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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 2 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 3 00:00:11,758 --> 00:00:15,241 [narrator] Seventy million years ago, the mightiest dinosaur 4 00:00:15,379 --> 00:00:17,586 that ever lived, roamed the earth. 5 00:00:20,724 --> 00:00:23,448 Its name was Tyrannosaurus Rex. 6 00:00:24,034 --> 00:00:25,068 [roars] 7 00:00:25,413 --> 00:00:26,413 [growls] 8 00:00:29,275 --> 00:00:32,275 It was 13 meters long, and weighed six tons. 9 00:00:33,586 --> 00:00:37,379 This awesomely creature, was king, of the dinosaurs. 10 00:00:38,931 --> 00:00:41,724 Much about T-Rex has been shrouded in mystery. 11 00:00:42,517 --> 00:00:46,482 Now with modern technology, a clear picture is taking shape. 12 00:00:49,310 --> 00:00:53,103 Remarkable physical capabilities that defy conventional wisdom. 13 00:00:56,482 --> 00:00:57,517 [powerful music] 14 00:00:58,068 --> 00:01:01,068 An advanced brain, and intellect, for hunting. 15 00:01:04,413 --> 00:01:07,206 We look at their brain and wonder whether that 16 00:01:07,344 --> 00:01:10,862 enlarged cerebrum may have actually had the capacity, 17 00:01:11,034 --> 00:01:13,965 to be involved in, sort of a coordinated 18 00:01:14,103 --> 00:01:15,517 group hunting effort. 19 00:01:17,655 --> 00:01:20,758 [narrator] In addition, new fossil finds from around the world, 20 00:01:20,896 --> 00:01:24,033 are revealing the origins of this enormous predator. 21 00:01:27,965 --> 00:01:31,896 It turns out, that T-Rex's ancestors were actually small, 22 00:01:32,033 --> 00:01:33,068 and frail. 23 00:01:33,896 --> 00:01:36,965 They weren't, you know, the big bears, with the big 24 00:01:37,103 --> 00:01:39,862 lions, with the big tigers, at the top of the food chain. 25 00:01:40,000 --> 00:01:42,965 They were something much smaller, much weaker. 26 00:01:44,862 --> 00:01:46,137 [narrator] Somehow Tyrannosaurus 27 00:01:46,275 --> 00:01:48,206 transformed from small creatures, 28 00:01:48,344 --> 00:01:51,206 threatened by their enemies, into the most powerful 29 00:01:51,344 --> 00:01:52,620 dinosaurs of them all. 30 00:01:56,206 --> 00:01:58,655 Starting with the very earliest ancestors, 31 00:01:58,896 --> 00:02:01,896 we'll explore an amazing tale of evolution. 32 00:02:04,758 --> 00:02:07,793 Siblings on a journey in search of new lands, 33 00:02:08,378 --> 00:02:10,723 they cross paths with a fearsome carnivore. 34 00:02:13,931 --> 00:02:16,068 Which will reign supreme? 35 00:02:20,586 --> 00:02:23,689 The king of kings, Tyrannosaurus Rex. 36 00:02:24,310 --> 00:02:29,448 This is a story of 100 million years of remarkable evolution. 37 00:02:36,689 --> 00:02:38,965 The first Tyrannosaurus fossils were discovered 38 00:02:39,103 --> 00:02:41,896 in the United States, in the early 20th century. 39 00:02:42,034 --> 00:02:43,034 [soft music] 40 00:02:50,172 --> 00:02:53,379 The dinosaur's monstrous appearance inspired its name, 41 00:02:53,965 --> 00:02:55,517 Tyrannosaurus Rex. 42 00:02:56,413 --> 00:03:00,413 Tyrant, lizard king, or T-Rex, for short. 43 00:03:07,034 --> 00:03:09,827 For more than a century, scientists have been working 44 00:03:09,965 --> 00:03:12,275 to piece together T-Rex's evolution. 45 00:03:19,448 --> 00:03:22,137 Stephen Brusatte, is one of the top researchers 46 00:03:22,275 --> 00:03:23,275 in the field. 47 00:03:27,655 --> 00:03:30,517 So everybody in the world, has heard of T-Rex. 48 00:03:31,068 --> 00:03:33,827 But for a long time, there have been some big mysteries, 49 00:03:33,965 --> 00:03:36,482 about where T-Rex came from, how it evolved, 50 00:03:36,620 --> 00:03:37,965 how it got so big. 51 00:03:38,241 --> 00:03:40,586 And these have been mysteries for many decades. 52 00:03:41,275 --> 00:03:45,103 But finally, over the last 15 years, people all over 53 00:03:45,241 --> 00:03:48,689 the world have been finding older, smaller, more primitive 54 00:03:48,827 --> 00:03:51,793 Tyrannosaurus, that tell us, where the big ones came from. 55 00:03:52,517 --> 00:03:54,103 [upbeat music] 56 00:03:54,241 --> 00:03:56,896 [narrator] Scientists are zeroing in, on T-Rex's roots. 57 00:03:57,137 --> 00:04:01,275 [growling] 58 00:04:05,689 --> 00:04:08,103 They've determined, that its earliest ancestors 59 00:04:08,241 --> 00:04:10,586 first emerged far from North America. 60 00:04:14,551 --> 00:04:17,379 This is the Junggar basin, in the Xinjiang Uyghur, 61 00:04:17,517 --> 00:04:19,067 autonomous region of China. 62 00:04:22,586 --> 00:04:26,689 Now dry, this landscape was once home to many different types 63 00:04:26,827 --> 00:04:27,862 of dinosaurs. 64 00:04:34,517 --> 00:04:38,379 In recent years, excavations have unearthed a wide variety 65 00:04:38,517 --> 00:04:39,517 of fossils. 66 00:04:44,310 --> 00:04:46,827 Xu Xing, has led some of these digs. 67 00:05:36,137 --> 00:05:39,724 Inside a 160 million year old soil strata, 68 00:05:40,379 --> 00:05:43,172 they found a completely new, meat eating dinosaur. 69 00:05:44,034 --> 00:05:47,034 A crown like appendage, on its head inspired its name. 70 00:05:47,517 --> 00:05:49,862 Guanlong, or "crown lizard". 71 00:05:52,172 --> 00:05:54,827 Xu and his team, conducted a detailed analysis 72 00:05:54,965 --> 00:05:56,344 of the teeth, and bones. 73 00:05:57,310 --> 00:06:01,034 They determined that Guanlong, was T-Rex's ancestor. 74 00:06:01,413 --> 00:06:02,413 [mysterious music] 75 00:06:15,206 --> 00:06:16,827 [dinosaur] Ahh, there they are. 76 00:06:17,517 --> 00:06:20,827 [narrator] A group of Guanlong siblings, they're on the hunt. 77 00:06:24,620 --> 00:06:27,586 One takes off, perhaps he's the oldest. 78 00:06:27,896 --> 00:06:29,448 He closes in on his prey, 79 00:06:33,793 --> 00:06:35,000 but he's no match. 80 00:06:42,034 --> 00:06:44,413 At this point in time, the Guanlong was just 81 00:06:44,551 --> 00:06:45,586 three meters. 82 00:06:45,862 --> 00:06:48,379 Dwarfed by the thirteen meter long T-Rex. 83 00:06:49,172 --> 00:06:52,793 It weighed only 75kg, 1/80th of the weight, 84 00:06:52,931 --> 00:06:54,206 of its massive cousin. 85 00:06:56,724 --> 00:06:59,620 The very oldest Tyrannosaurus were much, much different, 86 00:06:59,758 --> 00:07:02,793 much smaller, but they didn't have anywhere near 87 00:07:02,931 --> 00:07:05,482 the firepower of a T-Rex. 88 00:07:05,620 --> 00:07:08,448 They were kind of like, you know, cats or dogs, 89 00:07:08,586 --> 00:07:10,068 kind of that type of animal. 