52:46,344
This was before you could
go down to your copy machine
1023
00:52:46,354 --> 00:52:48,664
and run off a few copies,
and so if people wanted
1024
00:52:48,674 --> 00:52:51,282
their book to be spread far and wide,
1025
00:52:51,292 --> 00:52:53,740
if people wanted their book
to be published, so to speak,
1026
00:52:53,750 --> 00:52:55,800
that book had to be copied.
1027
00:52:55,810 --> 00:52:59,864
I would reckon it would take somebody, oh,
1028
00:52:59,874 --> 00:53:03,957
a good three or four hours
to just take dictation
1029
00:53:05,314 --> 00:53:08,984
for a document like Romans,
and then on top of that,
1030
00:53:08,994 --> 00:53:11,260
you'd have to produce a fair-hand copy.
1031
00:53:11,270 --> 00:53:12,664
That's the one that would be given.
1032
00:53:12,674 --> 00:53:15,517
So, from the start, there
would be two copies.
1033
00:53:15,527 --> 00:53:19,960
The one that the scribe
and the author retained,
1034
00:53:19,970 --> 00:53:22,824
and the one that was sent
to whoever the recipients
1035
00:53:22,834 --> 00:53:24,637
of the document are.
1036
00:53:24,647 --> 00:53:26,562
It is a laborious process.
1037
00:53:26,572 --> 00:53:29,759
You know, if it was me, my
hand would have fallen off
1038
00:53:29,769 --> 00:53:32,642
about halfway through the job, at best.
1039
00:53:32,652 --> 00:53:36,024
They, and they had to be clear.
1040
00:53:36,034 --> 00:53:38,642
Because without punctuation
and division of words,
1041
00:53:38,652 --> 00:53:42,300
the capital letters had
to be absolutely clear
1042
00:53:42,310 --> 00:53:44,157
as to what they are, and somebody
1043
00:53:44,167 --> 00:53:46,397
knew where to divide the words, right?
1044
00:53:46,407 --> 00:53:48,689
So it's an expensive process.
1045
00:53:48,699 --> 00:53:52,913
The longest usable scroll
that was still wieldy,
1046
00:53:52,923 --> 00:53:55,937
of some sort, would be no
more than about 35 feet long.
1047
00:53:55,947 --> 00:53:58,053
And when taking the
average sized lettering,
1048
00:53:58,063 --> 00:54:01,493
what that means is it could
only contain one gospel.
1049
00:54:01,503 --> 00:54:03,436
The Gospel of Luke, the Book of Acts,
1050
00:54:03,446 --> 00:54:06,636
would be right around 28
feet long by those estimates.
1051
00:54:06,646 --> 00:54:08,833
You couldn't put Luke and
another gospel in there.
1052
00:54:08,843 --> 00:54:10,593
Just Luke or just Acts.
1053
00:54:10,603 --> 00:54:13,030
This is why Luke himself wrote both
1054
00:54:13,040 --> 00:54:15,112
of these books as separate volumes.
1055
00:54:15,122 --> 00:54:17,713
They almost surely were
written at the same time,
1056
00:54:17,723 --> 00:54:20,533
but because of the material that was used,
1057
00:54:20,543 --> 00:54:22,737
namely Papyrus scrolls, they couldn't be
1058
00:54:22,747 --> 00:54:24,956
bound together as a single book.
1059
00:54:24,966 --> 00:54:28,693
The number two manuscript authority
1060
00:54:28,703 --> 00:54:31,254
in history is the Iliad by Homer.
1061
00:54:31,264 --> 00:54:33,596
More manuscripts are
being discovered of Homer
1062
00:54:33,606 --> 00:54:35,617
than any other classical work.
1063
00:54:35,627 --> 00:54:38,433
And right now, we have about a thousand,
1064
00:54:38,443 --> 00:54:40,833
see, the moment I make this
statement, it's obsolete.
1065
00:54:40,843 --> 00:54:44,593
1,820-some manuscripts
of the Iliad by Homer.
1066
00:54:46,566 --> 00:54:51,057
But when it comes to this Bible
now, and this is incredible,
1067
00:54:51,067 --> 00:54:54,454
it's hard to grasp, I can now document
1068
00:54:54,464 --> 00:54:58,131
66,000 manuscripts and
scrolls of the Bible.
1069
00:55:02,240 --> 00:55:03,240
66,000.
1070
00:55:07,483 --> 00:55:11,013
The manuscripts are divided
between two different groups.
1071
00:55:11,023 --> 00:55:14,033
Those that are written in
the original language, Greek,
1072
00:55:14,043 --> 00:55:16,392
and those that are written
in other languages,
1073
00:55:16,402 --> 00:55:20,531
or translations of the
Greek into other languages.
1074
00:55:20,541 --> 00:55:23,032
And those are typically called versions.
1075
00:55:23,042 --> 00:55:25,873
The vast majority of these are
not complete New Testaments.
1076
00:55:25,883 --> 00:55:28,177
We only have about 60 that are
1077
00:55:28,187 --> 00:55:30,531
complete New Testament manuscripts.
1078
00:55:30,541 --> 00:55:33,633
But the vast majority of
them also are very large.
1079
00:55:33,643 --> 00:55:36,156
The average Greek New Testament manuscript
1080
00:55:36,166 --> 00:55:39,253
is more than 450 pages long.
1081
00:55:39,263 --> 00:55:41,013
So they're big texts.
1082
00:55:42,624 --> 00:55:46,392
And we have well over two million pages
1083
00:55:46,402 --> 00:55:48,940
of Greek manuscripts,
hand-written manuscripts,
1084
00:55:48,950 --> 00:55:52,097
from before the time of the printing press,
1085
00:55:52,107 --> 00:55:54,833
and they come pretty early on.
1086
00:55:54,843 --> 00:55:56,454
Starting in the second century,
1087
00:55:56,464 --> 00:55:59,110
we have as many as a dozen manuscripts.
1088
00:55:59,120 --> 00:56:03,670
The earliest, to date,
is still considered P-52,
1089
00:56:03,680 --> 00:56:07,516
which is at Manchester University
in Manchester, England.
1090
00:56:07,526 --> 00:56:09,937
P-52 still stands today
as one of our earliest
1091
00:56:09,947 --> 00:56:12,952
New Testament manuscripts,
maybe even still the earliest.
1092
00:56:12,962 --> 00:56:15,212
Dated around 100 to 125 AD,
1093
00:56:17,147 --> 00:56:19,937
and it's a little fragment of John 18.
1094
00:56:19,947 --> 00:56:21,437
Once that manuscript was discovered,
1095
00:56:21,447 --> 00:56:23,212
they realized that the dating of John
1096
00:56:23,222 --> 00:56:25,606
had to be much earlier
than even that manuscript.
1097
00:56:25,616 --> 00:56:27,046
Which ended up putting the dating
1098
00:56:27,056 --> 00:56:28,412
well into the first century.
1099
00:56:28,422 --> 00:56:30,113
So it's just a small fragment.
1100
00:56:30,123 --> 00:56:32,492
It's about the size of a credit card.
1101
00:56:32,502 --> 00:56:34,449
But it proves that the Gospel of John
1102
00:56:34,459 --> 00:56:36,353
existed before that time.
1103
00:56:36,363 --> 00:56:39,848
And for almost 100 years up until then,
1104
00:56:39,858 --> 00:56:42,673
there was European scholarship that argued
1105
00:56:42,683 --> 00:56:44,966
that the Gospel of John
could not have been written
1106
00:56:44,976 --> 00:56:49,385
before 160, and should have
been written at about 170.
1107
00:56:49,395 --> 00:56:52,310
When this scrap of papyrus was discovered
1108
00:56:52,320 --> 00:56:55,473
in 1934 at Manchester University,
1109
00:56:55,483 --> 00:56:59,448
it sent two tons of German
scholarship to the flames.
1110
00:56:59,458 --> 00:57:02,012
Here was an ounce of
evidence that proved a pound
1111
00:57:02,022 --> 00:57:04,273
of presumption dead wrong.
1112
00:57:04,283 --> 00:57:06,812
And that's what Christians
have, is we have lots
1113
00:57:06,822 --> 00:57:09,405
and lots of ounces of evidence.
1114
00:57:11,860 --> 00:57:14,113
We have to recognize a problem.
1115
00:57:14,123 --> 00:57:18,012
The original autographs, written
by the apostles, are gone.
1116
00:57:18,022 --> 00:57:19,105
Lost to time.
1117
00:57:20,443 --> 00:57:25,089
What we have are the thousands
of copies that survive.
