All language subtitles for T-Rex.An.Evolutionary.Journey.2016.720p.WEBRip.x264.AAC-[YTS.MX]
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[narrator]
Seventy million years ago,
the mightiest dinosaur
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00:00:15,379 --> 00:00:17,586
that ever lived,
roamed the earth.
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00:00:20,724 --> 00:00:23,448
Its name was Tyrannosaurus Rex.
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00:00:24,034 --> 00:00:25,068
[roars]
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00:00:25,413 --> 00:00:26,413
[growls]
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It was 13 meters long,
and weighed six tons.
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00:00:33,586 --> 00:00:37,379
This awesomely creature,
was king, of the dinosaurs.
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00:00:38,931 --> 00:00:41,724
Much about T-Rex has been
shrouded in mystery.
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00:00:42,517 --> 00:00:46,482
Now with modern technology, a clear picture is taking shape.
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00:00:49,310 --> 00:00:53,103
Remarkable physical capabilities
that defy conventional wisdom.
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00:00:56,482 --> 00:00:57,517
[powerful music]
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An advanced brain,
and intellect, for hunting.
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00:01:04,413 --> 00:01:07,206
We look at their brain
and wonder whether that
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00:01:07,344 --> 00:01:10,862
enlarged cerebrum may have
actually had the capacity,
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to be involved in, sort of
a coordinated
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group hunting effort.
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[narrator]
In addition, new fossil finds
from around the world,
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are revealing the origins
of this enormous predator.
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It turns out, that T-Rex's
ancestors were actually small,
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and frail.
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They weren't, you know,
the big bears, with the big
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lions, with the big tigers,
at the top of the food chain.
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They were something much
smaller, much weaker.
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[narrator]
Somehow Tyrannosaurus
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transformed
from small creatures,
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threatened by their enemies,
into the most powerful
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dinosaurs of them all.
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00:01:56,206 --> 00:01:58,655
Starting with the very
earliest ancestors,
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we'll explore an amazing tale
of evolution.
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00:02:04,758 --> 00:02:07,793
Siblings on a journey in search of new lands,
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00:02:08,378 --> 00:02:10,723
they cross paths with
a fearsome carnivore.
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Which will reign supreme?
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The king of kings,
Tyrannosaurus Rex.
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This is a story of 100 million
years of remarkable evolution.
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The first Tyrannosaurus fossils were discovered
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in the United States,
in the early 20th century.
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[soft music]
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The dinosaur's monstrous
appearance inspired its name,
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Tyrannosaurus Rex.
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Tyrant, lizard king, or T-Rex,
for short.
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00:03:07,034 --> 00:03:09,827
For more than a century,
scientists have been working
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00:03:09,965 --> 00:03:12,275
to piece together
T-Rex's evolution.
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00:03:19,448 --> 00:03:22,137
Stephen Brusatte, is one
of the top researchers
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in the field.
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So everybody in the world,
has heard of T-Rex.
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00:03:31,068 --> 00:03:33,827
But for a long time, there have
been some big mysteries,
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about where T-Rex came from,
how it evolved,
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how it got so big.
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And these have been mysteries
for many decades.
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00:03:41,275 --> 00:03:45,103
But finally, over the last
15 years, people all over
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the world have been finding
older, smaller, more primitive
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Tyrannosaurus, that tell us,
where the big ones came from.
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[upbeat music]
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[narrator]
Scientists are zeroing in,
on T-Rex's roots.
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00:03:57,137 --> 00:04:01,275
[growling]
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00:04:05,689 --> 00:04:08,103
They've determined,
that its earliest ancestors
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00:04:08,241 --> 00:04:10,586
first emerged far
from North America.
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00:04:14,551 --> 00:04:17,379
This is the Junggar basin,
in the Xinjiang Uyghur,
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00:04:17,517 --> 00:04:19,067
autonomous region of China.
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Now dry, this landscape was once home to many different types
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00:04:26,827 --> 00:04:27,862
of dinosaurs.
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In recent years, excavations
have unearthed a wide variety
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of fossils.
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Xu Xing, has led some
of these digs.
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00:05:36,137 --> 00:05:39,724
Inside a 160 million year old
soil strata,
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00:05:40,379 --> 00:05:43,172
they found a completely new,
meat eating dinosaur.
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00:05:44,034 --> 00:05:47,034
A crown like appendage,
on its head inspired its name.
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00:05:47,517 --> 00:05:49,862
Guanlong, or "crown lizard".
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00:05:52,172 --> 00:05:54,827
Xu and his team, conducted
a detailed analysis
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of the teeth, and bones.
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They determined that Guanlong,
was T-Rex's ancestor.
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00:06:01,413 --> 00:06:02,413
[mysterious music]
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[dinosaur]
Ahh, there they are.
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[narrator]
A group of Guanlong siblings,
they're on the hunt.
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One takes off, perhaps
he's the oldest.
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00:06:27,896 --> 00:06:29,448
He closes in on his prey,
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but he's no match.
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At this point in time,
the Guanlong was just
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three meters.
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Dwarfed by the thirteen
meter long T-Rex.
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00:06:49,172 --> 00:06:52,793
It weighed only 75kg, 1/80th
of the weight,
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00:06:52,931 --> 00:06:54,206
of its massive cousin.
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00:06:56,724 --> 00:06:59,620
The very oldest Tyrannosaurus
were much, much different,
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00:06:59,758 --> 00:07:02,793
much smaller, but they didn't
have anywhere near
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the firepower of a T-Rex.
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00:07:05,620 --> 00:07:08,448
They were kind of like,
you know, cats or dogs,
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kind of that type of animal.
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They weren't you know,
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00:07:11,689 --> 00:07:14,931
the big bears, or the big lions,
or the big tigers at the top
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00:07:15,068 --> 00:07:16,068
of the food chain.
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[narrator]
How did such a small,
and relatively weak creature,
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00:07:21,827 --> 00:07:23,862
eventually lead to T-Rex?
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00:07:24,000 --> 00:07:25,827
The largest dinosaur
of them all?
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[growling]
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The story of Tyrannosaurus,
is really a story
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00:07:39,827 --> 00:07:41,724
about evolution.
And one of the things
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00:07:41,862 --> 00:07:44,827
that it tells us, is that
evolution is unpredictable.
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00:07:45,517 --> 00:07:48,172
When those very first
Tyrannosaurs like Guanlong,
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00:07:48,310 --> 00:07:51,206
entered the scene,
175 million years ago,
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00:07:51,931 --> 00:07:53,931
you never would have thought
that they would ultimately
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00:07:54,068 --> 00:07:57,551
evolve, into giant monstrous
animals like T-Rex.
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But that's what happened.
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How were they able to survive
for so long, for 80 million
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00:08:03,206 --> 00:08:06,379
years, as these small,
human sized carnivores?
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00:08:07,379 --> 00:08:08,965
And then maybe the biggest
mystery of all,
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00:08:09,103 --> 00:08:11,862
how were those small
Tyrannosaurs, able to switch
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00:08:12,034 --> 00:08:15,241
and become these giant,
dominant, super predators?