90 00:07:10,206 --> 00:07:11,551 They weren't you know, 91 00:07:11,689 --> 00:07:14,931 the big bears, or the big lions, or the big tigers at the top 92 00:07:15,068 --> 00:07:16,068 of the food chain. 93 00:07:18,517 --> 00:07:21,482 [narrator] How did such a small, and relatively weak creature, 94 00:07:21,827 --> 00:07:23,862 eventually lead to T-Rex? 95 00:07:24,000 --> 00:07:25,827 The largest dinosaur of them all? 96 00:07:26,206 --> 00:07:28,241 [growling] 97 00:07:36,965 --> 00:07:39,689 The story of Tyrannosaurus, is really a story 98 00:07:39,827 --> 00:07:41,724 about evolution. And one of the things 99 00:07:41,862 --> 00:07:44,827 that it tells us, is that evolution is unpredictable. 100 00:07:45,517 --> 00:07:48,172 When those very first Tyrannosaurs like Guanlong, 101 00:07:48,310 --> 00:07:51,206 entered the scene, 175 million years ago, 102 00:07:51,931 --> 00:07:53,931 you never would have thought that they would ultimately 103 00:07:54,068 --> 00:07:57,551 evolve, into giant monstrous animals like T-Rex. 104 00:07:57,689 --> 00:07:58,793 But that's what happened. 105 00:07:59,379 --> 00:08:03,068 How were they able to survive for so long, for 80 million 106 00:08:03,206 --> 00:08:06,379 years, as these small, human sized carnivores? 107 00:08:07,379 --> 00:08:08,965 And then maybe the biggest mystery of all, 108 00:08:09,103 --> 00:08:11,862 how were those small Tyrannosaurs, able to switch 109 00:08:12,034 --> 00:08:15,241 and become these giant, dominant, super predators? 110 00:08:19,827 --> 00:08:22,862 [narrator] The keys to unlocking these mysteries, are newly discovered 111 00:08:23,000 --> 00:08:24,655 fossils from around the world. 112 00:08:25,517 --> 00:08:29,551 Researchers have discovered 28 species, related to T-Rex. 113 00:08:29,689 --> 00:08:30,827 [suspenseful music] 114 00:08:36,344 --> 00:08:39,620 Brusatte has conducted detailed analysis of the bones of some 115 00:08:39,758 --> 00:08:40,827 of these specimens. 116 00:08:41,413 --> 00:08:43,895 his goal was to clarify the process behind 117 00:08:44,034 --> 00:08:45,551 T-Rex's evolution. 118 00:08:47,793 --> 00:08:51,482 The approach he used, is called Phylogenetic analysis. 119 00:08:53,586 --> 00:08:55,827 We have hundreds and hundreds of those features, 120 00:08:56,241 --> 00:08:59,068 that vary in these dinosaurs. Some have the bones, 121 00:08:59,206 --> 00:09:01,000 some don't. Some have small muscle 122 00:09:01,137 --> 00:09:02,551 attachments, some have big ones. 123 00:09:02,689 --> 00:09:06,206 Some have triangle shaped bones, or projections, others have 124 00:09:06,344 --> 00:09:08,103 square shaped ones. Those kind of features 125 00:09:08,241 --> 00:09:09,206 that are variable. 126 00:09:10,620 --> 00:09:14,241 [narrator] Brusatte's analysis have illuminated 366 127 00:09:14,379 --> 00:09:17,344 distinctive characteristics of Tyrannosaur bones. 128 00:09:20,310 --> 00:09:23,103 And the data he's amassed form the basis, for mapping 129 00:09:23,241 --> 00:09:24,896 T-Rex's family tree. 130 00:09:27,482 --> 00:09:30,344 The results confirm that the diminutive Guanlong, 131 00:09:30,482 --> 00:09:33,655 was indeed the most primitive species of Tyrannosaur. 132 00:09:35,655 --> 00:09:39,000 From the time the first Guanlong emerged, until T-Rex appeared, 133 00:09:39,137 --> 00:09:41,241 took 100 million years. 134 00:09:41,655 --> 00:09:44,965 Over this time, dramatic evolutionary advances, 135 00:09:45,137 --> 00:09:48,275 created a creature of unparalleled dominance. 136 00:09:51,655 --> 00:09:54,275 So it is an unusual animal, a freak of nature, 137 00:09:54,413 --> 00:09:56,034 a feat of evolution. 138 00:09:56,310 --> 00:10:00,172 And I'm fascinated to learn, to try to understand 139 00:10:00,310 --> 00:10:04,724 how evolution makes an animal, like T-Rex. 140 00:10:04,862 --> 00:10:08,758 That's the mystery that drives me, and the research that I do. 141 00:10:11,517 --> 00:10:15,931 [narrator] 160 million years ago, China's Junggar basin, was home 142 00:10:16,068 --> 00:10:17,137 to the Guanlong. 143 00:10:18,034 --> 00:10:20,793 This species then migrated to North America. 144 00:10:21,344 --> 00:10:24,448 And about 70 million years ago, T-Rex appeared. 145 00:10:30,068 --> 00:10:32,965 The question is, why T-Rex's ancestors left 146 00:10:33,103 --> 00:10:35,379 their familiar environment, and set out, 147 00:10:35,517 --> 00:10:36,827 on their epic journey. 148 00:10:45,103 --> 00:10:47,068 A clue can be found in the southern reaches, 149 00:10:47,206 --> 00:10:48,448 of the Pacific ocean. 150 00:10:48,793 --> 00:10:53,965 5,000 meters beneath the surface lies an enormous Java Plateau. 151 00:10:59,482 --> 00:11:02,379 Naohiko Ohkouchi, has studied the formation. 152 00:11:19,172 --> 00:11:23,275 This huge lava mass, was created by a major geological event 153 00:11:23,413 --> 00:11:25,655 120 million years ago. 154 00:11:30,206 --> 00:11:33,137 Deep inside the earth is a swirling mass of matter, 155 00:11:33,275 --> 00:11:34,551 called the mantle. 156 00:11:37,000 --> 00:11:40,379 Magma suddenly surged up, erupting through fissures 157 00:11:40,517 --> 00:11:41,689 in the ocean floor. 158 00:11:45,379 --> 00:11:46,758 [explosion] 159 00:11:46,896 --> 00:11:49,241 The Pacific ocean wasn't the only place this occurred. 160 00:11:50,931 --> 00:11:55,034 All over the world, volcanoes violently burst to life, 161 00:11:57,517 --> 00:11:59,586 these major eruptions also occurred 162 00:11:59,724 --> 00:12:02,137 on the Eurasian continent. Where the primitive 163 00:12:02,275 --> 00:12:03,620 Tyrannosaurs lived. 164 00:12:05,724 --> 00:12:06,758 [fire crackling] 165 00:12:07,724 --> 00:12:10,137 They had no choice but to flee. 166 00:12:10,413 --> 00:12:11,413 [ethereal music] 167 00:12:14,448 --> 00:12:18,172 Leaving familiar territory behind, they began a journey, 168 00:12:18,344 --> 00:12:19,482 into the unknown. 169 00:12:26,068 --> 00:12:27,689 They headed toward the North, 170 00:12:28,275 --> 00:12:29,275 for a reason. 171 00:12:34,413 --> 00:12:37,827 Climate change, the gases released by volcanic 172 00:12:37,965 --> 00:12:41,137 eruptions contained large amounts of carbon dioxide. 173 00:12:41,931 --> 00:12:44,068 This triggered global warming. 174 00:13:15,793 --> 00:13:19,241 As the earth warmed, lush forests sprouted up 175 00:13:19,379 --> 00:13:21,275 from Siberia, to the Arctic. 