1118
00:57:25,099 --> 00:57:27,429
But is that enough?
1119
00:57:27,439 --> 00:57:30,629
Can we really rely on the
Bible if we don't even have
1120
00:57:30,639 --> 00:57:32,472
the very first copies?
1121
00:57:33,679 --> 00:57:36,166
One of the most common
questions I receive is:
1122
00:57:36,176 --> 00:57:38,467
what good is a belief in
an errancy if an errancy
1123
00:57:38,477 --> 00:57:40,152
only applies to the original autographs,
1124
00:57:40,162 --> 00:57:41,334
and we don't have the original autographs,
1125
00:57:41,344 --> 00:57:43,420
so how can we believe in an errancy.
1126
00:57:43,430 --> 00:57:46,022
But I think that objection
makes a fundament mistake.
1127
00:57:46,032 --> 00:57:49,137
It assumes that, when we
talk about the original text
1128
00:57:49,147 --> 00:57:51,760
that thinks of it as
only a physical object.
1129
00:57:51,770 --> 00:57:54,044
As if we have to have the actual autographs
1130
00:57:54,054 --> 00:57:55,804
in order to have access
to the original texts,
1131
00:57:55,814 --> 00:57:57,340
and since those physical objects are lost,
1132
00:57:57,350 --> 00:57:59,758
therefore we don't have
access to the original texts.
1133
00:57:59,768 --> 00:58:02,958
But the text, itself, the
words of God, themselves,
1134
00:58:02,968 --> 00:58:04,657
aren't necessarily a physical object
1135
00:58:04,667 --> 00:58:06,179
that you can put in a museum.
1136
00:58:06,189 --> 00:58:07,920
The words of God can be
preserved in other ways,
1137
00:58:07,930 --> 00:58:10,822
beyond just the autographs,
and we think that's happened.
1138
00:58:10,832 --> 00:58:14,572
You see, the more manuscripts
or scrolls that you have,
1139
00:58:14,582 --> 00:58:17,645
the easier it is to
reconstruct the original,
1140
00:58:17,655 --> 00:58:19,853
called the autographa, auto-grapha,
1141
00:58:19,863 --> 00:58:21,827
the autographa, the original,
1142
00:58:21,837 --> 00:58:24,947
and check out any errors or discrepancies.
1143
00:58:24,957 --> 00:58:28,540
And you try through the
bibliographical test
1144
00:58:28,550 --> 00:58:31,464
to create what is called a pure text.
1145
00:58:31,474 --> 00:58:34,760
What percentage of the
original texts do you know,
1146
00:58:34,770 --> 00:58:38,062
for sure, today, what
percentage is a pure text?
1147
00:58:38,072 --> 00:58:39,980
The problem is, the way
I like to describe it is
1148
00:58:39,990 --> 00:58:43,280
that we have 105 percent of the text.
1149
00:58:43,290 --> 00:58:47,123
We have the text as it was,
and then we have the variations
1150
00:58:47,133 --> 00:58:49,843
that have been introduced to
the text, and text criticism
1151
00:58:49,853 --> 00:58:53,123
is the job of trying to
pare off that 105 percent
1152
00:58:53,133 --> 00:58:55,716
down to what we originally had.
1153
00:58:56,730 --> 00:58:59,422
And the places where
we're not sure are noted.
1154
00:58:59,432 --> 00:59:01,758
I tell people, you actually
have the opportunity
1155
00:59:01,768 --> 00:59:03,400
to be a little bit of a textural critic,
1156
00:59:03,410 --> 00:59:05,822
because in some places in your Bible,
1157
00:59:05,832 --> 00:59:08,526
in the margin note, it will say "or",
1158
00:59:08,536 --> 00:59:10,912
or "some manuscripts say"
and that's telling you
1159
00:59:10,922 --> 00:59:15,118
those places that are
really the most discussed.
1160
00:59:15,128 --> 00:59:17,154
A lot of the people out there
talking about these things
1161
00:59:17,164 --> 00:59:19,806
sort of give the impression
that every word is questioned,
1162
00:59:19,816 --> 00:59:21,891
and that's just simply not true.
1163
00:59:21,901 --> 00:59:24,094
At any level, it's not true.
1164
00:59:24,104 --> 00:59:26,687
99 percent of the text is sure.
1165
00:59:27,581 --> 00:59:29,312
There are, yes, there are some places
1166
00:59:29,322 --> 00:59:32,136
in the Greek text where we
scratch our heads and go:
1167
00:59:32,146 --> 00:59:35,954
I don't, hm, I'm not sure which one it is.
1168
00:59:35,964 --> 00:59:38,776
They're called C-ratings, in our Bibles.
1169
00:59:38,786 --> 00:59:41,118
So things like spellings.
1170
00:59:41,128 --> 00:59:43,118
Is it Gadarenes or Gergesenes?
1171
00:59:43,128 --> 00:59:45,998
Is it Bethsaida, Bethzatha, or Bethesda?
1172
00:59:46,008 --> 00:59:49,175
Is the form of the verb esti or estin?
1173
00:59:50,344 --> 00:59:52,056
Is there an N sound on the end?
1174
00:59:52,066 --> 00:59:53,634
It doesn't affect the meaning at all,
1175
00:59:53,644 --> 00:59:55,634
but we can't really tell.
1176
00:59:55,644 --> 00:59:59,474
A lot of that is, that's what
makes up that one percent.
1177
00:59:59,484 --> 01:00:02,318
99 percent of the text,
we're very comfortable with.
1178
01:00:02,328 --> 01:00:04,296
This is what was originally said,
1179
01:00:04,306 --> 01:00:06,691
and just as importantly, that one percent
1180
01:00:06,701 --> 01:00:08,494
that we're not sure, doesn't bring
1181
01:00:08,504 --> 01:00:11,454
any major Christian doctrine into question.
1182
01:00:11,464 --> 01:00:14,238
There is simply is no major,
and I don't even think
1183
01:00:14,248 --> 01:00:17,374
any minor, doctrine that's
raising the question.
1184
01:00:17,384 --> 01:00:20,835
I mean, not many of us are
gonna go to Heaven or Hell
1185
01:00:20,845 --> 01:00:23,735
based on whether it's
Gadarenes or Gergesenes.
1186
01:00:23,745 --> 01:00:26,958
Of the hundreds of
thousands of textural variants
1187
01:00:26,968 --> 01:00:30,034
that we actually have, the smallest group
1188
01:00:30,044 --> 01:00:34,274
are those that are both
meaningful and viable.
1189
01:00:34,284 --> 01:00:37,794
It's less than one-fifth of one percent
1190
01:00:37,804 --> 01:00:41,154
of all textural variants,
and yet these are the ones
1191
01:00:41,164 --> 01:00:45,234
that Christians and
non-Christians always hear about.
1192
01:00:45,244 --> 01:00:46,878
The ones that skeptics talk about.
1193
01:00:46,888 --> 01:00:51,166
The ones that make the news,
because they're so interesting
1194
01:00:51,176 --> 01:00:53,411
and they seem to destroy
the Christian faith,
1195
01:00:53,421 --> 01:00:55,214
or uphold the Christian faith.
1196
01:00:55,224 --> 01:00:57,534
It's a very small fraction.
1197
01:00:57,544 --> 01:00:59,872
Well, you get textural
variants of all kinds.
1198
01:00:59,882 --> 01:01:02,654
Perhaps the two most
discussed in relationship
1199
01:01:02,664 --> 01:01:05,678
to the gospels is the percopi,
where the woman's caught
1200
01:01:05,688 --> 01:01:08,914
in adultery in the middle of John, John,
1201
01:01:08,924 --> 01:01:10,856
the last part of seven and eight,
1202
01:01:10,866 --> 01:01:13,875
and then the ending to the Gospel of Mark.
1203
01:01:13,885 --> 01:01:16,216
The only thing that is
different about that passage
1204
01:01:16,226 --> 01:01:17,896
is that it is a longer one.
1205
01:01:17,906 --> 01:01:20,272
Most textural variants are a word or two,
1206
01:01:20,282 --> 01:01:22,296
whereas this is a whole unit.
1207
01:01:22,306 --> 01:01:24,856
In both of those cases, I
would argue pretty strongly
1208
01:01:24,866 --> 01:01:29,033
that those units were not part
of the original given by God.
1209
01:01:31,274 --> 01:01:35,251
But if you think that they are,
nothing much depends on it.
1210
01:01:35,261 --> 01:01:36,776
If you think that they're not,
1211
01:01:36,786 --> 01:01:38,878
nothing much depends on it, either.