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00:08:19,827 --> 00:08:22,862
[narrator]
The keys to unlocking these mysteries, are newly discovered
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00:08:23,000 --> 00:08:24,655
fossils from around the world.
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00:08:25,517 --> 00:08:29,551
Researchers have discovered
28 species, related to T-Rex.
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00:08:29,689 --> 00:08:30,827
[suspenseful music]
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Brusatte has conducted detailed analysis of the bones of some
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00:08:39,758 --> 00:08:40,827
of these specimens.
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00:08:41,413 --> 00:08:43,895
his goal was to clarify
the process behind
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T-Rex's evolution.
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00:08:47,793 --> 00:08:51,482
The approach he used, is called Phylogenetic analysis.
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We have hundreds and hundreds
of those features,
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that vary in these dinosaurs.
Some have the bones,
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00:08:59,206 --> 00:09:01,000
some don't.
Some have small muscle
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00:09:01,137 --> 00:09:02,551
attachments, some have big ones.
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00:09:02,689 --> 00:09:06,206
Some have triangle shaped bones, or projections, others have
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00:09:06,344 --> 00:09:08,103
square shaped ones.
Those kind of features
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00:09:08,241 --> 00:09:09,206
that are variable.
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[narrator]
Brusatte's analysis have
illuminated 366
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00:09:14,379 --> 00:09:17,344
distinctive characteristics
of Tyrannosaur bones.
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00:09:20,310 --> 00:09:23,103
And the data he's amassed
form the basis, for mapping
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00:09:23,241 --> 00:09:24,896
T-Rex's family tree.
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00:09:27,482 --> 00:09:30,344
The results confirm that
the diminutive Guanlong,
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00:09:30,482 --> 00:09:33,655
was indeed the most primitive
species of Tyrannosaur.
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00:09:35,655 --> 00:09:39,000
From the time the first Guanlong emerged, until T-Rex appeared,
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00:09:39,137 --> 00:09:41,241
took 100 million years.
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00:09:41,655 --> 00:09:44,965
Over this time, dramatic
evolutionary advances,
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00:09:45,137 --> 00:09:48,275
created a creature
of unparalleled dominance.
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00:09:51,655 --> 00:09:54,275
So it is an unusual animal,
a freak of nature,
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00:09:54,413 --> 00:09:56,034
a feat of evolution.
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And I'm fascinated to learn,
to try to understand
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00:10:00,310 --> 00:10:04,724
how evolution makes an animal,
like T-Rex.
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00:10:04,862 --> 00:10:08,758
That's the mystery that drives
me, and the research that I do.
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00:10:11,517 --> 00:10:15,931
[narrator]
160 million years ago, China's
Junggar basin, was home
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00:10:16,068 --> 00:10:17,137
to the Guanlong.
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00:10:18,034 --> 00:10:20,793
This species then migrated
to North America.
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00:10:21,344 --> 00:10:24,448
And about 70 million years ago, T-Rex appeared.
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00:10:30,068 --> 00:10:32,965
The question is, why T-Rex's
ancestors left
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00:10:33,103 --> 00:10:35,379
their familiar environment,
and set out,
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00:10:35,517 --> 00:10:36,827
on their epic journey.
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00:10:45,103 --> 00:10:47,068
A clue can be found
in the southern reaches,
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of the Pacific ocean.
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00:10:48,793 --> 00:10:53,965
5,000 meters beneath the surface lies an enormous Java Plateau.
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Naohiko Ohkouchi, has studied
the formation.
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00:11:19,172 --> 00:11:23,275
This huge lava mass, was created by a major geological event
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120 million years ago.
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Deep inside the earth is
a swirling mass of matter,
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called the mantle.
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00:11:37,000 --> 00:11:40,379
Magma suddenly surged up,
erupting through fissures
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in the ocean floor.
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[explosion]
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The Pacific ocean wasn't
the only place this occurred.
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00:11:50,931 --> 00:11:55,034
All over the world, volcanoes
violently burst to life,
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these major eruptions
also occurred
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on the Eurasian continent.
Where the primitive
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Tyrannosaurs lived.
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[fire crackling]
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They had no choice but to flee.
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[ethereal music]
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Leaving familiar territory
behind, they began a journey,
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00:12:18,344 --> 00:12:19,482
into the unknown.
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They headed toward the North,
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for a reason.
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Climate change, the gases
released by volcanic
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eruptions contained large
amounts of carbon dioxide.
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This triggered global warming.
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As the earth warmed, lush
forests sprouted up
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from Siberia, to the Arctic.
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Xu Xing believes this greening
of the North, encouraged
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the Tyrannosaurs migration.
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Triceratops fossils have been
found from Eurasia,
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00:13:56,586 --> 00:13:57,896
to North America.
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00:13:58,379 --> 00:14:01,517
And they're often found together with fossils of Tyrannosaurs.
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00:14:08,137 --> 00:14:10,137
As the forests spread further
North,
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00:14:10,620 --> 00:14:13,172
the plant eating dinosaurs'
range, expanded.
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00:14:17,000 --> 00:14:20,655
Scientists believe this is what prompted T-Rex's ancestors
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00:14:20,793 --> 00:14:22,310
to begin their migration.
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00:14:26,862 --> 00:14:30,413
Into the unknown, searching
for a new home,
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00:14:30,551 --> 00:14:34,241
with bountiful game, they start out on their epic journey.
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They arrive on the Eastern edge of the Eurasian continent,
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in front of them,
is a vast ocean.
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And just when it seems
they can't go any further,
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something incredible happens.
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00:15:03,172 --> 00:15:05,758
Tectonic shifts bring
the Eurasian, and American
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continents closer together.
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00:15:08,551 --> 00:15:10,655
Then, a land bridge appears,
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closing the gap between them.
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00:15:15,827 --> 00:15:17,448
A path has opened.
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00:15:19,862 --> 00:15:22,965
The two siblings make their way toward it, and head
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00:15:23,103 --> 00:15:24,413
to a new land.
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00:15:30,689 --> 00:15:32,862
The pair arrives,
in North America.
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00:15:33,551 --> 00:15:37,724
It's a vast expanse of land,
covered in lush forests.
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00:15:42,896 --> 00:15:47,965
But, it turns out,
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large, meat eating dinosaurs
also live here.
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[growls]
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00:15:58,655 --> 00:16:03,413
Before T-Rex, other carnivorous dinosaurs ruled the Americas.
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00:16:04,206 --> 00:16:07,689
Scientists have found fossil remains in the deserts of Utah.
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00:16:12,896 --> 00:16:15,241
Lindsay Zanno is
a Paleontologist who has
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00:16:15,379 --> 00:16:16,586
explored the area.
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00:16:20,413 --> 00:16:23,000
She had been excavating
for five years,
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00:16:24,241 --> 00:16:29,068
then, in 2013, she made
a significant discovery.
209
00:16:34,137 --> 00:16:37,448
And I was coming around
the corner, on a low hill
210
00:16:37,586 --> 00:16:40,379
and spotted some bones sticking
out of the hill,
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00:16:40,827 --> 00:16:43,793
so I got down and looked
at the bone, and could tell
212
00:16:43,931 --> 00:16:46,620
instantly that it was
a Theropod bone.