176 00:13:24,793 --> 00:13:28,000 Xu Xing believes this greening of the North, encouraged 177 00:13:28,137 --> 00:13:29,724 the Tyrannosaurs migration. 178 00:13:53,551 --> 00:13:56,448 Triceratops fossils have been found from Eurasia, 179 00:13:56,586 --> 00:13:57,896 to North America. 180 00:13:58,379 --> 00:14:01,517 And they're often found together with fossils of Tyrannosaurs. 181 00:14:08,137 --> 00:14:10,137 As the forests spread further North, 182 00:14:10,620 --> 00:14:13,172 the plant eating dinosaurs' range, expanded. 183 00:14:17,000 --> 00:14:20,655 Scientists believe this is what prompted T-Rex's ancestors 184 00:14:20,793 --> 00:14:22,310 to begin their migration. 185 00:14:26,862 --> 00:14:30,413 Into the unknown, searching for a new home, 186 00:14:30,551 --> 00:14:34,241 with bountiful game, they start out on their epic journey. 187 00:14:42,620 --> 00:14:45,793 They arrive on the Eastern edge of the Eurasian continent, 188 00:14:46,517 --> 00:14:48,896 in front of them, is a vast ocean. 189 00:14:53,517 --> 00:14:56,448 And just when it seems they can't go any further, 190 00:14:57,241 --> 00:14:59,482 something incredible happens. 191 00:15:03,172 --> 00:15:05,758 Tectonic shifts bring the Eurasian, and American 192 00:15:05,896 --> 00:15:07,655 continents closer together. 193 00:15:08,551 --> 00:15:10,655 Then, a land bridge appears, 194 00:15:11,103 --> 00:15:12,724 closing the gap between them. 195 00:15:15,827 --> 00:15:17,448 A path has opened. 196 00:15:19,862 --> 00:15:22,965 The two siblings make their way toward it, and head 197 00:15:23,103 --> 00:15:24,413 to a new land. 198 00:15:30,689 --> 00:15:32,862 The pair arrives, in North America. 199 00:15:33,551 --> 00:15:37,724 It's a vast expanse of land, covered in lush forests. 200 00:15:42,896 --> 00:15:47,965 But, it turns out, 201 00:15:48,310 --> 00:15:51,931 large, meat eating dinosaurs also live here. 202 00:15:52,965 --> 00:15:54,241 [growls] 203 00:15:58,655 --> 00:16:03,413 Before T-Rex, other carnivorous dinosaurs ruled the Americas. 204 00:16:04,206 --> 00:16:07,689 Scientists have found fossil remains in the deserts of Utah. 205 00:16:12,896 --> 00:16:15,241 Lindsay Zanno is a Paleontologist who has 206 00:16:15,379 --> 00:16:16,586 explored the area. 207 00:16:20,413 --> 00:16:23,000 She had been excavating for five years, 208 00:16:24,241 --> 00:16:29,068 then, in 2013, she made a significant discovery. 209 00:16:34,137 --> 00:16:37,448 And I was coming around the corner, on a low hill 210 00:16:37,586 --> 00:16:40,379 and spotted some bones sticking out of the hill, 211 00:16:40,827 --> 00:16:43,793 so I got down and looked at the bone, and could tell 212 00:16:43,931 --> 00:16:46,620 instantly that it was a Theropod bone. 213 00:16:47,068 --> 00:16:49,275 A very large Theropod bone by the looks of it. 214 00:16:49,413 --> 00:16:52,206 And we got very, very excited right away, that we'd found 215 00:16:52,344 --> 00:16:55,275 a very large species, that had never been seen before. 216 00:17:01,310 --> 00:17:03,310 [narrator] Now, the real work began. 217 00:17:04,689 --> 00:17:07,896 Team member, Peter Makovicky took the fossil to Chicago, 218 00:17:08,034 --> 00:17:09,241 for further study. 219 00:17:11,068 --> 00:17:14,275 His specialty is analyzing dinosaur bones. 220 00:17:17,862 --> 00:17:20,758 [Peter] The bones we have here, are parts of the skeleton 221 00:17:20,896 --> 00:17:24,310 of a large carnivorous dinosaur, even though it's big, 222 00:17:24,448 --> 00:17:27,723 and superficially might look like Tyrannosaurus, 223 00:17:28,034 --> 00:17:29,206 it actually belongs to 224 00:17:29,344 --> 00:17:30,310 a very different lineage 225 00:17:30,448 --> 00:17:32,275 of meat eating dinosaurs. 226 00:17:33,344 --> 00:17:36,793 [narrator] The size of the bones, suggested the dinosaur measured about 227 00:17:36,931 --> 00:17:39,000 11 meters, from head to tail. 228 00:17:39,896 --> 00:17:43,206 It's a relative of Allosaurus, from the Jurassic era, 229 00:17:43,551 --> 00:17:45,620 and is known as Siats. 230 00:17:47,413 --> 00:17:50,724 Experts believe this dinosaur had razor sharp claws, 231 00:17:50,896 --> 00:17:52,620 and teeth like knives. 232 00:17:53,034 --> 00:17:55,758 Such features point to a mega predator. 233 00:17:56,896 --> 00:18:02,655 The name "Siats" actually comes from the Ute Indian language. 234 00:18:02,862 --> 00:18:06,482 It refers to sort of a cannibalistic clown monster. 235 00:18:06,793 --> 00:18:10,068 Sort of a dangerous creature, in their legends. 236 00:18:10,206 --> 00:18:13,862 And it is by far the biggest Theropod, and would likely have 237 00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:16,172 been the top predator in its ecosystem. 238 00:18:20,551 --> 00:18:24,103 [narrator] Close to the Siats fossil find, Zanno has recently discovered 239 00:18:24,241 --> 00:18:26,068 a relative of Tyrannosaurus. 240 00:18:31,206 --> 00:18:34,482 This is a tooth from one of the mysterious, small, 241 00:18:34,620 --> 00:18:38,137 Tyrannosaurs we find here, in these rocks that are about 242 00:18:38,275 --> 00:18:39,689 98 million years old. 243 00:18:39,827 --> 00:18:44,206 We find the tantalizing remains of tiny little Tyrannosaurs, 244 00:18:44,724 --> 00:18:46,931 about the size maybe, of a small horse. 245 00:18:48,586 --> 00:18:52,103 [narrator] A tooth from this dinosaur is just about 1/10th the size 246 00:18:52,241 --> 00:18:53,517 of that of a T-Rex. 247 00:18:54,862 --> 00:18:57,655 [mysterious music] 248 00:18:58,310 --> 00:19:01,862 So the Tyrannosaurs living here were quite small, 249 00:19:02,000 --> 00:19:04,896 they were living in the shadow of dinosaurs like Siats. 250 00:19:08,482 --> 00:19:11,965 [narrator] The weak, Tyrannosaur siblings were now living side by side, 251 00:19:12,103 --> 00:19:13,758 with this formidable beast. 252 00:19:15,344 --> 00:19:17,103 [screeching] 253 00:19:25,689 --> 00:19:26,724 [growl] 254 00:19:31,379 --> 00:19:35,689 They were absolutely outrivaled in size, and in power. 255 00:19:38,862 --> 00:19:41,379 Well, I think you know, if... 256 00:19:41,517 --> 00:19:43,068 the small Tyrannosaurs 257 00:19:43,206 --> 00:19:45,896 that were alive at this time, would have run into Siats, 258 00:19:46,034 --> 00:19:49,000 it would have been sort of like a fox meeting a lion, 259 00:19:49,172 --> 00:19:50,206 or a tiger. 