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I have a rule that I've
lived by for a long time:
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Always tell the truth.
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That way,
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you don't have to
remember what you said.
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And I was never good at lying.
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Hindus thought of the same rule
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more than 3,000 years ago.
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Satya, truthfulness,
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sits alongside
non-violence, non-stealing
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and several other
Hindu holy laws.
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Jews and Christians have
the Ten Commandments
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as core spiritual
rules for life.
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Muslims can also find them
throughout the Holy Quran.
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Their connection with
God gives these edicts
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power over billions of lives.
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Yet we live in an
age of enlightenment,
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driven by science and reason.
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So do we still need holy laws?
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I'm travelling the world
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to understand the power ancient
rules have over us today.
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2,000 years later,
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any six-year-old that learns
to write can read this.
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My God.
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I'll meet holy people
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who follow holy laws
to the extreme.
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They do not want
to kill even a bug
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or any micro-organism.
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See what happens when
people go against divine rules.
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I'll explore divine retribution.
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Some people escape,
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other people die on the spot.
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And I'll meet a man
who followed God's commandment
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to forgive his son's murderer.
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We just hug each other
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like a father and son.
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Jerusalem.
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A holy city for Jews,
Christians and Muslims.
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People trying to
live side by side
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need a common set of rules.
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As fractious as this
city can be today,
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all three faiths recognize
the holy laws
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Jerusalem was built on:
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the Ten Commandments.
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To see these ancient
edicts for myself,
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I'm meeting Pnina Shor,
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an archaeologist at the
Israel Antiquities Authority,
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home to the ancient
fragments of writing
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known as the Dead Sea Scrolls.
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She has offered me
a rare opportunity:
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a personal encounter,
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with the crown jewel
of her collection,
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the oldest known copy
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of the Ten Commandments.
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This is it.
This is really it.
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This is the only copy
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of the Ten Commandments
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that has survived intact.
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2,000 years old.
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Now, I have been to Qumran,
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where the Dead Sea
Scrolls were found.
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This is the first time
I've ever actually seen
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the scrolls themselves.
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And you're very lucky,
because not everybody
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gets a chance to see
the scrolls face to face.
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The Dead Sea Scrolls
are the most complete
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ancient version of
the Hebrew scriptures.
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They were found in 1947,
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in bone-dry caves at
Qumran near the Dead Sea.
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It's amazing that whatever
this is written on
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could survive that long.
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It's written on parchment,
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which is animal skin,
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and yes, it is a miracle
that it actually survived,
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but it survived because probably
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the conditions in the
caves were the best.
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And so what we're
trying to do here,
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and in the vault where
we keep all the scrolls...
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Recreate that.
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Is to recreate
these conditions.
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00:04:00,619 --> 00:04:02,879
We have copies
of the Ten Commandments.
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They're, they're
all over the place.
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So why is this important?
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Why is it important?
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This is our heritage,
this is our common heritage.
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And this shows us
that 2,000 years later,
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we can all talk about
this and relate to it.
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Know what we're talking about.
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And know what we're
talking about, right.
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I'll read you through, okay?
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Yeah, I am the Lord, thy God.
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I, exactly.
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Yeah, I'm your God.
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I'm your God who took you
out of the land of Egypt,
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and continues all the way down.
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What's it written in,
is it written in Hebrew?
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It's written in Hebrew
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in what we call
the Syrian writing,
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which is the writing
of Second Temple times.
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So what's amazing
about these scrolls
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is that 2,000 years later,
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any six-year-old
that learns to write,
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can read this.
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Get out of here!
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A six-year-old?
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Any six-year-old
who learns to read Hebrew.
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Who learns how to read
Hebrew can read these scrolls.
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Can read this.
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It takes a few minutes,
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but you get used to it
and you can do it.
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Seeing these ancient
laws as a living text
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makes me wonder.
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How did they shape Jewish life
and culture over the millennia?
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00:05:16,739 --> 00:05:20,932
Adolfo Roitman is the curator of
Jerusalem's Shrine of the Book.
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Oh, my.
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That's awesome.
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Yes.
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The Shrine of the Book.
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It's the holy of holies,
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like Solomon's Temple,
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and instead of
the Ark of Covenant
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and the Ten Commandments,
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what we have here
are the scrolls,
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the most significant
spiritual treasure of Israel.