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00:16:47,068 --> 00:16:49,275
A very large Theropod bone
by the looks of it.
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00:16:49,413 --> 00:16:52,206
And we got very, very excited
right away, that we'd found
215
00:16:52,344 --> 00:16:55,275
a very large species, that had
never been seen before.
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00:17:01,310 --> 00:17:03,310
[narrator]
Now, the real work began.
217
00:17:04,689 --> 00:17:07,896
Team member, Peter Makovicky
took the fossil to Chicago,
218
00:17:08,034 --> 00:17:09,241
for further study.
219
00:17:11,068 --> 00:17:14,275
His specialty is analyzing
dinosaur bones.
220
00:17:17,862 --> 00:17:20,758
[Peter] The bones we have here,
are parts of the skeleton
221
00:17:20,896 --> 00:17:24,310
of a large carnivorous dinosaur, even though it's big,
222
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and superficially might look
like Tyrannosaurus,
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it actually belongs to
224
00:17:29,344 --> 00:17:30,310
a very different lineage
225
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of meat eating dinosaurs.
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[narrator] The size of the bones, suggested the dinosaur measured about
227
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11 meters, from head to tail.
228
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It's a relative of Allosaurus,
from the Jurassic era,
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and is known as Siats.
230
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Experts believe this dinosaur
had razor sharp claws,
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and teeth like knives.
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Such features point to
a mega predator.
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The name "Siats" actually comes
from the Ute Indian language.
234
00:18:02,862 --> 00:18:06,482
It refers to sort of
a cannibalistic clown monster.
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Sort of a dangerous creature,
in their legends.
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00:18:10,206 --> 00:18:13,862
And it is by far the biggest Theropod, and would likely have
237
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been the top predator
in its ecosystem.
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[narrator] Close to the Siats fossil find, Zanno has recently discovered
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a relative of Tyrannosaurus.
240
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This is a tooth from one
of the mysterious, small,
241
00:18:34,620 --> 00:18:38,137
Tyrannosaurs we find here,
in these rocks that are about
242
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98 million years old.
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00:18:39,827 --> 00:18:44,206
We find the tantalizing remains
of tiny little Tyrannosaurs,
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about the size maybe,
of a small horse.
245
00:18:48,586 --> 00:18:52,103
[narrator]
A tooth from this dinosaur
is just about 1/10th the size
246
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of that of a T-Rex.
247
00:18:54,862 --> 00:18:57,655
[mysterious music]
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So the Tyrannosaurs living here
were quite small,
249
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they were living in the shadow
of dinosaurs like Siats.
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00:19:08,482 --> 00:19:11,965
[narrator]
The weak, Tyrannosaur siblings
were now living side by side,
251
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with this formidable beast.
252
00:19:15,344 --> 00:19:17,103
[screeching]
253
00:19:25,689 --> 00:19:26,724
[growl]
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00:19:31,379 --> 00:19:35,689
They were absolutely outrivaled in size, and in power.
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Well, I think you know, if...
256
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the small Tyrannosaurs
257
00:19:43,206 --> 00:19:45,896
that were alive at this time,
would have run into Siats,
258
00:19:46,034 --> 00:19:49,000
it would have been sort of like a fox meeting a lion,
259
00:19:49,172 --> 00:19:50,206
or a tiger.
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00:19:51,137 --> 00:19:53,655
There's no doubt that there's
a very vast difference
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00:19:53,793 --> 00:19:57,103
in body size, uhm so basically
what we have
262
00:19:57,241 --> 00:20:00,793
is evidence that Tyrannosaurs
were present at the time.
263
00:20:01,344 --> 00:20:04,793
But would have occupied a much
lower tropic level,
264
00:20:04,931 --> 00:20:07,379
among the carnivores,
than Siats.
265
00:20:08,551 --> 00:20:09,551
[soft melodic music]
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00:20:10,448 --> 00:20:12,620
[narrator] Siats stood atop the ecosystem.
267
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It was a dangerous environment
for the much
268
00:20:15,724 --> 00:20:17,034
weaker Tyrannosaurs.
269
00:20:17,517 --> 00:20:19,655
But somehow, they managed
to survive.
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00:20:27,379 --> 00:20:30,517
To find out more, Brusatte
has done research all over
271
00:20:30,655 --> 00:20:31,689
the world.
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00:20:32,310 --> 00:20:35,827
In 2016, he came across
one fossil that provided
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00:20:35,965 --> 00:20:37,413
some clear answers.
274
00:20:39,827 --> 00:20:42,862
It was found in Uzbekistan,
in central Asia.
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00:20:45,551 --> 00:20:48,689
An analysis revealed that it was from a new species
276
00:20:48,827 --> 00:20:49,862
of Tyrannosaur.
277
00:20:53,068 --> 00:20:57,344
It's called Timurlengia, and measured three meters long.
278
00:20:59,724 --> 00:21:02,103
At a glance, it doesn't seem
too different from its
279
00:21:02,241 --> 00:21:03,586
its smaller ancestors.
280
00:21:08,896 --> 00:21:12,310
But, internally,
it's dramatically different.
281
00:21:15,413 --> 00:21:17,413
We're able to look
into its brain,
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00:21:17,931 --> 00:21:19,965
into the ear, using cat scans.
283
00:21:20,172 --> 00:21:21,413
And we can see
it had a big brain,
284
00:21:21,551 --> 00:21:23,689
very intelligent animal.
We can see it had an ear,
285
00:21:23,827 --> 00:21:26,448
that was really sophisticated,
really good at hearing
286
00:21:26,586 --> 00:21:27,965
a wide range of sounds.
287
00:21:29,172 --> 00:21:32,068
[narrator]
Brusatte and his colleagues
took scans of the cranium.
288
00:21:32,931 --> 00:21:35,689
Inside the inner ear,
is the cochlear duct,
289
00:21:35,862 --> 00:21:38,482
which is responsible
for picking up faint sounds.
290
00:21:39,275 --> 00:21:43,310
They found that in Timurlengia, it had significantly evolved.
291
00:21:44,482 --> 00:21:47,448
So what this is telling us,
is that these small Tyrannosaurs
292
00:21:47,586 --> 00:21:50,275
were evolving, bigger brains,
greater intelligence,
293
00:21:50,689 --> 00:21:54,172
better senses; when they were
living, in the shadows.
294
00:21:54,310 --> 00:21:57,206
When they were trying
to survive, in a world dominated
295
00:21:57,344 --> 00:21:59,344
by the Allosaurs, and other
big predators.
296
00:22:02,137 --> 00:22:05,034
[narrator]
Early, small Tyrannosaurs
developed a keen sense
297
00:22:05,172 --> 00:22:06,379
of hearing,
298
00:22:06,758 --> 00:22:09,379
that allowed them to quickly
sense enemies, and escape.
299
00:22:09,655 --> 00:22:11,172
Helping them to survive.