260 00:19:51,137 --> 00:19:53,655 There's no doubt that there's a very vast difference 261 00:19:53,793 --> 00:19:57,103 in body size, uhm so basically what we have 262 00:19:57,241 --> 00:20:00,793 is evidence that Tyrannosaurs were present at the time. 263 00:20:01,344 --> 00:20:04,793 But would have occupied a much lower tropic level, 264 00:20:04,931 --> 00:20:07,379 among the carnivores, than Siats. 265 00:20:08,551 --> 00:20:09,551 [soft melodic music] 266 00:20:10,448 --> 00:20:12,620 [narrator] Siats stood atop the ecosystem. 267 00:20:13,551 --> 00:20:15,586 It was a dangerous environment for the much 268 00:20:15,724 --> 00:20:17,034 weaker Tyrannosaurs. 269 00:20:17,517 --> 00:20:19,655 But somehow, they managed to survive. 270 00:20:27,379 --> 00:20:30,517 To find out more, Brusatte has done research all over 271 00:20:30,655 --> 00:20:31,689 the world. 272 00:20:32,310 --> 00:20:35,827 In 2016, he came across one fossil that provided 273 00:20:35,965 --> 00:20:37,413 some clear answers. 274 00:20:39,827 --> 00:20:42,862 It was found in Uzbekistan, in central Asia. 275 00:20:45,551 --> 00:20:48,689 An analysis revealed that it was from a new species 276 00:20:48,827 --> 00:20:49,862 of Tyrannosaur. 277 00:20:53,068 --> 00:20:57,344 It's called Timurlengia, and measured three meters long. 278 00:20:59,724 --> 00:21:02,103 At a glance, it doesn't seem too different from its 279 00:21:02,241 --> 00:21:03,586 its smaller ancestors. 280 00:21:08,896 --> 00:21:12,310 But, internally, it's dramatically different. 281 00:21:15,413 --> 00:21:17,413 We're able to look into its brain, 282 00:21:17,931 --> 00:21:19,965 into the ear, using cat scans. 283 00:21:20,172 --> 00:21:21,413 And we can see it had a big brain, 284 00:21:21,551 --> 00:21:23,689 very intelligent animal. We can see it had an ear, 285 00:21:23,827 --> 00:21:26,448 that was really sophisticated, really good at hearing 286 00:21:26,586 --> 00:21:27,965 a wide range of sounds. 287 00:21:29,172 --> 00:21:32,068 [narrator] Brusatte and his colleagues took scans of the cranium. 288 00:21:32,931 --> 00:21:35,689 Inside the inner ear, is the cochlear duct, 289 00:21:35,862 --> 00:21:38,482 which is responsible for picking up faint sounds. 290 00:21:39,275 --> 00:21:43,310 They found that in Timurlengia, it had significantly evolved. 291 00:21:44,482 --> 00:21:47,448 So what this is telling us, is that these small Tyrannosaurs 292 00:21:47,586 --> 00:21:50,275 were evolving, bigger brains, greater intelligence, 293 00:21:50,689 --> 00:21:54,172 better senses; when they were living, in the shadows. 294 00:21:54,310 --> 00:21:57,206 When they were trying to survive, in a world dominated 295 00:21:57,344 --> 00:21:59,344 by the Allosaurs, and other big predators. 296 00:22:02,137 --> 00:22:05,034 [narrator] Early, small Tyrannosaurs developed a keen sense 297 00:22:05,172 --> 00:22:06,379 of hearing, 298 00:22:06,758 --> 00:22:09,379 that allowed them to quickly sense enemies, and escape. 299 00:22:09,655 --> 00:22:11,172 Helping them to survive. 300 00:22:17,275 --> 00:22:19,448 But fleeing wouldn't have been enough to challenge, 301 00:22:19,586 --> 00:22:22,034 and overtake Siats' dominant position. 302 00:22:25,965 --> 00:22:28,896 There's more to the mystery of how descendants of these 303 00:22:29,034 --> 00:22:31,793 diminutive siblings, would have gone on to rule 304 00:22:31,931 --> 00:22:33,344 the dinosaur world. 305 00:22:37,275 --> 00:22:40,793 For many years, the evolutionary path from Guanlong, 306 00:22:40,965 --> 00:22:44,413 to the giant T-Rex, contained puzzling holes. 307 00:22:46,758 --> 00:22:49,655 So we know a lot about the very earliest Tyrannosaurs, 308 00:22:49,793 --> 00:22:52,000 now we know they were small, we know a lot about 309 00:22:52,137 --> 00:22:54,344 the latest Tyrannosaurs, we know they were huge. 310 00:22:54,482 --> 00:22:56,931 But in the middle, there's a gap in the fossil record, 311 00:22:57,068 --> 00:23:00,310 a dark period of Tyrannosaur history, where we know nothing. 312 00:23:01,068 --> 00:23:02,310 No fossils. 313 00:23:04,758 --> 00:23:08,241 [narrator] The Tyrannosaurs 100 million year evolutionary history, 314 00:23:08,517 --> 00:23:10,586 contains an intriguing hole. 315 00:23:11,517 --> 00:23:14,620 It was during this time, that the spectacular advances 316 00:23:14,758 --> 00:23:16,620 that led to T-Rex, occurred. 317 00:23:21,137 --> 00:23:23,793 Mark Loewen, has been researching this mystery. 318 00:23:27,827 --> 00:23:30,206 He's focused in, on an ancient land mass 319 00:23:30,344 --> 00:23:33,758 on the North American continent, called Laramidia. 320 00:23:35,517 --> 00:23:38,655 The real changing point, of Tyrannosaur evolution, 321 00:23:38,793 --> 00:23:43,172 was the isolation, and evolution that happened on Laramidia. 322 00:23:43,827 --> 00:23:46,275 Isolated populations of dinosaurs, 323 00:23:46,620 --> 00:23:49,758 could evolve in isolation from other dinosaurs. 324 00:23:49,896 --> 00:23:50,931 [soft mysterious music] 325 00:23:52,206 --> 00:23:55,344 [narrator] Around 90 million years ago, global warming, 326 00:23:55,482 --> 00:23:57,517 caused sea levels to rise. 327 00:23:58,310 --> 00:24:01,793 This lead to monumental flooding of the North American continent. 328 00:24:01,931 --> 00:24:03,689 causing it to become divided. 329 00:24:04,793 --> 00:24:06,758 The dinosaurs lived in the Western part 330 00:24:06,896 --> 00:24:09,517 of the continent. Much of the land was covered 331 00:24:09,655 --> 00:24:11,103 with steep mountain ranges. 332 00:24:12,965 --> 00:24:16,000 Rising waters drove the dinosaurs to narrow strips 333 00:24:16,137 --> 00:24:18,586 of level land, where they became isolated. 334 00:24:25,517 --> 00:24:29,000 In these densely populated areas, meat eaters would have 335 00:24:29,137 --> 00:24:31,965 a significantly greater chance of finding prey. 336 00:24:42,965 --> 00:24:45,724 Loewen believes this is precisely what sped up 337 00:24:45,862 --> 00:24:47,379 the dinosaurs' evolution. 338 00:24:47,724 --> 00:24:48,758 [dinosaur grunting] 339 00:24:49,275 --> 00:24:52,517 This crucible of evolution, that is Laramidia, 340 00:24:53,034 --> 00:24:57,689 the small populations were able to undergo dramatic change, 341 00:24:57,827 --> 00:24:59,068 and rapid evolution. 342 00:25:00,689 --> 00:25:03,344 [narrator] Revolutionary advances took place in many 343 00:25:03,482 --> 00:25:04,482 different creatures. 