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Now, I'm gonna ask you
if there is a difference
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between the commandments
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and the other codes
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of the Middle Eastern tribes.
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What is very significant
here in the scrolls
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is the Ten Commandments,
actually,
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they have two sections.
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One refers to God
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and one refers to human beings.
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The first four
commandments set the rules
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for how people should
act towards God,
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like having no other gods
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and observing the Sabbath.
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The last six concern
human affairs,
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prohibiting killing,
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stealing,
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cheating.
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We are not dealing
just with ideas.
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We are dealing with real life.
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And real life,
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must reflect
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all this
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religious idea.
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The concept that we,
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our community,
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we are a temple,
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we are...
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a spiritual temple.
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When a law is
religious in nature...
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Yes.
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What is the...
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practical side of it?
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How does that manifest itself?
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Okay. Love your
neighbour as yourself.
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It's written.
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But if you don't love him,
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it's not just against him,
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it's against God.
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You have to care...
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for them,
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because all of them
were created by God.
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The good, the bad and the ugly.
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Yes.
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So, now,
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the Ten Commandments...
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have had an incredible influence
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on large parts of the world.
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Yes.
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Do you think that they
influence other religions?
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There is no way
to imagine the history
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of human beings without these
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specific Ten Commandments.
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Why you shouldn't kill...
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a person.
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Why you have to keep morality.
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All these traditions
were very much inspired
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by the Ten Commandments,
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and even human beings that they
belong to other civilizations.
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It's quite astonishing,
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that a list of do's and don'ts,
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written on parchment
thousands of years ago,
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have had such an effect
on the world.
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But it's probably because
the Ten Commandments
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are not just a list
of do's and don'ts.
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They inspired the ancient Jews
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to keep good relations,
not only with God,
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but with their
family and neighbours.
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No matter what your faith,
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this is what creates
a long and lasting society.
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It's hard to find
places on Earth
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where the Ten Commandments
haven't had some effect.
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But they do exist.
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In the remote hillsides
of northern Vietnam,
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there is a culture where
the will of the divine
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is not passed down
through written laws.
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It comes through a person.
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Sociologist Andreas Schneider
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is travelling to a village
of the Hmong ethnic group.
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He wants to understand
how they follow
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the unwritten rules
of the spirit world.
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He is meeting Hang A Sua,
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who was born in the village.
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Oh, Sua.
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Hello.
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Oh, thank you.
I'm glad I've found your house.
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Oh, yeah.
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And you are?
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Yeah, I'm Sua friend.
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He ask me to come here
helping you translate.
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Sua is a Hmong businessman.
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His 94-year-old
grandmother, Sung Thi La,
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is the village shaman.
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Today she will be performing
a divination ceremony
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to speak with the spirits.
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They beginning or starting...
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Oh, they're beginning.
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Yeah.
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Let's make it through
the rain, I guess.
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-Yes.
-Thank you!
223
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-Thank you.
-Let's go over there.
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Let's go.
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00:10:26,665 --> 00:10:28,437
The Hmong are animists,
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believing spirits called 'neeb'
inhabit everything.
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The Hmong believe
if you behave correctly,
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you will be surrounded
by good spirits.
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If you behave badly,
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you will attract bad spirits.
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La acts as a bridge
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between the physical
and spiritual worlds.
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She alone in the village
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can communicate with the spirits
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and discover the balance
between good and bad.
236
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Yes, okay.
237
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Yeah.
238
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Yeah.
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00:11:44,244 --> 00:11:44,964
Yes.
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00:11:45,539 --> 00:11:46,795
As people gather,
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La covers her face
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to focus on her connection
to the spirit world.
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The Hmong believe
both good and bad spirits
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respond to the shaman's call.
245
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Ahh, okay.
246
00:12:26,115 --> 00:12:29,111
La has sensed the
presence of bad spirits,
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but the good spirits
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have instructed her
how to deal with them.
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Deep in the misty hills
of rural Vietnam,
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a gong rings out.
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Signalling a shaman's connection
with the spirit world.
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Sociologist Andreas Schneider
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00:12:57,910 --> 00:12:59,733
is here with the Hmong people,
254
00:13:00,745 --> 00:13:02,495
hoping to gain insight into how
255
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they define the
will of the gods.