1212
01:01:38,888 --> 01:01:41,678
The message of the Bible
is secure in any case.
1213
01:01:41,688 --> 01:01:44,558
When skeptics talk about
how we can't get back
1214
01:01:44,568 --> 01:01:47,235
to the original texts, because
we don't have the original
1215
01:01:47,245 --> 01:01:50,958
manuscripts, they typically
have never examined
1216
01:01:50,968 --> 01:01:53,854
the texts of Greco-Roman literature.
1217
01:01:53,864 --> 01:01:55,715
If they're right, that we can't get back
1218
01:01:55,725 --> 01:01:58,136
to the New Testament,
then we might as well kiss
1219
01:01:58,146 --> 01:02:00,158
the ancient world goodbye,
and the Middle Ages
1220
01:02:00,168 --> 01:02:01,712
would still be the dark ages.
1221
01:02:01,722 --> 01:02:03,358
We would never have the Renaissance,
1222
01:02:03,368 --> 01:02:06,094
because we can't possibly
tell what these ancients said.
1223
01:02:06,104 --> 01:02:09,054
If we're gonna be skeptical
about the New Testament,
1224
01:02:09,064 --> 01:02:12,136
on average, we should be a thousand times
1225
01:02:12,146 --> 01:02:15,646
more skeptical about Greco-Roman writings.
1226
01:02:16,863 --> 01:02:19,976
The textural richness of what is found
1227
01:02:19,986 --> 01:02:23,438
in the New Testament and
now in the Old Testament
1228
01:02:23,448 --> 01:02:25,774
with the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls,
1229
01:02:25,784 --> 01:02:27,134
is really very remarkable.
1230
01:02:27,144 --> 01:02:28,755
It's utterly unique from documentation
1231
01:02:28,765 --> 01:02:29,891
from the ancient world.
1232
01:02:29,901 --> 01:02:31,918
So God in his providence has been wonderful
1233
01:02:31,928 --> 01:02:33,534
in providing so much.
1234
01:02:33,544 --> 01:02:35,358
We would be at fault if we criticized him
1235
01:02:35,368 --> 01:02:38,136
for not providing infallible
copies with new miracles
1236
01:02:38,146 --> 01:02:41,146
every time somebody picked up a pen.
1237
01:02:42,736 --> 01:02:44,718
How did the church come to embrace
1238
01:02:44,728 --> 01:02:46,755
these New Testament books?
1239
01:02:46,765 --> 01:02:49,333
Were they chosen out of a list?
1240
01:02:49,343 --> 01:02:52,158
Did a council determine their worth?
1241
01:02:52,168 --> 01:02:54,931
As the church grows and
the religion formalizes,
1242
01:02:54,941 --> 01:02:56,274
what is the God?
1243
01:02:57,346 --> 01:03:00,096
Who gives authority to the Bible?
1244
01:03:01,928 --> 01:03:04,334
There's a perception again,
out there in the world today,
1245
01:03:04,344 --> 01:03:06,611
whether in popular literature
or on the internet,
1246
01:03:06,621 --> 01:03:08,835
that there were votes that
took place in councils,
1247
01:03:08,845 --> 01:03:11,096
and that people put, picked these books,
1248
01:03:11,106 --> 01:03:12,914
and that there was some shady deal going on
1249
01:03:12,924 --> 01:03:15,176
in a smoke-filled room
where one book barely got
1250
01:03:15,186 --> 01:03:17,054
in by a vote and some books got out.
1251
01:03:17,064 --> 01:03:19,134
And I can tell you all of
that is a misunderstanding
1252
01:03:19,144 --> 01:03:21,774
of the way things happened
in the early church.
1253
01:03:21,784 --> 01:03:23,416
The fact of the matter
is, when it comes to most
1254
01:03:23,426 --> 01:03:25,454
of the books of the New Testament, again,
1255
01:03:25,464 --> 01:03:28,594
probably 22, 23 out of
the 27, there was never
1256
01:03:28,604 --> 01:03:31,255
any real discussion about them.
1257
01:03:31,265 --> 01:03:32,654
There was never any real debate about them.
1258
01:03:32,664 --> 01:03:34,398
There was never any sense
that you had to decide
1259
01:03:34,408 --> 01:03:36,814
on which books these were.
1260
01:03:36,824 --> 01:03:39,811
These were the books that
were simply handed down
1261
01:03:39,821 --> 01:03:42,194
to the early church,
in fact, that language,
1262
01:03:42,204 --> 01:03:44,835
handed down, we see
used in numerous places,
1263
01:03:44,845 --> 01:03:47,214
throughout the second century,
where early church fathers
1264
01:03:47,224 --> 01:03:49,973
refer to these books as the
books that were passed down
1265
01:03:49,983 --> 01:03:52,376
to them, that were given
to them by the apostles,
1266
01:03:52,386 --> 01:03:55,198
that were ones that the
church had always known.
1267
01:03:55,208 --> 01:03:58,277
You have these documents
produced in the first century AD.
1268
01:03:58,287 --> 01:04:00,371
By the second century
AD, we had a collection
1269
01:04:00,381 --> 01:04:02,638
of the four canonical gospels,
1270
01:04:02,648 --> 01:04:03,976
and a collection of Paul's letters.
1271
01:04:03,986 --> 01:04:05,336
This we know.
1272
01:04:05,346 --> 01:04:07,336
In the second century
AD, these were already
1273
01:04:07,346 --> 01:04:09,934
considered sacred texts,
and you already have
1274
01:04:09,944 --> 01:04:12,755
house churches, where people are saying,
1275
01:04:12,765 --> 01:04:15,954
bishops are saying: we're not gonna read
1276
01:04:15,964 --> 01:04:18,994
from any text from the lectern,
1277
01:04:19,004 --> 01:04:21,532
or at the meeting, except our sacred texts
1278
01:04:21,542 --> 01:04:24,274
or the sacred texts of the Old Testament.
1279
01:04:24,284 --> 01:04:26,398
There were criteria that the church used to
1280
01:04:26,408 --> 01:04:30,206
recognize these, and these
criteria are essentially three:
1281
01:04:30,216 --> 01:04:32,931
apostolicity, which means
the book is either written
1282
01:04:32,941 --> 01:04:35,653
by an apostle or an
associate of an apostle.
1283
01:04:35,663 --> 01:04:38,133
And that's the most important criterion.
1284
01:04:38,143 --> 01:04:40,274
Secondly is orthodoxy.
1285
01:04:40,284 --> 01:04:43,368
Does the book conform to
what we know to be true
1286
01:04:43,378 --> 01:04:46,110
from the other books that
we know to be inspired?
1287
01:04:46,120 --> 01:04:48,174
The gospels were the very
first ones, almost surely,
1288
01:04:48,184 --> 01:04:49,614
to be accepted.
1289
01:04:49,624 --> 01:04:53,331
We don't have any period
when there was a time
1290
01:04:53,341 --> 01:04:55,829
when there was any hint
that they were not accepted.
1291
01:04:55,839 --> 01:04:58,734
And then the third
criterion is catholicity.
1292
01:04:58,744 --> 01:05:00,360
That doesn't mean Roman Catholic,
1293
01:05:00,370 --> 01:05:03,934
it means accepted by the
majority of the churches.
1294
01:05:03,944 --> 01:05:06,365
Now, there's some that would
be considered orthodox,
1295
01:05:06,375 --> 01:05:08,749
like the Epistle of Barnabas.
1296
01:05:08,759 --> 01:05:11,415
And that may be a first century document,
1297
01:05:11,425 --> 01:05:13,992
late first century document, but the church
1298
01:05:14,002 --> 01:05:16,430
recognized early on that
the Epistle of Barnabas
1299
01:05:16,440 --> 01:05:18,450
was not written by Barnabas.
1300
01:05:18,460 --> 01:05:21,310
Any time the church recognized that a book
1301
01:05:21,320 --> 01:05:23,758
was not written by the name that it claims
1302
01:05:23,768 --> 01:05:26,740
to be written by,
automatically it got rejected.
1303
01:05:26,750 --> 01:05:29,104
When it was discovered that some deacon
1304
01:05:29,114 --> 01:05:33,104
had produced the letter to the
Laodecians, the bishop said:
1305
01:05:33,114 --> 01:05:37,125
not only are we not
reading these in church,
1306
01:05:37,135 --> 01:05:40,944
we're defrocking you for
producing false documents.