344 00:25:09,172 --> 00:25:11,827 Ankylosaurus evolved thick, bumpy skin, 345 00:25:11,965 --> 00:25:13,379 like protective armor. 346 00:25:20,862 --> 00:25:24,137 Members of the Ornithomimus family, developed the ability 347 00:25:24,275 --> 00:25:27,655 to run 60 kilometers per hour, to escape predators. 348 00:25:30,344 --> 00:25:32,482 Similarly pronounced changes occurred among 349 00:25:32,620 --> 00:25:36,275 the Triceratops' ancestors, hunted by Tyrannosaurs. 350 00:25:41,551 --> 00:25:45,206 They adapted for survival, by becoming massively large. 351 00:25:45,724 --> 00:25:48,344 This gave them the power to repel attacks. 352 00:25:55,172 --> 00:25:58,586 From early ancestors weighing only 100 kilograms, 353 00:25:59,000 --> 00:26:02,724 They developed into creatures weighing more than six tons. 354 00:26:05,896 --> 00:26:08,344 But many uncertainties still remain about 355 00:26:08,482 --> 00:26:10,206 T-Rex's predecessors. 356 00:26:13,413 --> 00:26:16,724 In 2013, Loewen discovered a fossil, that answered 357 00:26:16,862 --> 00:26:18,137 some questions. 358 00:26:22,310 --> 00:26:25,448 It's from a previously unknown species of Tyrannosaur, 359 00:26:25,586 --> 00:26:27,034 called Lythronax. 360 00:26:29,862 --> 00:26:33,655 The fossil was buried in soil deposited 80 million years ago. 361 00:26:34,000 --> 00:26:36,275 During the evolutionary gap period. 362 00:26:37,758 --> 00:26:41,275 The name we chose, Lythronax, means "gore king", 363 00:26:41,448 --> 00:26:45,310 in ancient Greek. And, we chose this name because 364 00:26:45,448 --> 00:26:49,034 Lythronax really was, the top predator in its ecosystem. 365 00:26:53,379 --> 00:26:56,103 [narrator] The fossil indicates that Lythronax measured about 366 00:26:56,241 --> 00:26:57,448 eight meters in length. 367 00:27:00,482 --> 00:27:03,931 That represents a remarkable jump in size, from Guanlong, 368 00:27:04,068 --> 00:27:05,551 its weak ancestor. 369 00:27:09,172 --> 00:27:11,793 This new Tyrannosaur was large enough to battle 370 00:27:11,931 --> 00:27:13,758 with the massive Triceratops. 371 00:27:15,413 --> 00:27:17,655 Conditions were right for different species 372 00:27:17,793 --> 00:27:19,931 to influence one another's evolution. 373 00:27:20,689 --> 00:27:23,413 This phenomenon is known as coevolution. 374 00:27:23,551 --> 00:27:24,931 [soft ominous music] 375 00:27:25,206 --> 00:27:28,206 [Mark] So Tyrannosaurs were exploiting these prey species, 376 00:27:28,724 --> 00:27:31,862 and also undergoing rapid evolution themselves. 377 00:27:32,206 --> 00:27:34,793 So it's really an arms race between the predators, 378 00:27:34,931 --> 00:27:36,137 and the prey species. 379 00:27:36,275 --> 00:27:37,448 And all of these animals 380 00:27:37,586 --> 00:27:40,655 are evolving to have larger body size. 381 00:27:41,344 --> 00:27:43,620 Both to defend themselves from predators, 382 00:27:43,758 --> 00:27:47,310 and for the predators to be able to attack the herbivores. 383 00:27:49,655 --> 00:27:52,172 [narrator] Researchers believe that one factor supporting 384 00:27:52,310 --> 00:27:55,655 the Tyrannosaurs growth, was a jump in their 385 00:27:55,793 --> 00:27:56,965 hunting skills. 386 00:27:59,379 --> 00:28:02,206 Their heads, relatively delicate up to then, 387 00:28:02,448 --> 00:28:04,551 widened by about three times. 388 00:28:05,103 --> 00:28:07,172 That made astonishing improvements in eye 389 00:28:07,310 --> 00:28:08,310 sight possible. 390 00:28:09,517 --> 00:28:12,379 [Mark] One of the things that's unique about Lythronax, 391 00:28:12,586 --> 00:28:15,344 is the fact that it has forward facing eyes. 392 00:28:15,724 --> 00:28:19,344 Forward facing eyes, occur in modern animals 393 00:28:19,482 --> 00:28:20,586 that are predators. 394 00:28:20,965 --> 00:28:23,862 And the ability to have forward facing eyes, 395 00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:26,896 allows you to have overlapping field of vision, 396 00:28:27,103 --> 00:28:28,655 and perceived depth. 397 00:28:28,896 --> 00:28:33,172 So depth perception, clearly was possible in this dinosaur, 398 00:28:33,310 --> 00:28:35,482 and it's something we associate with hunting. 399 00:28:39,344 --> 00:28:41,758 [narrator] Depth perception makes it possible for a hunter, 400 00:28:41,896 --> 00:28:44,551 to accurately grasp, the distance to its prey. 401 00:28:47,620 --> 00:28:50,000 That would have allowed Tyrannosaurs to catch prey, 402 00:28:50,137 --> 00:28:52,965 more easily, and turned them into much more 403 00:28:53,103 --> 00:28:54,620 successful hunters. 404 00:28:55,517 --> 00:28:56,655 [dinosaurs growl] 405 00:28:59,448 --> 00:29:01,517 They would have gotten plenty of nutrition, 406 00:29:01,655 --> 00:29:03,448 enabling massive growth. 407 00:29:07,724 --> 00:29:10,000 These changes culminated in the mightiest 408 00:29:10,137 --> 00:29:13,068 dinosaur of all, T-Rex. 409 00:29:14,172 --> 00:29:16,206 [Stephen] By about 80 million years ago, 410 00:29:16,482 --> 00:29:19,482 a whole new world of dinosaurs had dawned. 411 00:29:19,896 --> 00:29:23,793 and this was a world that was dominated by the Tyrannosaurs. 412 00:29:23,931 --> 00:29:27,241 They were the biggest predators, and they ruled at the top 413 00:29:27,379 --> 00:29:29,275 of the food chain. And these were the Tyrannosaurs, 414 00:29:29,413 --> 00:29:31,034 that we're all familiar with. 415 00:29:31,206 --> 00:29:32,724 The ones like T-Rex, 416 00:29:33,241 --> 00:29:36,517 the ones that grew so fast, that they put on five pounds 417 00:29:36,655 --> 00:29:39,000 of weight every day, during their teenage years. 418 00:29:39,310 --> 00:29:42,655 And they were utterly in control, they were the kings, 419 00:29:43,172 --> 00:29:44,517 of the late Cretaceous. 420 00:29:46,758 --> 00:29:49,137 [narrator] Overwhelming size wasn't the only result 421 00:29:49,275 --> 00:29:51,827 of the Tyrannosaurs continuous evolution. 422 00:29:58,655 --> 00:30:00,862 Lawrence Witmer, is a paleontologist, 423 00:30:01,000 --> 00:30:03,103 who has studied the brains of T-Rex. 424 00:30:03,793 --> 00:30:04,827 [soft mysterious music] 425 00:30:05,379 --> 00:30:08,448 He's used CT scans of fossils, to analyze their 426 00:30:08,586 --> 00:30:09,586 brain structure. 427 00:30:14,103 --> 00:30:16,137 The scans point to new developments 428 00:30:16,275 --> 00:30:17,620 in sensory faculties. 