256
00:13:05,608 --> 00:13:09,759
Bad spirits invited in by
past wrong-doing in the village
257
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are expelled by fire.
258
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But the shaman, La,
259
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has told the villagers they
must now make a sacrifice
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to the good spirits.
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00:14:06,704 --> 00:14:08,025
The sacrifice complete,
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00:14:08,086 --> 00:14:10,937
the shaman must now
perform the last step:
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00:14:12,572 --> 00:14:15,521
persuade the good spirits
to accept the offering.
264
00:14:16,180 --> 00:14:18,725
So these are horns of animals.
265
00:14:19,573 --> 00:14:21,067
Yeah, this a horn from a goat.
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Goat horn.
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00:14:22,931 --> 00:14:26,062
La uses goat horns to
communicate with the spirits.
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00:14:27,141 --> 00:14:30,222
The Hmong believe the spirits
send a coded message
269
00:14:30,395 --> 00:14:31,796
in the patterns of the horns.
270
00:14:32,474 --> 00:14:35,070
Ones that only the shaman
can read correctly.
271
00:14:40,431 --> 00:14:42,968
Uh, we have to say thank you.
272
00:14:43,069 --> 00:14:44,230
Say thank you.
273
00:14:44,366 --> 00:14:45,837
The ceremony is finished.
274
00:14:46,604 --> 00:14:48,562
The wrong-doing
has been corrected.
275
00:14:49,302 --> 00:14:52,263
Everyone gives a bow of
gratitude to the shaman.
276
00:14:52,324 --> 00:14:53,126
Two time.
277
00:14:53,376 --> 00:14:54,316
One more time.
278
00:15:02,175 --> 00:15:04,721
The question that I have is,
279
00:15:05,088 --> 00:15:06,490
what did we have today?
280
00:15:06,617 --> 00:15:08,313
We had basically,
281
00:15:09,100 --> 00:15:12,246
trying... a ceremony that
tried to set things straight.
282
00:15:12,458 --> 00:15:13,004
Yeah.
283
00:15:13,065 --> 00:15:14,620
Something went wrong,
there was an offering,
284
00:15:14,982 --> 00:15:16,992
but who is determining
the rules?
285
00:15:17,053 --> 00:15:18,596
Who is making the laws?
286
00:15:21,365 --> 00:15:24,241
The shaman, with
the spirits, when they come...
287
00:15:24,302 --> 00:15:24,836
Mm-hmm.
288
00:15:24,897 --> 00:15:26,034
They will tell her.
289
00:15:26,095 --> 00:15:29,280
So, of course, there was a
lot of suspense at the end
290
00:15:29,609 --> 00:15:32,940
when the bones were thrown,
291
00:15:33,001 --> 00:15:35,144
to see in which
direction they fall.
292
00:15:36,147 --> 00:15:37,640
What are the results?
293
00:15:37,832 --> 00:15:38,807
What is the result?
294
00:15:42,920 --> 00:15:45,124
The results, everything's good.
295
00:15:45,605 --> 00:15:47,029
I would like to thank her
296
00:15:47,149 --> 00:15:50,403
for helping us to
understand your society.
297
00:15:52,330 --> 00:15:52,993
Okay.
298
00:15:53,883 --> 00:15:56,047
She would like to
thank you, so she...
299
00:15:56,516 --> 00:15:59,931
she will give you some lucky
silver thread for you guys.
300
00:16:03,768 --> 00:16:05,089
As a parting blessing,
301
00:16:05,150 --> 00:16:08,440
La ties a red thread around
each of their wrists.
302
00:16:11,604 --> 00:16:14,433
It's meant to help them stay
in balance with the spirits
303
00:16:14,870 --> 00:16:16,496
and stay on the right path.
304
00:16:19,637 --> 00:16:21,868
Ohhh.
305
00:16:22,321 --> 00:16:23,832
That's how you do it.
306
00:16:26,054 --> 00:16:27,830
Sua's grandmother, La,
307
00:16:28,125 --> 00:16:30,920
received a divine
calling to be a shaman.