1307
01:05:40,954 --> 01:05:43,845
And the first person to name the books
1308
01:05:43,855 --> 01:05:46,261
that make up our New
Testament was Athenasius,
1309
01:05:46,271 --> 01:05:50,085
and he did it in 367 AD
in a letter on Easter,
1310
01:05:50,095 --> 01:05:52,186
that was written in that year.
1311
01:05:52,196 --> 01:05:55,024
Irenaeus, writing long before Athenasius,
1312
01:05:55,034 --> 01:05:57,402
talks about four gospels,
he talks about Acts,
1313
01:05:57,412 --> 01:05:59,424
he talks about the Pauline Epistles,
1314
01:05:59,434 --> 01:06:01,978
he talks about First John and First Peter,
1315
01:06:01,988 --> 01:06:03,764
that's the bulk of your New Testament,
1316
01:06:03,774 --> 01:06:06,464
clearly being seen and utilized as inspired
1317
01:06:06,474 --> 01:06:08,346
and valuable to the church,
1318
01:06:08,356 --> 01:06:10,325
at the end of the second century.
1319
01:06:10,335 --> 01:06:12,439
But what's interesting is,
if you go a little earlier,
1320
01:06:12,449 --> 01:06:14,362
if you go to the first
part of the second century,
1321
01:06:14,372 --> 01:06:16,256
or the middle part of the second century,
1322
01:06:16,266 --> 01:06:18,064
and you read what's written there,
1323
01:06:18,074 --> 01:06:21,242
what you see are writers
who may have access
1324
01:06:21,252 --> 01:06:24,164
to one gospel or two, they
may have access to one,
1325
01:06:24,174 --> 01:06:26,282
two, or three of the Pauline Epistles,
1326
01:06:26,292 --> 01:06:28,421
but they aren't thinking
of the New Testament
1327
01:06:28,431 --> 01:06:30,906
the way we think about
it, because they only had
1328
01:06:30,916 --> 01:06:33,866
exposure and access to some of the works.
1329
01:06:33,876 --> 01:06:35,701
They hadn't, some of the
works hadn't circulated
1330
01:06:35,711 --> 01:06:37,424
across the church yet.
1331
01:06:37,434 --> 01:06:38,804
When you look at the state of the canon
1332
01:06:38,814 --> 01:06:41,184
in the early church, there's two important
1333
01:06:41,194 --> 01:06:42,682
facts to get right about it.
1334
01:06:42,692 --> 01:06:44,442
One is to recognize that very early,
1335
01:06:44,452 --> 01:06:46,906
there was a core collection of books
1336
01:06:46,916 --> 01:06:49,802
that the church recognized
almost out of the gate.
1337
01:06:49,812 --> 01:06:51,863
What that means is, by the second century,
1338
01:06:51,873 --> 01:06:56,826
we've got 22, maybe 23 out of
the 27 books, already there.
1339
01:06:56,836 --> 01:06:59,162
That's one thing to recognize,
but there's a second thing
1340
01:06:59,172 --> 01:07:00,624
to recognize, and that is that there were
1341
01:07:00,634 --> 01:07:01,968
some books that were disputed.
1342
01:07:01,978 --> 01:07:03,744
We have some books that,
you know, we can call
1343
01:07:03,754 --> 01:07:05,886
the books around the edges,
or the peripheral books.
1344
01:07:05,896 --> 01:07:08,426
The smaller books that there
was some more controversy about
1345
01:07:08,436 --> 01:07:10,245
and these would be books like Second Peter,
1346
01:07:10,255 --> 01:07:13,340
and James, and Jude, and
Second and Third John.
1347
01:07:13,350 --> 01:07:15,886
And there was some controversy
about some of these books.
1348
01:07:15,896 --> 01:07:17,946
There was some discussion about them.
1349
01:07:17,956 --> 01:07:19,408
The kind of books that typically
1350
01:07:19,418 --> 01:07:21,509
were disputed were little books.
1351
01:07:21,519 --> 01:07:22,848
And this is noteworthy.
1352
01:07:22,858 --> 01:07:24,528
Small books, for obvious reasons,
1353
01:07:24,538 --> 01:07:26,890
were not as impactful in
the literature of the day.
1354
01:07:26,900 --> 01:07:30,149
They weren't read as often,
they weren't as widely known.
1355
01:07:30,159 --> 01:07:33,252
They were cited less, so
that they weren't familiar
1356
01:07:33,262 --> 01:07:34,779
across different geographical regions,
1357
01:07:34,789 --> 01:07:36,297
so it would take more time
to recognize these books,
1358
01:07:36,307 --> 01:07:37,505
and you can understand why they
1359
01:07:37,515 --> 01:07:40,442
might be disputed more than others.
1360
01:07:40,452 --> 01:07:41,802
And here's what's interesting.
1361
01:07:41,812 --> 01:07:43,562
Despite occasional
challenges here and there,
1362
01:07:43,572 --> 01:07:46,597
once the church had reached a
consensus on these 27 books,
1363
01:07:46,607 --> 01:07:49,223
that consensus has been
wide and longstanding.
1364
01:07:49,233 --> 01:07:50,522
And I think that's an encouraging
1365
01:07:50,532 --> 01:07:51,802
truth for us as Christians.
1366
01:07:51,812 --> 01:07:53,685
We can look at the church through the ages
1367
01:07:53,695 --> 01:07:55,584
with a great deal of
unanimity around these books.
1368
01:07:55,594 --> 01:07:58,425
Not absolute unanimity, where
there's never an objection
1369
01:07:58,435 --> 01:08:01,305
from any quarter, but a predominant unity,
1370
01:08:01,315 --> 01:08:04,039
which I think is evidence of
the Spirit's work in the church
1371
01:08:04,049 --> 01:08:09,024
to receive these 27 books
and just these 27 books.
1372
01:08:09,034 --> 01:08:10,997
Why don't we include
some of these other books,
1373
01:08:11,007 --> 01:08:13,482
like the Gospel of
Thomas or Philip or Mary?
1374
01:08:13,492 --> 01:08:17,904
Or Third Corinthians, or Paul's
letter to the Laodiceans?
1375
01:08:17,914 --> 01:08:21,776
Or the Acts of Paul or
the Revelation of John?
1376
01:08:21,786 --> 01:08:23,642
There's a second Revelation of John,
1377
01:08:23,652 --> 01:08:25,287
besides the one that's
in the New Testament,
1378
01:08:25,297 --> 01:08:27,216
or the Revelation of Peter.
1379
01:08:27,226 --> 01:08:30,244
Why don't we include these
books in the New Testament?
1380
01:08:30,254 --> 01:08:33,562
There's a fundamental reason
why none of those are included,
1381
01:08:33,572 --> 01:08:37,104
and that is: they are not
first century documents.
1382
01:08:37,114 --> 01:08:39,642
So they could not have
been written by an apostle,
1383
01:08:39,652 --> 01:08:41,504
or an associate of an apostle.
1384
01:08:41,514 --> 01:08:45,584
That right there excludes
all of these documents.
1385
01:08:45,594 --> 01:08:47,676
What makes Thomas such an interesting work,
1386
01:08:47,686 --> 01:08:50,599
we think it's a second
century work of some kind,
1387
01:08:50,609 --> 01:08:53,900
is that it seems to have
one element of sources
1388
01:08:53,910 --> 01:08:55,996
feeding into it that do come from Jesus,
1389
01:08:56,006 --> 01:08:58,039
and another set of materials
1390
01:08:58,049 --> 01:08:59,673
that is coming from somewhere else.
1391
01:08:59,683 --> 01:09:01,596
It's what I call a hybrid gospel.
1392
01:09:01,606 --> 01:09:04,199
And that's why it didn't
make it into the canon,
1393
01:09:04,209 --> 01:09:06,978
is because what is
represented by the hybrid
1394
01:09:06,988 --> 01:09:09,419
is not a representation
of the kind of orthodox
1395
01:09:09,429 --> 01:09:12,219
Christianity the other gospels reflect.
1396
01:09:12,229 --> 01:09:14,759
Most scholars think that
the Gospel of Thomas,
1397
01:09:14,769 --> 01:09:17,499
while it contains some
really early material,
1398
01:09:17,509 --> 01:09:20,119
was not assembled until
the second century, AD.
1399
01:09:20,129 --> 01:09:23,596
And the reason they assume
that is because it seems
1400
01:09:23,606 --> 01:09:26,258
to know all four canonical gospels.
1401
01:09:26,268 --> 01:09:28,299
Well, where could a person have been
1402
01:09:28,309 --> 01:09:30,809
to have had access to all four
1403
01:09:31,788 --> 01:09:33,479
canonical gospels, together at one time?