429 00:30:20,758 --> 00:30:23,482 One thing we saw when we started to reconstruct the brain 430 00:30:23,620 --> 00:30:28,241 of T-Rex, is that the olfactory, bulbs of the brain, 431 00:30:28,413 --> 00:30:30,137 the part of the brain that's involved 432 00:30:30,275 --> 00:30:34,551 in processing odors, or smells, were really quite enlarged. 433 00:30:35,034 --> 00:30:38,517 What that told us, is that the sense of smell, is very 434 00:30:38,655 --> 00:30:39,862 important for T-Rex. 435 00:30:40,448 --> 00:30:44,448 Uhm, it was potentially important for locating its prey. 436 00:30:48,482 --> 00:30:51,896 [narrator] Signals from the sensory organs were sent to, and analyzed 437 00:30:52,034 --> 00:30:53,241 by the Cerebrum. 438 00:30:57,448 --> 00:31:01,137 An index measuring intelligence based on brain to body size, 439 00:31:01,379 --> 00:31:05,862 suggests T-Rex was more advanced relative to other dinosaurs. 440 00:31:12,344 --> 00:31:15,689 [Lawrence] The Cerebrum, which in mammals like us, 441 00:31:15,896 --> 00:31:18,000 is the seat of intelligence. 442 00:31:18,206 --> 00:31:21,068 and planning, and problem solving. 443 00:31:21,413 --> 00:31:26,206 Uh, the Cerebrum in Tyrannosaurs was actually fairly expanded. 444 00:31:26,413 --> 00:31:29,103 We look at their brain and wonder, whether that 445 00:31:29,241 --> 00:31:32,793 enlarged cerebrum may have actually had the capacity, 446 00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:36,965 to be involved in, sort of a coordinated group 447 00:31:37,103 --> 00:31:38,482 hunting effort. 448 00:31:38,655 --> 00:31:41,931 Such that maybe some animals, would actually drive the prey, 449 00:31:42,241 --> 00:31:44,827 towards other animals, other Tyrannosaurs, that were 450 00:31:44,965 --> 00:31:46,172 laying in wait. 451 00:31:46,931 --> 00:31:47,965 [suspenseful music] 452 00:31:55,344 --> 00:31:57,862 [narrator] There he is, T-Rex. 453 00:31:59,137 --> 00:32:00,620 He's not only smarter, 454 00:32:01,172 --> 00:32:03,793 but also has a superior sense of smell. 455 00:32:05,758 --> 00:32:09,517 Even in the dark of night, he's able to locate his prey. 456 00:32:09,896 --> 00:32:11,517 [growling] 457 00:32:16,517 --> 00:32:19,758 Aiding his ability to track game, is his keen eyesight. 458 00:32:20,655 --> 00:32:23,551 The Triceratops tries desperately to get away, 459 00:32:31,448 --> 00:32:34,344 but there's another T-Rex waiting in an ambush. 460 00:32:35,931 --> 00:32:36,965 [bones cracking] 461 00:32:43,379 --> 00:32:45,793 Feasting on kills, fuel growth. 462 00:32:46,241 --> 00:32:49,034 The Tyrannosaurs now measured 13 meters. 463 00:32:51,448 --> 00:32:54,034 Their bones grew harder, and stronger, 464 00:32:54,172 --> 00:32:57,344 and their bodies were covered in muscles like steel. 465 00:33:02,862 --> 00:33:05,862 Some experts have questioned whether creatures this big, 466 00:33:06,000 --> 00:33:08,517 had the speed needed to run down prey? 467 00:33:13,965 --> 00:33:16,448 The conventional belief was that T-Rex ran 468 00:33:16,586 --> 00:33:20,172 at a speed of 18 kilometers per hour, that would make 469 00:33:20,310 --> 00:33:21,758 it slower than a human. 470 00:33:29,137 --> 00:33:32,310 Tyrannosaurs were thought of as slow, and clumsy. 471 00:33:33,137 --> 00:33:36,275 Paleontologist Bill Sellers, challenged that view. 472 00:33:41,310 --> 00:33:44,000 So it's very hard, when all you've got is bones, 473 00:33:44,137 --> 00:33:47,896 to try and work at how fast, an animal would run. 474 00:33:48,068 --> 00:33:51,206 So what we were trying to do, was come up with evidence 475 00:33:51,344 --> 00:33:54,034 from living animals, that we could use to work out 476 00:33:54,172 --> 00:33:56,482 how fast fossil animals would move. 477 00:33:59,137 --> 00:34:02,172 [narrator] Sellers and his colleagues looked for present day animals, 478 00:34:02,310 --> 00:34:05,000 that would approximate the movements of a Tyrannosaur. 479 00:34:07,344 --> 00:34:10,172 They zeroed in on the ostrich. 480 00:34:14,516 --> 00:34:17,172 [Bill] And these ostriches, are as close as we can get, 481 00:34:17,310 --> 00:34:20,620 in terms of a modern animal that's a bit like a T-Rex. 482 00:34:21,724 --> 00:34:24,757 So they've got two legs, they've got very large bodies, 483 00:34:24,896 --> 00:34:26,688 and they're high speed runners. 484 00:34:27,655 --> 00:34:30,551 A lot of the basic anatomy, is exactly the same, 485 00:34:30,688 --> 00:34:32,688 so they do make a very good model. 486 00:34:34,620 --> 00:34:35,688 [melodic music] 487 00:34:36,757 --> 00:34:40,137 [narrator] Using the ostrich's movement as a reference, Sellers made 488 00:34:40,275 --> 00:34:43,413 a computer simulation of how a T-Rex might have run. 489 00:34:48,482 --> 00:34:51,447 The models show which muscles a T-Rex would have used 490 00:34:51,585 --> 00:34:52,585 when running. 491 00:34:56,862 --> 00:34:59,793 Sellers took particular notice, of the muscles connecting 492 00:34:59,931 --> 00:35:01,758 the thighs, and the tail. 493 00:35:07,103 --> 00:35:10,275 Previously, experts thought these muscles were merely 494 00:35:10,413 --> 00:35:11,482 for tail movement. 495 00:35:12,068 --> 00:35:14,965 But it became clear, that they also played a key role 496 00:35:15,103 --> 00:35:17,517 in helping the T-Rex, to run fast. 497 00:35:19,620 --> 00:35:22,758 [Bill] What it does, is it pulls the thigh bone backwards. 498 00:35:22,931 --> 00:35:25,551 And so obviously, this is the main powerhouse. 499 00:35:25,689 --> 00:35:28,551 Even though it's a very heavy animal, it can obviously 500 00:35:28,689 --> 00:35:31,586 generate the force that it needs to go at a good speed. 501 00:35:32,724 --> 00:35:33,758 [soft ominous music] 502 00:35:36,172 --> 00:35:39,379 [narrator] With this model, the average T-Rex's top speed 503 00:35:39,517 --> 00:35:42,068 increases to 30 kilometers per hour. 504 00:35:42,689 --> 00:35:45,896 And the strongest could run, as fast as 50. 505 00:35:50,034 --> 00:35:52,724 The descendants of the primitive Tyrannosaur siblings, 506 00:35:52,862 --> 00:35:56,172 have acquired speed, size, and intelligence. 507 00:35:57,000 --> 00:35:58,172 But, there's more. 508 00:36:00,034 --> 00:36:03,620 Karl Bates is an expert, on the bite force of dinosaurs. 509 00:36:03,758 --> 00:36:04,793 [unsettling music] 510 00:36:08,793 --> 00:36:11,724 With an enormous bite force, and enlarged neck muscles, 511 00:36:11,862 --> 00:36:15,034 it probably clamped onto its prey, and pulled away 512 00:36:15,172 --> 00:36:16,758 at the flesh. 