308
00:16:32,232 --> 00:16:35,132
Just as Abraham,
he did the urgings of God
309
00:16:35,193 --> 00:16:36,473
to move to Canaan,
310
00:16:36,926 --> 00:16:40,202
La heeded this commandment
from the spirit world.
311
00:16:41,241 --> 00:16:42,755
She felt bound by it.
312
00:16:43,819 --> 00:16:45,900
Being tied to the spirits
313
00:16:45,961 --> 00:16:49,042
helps the Hmong keep
their culture alive,
314
00:16:49,103 --> 00:16:50,335
ties people together,
315
00:16:51,014 --> 00:16:53,229
like millions of red threads
316
00:16:53,290 --> 00:16:55,892
spanning their entire
Asian diaspora.
317
00:17:04,223 --> 00:17:06,159
In many religions,
holy laws dictate
318
00:17:06,220 --> 00:17:08,327
not only how
believers live life,
319
00:17:08,924 --> 00:17:10,461
but how they confront death.
320
00:17:18,730 --> 00:17:21,835
I've come to a cemetery
in Lexington, Kentucky,
321
00:17:22,386 --> 00:17:25,535
to meet Dr. Abdul-Munim
Sombat Jitmoud.
322
00:17:31,618 --> 00:17:34,257
He followed Islam's holiest law
323
00:17:34,674 --> 00:17:36,905
in the face of great
personal tragedy.
324
00:17:40,093 --> 00:17:43,183
I want to tell you myself
how grateful we all are
325
00:17:43,407 --> 00:17:44,841
that you'd take the time to...
326
00:17:45,348 --> 00:17:46,557
spend this time with us.
327
00:17:46,617 --> 00:17:48,655
Yes, sir.
It is mutual, sir.
328
00:17:49,999 --> 00:17:51,396
I understand that you had...
329
00:17:52,129 --> 00:17:52,970
something tragic
330
00:17:53,600 --> 00:17:55,367
to your family.
Can you tell me about it?
331
00:17:56,005 --> 00:17:56,590
Yes, sir.
332
00:17:56,651 --> 00:17:58,143
Three years ago, of course,
333
00:17:59,226 --> 00:18:01,443
our dearest son, Salahuddin,
got murdered.
334
00:18:03,970 --> 00:18:07,772
Dr. Jitmoud ran an Islamic
academy in Lexington.
335
00:18:10,503 --> 00:18:13,076
He lived here with his wife
and six sons.
336
00:18:15,163 --> 00:18:18,838
In 2015, Dr. Jitmoud's
second youngest son,
337
00:18:19,052 --> 00:18:20,059
Salahuddin,
338
00:18:20,478 --> 00:18:22,213
was working his way
through college
339
00:18:22,273 --> 00:18:24,161
as a pizza delivery driver.
340
00:18:25,523 --> 00:18:27,660
Tell me what you remember
341
00:18:28,676 --> 00:18:30,459
happened actually that night.
342
00:18:30,626 --> 00:18:31,224
Yes, sir.
343
00:18:31,285 --> 00:18:32,913
I gave Salahuddin a call,
344
00:18:33,504 --> 00:18:36,522
and he said,
'Baba, I'm deliver the pizza.'
345
00:18:36,807 --> 00:18:38,784
'Oh, I will call you
later, then.'
346
00:18:38,845 --> 00:18:39,289
He said,
347
00:18:39,999 --> 00:18:41,577
'Inshallah, Baba.'
348
00:18:41,802 --> 00:18:44,745
That was his last word
for me to hear.
349
00:18:44,806 --> 00:18:46,990
Inshallah. That means
'God willing,' right?
350
00:18:47,229 --> 00:18:48,303
Yes, God willing.
351
00:18:48,920 --> 00:18:50,446
Then a few hours later,
352
00:18:50,863 --> 00:18:53,340
he had one more delivery to do.
353
00:18:55,134 --> 00:18:57,697
Salahuddin was called
to an apartment complex
354
00:18:57,757 --> 00:18:59,604
on the outskirts of the city.
355
00:19:01,328 --> 00:19:04,824
Actually, that order
not supposed to be his order.
356
00:19:05,523 --> 00:19:07,755
It's another lady
supposed to deliver,
357
00:19:08,301 --> 00:19:11,179
but she afraid,
so Salahuddin volunteer.