1404
01:09:33,489 --> 01:09:36,700
That surely didn't happen
before the second century AD.
1405
01:09:36,710 --> 01:09:40,658
The Gospel of Thomas
has, in its last logion,
1406
01:09:40,668 --> 01:09:44,835
or last saying, something that
scholars are embarrassed by,
1407
01:09:45,868 --> 01:09:48,139
those who want it to go
into our New Testament,
1408
01:09:48,149 --> 01:09:49,819
they're embarrassed, or they really
1409
01:09:49,829 --> 01:09:51,671
should be embarrassed by it.
1410
01:09:51,681 --> 01:09:52,953
Peter starts out bey saying,
1411
01:09:52,963 --> 01:09:56,178
let Mary, namely Mary
Magdalene, go out from us,
1412
01:09:56,188 --> 01:09:59,353
because women are not worthy of the life.
1413
01:09:59,363 --> 01:10:00,876
And then Jesus responds and he says:
1414
01:10:00,886 --> 01:10:02,599
look, I'm gonna change her into a male
1415
01:10:02,609 --> 01:10:04,236
so she'll look like you guys,
1416
01:10:04,246 --> 01:10:06,780
so that she can make it into
heaven just like you guys.
1417
01:10:06,790 --> 01:10:08,795
Because any woman who makes herself
1418
01:10:08,805 --> 01:10:11,388
into a male is gonna get saved.
1419
01:10:12,806 --> 01:10:13,799
That, really?
1420
01:10:13,809 --> 01:10:16,476
Is that how we should view this?
1421
01:10:17,329 --> 01:10:18,699
Let me tell you how the canon
1422
01:10:18,709 --> 01:10:20,338
of the New Testament was not produced.
1423
01:10:20,348 --> 01:10:23,993
It was not produced by
the Emperor Constantine,
1424
01:10:24,003 --> 01:10:27,020
the supposed bad guy, getting
a bunch of people together
1425
01:10:27,030 --> 01:10:29,036
and saying: you need to
get your act together.
1426
01:10:29,046 --> 01:10:30,620
Tell me, what are the sacred texts?
1427
01:10:30,630 --> 01:10:33,058
You all decide right here
at the Council of Nicea,
1428
01:10:33,068 --> 01:10:34,631
and we're done.
1429
01:10:34,641 --> 01:10:38,519
The Da Vinci Code myth,
1430
01:10:38,529 --> 01:10:41,500
about how the New Testament
was created is just that.
1431
01:10:41,510 --> 01:10:43,179
It's a myth; it's not historical fiction.
1432
01:10:43,189 --> 01:10:44,700
It's hysterical fiction.
1433
01:10:44,710 --> 01:10:47,817
One main misconception is
that the Council of Nicea
1434
01:10:47,827 --> 01:10:49,980
was where they chose the books
of the New Testament canon,
1435
01:10:49,990 --> 01:10:51,705
and in my field, I hear that all the time.
1436
01:10:51,715 --> 01:10:52,772
That no one knew what books to read,
1437
01:10:52,782 --> 01:10:54,450
and then finally, with Constantine's help,
1438
01:10:54,460 --> 01:10:56,407
we got it figured out at Nicea.
1439
01:10:56,417 --> 01:10:57,890
That is patently false.
1440
01:10:57,900 --> 01:11:00,004
There is no evidence at all
that the New Testament canon
1441
01:11:00,014 --> 01:11:01,650
was a topic of conversation at Nicea,
1442
01:11:01,660 --> 01:11:04,028
and so there's no reason
to think Nicea really has
1443
01:11:04,038 --> 01:11:06,247
anything to do with what
books we're reading now.
1444
01:11:06,257 --> 01:11:10,108
The council at Nicea was
about how to best articulate
1445
01:11:10,118 --> 01:11:13,110
the divinity of Jesus and
the humanity of Jesus,
1446
01:11:13,120 --> 01:11:15,444
so when we did articulate it, we made sense
1447
01:11:15,454 --> 01:11:18,470
and got it right and reflected
the true reasons of scripture
1448
01:11:18,480 --> 01:11:21,068
and didn't contradict ourselves.
1449
01:11:21,078 --> 01:11:23,538
When it comes to the question of the canon
1450
01:11:23,548 --> 01:11:25,687
of the New Testament or what books belong
1451
01:11:25,697 --> 01:11:28,428
in the New Testament,
there are two broad views
1452
01:11:28,438 --> 01:11:30,247
within Christendom.
1453
01:11:30,257 --> 01:11:34,306
One is that it's an
authoritative list of books.
1454
01:11:34,316 --> 01:11:38,524
The other is that it's a
list of authoritative books.
1455
01:11:38,534 --> 01:11:41,447
If it's an authoritative list
of books, then that means
1456
01:11:41,457 --> 01:11:45,287
there is some authority
over the New Testament,
1457
01:11:45,297 --> 01:11:48,546
that it establishes what
the New Testament is.
1458
01:11:48,556 --> 01:11:51,804
That's the Catholic view,
that's the Greek Orthodox view.
1459
01:11:51,814 --> 01:11:53,801
If it's a list of authoritative books,
1460
01:11:53,811 --> 01:11:56,967
then there is no authority
over the New Testament
1461
01:11:56,977 --> 01:12:00,281
that establishes the New
Testament as our final authority.
1462
01:12:00,291 --> 01:12:02,601
Instead, it's the final authority.
1463
01:12:02,611 --> 01:12:04,587
You know, I think the very
first thing to recognize
1464
01:12:04,597 --> 01:12:08,508
about the authority of scripture
is that the word "author"
1465
01:12:08,518 --> 01:12:10,844
is right there in the center
of the word "authority".
1466
01:12:10,854 --> 01:12:13,239
So the foundation for the
authority of scripture
1467
01:12:13,249 --> 01:12:15,986
can never be scripture, and
it can never be the church,
1468
01:12:15,996 --> 01:12:18,361
even as the believing
community receiving scripture.
1469
01:12:18,371 --> 01:12:21,639
It goes back by the
very word to the author.
1470
01:12:21,649 --> 01:12:25,166
The ultimate author of
scripture being God, himself.
1471
01:12:25,176 --> 01:12:27,324
The Bible has authority in the sense
1472
01:12:27,334 --> 01:12:29,584
that it is the word of God.
1473
01:12:32,037 --> 01:12:34,359
And therefore, the authority is not so much
1474
01:12:34,369 --> 01:12:37,527
in the black and white
letters that we are seeing
1475
01:12:37,537 --> 01:12:41,704
in that book, but in the God
who has communicated with us.
1476
01:12:59,254 --> 01:13:03,426
If you remember when Jesus
was being tempted by Satan
1477
01:13:03,436 --> 01:13:06,601
in the wilderness, in the
very first temptation,
1478
01:13:06,611 --> 01:13:08,844
Satan says: look, Jesus,
I know you're hungry.
1479
01:13:08,854 --> 01:13:11,906
You've been out here fasting
for 40 days and 40 nights,
1480
01:13:11,916 --> 01:13:15,548
and I know that you have the power to turn
1481
01:13:15,558 --> 01:13:20,226
those stones into bread
and to sate your hunger.
1482
01:13:20,236 --> 01:13:24,247
And Jesus responds to
Satan by quoting Moses,
1483
01:13:24,257 --> 01:13:28,424
from Deuteronomy: man shall
not live by bread alone.
1484
01:13:30,853 --> 01:13:31,853
But by what?
1485
01:13:32,694 --> 01:13:36,759
Every word that proceeds
from the mouth of God.
1486
01:13:36,769 --> 01:13:38,727
And I think that when Paul says:
1487
01:13:38,737 --> 01:13:41,070
all scripture, God breathed.
1488
01:13:42,177 --> 01:13:43,484
Just listen to that:
1489
01:13:43,494 --> 01:13:47,026
every word that comes
from the mouth of God.
1490
01:13:47,036 --> 01:13:51,127
I think Paul has Jesus
and Moses in his mind,
1491
01:13:51,137 --> 01:13:52,588
when he says that.
1492
01:13:52,598 --> 01:13:55,484
So there you see Moses
view of biblical authority,
1493
01:13:55,494 --> 01:13:57,321
Jesus's view of biblical authority,
1494
01:13:57,331 --> 01:13:59,559
Paul's view of biblical authority,
1495
01:13:59,569 --> 01:14:01,319
in three Greek words.
1496
01:14:02,716 --> 01:14:05,206
If the Bible is reliable, the questions
1497
01:14:05,216 --> 01:14:09,468
to the canon answered, the
means of inspiration understood,
1498
01:14:09,478 --> 01:14:11,906
how do we interpret it?