300
00:22:17,275 --> 00:22:19,448
But fleeing wouldn't have been
enough to challenge,
301
00:22:19,586 --> 00:22:22,034
and overtake Siats'
dominant position.
302
00:22:25,965 --> 00:22:28,896
There's more to the mystery
of how descendants of these
303
00:22:29,034 --> 00:22:31,793
diminutive siblings, would have gone on to rule
304
00:22:31,931 --> 00:22:33,344
the dinosaur world.
305
00:22:37,275 --> 00:22:40,793
For many years, the evolutionary path from Guanlong,
306
00:22:40,965 --> 00:22:44,413
to the giant T-Rex, contained
puzzling holes.
307
00:22:46,758 --> 00:22:49,655
So we know a lot about the very
earliest Tyrannosaurs,
308
00:22:49,793 --> 00:22:52,000
now we know they were small,
we know a lot about
309
00:22:52,137 --> 00:22:54,344
the latest Tyrannosaurs, we know they were huge.
310
00:22:54,482 --> 00:22:56,931
But in the middle, there's a gap
in the fossil record,
311
00:22:57,068 --> 00:23:00,310
a dark period of Tyrannosaur
history, where we know nothing.
312
00:23:01,068 --> 00:23:02,310
No fossils.
313
00:23:04,758 --> 00:23:08,241
[narrator]
The Tyrannosaurs 100 million
year evolutionary history,
314
00:23:08,517 --> 00:23:10,586
contains an intriguing hole.
315
00:23:11,517 --> 00:23:14,620
It was during this time,
that the spectacular advances
316
00:23:14,758 --> 00:23:16,620
that led to T-Rex, occurred.
317
00:23:21,137 --> 00:23:23,793
Mark Loewen, has been
researching this mystery.
318
00:23:27,827 --> 00:23:30,206
He's focused in, on an ancient
land mass
319
00:23:30,344 --> 00:23:33,758
on the North American continent, called Laramidia.
320
00:23:35,517 --> 00:23:38,655
The real changing point,
of Tyrannosaur evolution,
321
00:23:38,793 --> 00:23:43,172
was the isolation, and evolution
that happened on Laramidia.
322
00:23:43,827 --> 00:23:46,275
Isolated populations
of dinosaurs,
323
00:23:46,620 --> 00:23:49,758
could evolve in isolation
from other dinosaurs.
324
00:23:49,896 --> 00:23:50,931
[soft mysterious music]
325
00:23:52,206 --> 00:23:55,344
[narrator]
Around 90 million years ago,
global warming,
326
00:23:55,482 --> 00:23:57,517
caused sea levels to rise.
327
00:23:58,310 --> 00:24:01,793
This lead to monumental flooding of the North American continent.
328
00:24:01,931 --> 00:24:03,689
causing it to become divided.
329
00:24:04,793 --> 00:24:06,758
The dinosaurs lived
in the Western part
330
00:24:06,896 --> 00:24:09,517
of the continent.
Much of the land was covered
331
00:24:09,655 --> 00:24:11,103
with steep mountain ranges.
332
00:24:12,965 --> 00:24:16,000
Rising waters drove
the dinosaurs to narrow strips
333
00:24:16,137 --> 00:24:18,586
of level land, where they
became isolated.
334
00:24:25,517 --> 00:24:29,000
In these densely populated
areas, meat eaters would have
335
00:24:29,137 --> 00:24:31,965
a significantly greater chance
of finding prey.
336
00:24:42,965 --> 00:24:45,724
Loewen believes this
is precisely what sped up
337
00:24:45,862 --> 00:24:47,379
the dinosaurs' evolution.
338
00:24:47,724 --> 00:24:48,758
[dinosaur grunting]
339
00:24:49,275 --> 00:24:52,517
This crucible of evolution,
that is Laramidia,
340
00:24:53,034 --> 00:24:57,689
the small populations were able
to undergo dramatic change,
341
00:24:57,827 --> 00:24:59,068
and rapid evolution.
342
00:25:00,689 --> 00:25:03,344
[narrator]
Revolutionary advances
took place in many
343
00:25:03,482 --> 00:25:04,482
different creatures.
344
00:25:09,172 --> 00:25:11,827
Ankylosaurus evolved thick,
bumpy skin,
345
00:25:11,965 --> 00:25:13,379
like protective armor.
346
00:25:20,862 --> 00:25:24,137
Members of the Ornithomimus
family, developed the ability
347
00:25:24,275 --> 00:25:27,655
to run 60 kilometers per hour,
to escape predators.
348
00:25:30,344 --> 00:25:32,482
Similarly pronounced changes
occurred among
349
00:25:32,620 --> 00:25:36,275
the Triceratops' ancestors,
hunted by Tyrannosaurs.
350
00:25:41,551 --> 00:25:45,206
They adapted for survival,
by becoming massively large.
351
00:25:45,724 --> 00:25:48,344
This gave them the power
to repel attacks.
352
00:25:55,172 --> 00:25:58,586
From early ancestors weighing
only 100 kilograms,
353
00:25:59,000 --> 00:26:02,724
They developed into creatures
weighing more than six tons.
354
00:26:05,896 --> 00:26:08,344
But many uncertainties still
remain about
355
00:26:08,482 --> 00:26:10,206
T-Rex's predecessors.
356
00:26:13,413 --> 00:26:16,724
In 2013, Loewen discovered
a fossil, that answered
357
00:26:16,862 --> 00:26:18,137
some questions.
358
00:26:22,310 --> 00:26:25,448
It's from a previously unknown
species of Tyrannosaur,
359
00:26:25,586 --> 00:26:27,034
called Lythronax.
360
00:26:29,862 --> 00:26:33,655
The fossil was buried in soil deposited 80 million years ago.
361
00:26:34,000 --> 00:26:36,275
During the evolutionary
gap period.
362
00:26:37,758 --> 00:26:41,275
The name we chose, Lythronax,
means "gore king",
363
00:26:41,448 --> 00:26:45,310
in ancient Greek.
And, we chose this name because
364
00:26:45,448 --> 00:26:49,034
Lythronax really was, the top
predator in its ecosystem.
365
00:26:53,379 --> 00:26:56,103
[narrator]
The fossil indicates that
Lythronax measured about
366
00:26:56,241 --> 00:26:57,448
eight meters in length.
367
00:27:00,482 --> 00:27:03,931
That represents a remarkable
jump in size, from Guanlong,
368
00:27:04,068 --> 00:27:05,551
its weak ancestor.
369
00:27:09,172 --> 00:27:11,793
This new Tyrannosaur was large
enough to battle
370
00:27:11,931 --> 00:27:13,758
with the massive Triceratops.
371
00:27:15,413 --> 00:27:17,655
Conditions were right
for different species
372
00:27:17,793 --> 00:27:19,931
to influence one
another's evolution.
373
00:27:20,689 --> 00:27:23,413
This phenomenon is known
as coevolution.
374
00:27:23,551 --> 00:27:24,931
[soft ominous music]
375
00:27:25,206 --> 00:27:28,206
[Mark] So Tyrannosaurs were exploiting these prey species,
376
00:27:28,724 --> 00:27:31,862
and also undergoing
rapid evolution themselves.