358
00:19:14,222 --> 00:19:15,548
As he approached the door,
359
00:19:15,983 --> 00:19:16,852
he was attacked,
360
00:19:17,152 --> 00:19:17,953
robbed,
361
00:19:18,514 --> 00:19:20,079
and stabbed to death.
362
00:19:26,234 --> 00:19:27,375
Did the police ever...
363
00:19:27,828 --> 00:19:28,948
figure out who?
364
00:19:29,168 --> 00:19:30,235
-Yes.
-Did they catch him?
365
00:19:30,626 --> 00:19:33,535
Trey Alexander Relford,
along with two accomplices,
366
00:19:34,181 --> 00:19:38,095
had devised a plan to rob
a pizza delivery driver.
367
00:19:39,488 --> 00:19:41,207
Salahuddin became their target.
368
00:19:43,078 --> 00:19:45,613
Relford was found guilty
for his role in the killing.
369
00:19:47,248 --> 00:19:49,996
Dr. Jitmoud agreed
to a plea deal
370
00:19:50,396 --> 00:19:53,211
that kept Relford from
receiving the death penalty.
371
00:19:54,208 --> 00:19:56,314
But it was what happened
at the sentencing
372
00:19:56,816 --> 00:19:59,051
that caught the attention
of the media.
373
00:20:21,806 --> 00:20:23,305
I'm sorry about
what happened that day.
374
00:20:27,237 --> 00:20:28,718
He really remorseful,
375
00:20:29,008 --> 00:20:30,854
and he's apologetic to me,
376
00:20:31,644 --> 00:20:33,443
and I feel that
he looking for...
377
00:20:34,768 --> 00:20:37,429
some caring, some comfort.
378
00:20:38,202 --> 00:20:40,179
That's why when I hug him,
I said that...
379
00:20:41,000 --> 00:20:42,252
Wait a minute, wait a minute.
380
00:20:42,459 --> 00:20:43,247
You hugged him?
381
00:20:43,797 --> 00:20:44,625
Yes, sir.
382
00:21:00,880 --> 00:21:03,702
We just hug each other
like a father and son.
383
00:21:04,573 --> 00:21:07,291
And I feel he is one
of my flesh and blood.
384
00:21:14,678 --> 00:21:16,507
And I told him, 'Oh, my son,
385
00:21:17,641 --> 00:21:18,845
I have forgiven you.'
386
00:21:22,341 --> 00:21:24,310
'You have a brand-new
chapter of life.
387
00:21:25,583 --> 00:21:27,035
Make yourself a change
388
00:21:27,326 --> 00:21:29,222
and become a good person.'
389
00:21:30,967 --> 00:21:32,535
That was my message to him.
390
00:21:33,086 --> 00:21:35,098
I think this may be
a good time to take a break.
391
00:21:35,737 --> 00:21:36,570
Thank you.
392
00:21:39,220 --> 00:21:41,561
Where do you get the,
393
00:21:42,231 --> 00:21:46,003
I don't know,
the mercy to do that?
394
00:21:46,528 --> 00:21:48,021
He's the murderer of your son.
395
00:21:48,082 --> 00:21:49,439
You, and you forgive?
396
00:21:51,068 --> 00:21:53,594
Mr. Freeman,
it didn't come easy,
397
00:21:54,934 --> 00:21:55,993
but because of...
398
00:21:56,798 --> 00:21:57,646
Shahada,
399
00:21:58,907 --> 00:22:00,060
our deep belief
400
00:22:01,119 --> 00:22:02,604
in the oneness of God.
401
00:22:06,221 --> 00:22:08,754
The Shahada is
the first and greatest
402
00:22:08,815 --> 00:22:11,070
of the Five Pillars of Islam.
403
00:22:12,261 --> 00:22:13,490
These fundamental rules
404
00:22:13,551 --> 00:22:15,796
are the foundation
of the Muslim faith.
405
00:22:17,521 --> 00:22:21,142
The Shahada states that
there is no god but Allah,
406
00:22:22,548 --> 00:22:24,446
and Muhammad is his messenger.
407
00:22:26,414 --> 00:22:28,927
How does that manifest
itself in daily life?
408
00:22:28,988 --> 00:22:30,658
Because God create all of us.