1499
01:14:11,916 --> 01:14:13,506
Are there true interpretations,
1500
01:14:13,516 --> 01:14:16,326
or is there just a sea of opinions?
1501
01:14:16,336 --> 01:14:18,428
Is the Bible a book locked in mystery,
1502
01:14:18,438 --> 01:14:20,971
only opened to the religious elite,
1503
01:14:20,981 --> 01:14:22,930
or can an ordinary person sit down
1504
01:14:22,940 --> 01:14:26,940
and know what the living
God has to say to them?
1505
01:14:29,260 --> 01:14:30,870
Before the Reformation came,
1506
01:14:30,880 --> 01:14:34,092
a church service would
have been very pedantic.
1507
01:14:34,102 --> 01:14:36,009
It would have been ritualistic,
1508
01:14:36,019 --> 01:14:39,436
and unfortunately, often, not understood.
1509
01:14:41,462 --> 01:14:43,868
You must understand that
in Catholic theology,
1510
01:14:43,878 --> 01:14:48,489
the idea is that the ritual
itself, the Mass itself,
1511
01:14:48,499 --> 01:14:51,810
has validity, and therefore
people don't even have
1512
01:14:51,820 --> 01:14:53,529
to understand what is going on.
1513
01:14:53,539 --> 01:14:55,650
That's why the Mass was done in Latin.
1514
01:14:55,660 --> 01:14:58,028
It didn't matter if you understood it.
1515
01:14:58,038 --> 01:15:00,652
As long as you were
there, as long as you were
1516
01:15:00,662 --> 01:15:03,330
participating, as long as somehow you were
1517
01:15:03,340 --> 01:15:07,350
spiritually connected,
you did not need to know
1518
01:15:07,360 --> 01:15:10,943
what the words were that were being spoken.
1519
01:15:11,958 --> 01:15:14,087
The Catholic church's
attitude to the scriptures
1520
01:15:14,097 --> 01:15:15,868
in the run up to the 16th century
1521
01:15:15,878 --> 01:15:18,649
and during the 16th century
is quite intriguing.
1522
01:15:18,659 --> 01:15:22,050
Certainly the intellectual
hierarchy of the church
1523
01:15:22,060 --> 01:15:24,708
regarded the scriptures as important.
1524
01:15:24,718 --> 01:15:26,807
One of the reasons they
weren't keen on laypeople
1525
01:15:26,817 --> 01:15:29,330
reading the scriptures
was they regarded them
1526
01:15:29,340 --> 01:15:31,890
as important and had a
concern that the scriptures
1527
01:15:31,900 --> 01:15:35,868
would be abused if they fell
into the hands of laypeople.
1528
01:15:35,878 --> 01:15:39,132
On the other hand, however,
the Catholic church,
1529
01:15:39,142 --> 01:15:43,309
at I believe, a demotic
level, at a grassroots level,
1530
01:15:44,380 --> 01:15:46,812
did not have a high view of the scriptures.
1531
01:15:46,822 --> 01:15:51,188
The scriptures did not
feature highly in the piety
1532
01:15:51,198 --> 01:15:53,548
of your typical parish priest.
1533
01:15:53,558 --> 01:15:57,052
Didn't feature highly in
the liturgical practices
1534
01:15:57,062 --> 01:15:58,229
of the church.
1535
01:15:59,777 --> 01:16:01,788
There were, of course,
very low literacy rates
1536
01:16:01,798 --> 01:16:06,028
in Europe at that time,
so no book functioned
1537
01:16:06,038 --> 01:16:10,205
particularly significantly in
the life of ordinary people.
1538
01:16:12,347 --> 01:16:15,145
One of the chief things that
Reformers wanted to recover
1539
01:16:15,155 --> 01:16:19,026
about the Bible was the
sense of its clarity.
1540
01:16:19,036 --> 01:16:20,369
Its perspicuity.
1541
01:16:21,334 --> 01:16:23,986
It really wasn't a debate that
the Bible was authoritative.
1542
01:16:23,996 --> 01:16:27,426
Everyone in Christendom
understood that it was inspired
1543
01:16:27,436 --> 01:16:30,507
and it was infallible,
or they would have used
1544
01:16:30,517 --> 01:16:34,434
some term similar to that,
but it was often the clarity.
1545
01:16:34,444 --> 01:16:36,944
Do we have to rely on priests,
1546
01:16:38,636 --> 01:16:42,025
on a magisterium, on church tradition?
1547
01:16:42,035 --> 01:16:43,927
Now, we don't throw out those things.
1548
01:16:43,937 --> 01:16:45,867
We don't come to the
scripture by ourselves.
1549
01:16:45,877 --> 01:16:48,706
We do want to stand on
the shoulders of giants
1550
01:16:48,716 --> 01:16:52,450
to understand it, but of
course, God wouldn't be God
1551
01:16:52,460 --> 01:16:55,346
and he wouldn't be good if
he didn't communicate with us
1552
01:16:55,356 --> 01:16:58,727
in a way that we could understand,
1553
01:16:58,737 --> 01:17:01,607
since language is his idea anyways.
1554
01:17:01,617 --> 01:17:05,730
And since he saw fit to
communicate and make himself known
1555
01:17:05,740 --> 01:17:09,408
in language, he wants to be understood.
1556
01:17:09,418 --> 01:17:11,628
And the doctrine of the
clarity of scripture
1557
01:17:11,638 --> 01:17:14,487
asserts that if God wants to be understood,
1558
01:17:14,497 --> 01:17:16,830
he is able to be understood.
1559
01:17:17,918 --> 01:17:19,927
Now, there are areas of the Bible
1560
01:17:19,937 --> 01:17:22,348
that are harder for us to grapple with.
1561
01:17:22,358 --> 01:17:26,428
You know, Peter says the
same of Paul's writings.
1562
01:17:26,438 --> 01:17:28,146
He says, you know, some of the stuff
1563
01:17:28,156 --> 01:17:31,168
that he writes is not just real obvious.
1564
01:17:31,178 --> 01:17:32,788
Well, that's very helpful to me.
1565
01:17:32,798 --> 01:17:34,130
I'm glad he felt that way.
1566
01:17:34,140 --> 01:17:36,647
We studied Daniel recently, and Daniel,
1567
01:17:36,657 --> 01:17:39,447
you know, half, the second half of Daniel
1568
01:17:39,457 --> 01:17:41,738
was a great encouragement to
me to realize that Daniel,
1569
01:17:41,748 --> 01:17:43,887
when he was on the receiving end of some
1570
01:17:43,897 --> 01:17:46,287
of these revelations
actually fell on the floor
1571
01:17:46,297 --> 01:17:48,087
and then went to bed for two weeks
1572
01:17:48,097 --> 01:17:50,007
because he was so overwhelmed by it,
1573
01:17:50,017 --> 01:17:52,407
and he couldn't really figure it all out.
1574
01:17:52,417 --> 01:17:55,522
Now, that would be
alarming if we were dealing
1575
01:17:55,532 --> 01:17:58,844
with main things and plain things,
1576
01:17:58,854 --> 01:18:03,021
but there are certain things
that are even secrets to God,
1577
01:18:04,074 --> 01:18:06,546
as Deuteronomy 29:29 tells us.
1578
01:18:06,556 --> 01:18:09,202
You know, the things that
have been revealed are there,
1579
01:18:09,212 --> 01:18:11,664
and with some work, with some hard work,
1580
01:18:11,674 --> 01:18:15,644
with some dependence
upon the spirit of God,
1581
01:18:15,654 --> 01:18:18,567
with some help from those who
are brighter than ourselves,
1582
01:18:18,577 --> 01:18:20,382
we'll be able to get to this.
1583
01:18:20,392 --> 01:18:22,548
Because the Bible actually is clear.
1584
01:18:22,558 --> 01:18:26,071
Well, there are many, many
wrong approaches to scripture.
1585
01:18:26,081 --> 01:18:27,751
Many individual examples.
1586
01:18:27,761 --> 01:18:31,068
For example, people sometimes
cite Philippians four,
1587
01:18:31,078 --> 01:18:33,847
I can do all things through
Christ who strengthens me.
1588
01:18:33,857 --> 01:18:37,293
Which warrants them to do
anything they really want to do.
1589
01:18:37,303 --> 01:18:40,988
Or a pastor can use it: we would like you
1590
01:18:40,998 --> 01:18:43,121
to teach such and such
a Sunday school class.