377
00:27:32,206 --> 00:27:34,793
So it's really an arms race
between the predators,
378
00:27:34,931 --> 00:27:36,137
and the prey species.
379
00:27:36,275 --> 00:27:37,448
And all of these animals
380
00:27:37,586 --> 00:27:40,655
are evolving to have
larger body size.
381
00:27:41,344 --> 00:27:43,620
Both to defend themselves
from predators,
382
00:27:43,758 --> 00:27:47,310
and for the predators to be able to attack the herbivores.
383
00:27:49,655 --> 00:27:52,172
[narrator]
Researchers believe that one
factor supporting
384
00:27:52,310 --> 00:27:55,655
the Tyrannosaurs growth,
was a jump in their
385
00:27:55,793 --> 00:27:56,965
hunting skills.
386
00:27:59,379 --> 00:28:02,206
Their heads, relatively delicate up to then,
387
00:28:02,448 --> 00:28:04,551
widened by about three times.
388
00:28:05,103 --> 00:28:07,172
That made astonishing
improvements in eye
389
00:28:07,310 --> 00:28:08,310
sight possible.
390
00:28:09,517 --> 00:28:12,379
[Mark] One of the things that's unique about Lythronax,
391
00:28:12,586 --> 00:28:15,344
is the fact that it has
forward facing eyes.
392
00:28:15,724 --> 00:28:19,344
Forward facing eyes, occur
in modern animals
393
00:28:19,482 --> 00:28:20,586
that are predators.
394
00:28:20,965 --> 00:28:23,862
And the ability to have
forward facing eyes,
395
00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:26,896
allows you to have overlapping
field of vision,
396
00:28:27,103 --> 00:28:28,655
and perceived depth.
397
00:28:28,896 --> 00:28:33,172
So depth perception, clearly was possible in this dinosaur,
398
00:28:33,310 --> 00:28:35,482
and it's something we associate with hunting.
399
00:28:39,344 --> 00:28:41,758
[narrator]
Depth perception makes it
possible for a hunter,
400
00:28:41,896 --> 00:28:44,551
to accurately grasp,
the distance to its prey.
401
00:28:47,620 --> 00:28:50,000
That would have allowed
Tyrannosaurs to catch prey,
402
00:28:50,137 --> 00:28:52,965
more easily, and turned them
into much more
403
00:28:53,103 --> 00:28:54,620
successful hunters.
404
00:28:55,517 --> 00:28:56,655
[dinosaurs growl]
405
00:28:59,448 --> 00:29:01,517
They would have gotten plenty
of nutrition,
406
00:29:01,655 --> 00:29:03,448
enabling massive growth.
407
00:29:07,724 --> 00:29:10,000
These changes culminated
in the mightiest
408
00:29:10,137 --> 00:29:13,068
dinosaur of all, T-Rex.
409
00:29:14,172 --> 00:29:16,206
[Stephen]
By about 80 million years ago,
410
00:29:16,482 --> 00:29:19,482
a whole new world of dinosaurs
had dawned.
411
00:29:19,896 --> 00:29:23,793
and this was a world that was
dominated by the Tyrannosaurs.
412
00:29:23,931 --> 00:29:27,241
They were the biggest predators,
and they ruled at the top
413
00:29:27,379 --> 00:29:29,275
of the food chain.
And these were the Tyrannosaurs,
414
00:29:29,413 --> 00:29:31,034
that we're all familiar with.
415
00:29:31,206 --> 00:29:32,724
The ones like T-Rex,
416
00:29:33,241 --> 00:29:36,517
the ones that grew so fast,
that they put on five pounds
417
00:29:36,655 --> 00:29:39,000
of weight every day,
during their teenage years.
418
00:29:39,310 --> 00:29:42,655
And they were utterly in control, they were the kings,
419
00:29:43,172 --> 00:29:44,517
of the late Cretaceous.
420
00:29:46,758 --> 00:29:49,137
[narrator] Overwhelming size
wasn't the only result
421
00:29:49,275 --> 00:29:51,827
of the Tyrannosaurs
continuous evolution.
422
00:29:58,655 --> 00:30:00,862
Lawrence Witmer,
is a paleontologist,
423
00:30:01,000 --> 00:30:03,103
who has studied the brains
of T-Rex.
424
00:30:03,793 --> 00:30:04,827
[soft mysterious music]
425
00:30:05,379 --> 00:30:08,448
He's used CT scans of fossils,
to analyze their
426
00:30:08,586 --> 00:30:09,586
brain structure.
427
00:30:14,103 --> 00:30:16,137
The scans point
to new developments
428
00:30:16,275 --> 00:30:17,620
in sensory faculties.
429
00:30:20,758 --> 00:30:23,482
One thing we saw when we started
to reconstruct the brain
430
00:30:23,620 --> 00:30:28,241
of T-Rex, is that the olfactory,
bulbs of the brain,
431
00:30:28,413 --> 00:30:30,137
the part of the brain
that's involved
432
00:30:30,275 --> 00:30:34,551
in processing odors, or smells, were really quite enlarged.
433
00:30:35,034 --> 00:30:38,517
What that told us, is that
the sense of smell, is very
434
00:30:38,655 --> 00:30:39,862
important for T-Rex.
435
00:30:40,448 --> 00:30:44,448
Uhm, it was potentially important for locating its prey.
436
00:30:48,482 --> 00:30:51,896
[narrator] Signals from the sensory organs were sent to, and analyzed
437
00:30:52,034 --> 00:30:53,241
by the Cerebrum.
438
00:30:57,448 --> 00:31:01,137
An index measuring intelligence based on brain to body size,
439
00:31:01,379 --> 00:31:05,862
suggests T-Rex was more advanced relative to other dinosaurs.
440
00:31:12,344 --> 00:31:15,689
[Lawrence] The Cerebrum, which
in mammals like us,
441
00:31:15,896 --> 00:31:18,000
is the seat of intelligence.
442
00:31:18,206 --> 00:31:21,068
and planning,
and problem solving.
443
00:31:21,413 --> 00:31:26,206
Uh, the Cerebrum in Tyrannosaurs
was actually fairly expanded.
444
00:31:26,413 --> 00:31:29,103
We look at their brain
and wonder, whether that
445
00:31:29,241 --> 00:31:32,793
enlarged cerebrum may have
actually had the capacity,
446
00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:36,965
to be involved in, sort of
a coordinated group
447
00:31:37,103 --> 00:31:38,482
hunting effort.
448
00:31:38,655 --> 00:31:41,931
Such that maybe some animals,
would actually drive the prey,
449
00:31:42,241 --> 00:31:44,827
towards other animals,
other Tyrannosaurs, that were
450
00:31:44,965 --> 00:31:46,172
laying in wait.
451
00:31:46,931 --> 00:31:47,965
[suspenseful music]
452
00:31:55,344 --> 00:31:57,862
[narrator]
There he is, T-Rex.
453
00:31:59,137 --> 00:32:00,620
He's not only smarter,
454
00:32:01,172 --> 00:32:03,793
but also has a superior
sense of smell.