409
00:22:31,250 --> 00:22:34,311
We have to be good to everyone
and be merciful
410
00:22:34,991 --> 00:22:36,853
to the one who hurt us the most,
411
00:22:37,735 --> 00:22:40,283
so that we can earn
Allah forgiveness.
412
00:22:41,209 --> 00:22:42,936
It's Jesus and
the Sermon on the Mount.
413
00:22:43,356 --> 00:22:43,960
Yes.
414
00:22:44,021 --> 00:22:45,242
Forgive thine enemy.
415
00:22:45,734 --> 00:22:46,741
Yes, sir.
416
00:22:47,609 --> 00:22:49,927
Now, there was a moment
417
00:22:50,620 --> 00:22:54,413
in the tragedy
of Salahuddin's death
418
00:22:54,474 --> 00:22:56,004
that gave you some comfort.
419
00:22:56,064 --> 00:22:56,646
Yes, sir.
420
00:22:56,707 --> 00:22:57,861
At the time of death,
421
00:22:58,519 --> 00:23:03,118
Islam emphasize that you should
have a moment to say,
422
00:23:03,179 --> 00:23:06,533
'Laa ilaaha ill-Allah'
with the finger up, to testify.
423
00:23:07,193 --> 00:23:09,678
The night of murder,
there was a witness
424
00:23:09,739 --> 00:23:11,887
who had observed Salahuddin...
425
00:23:13,111 --> 00:23:15,607
body lean against the wall,
426
00:23:16,140 --> 00:23:18,090
and his finger go like this.
427
00:23:18,845 --> 00:23:21,457
She realized he is
Muslim, he's Muslim,
428
00:23:21,518 --> 00:23:23,287
because the way he raise finger,
429
00:23:23,505 --> 00:23:25,596
that's meaning
he recite Shahada.
430
00:23:26,577 --> 00:23:28,235
At the time of sorrow,
431
00:23:28,454 --> 00:23:30,773
God send this
incident to comfort me
432
00:23:31,387 --> 00:23:32,830
and all of my sons.
433
00:23:35,621 --> 00:23:36,424
Thank you so much.
434
00:23:36,484 --> 00:23:37,856
Thank you so much.
435
00:23:38,680 --> 00:23:40,787
And peace and blessings
be upon you, sir.
436
00:23:58,530 --> 00:23:59,520
Thank you, sir.
437
00:24:06,168 --> 00:24:09,237
I find what Dr. Jitmoud
did truly humbling.
438
00:24:09,942 --> 00:24:12,223
Of course, he would say he
was just following God's
439
00:24:12,284 --> 00:24:13,860
commandments of Shahada.
440
00:24:15,108 --> 00:24:17,119
I think many people see
God's commandments
441
00:24:17,179 --> 00:24:18,611
as just admonitions.
442
00:24:19,398 --> 00:24:21,132
What people like Dr. Jitmoud
understand
443
00:24:21,252 --> 00:24:23,022
is that they are God's
way of showing us
444
00:24:23,082 --> 00:24:24,460
how to live better lives,
445
00:24:26,050 --> 00:24:27,398
as communities,
446
00:24:28,042 --> 00:24:29,245
as individuals,
447
00:24:30,054 --> 00:24:32,595
as members of the human race.
448
00:24:39,205 --> 00:24:42,749
When our instincts might drive
us to revenge and violence,
449
00:24:43,378 --> 00:24:46,241
holy laws can show us
a better way forward.
450
00:24:46,692 --> 00:24:48,493
One religious group
hopes to spread
451
00:24:48,554 --> 00:24:49,956
this message to the whole world
452
00:24:50,068 --> 00:24:52,840
and to eradicate
violence completely.
453
00:25:06,145 --> 00:25:08,414
I've come to Kathmandu, Nepal,
454
00:25:08,574 --> 00:25:09,976
to learn about Jainism,
455
00:25:10,525 --> 00:25:14,183
a faith whose ultimate
holy law is non-violence.
456
00:25:16,030 --> 00:25:19,214
With me is religious
scholar Pankaj Jain.
457
00:25:20,622 --> 00:25:22,771
He's invited me to
the local Jain temple
458
00:25:22,831 --> 00:25:26,365
to witness a religious ceremony
known as the puja.