1591
01:18:43,131 --> 01:18:44,279
Oh, I can't do that.
1592
01:18:44,289 --> 01:18:46,048
Oh, you can't say "can't";
you can do all things
1593
01:18:46,058 --> 01:18:47,572
through Christ who strengthens you.
1594
01:18:47,582 --> 01:18:50,308
And the fact is: no you can't.
1595
01:18:50,318 --> 01:18:51,401
I can't sing.
1596
01:18:52,618 --> 01:18:54,809
And you know, I just can't sing.
1597
01:18:54,819 --> 01:18:56,766
That's not a gift that God gave me.
1598
01:18:56,776 --> 01:18:59,449
And I can't say, I mean, silly example,
1599
01:18:59,459 --> 01:19:02,468
but I can't do all things through
Christ who strengthens me.
1600
01:19:02,478 --> 01:19:05,748
But the "all things" is pointing back
1601
01:19:05,758 --> 01:19:07,870
to what Paul just said, and Paul just said:
1602
01:19:07,880 --> 01:19:10,509
I am content in all circumstances.
1603
01:19:10,519 --> 01:19:11,892
Good times and bad.
1604
01:19:11,902 --> 01:19:13,689
Persecutions and not.
1605
01:19:13,699 --> 01:19:15,908
In having money and not having money.
1606
01:19:15,918 --> 01:19:19,549
I can do all these things,
is what it really says.
1607
01:19:19,559 --> 01:19:22,368
I can do all these things through
Christ who strengthens me.
1608
01:19:22,378 --> 01:19:24,910
So Paul's not just carte blanche saying:
1609
01:19:24,920 --> 01:19:27,710
Christians can do anything they want.
1610
01:19:27,720 --> 01:19:31,887
But Christians can learn to be
content in all circumstances.
1611
01:19:33,319 --> 01:19:36,910
We can't make one part
of scripture say something
1612
01:19:36,920 --> 01:19:39,668
that contradicts the rest of scripture.
1613
01:19:39,678 --> 01:19:43,209
Therefore, if we are having
difficulty with this section,
1614
01:19:43,219 --> 01:19:45,828
then perhaps we don't know the totality
1615
01:19:45,838 --> 01:19:48,308
of scripture well enough
to be able to place
1616
01:19:48,318 --> 01:19:52,286
this properly and then to
interpret it accurately.
1617
01:19:52,296 --> 01:19:56,969
We can say, dogmatically,
God loves the world.
1618
01:19:56,979 --> 01:19:59,908
We can say that without
fear of being contradicted.
1619
01:19:59,918 --> 01:20:02,510
We may not know everything
that we could know,
1620
01:20:02,520 --> 01:20:04,270
should know, would like to know
1621
01:20:04,280 --> 01:20:07,149
about the word "God", or
even the word "loves",
1622
01:20:07,159 --> 01:20:09,630
or even the word "world", but nevertheless,
1623
01:20:09,640 --> 01:20:13,012
the proposition "God loves
the world" is a faithful
1624
01:20:13,022 --> 01:20:16,868
interpretation of John three
and many other passages.
1625
01:20:16,878 --> 01:20:19,188
We have to make clear
the difference between
1626
01:20:19,198 --> 01:20:21,348
meaning and significance.
1627
01:20:21,358 --> 01:20:23,748
Sometimes people have
tried to point out, well,
1628
01:20:23,758 --> 01:20:27,008
look, you can hear 10 different sermons
1629
01:20:27,982 --> 01:20:31,390
about Jesus's encounter
with the woman at the well,
1630
01:20:31,400 --> 01:20:34,089
and one preacher will make
the text about evangelism
1631
01:20:34,099 --> 01:20:35,789
and another one about apologetics,
1632
01:20:35,799 --> 01:20:37,609
and another about confronting sin,
1633
01:20:37,619 --> 01:20:39,908
another about how to befriend strangers,
1634
01:20:39,918 --> 01:20:43,209
and someone will say: look, no
one can agree on the meaning.
1635
01:20:43,219 --> 01:20:45,428
Well, no, the issue there
is really significance.
1636
01:20:45,438 --> 01:20:49,449
The text of scripture will
never be fully exhausted,
1637
01:20:49,459 --> 01:20:52,750
and any good preacher is
going to find ways to apply it
1638
01:20:52,760 --> 01:20:55,470
in a number of different avenues.
1639
01:20:55,480 --> 01:20:58,813
But the meaning, nevertheless, is fixed.
1640
01:20:59,838 --> 01:21:04,249
That the meaning of the text
is what the author intended
1641
01:21:04,259 --> 01:21:08,372
to communicate by that text,
which, dealing with scripture,
1642
01:21:08,382 --> 01:21:11,790
uniquely, means there is both the intention
1643
01:21:11,800 --> 01:21:15,870
of the human author and
sometimes even superseding that
1644
01:21:15,880 --> 01:21:18,068
in ways they may not have fully understood,
1645
01:21:18,078 --> 01:21:21,493
is the intention of the divine author.
1646
01:21:48,696 --> 01:21:50,548
We work on the basis of evidence,
1647
01:21:50,558 --> 01:21:54,009
not on the basis of
speculation or weird ideas
1648
01:21:54,019 --> 01:21:57,262
or philosophy, and whenever you argue
1649
01:21:57,272 --> 01:21:59,389
with somebody who is not a believer,
1650
01:21:59,399 --> 01:22:01,812
they almost always bring in non-evidence.
1651
01:22:01,822 --> 01:22:03,268
Well, God would not have done this.
1652
01:22:03,278 --> 01:22:05,209
Or this is really what I think happened.
1653
01:22:05,219 --> 01:22:07,828
It's just all speculation.
1654
01:22:07,838 --> 01:22:10,128
Let's look at what the evidence says.
1655
01:22:10,138 --> 01:22:12,532
Our faith is rooted in history.
1656
01:22:12,542 --> 01:22:15,790
And consequently, we
need to use the evidence
1657
01:22:15,800 --> 01:22:17,550
and never be afraid of it.
1658
01:22:17,560 --> 01:22:21,033
Half the battle of dealing
with the trustworthiness
1659
01:22:21,043 --> 01:22:23,790
or reliability of the Bible is to know:
1660
01:22:23,800 --> 01:22:25,870
what are the subjects of the Bible.
1661
01:22:25,880 --> 01:22:28,030
And the subjects of the Bible
are really pretty simple.
1662
01:22:28,040 --> 01:22:30,174
History, theology, and ethics.
1663
01:22:30,184 --> 01:22:34,052
The three major subjects
of the Bible are history,
1664
01:22:34,062 --> 01:22:35,790
because we have a historical God
1665
01:22:35,800 --> 01:22:37,870
who intervenes in human history.
1666
01:22:37,880 --> 01:22:40,253
It's about theology, the character of God,
1667
01:22:40,263 --> 01:22:41,730
and the character of his people.
1668
01:22:41,740 --> 01:22:43,149
And it's about ethics.
1669
01:22:43,159 --> 01:22:47,133
How should we behave in
response to all of that?
1670
01:22:47,143 --> 01:22:49,473
It's very sad in our
culture that we've seen
1671
01:22:49,483 --> 01:22:53,453
the body of Christ called,
charged, and mandated
1672
01:22:53,463 --> 01:22:56,367
to proclaim and even defend the faith,
1673
01:22:56,377 --> 01:22:59,272
but in many quarters,
the church has denied,
1674
01:22:59,282 --> 01:23:01,474
questioned the faith.
1675
01:23:01,484 --> 01:23:05,314
We're not to spin it, nuance it, change it,
1676
01:23:05,324 --> 01:23:08,824
undermine it, we're called to proclaim it.
1677
01:23:10,743 --> 01:23:12,911
The church of Jesus Christ always faces
1678
01:23:12,921 --> 01:23:17,052
a tremendous temptation,
and that is to deviate
1679
01:23:17,062 --> 01:23:19,394
from the word of God.
1680
01:23:19,404 --> 01:23:22,413
And when we do that, what happens?
1681
01:23:22,423 --> 01:23:25,071
First of all, we may get wrong doctrine,
1682
01:23:25,081 --> 01:23:28,594
because we no longer see
the clarity of the deity
1683
01:23:28,604 --> 01:23:32,893
of Jesus Christ and the
issues of salvation.
1684
01:23:32,903 --> 01:23:34,351
The other thing that's going to happen,
1685
01:23:34,361 --> 01:23:37,336
almost immediately, is there is going to be
1686
01:23:37,346 --> 01:23:40,792
a devaluation of moral teaching.