455
00:32:05,758 --> 00:32:09,517
Even in the dark of night,
he's able to locate his prey.
456
00:32:09,896 --> 00:32:11,517
[growling]
457
00:32:16,517 --> 00:32:19,758
Aiding his ability to track
game, is his keen eyesight.
458
00:32:20,655 --> 00:32:23,551
The Triceratops tries
desperately to get away,
459
00:32:31,448 --> 00:32:34,344
but there's another T-Rex
waiting in an ambush.
460
00:32:35,931 --> 00:32:36,965
[bones cracking]
461
00:32:43,379 --> 00:32:45,793
Feasting on kills, fuel growth.
462
00:32:46,241 --> 00:32:49,034
The Tyrannosaurs now measured
13 meters.
463
00:32:51,448 --> 00:32:54,034
Their bones grew harder,
and stronger,
464
00:32:54,172 --> 00:32:57,344
and their bodies were covered
in muscles like steel.
465
00:33:02,862 --> 00:33:05,862
Some experts have questioned
whether creatures this big,
466
00:33:06,000 --> 00:33:08,517
had the speed needed
to run down prey?
467
00:33:13,965 --> 00:33:16,448
The conventional belief
was that T-Rex ran
468
00:33:16,586 --> 00:33:20,172
at a speed of 18 kilometers
per hour, that would make
469
00:33:20,310 --> 00:33:21,758
it slower than a human.
470
00:33:29,137 --> 00:33:32,310
Tyrannosaurs were thought
of as slow, and clumsy.
471
00:33:33,137 --> 00:33:36,275
Paleontologist Bill Sellers,
challenged that view.
472
00:33:41,310 --> 00:33:44,000
So it's very hard, when all
you've got is bones,
473
00:33:44,137 --> 00:33:47,896
to try and work at how fast,
an animal would run.
474
00:33:48,068 --> 00:33:51,206
So what we were trying to do,
was come up with evidence
475
00:33:51,344 --> 00:33:54,034
from living animals, that we
could use to work out
476
00:33:54,172 --> 00:33:56,482
how fast fossil animals
would move.
477
00:33:59,137 --> 00:34:02,172
[narrator]
Sellers and his colleagues looked for present day animals,
478
00:34:02,310 --> 00:34:05,000
that would approximate the movements of a Tyrannosaur.
479
00:34:07,344 --> 00:34:10,172
They zeroed in on the ostrich.
480
00:34:14,516 --> 00:34:17,172
[Bill] And these ostriches, are
as close as we can get,
481
00:34:17,310 --> 00:34:20,620
in terms of a modern animal
that's a bit like a T-Rex.
482
00:34:21,724 --> 00:34:24,757
So they've got two legs,
they've got very large bodies,
483
00:34:24,896 --> 00:34:26,688
and they're high speed runners.
484
00:34:27,655 --> 00:34:30,551
A lot of the basic anatomy,
is exactly the same,
485
00:34:30,688 --> 00:34:32,688
so they do make
a very good model.
486
00:34:34,620 --> 00:34:35,688
[melodic music]
487
00:34:36,757 --> 00:34:40,137
[narrator]
Using the ostrich's movement
as a reference, Sellers made
488
00:34:40,275 --> 00:34:43,413
a computer simulation of how
a T-Rex might have run.
489
00:34:48,482 --> 00:34:51,447
The models show which muscles
a T-Rex would have used
490
00:34:51,585 --> 00:34:52,585
when running.
491
00:34:56,862 --> 00:34:59,793
Sellers took particular notice, of the muscles connecting
492
00:34:59,931 --> 00:35:01,758
the thighs, and the tail.
493
00:35:07,103 --> 00:35:10,275
Previously, experts thought
these muscles were merely
494
00:35:10,413 --> 00:35:11,482
for tail movement.
495
00:35:12,068 --> 00:35:14,965
But it became clear, that they
also played a key role
496
00:35:15,103 --> 00:35:17,517
in helping the T-Rex,
to run fast.
497
00:35:19,620 --> 00:35:22,758
[Bill] What it does, is it pulls
the thigh bone backwards.
498
00:35:22,931 --> 00:35:25,551
And so obviously,
this is the main powerhouse.
499
00:35:25,689 --> 00:35:28,551
Even though it's a very
heavy animal, it can obviously
500
00:35:28,689 --> 00:35:31,586
generate the force that it needs
to go at a good speed.
501
00:35:32,724 --> 00:35:33,758
[soft ominous music]
502
00:35:36,172 --> 00:35:39,379
[narrator]
With this model, the average
T-Rex's top speed
503
00:35:39,517 --> 00:35:42,068
increases to 30 kilometers
per hour.
504
00:35:42,689 --> 00:35:45,896
And the strongest could run,
as fast as 50.
505
00:35:50,034 --> 00:35:52,724
The descendants of the primitive Tyrannosaur siblings,
506
00:35:52,862 --> 00:35:56,172
have acquired speed, size,
and intelligence.
507
00:35:57,000 --> 00:35:58,172
But, there's more.
508
00:36:00,034 --> 00:36:03,620
Karl Bates is an expert, on the bite force of dinosaurs.
509
00:36:03,758 --> 00:36:04,793
[unsettling music]
510
00:36:08,793 --> 00:36:11,724
With an enormous bite force,
and enlarged neck muscles,
511
00:36:11,862 --> 00:36:15,034
it probably clamped onto its
prey, and pulled away
512
00:36:15,172 --> 00:36:16,758
at the flesh.
513
00:36:17,000 --> 00:36:20,793
There have been quite a few
fossils found of plant eating
514
00:36:20,931 --> 00:36:23,137
dinosaurs, with T-Rex
bite marks in them.
515
00:36:23,517 --> 00:36:26,137
Where the bite marks go
very deep into the bones.
516
00:36:26,862 --> 00:36:28,172
[loud growl then bones crack]
517
00:36:28,310 --> 00:36:30,862
[narrator] A huge jaw powered
this deadly bite.
518
00:36:37,206 --> 00:36:40,068
Bates has studied the structure of T-Rex's skull.
519
00:36:40,862 --> 00:36:43,448
He recreated the muscles
that connected the upper
520
00:36:43,586 --> 00:36:44,793
and lower jaws.
521
00:36:49,137 --> 00:36:52,068
Then, he used the computer
simulation to quantify
522
00:36:52,206 --> 00:36:53,758
the strength, of its bite.
523
00:36:57,862 --> 00:37:00,206
Bite force, is measured
in newtons.
524
00:37:03,206 --> 00:37:05,931
The lion, known as the king
of the Savannah,
525
00:37:06,068 --> 00:37:08,896
has a bite force
of 4,000 newtons.
526
00:37:12,827 --> 00:37:16,517
The bite force of alligators,
fearsome killers near water,
527
00:37:16,758 --> 00:37:19,137
is around 6,000 newtons.
528
00:37:22,000 --> 00:37:26,275
Compare this to the dinosaurs,
the Allosaurus is considered
529
00:37:26,413 --> 00:37:29,586
to have been the strongest
dinosaur, before T-Rex.