459
00:25:27,944 --> 00:25:29,081
And here we are.
460
00:25:29,696 --> 00:25:30,545
Okay.
461
00:25:47,933 --> 00:25:50,880
The puja demonstrates
the virtuous way.
462
00:25:52,136 --> 00:25:56,033
Water symbolizes the washing
away of spiritual impurities.
463
00:26:00,906 --> 00:26:02,472
Fire illuminates,
464
00:26:02,802 --> 00:26:04,939
destroying the darkness
of delusion.
465
00:26:25,411 --> 00:26:26,672
Svaha.
466
00:26:26,861 --> 00:26:29,792
Food offerings, such
as rice and almonds,
467
00:26:30,174 --> 00:26:31,589
connote sacrifice.
468
00:26:41,140 --> 00:26:42,522
And dried coconuts
469
00:26:42,891 --> 00:26:46,543
represent the believer's
own mind waking up.
470
00:26:51,822 --> 00:26:53,514
Svaha.
471
00:26:54,622 --> 00:26:58,635
Every human being
ignorantly, they are sad.
472
00:26:58,989 --> 00:27:01,376
But whenever they will
getting the knowledge,
473
00:27:01,437 --> 00:27:05,074
right knowledge, the right
conduct, right character,
474
00:27:05,135 --> 00:27:06,981
then they're becoming
like God would.
475
00:27:07,384 --> 00:27:08,567
This is our aim.
476
00:27:08,667 --> 00:27:10,919
So every soul is...
477
00:27:10,980 --> 00:27:13,392
no one needs to be
killed in this globe.
478
00:27:13,479 --> 00:27:16,470
So we must give
the good knowledge.
479
00:27:19,995 --> 00:27:23,339
I'm curious to know what
knowledge Jains believe
480
00:27:23,400 --> 00:27:26,409
will lead to universal
enlightenment and peace.
481
00:27:28,094 --> 00:27:30,881
So, the religion is called Jain,
482
00:27:31,679 --> 00:27:33,101
and I'm talking to you,
483
00:27:33,760 --> 00:27:35,927
and your name is Jain.
484
00:27:36,228 --> 00:27:37,254
Is that a coincidence?
485
00:27:37,966 --> 00:27:40,161
Jain is a very common surname,
486
00:27:40,222 --> 00:27:42,716
last name for people
practising Jainism.
487
00:27:42,902 --> 00:27:46,439
Jain word itself comes
from Jina, J-I-N-A.
488
00:27:46,939 --> 00:27:49,122
Jina who have conquered
all their passions,
489
00:27:49,241 --> 00:27:51,973
basically those who have
conquered themselves.
490
00:27:54,126 --> 00:27:55,362
Much like Buddhists,
491
00:27:55,618 --> 00:27:57,571
Jains strive for liberation
492
00:27:57,632 --> 00:28:01,165
from the cycle of birth and
death that is reincarnation.
493
00:28:03,751 --> 00:28:07,686
Jinas are people who have
attained that liberation.
494
00:28:09,411 --> 00:28:11,882
So the Jinas, they've
taken five great vows:
495
00:28:12,863 --> 00:28:15,323
truth, non-violence,
non-accumulation,
496
00:28:15,383 --> 00:28:17,725
celibacy, and non-stealing.
497
00:28:18,001 --> 00:28:20,486
Every Jain hopes to
become like Jina,
498
00:28:20,547 --> 00:28:22,293
so we follow their path.
499
00:28:22,977 --> 00:28:25,786
So these five vows...
500
00:28:25,853 --> 00:28:26,419
Vows.
501
00:28:26,480 --> 00:28:30,734
Is there one or two
more important than others?
502
00:28:31,088 --> 00:28:32,815
Typically, Jains
today describe...
503
00:28:33,044 --> 00:28:35,458
their religion by
the most fundamental
504
00:28:35,582 --> 00:28:37,779
practice that is
Ahimsa, or non-violence.
505
00:28:38,371 --> 00:28:40,555
Let's stop and have compassion
506
00:28:40,615 --> 00:28:42,858
towards your fellow
beings in the universe.
507
00:28:43,418 --> 00:28:45,427
How do you live like that?
508
00:28:46,092 --> 00:28:48,483
Jains really practice
non-violence
509
00:28:48,623 --> 00:28:50,304
by practising vegetarianism.