513 00:36:17,000 --> 00:36:20,793 There have been quite a few fossils found of plant eating 514 00:36:20,931 --> 00:36:23,137 dinosaurs, with T-Rex bite marks in them. 515 00:36:23,517 --> 00:36:26,137 Where the bite marks go very deep into the bones. 516 00:36:26,862 --> 00:36:28,172 [loud growl then bones crack] 517 00:36:28,310 --> 00:36:30,862 [narrator] A huge jaw powered this deadly bite. 518 00:36:37,206 --> 00:36:40,068 Bates has studied the structure of T-Rex's skull. 519 00:36:40,862 --> 00:36:43,448 He recreated the muscles that connected the upper 520 00:36:43,586 --> 00:36:44,793 and lower jaws. 521 00:36:49,137 --> 00:36:52,068 Then, he used the computer simulation to quantify 522 00:36:52,206 --> 00:36:53,758 the strength, of its bite. 523 00:36:57,862 --> 00:37:00,206 Bite force, is measured in newtons. 524 00:37:03,206 --> 00:37:05,931 The lion, known as the king of the Savannah, 525 00:37:06,068 --> 00:37:08,896 has a bite force of 4,000 newtons. 526 00:37:12,827 --> 00:37:16,517 The bite force of alligators, fearsome killers near water, 527 00:37:16,758 --> 00:37:19,137 is around 6,000 newtons. 528 00:37:22,000 --> 00:37:26,275 Compare this to the dinosaurs, the Allosaurus is considered 529 00:37:26,413 --> 00:37:29,586 to have been the strongest dinosaur, before T-Rex. 530 00:37:31,620 --> 00:37:35,137 Its bite force, was about 9,000 newtons. 531 00:37:40,586 --> 00:37:43,793 According to Bates, the T-Rex, had a bite force 532 00:37:43,931 --> 00:37:46,344 of some 60,000 newtons. 533 00:37:47,206 --> 00:37:50,206 That's seven times greater, than the Allosaurus. 534 00:37:54,482 --> 00:37:56,931 [Karl] 60,000 newtons is a huge amount of force. 535 00:37:57,206 --> 00:38:00,724 So we're convinced that T-Rex had a very large bite, 536 00:38:00,862 --> 00:38:02,068 in absolute terms. 537 00:38:02,758 --> 00:38:05,655 And was probably one of the fiercest biters, 538 00:38:05,793 --> 00:38:06,827 of all time. 539 00:38:10,241 --> 00:38:15,137 [narrator] When a T-Rex bit into its prey, it exerted six tons of force. 540 00:38:15,827 --> 00:38:18,620 That's equivalent to the weight of an African elephant. 541 00:38:20,034 --> 00:38:21,068 [mysterious music] 542 00:38:22,241 --> 00:38:26,068 In theory, such heavy loads could cause the jawbones 543 00:38:26,206 --> 00:38:27,206 to break. 544 00:38:28,448 --> 00:38:31,275 But something protected T-Rex from this. 545 00:38:34,758 --> 00:38:37,793 So the skull was very important for capturing prey, 546 00:38:37,931 --> 00:38:39,275 and consuming prey. 547 00:38:39,448 --> 00:38:42,517 And we were just interested in how this huge structure, 548 00:38:43,206 --> 00:38:44,517 performed mechanically. 549 00:38:47,034 --> 00:38:51,206 [narrator] A T-Rex skull is made up of more than 40 different parts. 550 00:38:55,724 --> 00:38:58,379 Here and there are gaps measuring just 551 00:38:58,517 --> 00:38:59,689 a few millimeters. 552 00:39:03,551 --> 00:39:06,413 These gaps released force when the T-Rex bit, 553 00:39:06,931 --> 00:39:08,724 and helped to soften the shock. 554 00:39:11,517 --> 00:39:13,689 The T-Rex has this reputation of being such a deadly, 555 00:39:13,827 --> 00:39:15,034 fearsome creature. 556 00:39:15,344 --> 00:39:18,344 And so we're pretty much convinced that T-Rex was one 557 00:39:18,482 --> 00:39:21,344 of the most ferocious biters of all time and worthy 558 00:39:21,482 --> 00:39:23,103 of the title "King of the dinosaurs". 559 00:39:26,413 --> 00:39:28,965 [narrator] A creature with both extraordinary physical 560 00:39:29,103 --> 00:39:32,241 capabilities and, sophisticated intelligence. 561 00:39:37,413 --> 00:39:41,275 After 100 million years, the T-Rex had reached 562 00:39:41,413 --> 00:39:43,241 the pinnacle of its evolution. 563 00:39:48,310 --> 00:39:50,517 A pair of T-Rex siblings, 564 00:39:52,034 --> 00:39:55,413 even if they were to meet up with Siats, former ruler 565 00:39:55,551 --> 00:39:58,379 of the dinosaurs, they would have no reason 566 00:39:58,517 --> 00:39:59,551 to flee. 567 00:40:02,344 --> 00:40:03,344 [growls] 568 00:40:05,206 --> 00:40:06,206 [growls] 569 00:40:13,034 --> 00:40:16,827 They are no longer the small, weak, Tyrannosaurs of old. 570 00:40:20,931 --> 00:40:24,206 [both growling loudly] 571 00:40:30,344 --> 00:40:32,655 The siblings set off, on a new journey. 572 00:40:33,103 --> 00:40:34,689 In search of more prey. 573 00:40:39,310 --> 00:40:41,896 They are heading back to the Eurasian continent. 574 00:40:47,068 --> 00:40:49,758 Along the way, they pass through areas inhabited 575 00:40:49,896 --> 00:40:52,586 by many relatives from the Tyrannosaur family. 576 00:40:52,724 --> 00:40:53,758 [ethereal music] 577 00:40:57,551 --> 00:41:01,103 T-Rex was the king of the late Cretaceous, no doubt about that. 578 00:41:01,482 --> 00:41:04,689 But not all Tyrannosaurs that lived at that time, 579 00:41:04,965 --> 00:41:07,655 were big, top of the food chain predators, like T-Rex. 580 00:41:07,793 --> 00:41:10,000 Some of them were actually quite a bit smaller. 581 00:41:10,517 --> 00:41:13,862 So even when T-Rex was ruling the world, there were other 582 00:41:14,000 --> 00:41:15,206 close cousins of T-Rex 583 00:41:15,344 --> 00:41:16,310 were doing other things, 584 00:41:16,448 --> 00:41:18,172 filling other roles in the ecosystem, 585 00:41:18,310 --> 00:41:19,827 and doing a very good job at it. 586 00:41:22,344 --> 00:41:25,344 [narrator] In 2014, in Northern Alaska, 587 00:41:25,482 --> 00:41:28,310 researchers found a new species, of Tyrannosaur. 588 00:41:31,310 --> 00:41:34,689 They called it Nanuqsaurus, after the Inuit word, 589 00:41:34,827 --> 00:41:35,862 for Polar bear. 590 00:41:39,275 --> 00:41:42,724 At six meters, it wasn't even half the size of T-Rex. 591 00:41:45,241 --> 00:41:48,551 Experts attribute its small size to a lack of game. 592 00:41:56,793 --> 00:41:59,241 The same year, in Jiangxi Province, 593 00:41:59,379 --> 00:42:03,517 in Southern China, a team dug up an unusual fossil. 594 00:42:05,137 --> 00:42:08,689 The most noticeable feature, is its long, thin, nose. 595 00:42:09,310 --> 00:42:12,448 It's been nicknamed Pinocchio Rex, in reference 596 00:42:12,586 --> 00:42:13,793 to the beloved character. 