530
00:37:31,620 --> 00:37:35,137
Its bite force, was about
9,000 newtons.
531
00:37:40,586 --> 00:37:43,793
According to Bates, the T-Rex,
had a bite force
532
00:37:43,931 --> 00:37:46,344
of some 60,000 newtons.
533
00:37:47,206 --> 00:37:50,206
That's seven times greater,
than the Allosaurus.
534
00:37:54,482 --> 00:37:56,931
[Karl] 60,000 newtons is a huge
amount of force.
535
00:37:57,206 --> 00:38:00,724
So we're convinced that T-Rex
had a very large bite,
536
00:38:00,862 --> 00:38:02,068
in absolute terms.
537
00:38:02,758 --> 00:38:05,655
And was probably one
of the fiercest biters,
538
00:38:05,793 --> 00:38:06,827
of all time.
539
00:38:10,241 --> 00:38:15,137
[narrator] When a T-Rex bit into its prey, it exerted six tons of force.
540
00:38:15,827 --> 00:38:18,620
That's equivalent to the weight of an African elephant.
541
00:38:20,034 --> 00:38:21,068
[mysterious music]
542
00:38:22,241 --> 00:38:26,068
In theory, such heavy loads
could cause the jawbones
543
00:38:26,206 --> 00:38:27,206
to break.
544
00:38:28,448 --> 00:38:31,275
But something protected
T-Rex from this.
545
00:38:34,758 --> 00:38:37,793
So the skull was very important
for capturing prey,
546
00:38:37,931 --> 00:38:39,275
and consuming prey.
547
00:38:39,448 --> 00:38:42,517
And we were just interested
in how this huge structure,
548
00:38:43,206 --> 00:38:44,517
performed mechanically.
549
00:38:47,034 --> 00:38:51,206
[narrator]
A T-Rex skull is made up of more than 40 different parts.
550
00:38:55,724 --> 00:38:58,379
Here and there are gaps
measuring just
551
00:38:58,517 --> 00:38:59,689
a few millimeters.
552
00:39:03,551 --> 00:39:06,413
These gaps released force
when the T-Rex bit,
553
00:39:06,931 --> 00:39:08,724
and helped to soften the shock.
554
00:39:11,517 --> 00:39:13,689
The T-Rex has this reputation
of being such a deadly,
555
00:39:13,827 --> 00:39:15,034
fearsome creature.
556
00:39:15,344 --> 00:39:18,344
And so we're pretty much
convinced that T-Rex was one
557
00:39:18,482 --> 00:39:21,344
of the most ferocious biters
of all time and worthy
558
00:39:21,482 --> 00:39:23,103
of the title
"King of the dinosaurs".
559
00:39:26,413 --> 00:39:28,965
[narrator]
A creature with both
extraordinary physical
560
00:39:29,103 --> 00:39:32,241
capabilities and,
sophisticated intelligence.
561
00:39:37,413 --> 00:39:41,275
After 100 million years,
the T-Rex had reached
562
00:39:41,413 --> 00:39:43,241
the pinnacle of its evolution.
563
00:39:48,310 --> 00:39:50,517
A pair of T-Rex siblings,
564
00:39:52,034 --> 00:39:55,413
even if they were to meet up
with Siats, former ruler
565
00:39:55,551 --> 00:39:58,379
of the dinosaurs,
they would have no reason
566
00:39:58,517 --> 00:39:59,551
to flee.
567
00:40:02,344 --> 00:40:03,344
[growls]
568
00:40:05,206 --> 00:40:06,206
[growls]
569
00:40:13,034 --> 00:40:16,827
They are no longer the small,
weak, Tyrannosaurs of old.
570
00:40:20,931 --> 00:40:24,206
[both growling loudly]
571
00:40:30,344 --> 00:40:32,655
The siblings set off,
on a new journey.
572
00:40:33,103 --> 00:40:34,689
In search of more prey.
573
00:40:39,310 --> 00:40:41,896
They are heading back
to the Eurasian continent.
574
00:40:47,068 --> 00:40:49,758
Along the way, they pass through areas inhabited
575
00:40:49,896 --> 00:40:52,586
by many relatives
from the Tyrannosaur family.
576
00:40:52,724 --> 00:40:53,758
[ethereal music]
577
00:40:57,551 --> 00:41:01,103
T-Rex was the king of the late
Cretaceous, no doubt about that.
578
00:41:01,482 --> 00:41:04,689
But not all Tyrannosaurs that
lived at that time,
579
00:41:04,965 --> 00:41:07,655
were big, top of the food chain
predators, like T-Rex.
580
00:41:07,793 --> 00:41:10,000
Some of them were actually
quite a bit smaller.
581
00:41:10,517 --> 00:41:13,862
So even when T-Rex was ruling
the world, there were other
582
00:41:14,000 --> 00:41:15,206
close cousins of T-Rex
583
00:41:15,344 --> 00:41:16,310
were doing other things,
584
00:41:16,448 --> 00:41:18,172
filling other roles
in the ecosystem,
585
00:41:18,310 --> 00:41:19,827
and doing a very good job
at it.
586
00:41:22,344 --> 00:41:25,344
[narrator]
In 2014, in Northern Alaska,
587
00:41:25,482 --> 00:41:28,310
researchers found a new species, of Tyrannosaur.
588
00:41:31,310 --> 00:41:34,689
They called it Nanuqsaurus,
after the Inuit word,
589
00:41:34,827 --> 00:41:35,862
for Polar bear.
590
00:41:39,275 --> 00:41:42,724
At six meters, it wasn't even
half the size of T-Rex.
591
00:41:45,241 --> 00:41:48,551
Experts attribute its small size to a lack of game.
592
00:41:56,793 --> 00:41:59,241
The same year,
in Jiangxi Province,
593
00:41:59,379 --> 00:42:03,517
in Southern China, a team dug up an unusual fossil.
594
00:42:05,137 --> 00:42:08,689
The most noticeable feature,
is its long, thin, nose.
595
00:42:09,310 --> 00:42:12,448
It's been nicknamed
Pinocchio Rex, in reference
596
00:42:12,586 --> 00:42:13,793
to the beloved character.
597
00:42:17,586 --> 00:42:19,965
Outwardly, it looks nothing
like T-Rex.
598
00:42:20,482 --> 00:42:24,310
But a bone analysis confirmed it as a new Tyrannosaur species.
599
00:42:29,758 --> 00:42:35,000
Then, in July 2015, scientists
made a discovery in Japan.
600
00:42:35,724 --> 00:42:38,482
Up until then, no one thought
large Tyrannosaurs,
601
00:42:38,620 --> 00:42:39,620
had lived there.
602
00:42:42,517 --> 00:42:45,137
The team found fossils,
of two large teeth.
603
00:42:45,724 --> 00:42:47,862
Each measuring
eight centimeters.
604
00:42:51,620 --> 00:42:55,586
Their size suggests they came from an animal, 10 meters long.