1687
01:23:40,802 --> 01:23:45,567
And pretty soon we begin to
reason based on our own notions,
1688
01:23:45,577 --> 01:23:49,032
based on our own desires,
and the word of God is there,
1689
01:23:49,042 --> 01:23:52,354
but it is not believed, it is not preached,
1690
01:23:52,364 --> 01:23:54,271
and it is not lived.
1691
01:23:54,281 --> 01:23:57,852
Often, a contemporary drifting
church is very comfortable.
1692
01:23:57,862 --> 01:24:01,490
What is preached may sound very orthodox.
1693
01:24:01,500 --> 01:24:04,792
But it doesn't challenge anybody.
1694
01:24:04,802 --> 01:24:07,471
It doesn't call them back to the gospel,
1695
01:24:07,481 --> 01:24:09,391
where they are drifting.
1696
01:24:09,401 --> 01:24:11,634
This saying is attributed to Martin Luther.
1697
01:24:11,644 --> 01:24:13,794
So many pungent sayings are.
1698
01:24:13,804 --> 01:24:15,471
I'm not sure if it comes from him or not,
1699
01:24:15,481 --> 01:24:17,170
but it's a true saying.
1700
01:24:17,180 --> 01:24:20,952
If you preach the gospel, at every point,
1701
01:24:20,962 --> 01:24:24,271
except where the gospel
is being challenged,
1702
01:24:24,281 --> 01:24:26,792
you're not preaching the gospel at all.
1703
01:24:26,802 --> 01:24:28,674
If you preach the gospel to a church,
1704
01:24:28,684 --> 01:24:32,653
at every point except the
place where they need it,
1705
01:24:32,663 --> 01:24:34,333
or the place they need to be called back
1706
01:24:34,343 --> 01:24:38,274
to obedience to God, you're
not preaching the gospel.
1707
01:24:38,284 --> 01:24:39,284
At all.
1708
01:24:41,881 --> 01:24:45,410
If you can get people to doubt the Bible,
1709
01:24:45,420 --> 01:24:49,503
then you will get them,
sooner or later, to deny.
1710
01:24:52,300 --> 01:24:55,772
But you have to doubt
first, before you can deny.
1711
01:24:55,782 --> 01:25:00,770
Then as they deny, then you're
going to get them to disobey.
1712
01:25:00,780 --> 01:25:04,994
And that's worked so well
since the Garden of Eden,
1713
01:25:05,004 --> 01:25:07,832
he hasn't had to change his tactics.
1714
01:25:07,842 --> 01:25:09,259
He still uses it.
1715
01:25:16,780 --> 01:25:18,947
God made us for himself.
1716
01:25:20,681 --> 01:25:23,431
He has made us for his own glory.
1717
01:25:25,481 --> 01:25:29,648
He communicates with us,
telling us how we ought to live.
1718
01:25:33,161 --> 01:25:37,328
Through his word, he has given
us an entire library there,
1719
01:25:39,063 --> 01:25:43,330
to fit into quite a lot
of the various words
1720
01:25:43,340 --> 01:25:47,554
in which we think, and
all that is authoritative.
1721
01:25:47,564 --> 01:25:51,731
So we don't go to the Bible
wanting to judge the scriptures.
1722
01:25:53,964 --> 01:25:57,970
We go to the Bible with
a sense of submission.
1723
01:25:57,980 --> 01:26:02,674
Wanting to hear what the
living God has to say to us.
1724
01:26:02,684 --> 01:26:04,267
And that's crucial.
1725
01:26:07,382 --> 01:26:11,391
I have a good friend who
is famous for saying:
1726
01:26:11,401 --> 01:26:13,330
I love the word of God.
1727
01:26:13,340 --> 01:26:17,772
He loves it, and he does,
he truly loves the Bible.
1728
01:26:17,782 --> 01:26:20,249
We're talking about it one day, and I said:
1729
01:26:20,259 --> 01:26:22,652
I have a question for you.
1730
01:26:22,662 --> 01:26:23,874
You love the Bible, don't you?
1731
01:26:23,884 --> 01:26:25,212
You love the word of God, don't you?
1732
01:26:25,222 --> 01:26:26,392
Yes I do.
1733
01:26:26,402 --> 01:26:28,985
I said: do you love its author?
1734
01:26:30,082 --> 01:26:33,634
And do you know that there's a difference?
1735
01:26:33,644 --> 01:26:36,082
And he just went blank.
1736
01:26:36,092 --> 01:26:38,050
It had never occurred to him that there
1737
01:26:38,060 --> 01:26:40,810
was something beyond Bible study.
1738
01:26:42,582 --> 01:26:45,853
I've read from Genesis
to Revelation in the Bible.
1739
01:26:45,863 --> 01:26:50,290
And not once does anyone
ever have an encounter
1740
01:26:50,300 --> 01:26:53,292
with the true and living
God and come away and say:
1741
01:26:53,302 --> 01:26:55,772
it was kind of boring and irrelevant.
1742
01:26:55,782 --> 01:26:59,218
He said: people encounter God and die.
1743
01:26:59,228 --> 01:27:03,293
They encounter God and they
are paralyzed with fear.
1744
01:27:03,303 --> 01:27:06,413
They encounter God and
they're overwhelmed with joy.
1745
01:27:06,423 --> 01:27:08,674
They encounter God and they
cry because all their hopes
1746
01:27:08,684 --> 01:27:12,877
are realized, but nobody
ever encounters God and says:
1747
01:27:12,887 --> 01:27:15,176
that was boring and irrelevant.
1748
01:27:15,186 --> 01:27:17,770
Well, when people say that
about the Bible, it just says
1749
01:27:17,780 --> 01:27:20,317
to me they've not encountered
the God of the Bible.
1750
01:27:20,327 --> 01:27:23,154
If you think the Bible is boring,
1751
01:27:23,164 --> 01:27:26,831
then either you don't
realize what you need,
1752
01:27:28,138 --> 01:27:31,837
or you've never met the God
that the Bible talks about.
1753
01:27:31,847 --> 01:27:34,717
And very frankly, I do think
that there are a lot of people
1754
01:27:34,727 --> 01:27:38,696
that are preachers by profession
that have never met God.
1755
01:27:38,706 --> 01:27:42,873
Or they'd never say his word
is boring and irrelevant.
1756
01:27:47,207 --> 01:27:50,124
I love the way Psalm 119 unfolds.
1757
01:27:51,186 --> 01:27:53,050
It's the longest chapter in the Bible,
1758
01:27:53,060 --> 01:27:54,994
and it's all about the word.
1759
01:27:55,004 --> 01:27:58,421
And you see there what the word produces.
1760
01:28:00,103 --> 01:28:01,770
It produces delight.
1761
01:28:03,767 --> 01:28:06,017
It produces desire for God.
1762
01:28:07,063 --> 01:28:08,896
It produces obedience.
1763
01:28:10,500 --> 01:28:14,514
So, sometimes it's helpful to
look at a text like Psalm 119
1764
01:28:14,524 --> 01:28:17,816
and say: what does it
look like and feel like?
1765
01:28:17,826 --> 01:28:21,197
What's the experience of
the person, of the heart,
1766
01:28:21,207 --> 01:28:25,154
of the soul that's been
captivated by the word of God?
1767
01:28:25,164 --> 01:28:27,218
And you see there they're singing the word,
1768
01:28:27,228 --> 01:28:31,096
they're storing up the word,
they're treasuring God's word.
1769
01:28:31,106 --> 01:28:33,917
They have the greatest
sense of delight in it.
1770
01:28:33,927 --> 01:28:36,834
They are pained when
people don't follow it.
1771
01:28:36,844 --> 01:28:40,877
It's their greatest longing to obey it.
1772
01:28:40,887 --> 01:28:45,053
They see God's character and
smile, and that's what we want.
1773
01:28:45,063 --> 01:28:49,773
That's why having the right
view of scripture matters.
1774
01:28:49,783 --> 01:28:52,493
Because without it, we're going to come to
1775
01:28:52,503 --> 01:28:54,490
not only wrong conclusions
about God and the gospel
1776
01:28:54,500 --> 01:28:57,634
and ourselves, but we won't think rightly,
1777
01:28:57,644 --> 01:29:00,173
we won't feel rightly, we won't be the sort
1778
01:29:00,183 --> 01:29:03,597
of human beings that God made us to be,
1779
01:29:03,607 --> 01:29:07,774
if we don't take him at his
word, and understand all
1780
01:29:09,106 --> 01:29:12,727
that he means for us to know about himself.
148387
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