597 00:42:17,586 --> 00:42:19,965 Outwardly, it looks nothing like T-Rex. 598 00:42:20,482 --> 00:42:24,310 But a bone analysis confirmed it as a new Tyrannosaur species. 599 00:42:29,758 --> 00:42:35,000 Then, in July 2015, scientists made a discovery in Japan. 600 00:42:35,724 --> 00:42:38,482 Up until then, no one thought large Tyrannosaurs, 601 00:42:38,620 --> 00:42:39,620 had lived there. 602 00:42:42,517 --> 00:42:45,137 The team found fossils, of two large teeth. 603 00:42:45,724 --> 00:42:47,862 Each measuring eight centimeters. 604 00:42:51,620 --> 00:42:55,586 Their size suggests they came from an animal, 10 meters long. 605 00:42:59,000 --> 00:43:02,344 Finds like these, illustrate the distinctive evolutionary 606 00:43:02,482 --> 00:43:05,896 paths, taken by Tyrannosaurs, all over the world. 607 00:43:10,413 --> 00:43:14,965 So far, experts have identified 28 individual species. 608 00:43:15,103 --> 00:43:16,103 [unsettling music] 609 00:43:20,241 --> 00:43:24,620 At one point, T-Rex truly dominated the dinosaur world. 610 00:43:25,655 --> 00:43:29,137 But in the end, it would meet a cruel fate. 611 00:43:34,448 --> 00:43:37,344 Evidence of this emerged, in 2015. 612 00:43:37,896 --> 00:43:40,620 Scientists were excavating in Alberta province, 613 00:43:40,758 --> 00:43:42,034 in Western Canada. 614 00:43:44,931 --> 00:43:48,586 They found this fossil, a cousin of T-Rex, 615 00:43:48,896 --> 00:43:50,344 called Daspletosaurus. 616 00:43:52,620 --> 00:43:55,793 Here and there, researchers spotted telltale signs 617 00:43:55,931 --> 00:43:56,965 of battle. 618 00:43:58,344 --> 00:44:01,551 A wound deep enough to pierce the bone. 619 00:44:06,965 --> 00:44:10,896 On the back of the skull, a part had been bitten off. 620 00:44:15,586 --> 00:44:18,379 Scientists wondered what kind of creature, could have 621 00:44:18,517 --> 00:44:21,310 inflicted such wounds, on the mighty Tyrannosaur. 622 00:44:24,827 --> 00:44:29,172 Paleontologist David Hone, points to an unlikely suspect. 623 00:44:33,241 --> 00:44:36,275 So you immediately have only one credible candidate, 624 00:44:36,482 --> 00:44:38,551 for these kinds of injuries, and these kinds of bites, 625 00:44:38,689 --> 00:44:41,758 and that's another large bodied Tyrannosaur. 626 00:44:43,482 --> 00:44:46,620 [narrator] Hone says the shape and size of the bite marks, 627 00:44:46,758 --> 00:44:48,931 indicates a fight between two members 628 00:44:49,068 --> 00:44:50,586 of the Tyrannosaur family. 629 00:44:53,586 --> 00:44:55,000 They're gonna hunt at the same time, 630 00:44:55,137 --> 00:44:57,724 or die in the same place, and have similar territories. 631 00:44:57,862 --> 00:45:00,206 And they're going to come into these conflicts. 632 00:45:00,620 --> 00:45:02,965 Well I'm sure, every so often there were fights to the death. 633 00:45:03,103 --> 00:45:05,551 And certainly we actually see evidence of cannibalism 634 00:45:05,689 --> 00:45:08,931 among Tyrannosaurs, they do kill each other. 635 00:45:11,689 --> 00:45:16,275 [narrator] In turf battles, even siblings could become rivals. 636 00:45:17,620 --> 00:45:19,931 And if one refused to back down, 637 00:45:20,241 --> 00:45:21,241 [growling] 638 00:45:28,551 --> 00:45:29,586 [loud growl] 639 00:45:47,689 --> 00:45:51,655 Two frail T-Rex ancestors set out on a grand journey, 640 00:45:51,793 --> 00:45:53,413 in search of new lands. 641 00:45:59,655 --> 00:46:02,931 On the North American continent, they confronted 642 00:46:03,068 --> 00:46:04,241 countless beasts. 643 00:46:12,068 --> 00:46:14,344 But they managed to thrive. 644 00:46:20,482 --> 00:46:24,793 Their descendants continued to evolve, eventually becoming 645 00:46:24,931 --> 00:46:28,034 the undisputed rulers, of the dinosaurs. 646 00:46:41,413 --> 00:46:44,724 But once at the top, these powerful killers, 647 00:46:44,862 --> 00:46:48,517 turned their awesome power, on one another. 648 00:47:12,758 --> 00:47:16,413 66 million years ago, the reign of the dinosaurs, 649 00:47:16,551 --> 00:47:18,275 came to a sudden end. 650 00:47:22,517 --> 00:47:26,137 Experts believe the reason, was a gigantic asteroid, 651 00:47:26,448 --> 00:47:28,206 that smashed into Earth. 652 00:47:29,206 --> 00:47:32,965 [explosion] 653 00:47:33,931 --> 00:47:37,241 Resulting climate change, wiped out the dinosaurs. 654 00:47:37,482 --> 00:47:39,482 Including Tyrannosaurus. 655 00:47:55,241 --> 00:47:56,241 [ominous music] 656 00:47:58,241 --> 00:48:02,620 But, was that really the end of the dinosaurs? 657 00:48:06,793 --> 00:48:09,551 Stephen Brusatte's research, provides evidence 658 00:48:09,689 --> 00:48:10,931 that it wasn't. 659 00:48:17,724 --> 00:48:21,137 Certain creatures alive today, are descendants from a branch, 660 00:48:21,275 --> 00:48:22,827 of the Tyrannosaur family. 661 00:48:25,620 --> 00:48:26,655 Birds. 662 00:48:30,344 --> 00:48:33,551 Once the dinosaurs died out, birds underwent 663 00:48:33,689 --> 00:48:35,965 a spectacular evolution. 664 00:48:36,379 --> 00:48:39,413 New species appeared, and they became the rulers 665 00:48:39,551 --> 00:48:40,689 of the skies. 666 00:48:43,310 --> 00:48:45,482 They were able to do this, because of strengths 667 00:48:45,620 --> 00:48:48,793 they inherited from their Tyrannosaur ancestors. 668 00:48:52,448 --> 00:48:55,310 We always talk about dinosaurs going extinct 669 00:48:55,448 --> 00:48:58,000 66 million years ago, when the asteroid hit. 670 00:48:58,241 --> 00:49:01,586 But really not all dinosaurs went extinct, most of them did, 671 00:49:01,827 --> 00:49:04,275 but one type of dinosaur survived, and those 672 00:49:04,413 --> 00:49:07,103 are the birds. So birds evolved from dinosaurs, 673 00:49:07,241 --> 00:49:09,689 and they're actually a type of dinosaur. 674 00:49:10,000 --> 00:49:13,413 And they live out today, there's over 10,000 species of birds. 675 00:49:13,551 --> 00:49:15,000 There's birds flying around here. 676 00:49:15,137 --> 00:49:16,482 And so these birds 677 00:49:16,620 --> 00:49:18,551 are living dinosaurs 678 00:49:18,689 --> 00:49:19,793 and so birds today, 679 00:49:19,931 --> 00:49:23,000 carry on the genes, of T-Rex. 680 00:49:24,586 --> 00:49:25,655 [powerful music] 681 00:49:26,310 --> 00:49:30,103 [narrator] Creatures unlike any seen before or since. 682 00:49:30,551 --> 00:49:34,034 The free spirit of T-Rex, lives on. 683 00:49:43,758 --> 00:49:44,793 [music continues] 52070

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