605
00:42:59,000 --> 00:43:02,344
Finds like these, illustrate
the distinctive evolutionary
606
00:43:02,482 --> 00:43:05,896
paths, taken by Tyrannosaurs,
all over the world.
607
00:43:10,413 --> 00:43:14,965
So far, experts have identified 28 individual species.
608
00:43:15,103 --> 00:43:16,103
[unsettling music]
609
00:43:20,241 --> 00:43:24,620
At one point, T-Rex truly
dominated the dinosaur world.
610
00:43:25,655 --> 00:43:29,137
But in the end,
it would meet a cruel fate.
611
00:43:34,448 --> 00:43:37,344
Evidence of this emerged,
in 2015.
612
00:43:37,896 --> 00:43:40,620
Scientists were excavating
in Alberta province,
613
00:43:40,758 --> 00:43:42,034
in Western Canada.
614
00:43:44,931 --> 00:43:48,586
They found this fossil, a cousin of T-Rex,
615
00:43:48,896 --> 00:43:50,344
called Daspletosaurus.
616
00:43:52,620 --> 00:43:55,793
Here and there, researchers
spotted telltale signs
617
00:43:55,931 --> 00:43:56,965
of battle.
618
00:43:58,344 --> 00:44:01,551
A wound deep enough
to pierce the bone.
619
00:44:06,965 --> 00:44:10,896
On the back of the skull,
a part had been bitten off.
620
00:44:15,586 --> 00:44:18,379
Scientists wondered what kind
of creature, could have
621
00:44:18,517 --> 00:44:21,310
inflicted such wounds,
on the mighty Tyrannosaur.
622
00:44:24,827 --> 00:44:29,172
Paleontologist David Hone,
points to an unlikely suspect.
623
00:44:33,241 --> 00:44:36,275
So you immediately have
only one credible candidate,
624
00:44:36,482 --> 00:44:38,551
for these kinds of injuries,
and these kinds of bites,
625
00:44:38,689 --> 00:44:41,758
and that's another
large bodied Tyrannosaur.
626
00:44:43,482 --> 00:44:46,620
[narrator]
Hone says the shape and size
of the bite marks,
627
00:44:46,758 --> 00:44:48,931
indicates a fight between
two members
628
00:44:49,068 --> 00:44:50,586
of the Tyrannosaur family.
629
00:44:53,586 --> 00:44:55,000
They're gonna hunt
at the same time,
630
00:44:55,137 --> 00:44:57,724
or die in the same place,
and have similar territories.
631
00:44:57,862 --> 00:45:00,206
And they're going to come into
these conflicts.
632
00:45:00,620 --> 00:45:02,965
Well I'm sure, every so often there were fights to the death.
633
00:45:03,103 --> 00:45:05,551
And certainly we actually see
evidence of cannibalism
634
00:45:05,689 --> 00:45:08,931
among Tyrannosaurs,
they do kill each other.
635
00:45:11,689 --> 00:45:16,275
[narrator]
In turf battles, even siblings
could become rivals.
636
00:45:17,620 --> 00:45:19,931
And if one refused to back down,
637
00:45:20,241 --> 00:45:21,241
[growling]
638
00:45:28,551 --> 00:45:29,586
[loud growl]
639
00:45:47,689 --> 00:45:51,655
Two frail T-Rex ancestors
set out on a grand journey,
640
00:45:51,793 --> 00:45:53,413
in search of new lands.
641
00:45:59,655 --> 00:46:02,931
On the North American continent, they confronted
642
00:46:03,068 --> 00:46:04,241
countless beasts.
643
00:46:12,068 --> 00:46:14,344
But they managed to thrive.
644
00:46:20,482 --> 00:46:24,793
Their descendants continued
to evolve, eventually becoming
645
00:46:24,931 --> 00:46:28,034
the undisputed rulers,
of the dinosaurs.
646
00:46:41,413 --> 00:46:44,724
But once at the top,
these powerful killers,
647
00:46:44,862 --> 00:46:48,517
turned their awesome power,
on one another.
648
00:47:12,758 --> 00:47:16,413
66 million years ago,
the reign of the dinosaurs,
649
00:47:16,551 --> 00:47:18,275
came to a sudden end.
650
00:47:22,517 --> 00:47:26,137
Experts believe the reason,
was a gigantic asteroid,
651
00:47:26,448 --> 00:47:28,206
that smashed into Earth.
652
00:47:29,206 --> 00:47:32,965
[explosion]
653
00:47:33,931 --> 00:47:37,241
Resulting climate change,
wiped out the dinosaurs.
654
00:47:37,482 --> 00:47:39,482
Including Tyrannosaurus.
655
00:47:55,241 --> 00:47:56,241
[ominous music]
656
00:47:58,241 --> 00:48:02,620
But, was that really the end
of the dinosaurs?
657
00:48:06,793 --> 00:48:09,551
Stephen Brusatte's research,
provides evidence
658
00:48:09,689 --> 00:48:10,931
that it wasn't.
659
00:48:17,724 --> 00:48:21,137
Certain creatures alive today,
are descendants from a branch,
660
00:48:21,275 --> 00:48:22,827
of the Tyrannosaur family.
661
00:48:25,620 --> 00:48:26,655
Birds.
662
00:48:30,344 --> 00:48:33,551
Once the dinosaurs died out,
birds underwent
663
00:48:33,689 --> 00:48:35,965
a spectacular evolution.
664
00:48:36,379 --> 00:48:39,413
New species appeared,
and they became the rulers
665
00:48:39,551 --> 00:48:40,689
of the skies.
666
00:48:43,310 --> 00:48:45,482
They were able to do this,
because of strengths
667
00:48:45,620 --> 00:48:48,793
they inherited from their
Tyrannosaur ancestors.
668
00:48:52,448 --> 00:48:55,310
We always talk about dinosaurs
going extinct
669
00:48:55,448 --> 00:48:58,000
66 million years ago,
when the asteroid hit.
670
00:48:58,241 --> 00:49:01,586
But really not all dinosaurs
went extinct, most of them did,
671
00:49:01,827 --> 00:49:04,275
but one type of dinosaur
survived, and those
672
00:49:04,413 --> 00:49:07,103
are the birds.
So birds evolved from dinosaurs,
673
00:49:07,241 --> 00:49:09,689
and they're actually a type
of dinosaur.
674
00:49:10,000 --> 00:49:13,413
And they live out today,
there's over 10,000 species
of birds.
675
00:49:13,551 --> 00:49:15,000
There's birds flying
around here.
676
00:49:15,137 --> 00:49:16,482
And so these birds
677
00:49:16,620 --> 00:49:18,551
are living dinosaurs
678
00:49:18,689 --> 00:49:19,793
and so birds today,
679
00:49:19,931 --> 00:49:23,000
carry on the genes,
of T-Rex.
680
00:49:24,586 --> 00:49:25,655
[powerful music]
681
00:49:26,310 --> 00:49:30,103
[narrator]
Creatures unlike any
seen before or since.
682
00:49:30,551 --> 00:49:34,034
The free spirit of T-Rex,
lives on.
683
00:49:43,758 --> 00:49:44,793
[music continues]
52070
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