510
00:28:50,763 --> 00:28:54,981
They have never even tasted
meat or egg or seafood.
511
00:28:55,167 --> 00:28:56,995
The root vegetables
512
00:28:57,624 --> 00:28:59,454
is also amounts to violence,
513
00:28:59,530 --> 00:29:01,855
because when you kill
the root of a plant,
514
00:29:02,361 --> 00:29:03,676
you're killing the entire plant.
515
00:29:04,436 --> 00:29:07,068
Another example of
practising non-violence,
516
00:29:07,262 --> 00:29:08,687
is when monks and nuns,
517
00:29:08,747 --> 00:29:12,524
they keep sweeping the
floor by a peacock brush,
518
00:29:12,992 --> 00:29:15,258
so that they do not
kill even a bug.
519
00:29:15,823 --> 00:29:17,281
Alright, so what
about breathing?
520
00:29:17,341 --> 00:29:21,320
I mean, there, things float
in the air, they're there.
521
00:29:21,536 --> 00:29:22,322
What do you do there?
522
00:29:22,383 --> 00:29:24,428
Right, so there is
one sect in Jainism,
523
00:29:24,555 --> 00:29:27,349
in which they put a mask
on their mouth.
524
00:29:28,968 --> 00:29:31,266
They're not supposed to
even unintentionally...
525
00:29:31,476 --> 00:29:33,330
breathe in any micro-organism.
526
00:29:34,565 --> 00:29:37,022
Some Jains,
usually late in life,
527
00:29:37,396 --> 00:29:38,944
take the vow of non-violence
528
00:29:39,005 --> 00:29:41,702
to the point where
they stop eating altogether
529
00:29:42,401 --> 00:29:44,749
and allow themselves to die.
530
00:29:46,258 --> 00:29:47,522
Is it unfair...
531
00:29:47,931 --> 00:29:50,884
to label this as a
bit of extremism?
532
00:29:51,684 --> 00:29:54,693
I prefer the word 'ultimate
example of non-violence.'
533
00:29:54,781 --> 00:29:56,274
Ahimsa, or non-violence,
534
00:29:56,597 --> 00:29:59,104
leads to peaceful coexistence,
535
00:30:00,218 --> 00:30:03,644
more acceptance of different
faiths, different practices,
536
00:30:03,891 --> 00:30:07,167
and that was really embraced
by great leaders such as...
537
00:30:07,407 --> 00:30:08,502
Mahatma Gandhi.
538
00:30:10,967 --> 00:30:12,315
And Mahatma Gandhi,
539
00:30:12,463 --> 00:30:13,649
in turn, influenced
540
00:30:13,915 --> 00:30:15,185
Dr. Martin Luther King
541
00:30:15,514 --> 00:30:16,788
in the United States
542
00:30:18,728 --> 00:30:21,395
and also Nelson Mandela
in South Africa.
543
00:30:22,645 --> 00:30:24,173
The world could
use more Jainism.
544
00:30:24,234 --> 00:30:25,548
-Yes.
-That's for sure.
545
00:30:25,609 --> 00:30:27,102
Very well said. Yeah.
546
00:30:27,222 --> 00:30:29,393
Definitely non-violence
is needed.
547
00:30:30,035 --> 00:30:30,703
Peace on Earth.
548
00:30:30,772 --> 00:30:31,575
Peace on Earth.
549
00:30:31,636 --> 00:30:32,377
Yeah.
550
00:30:48,426 --> 00:30:49,582
Non-violence.
551
00:30:50,128 --> 00:30:51,016
Ahimsa.
552
00:30:52,471 --> 00:30:54,209
Some of the people
I admire most,
553
00:30:54,887 --> 00:30:58,062
Gandhi, Martin Luther King,
Mandela,
554
00:30:58,123 --> 00:30:59,936
all lived by this principle.
555
00:31:01,411 --> 00:31:02,562
For the Jains,
556
00:31:03,136 --> 00:31:04,325
non-violence
557
00:31:04,973 --> 00:31:06,446
represents a higher road,
558
00:31:07,279 --> 00:31:08,085
to strive,
559
00:31:09,205 --> 00:31:10,266
to live above
560
00:31:10,834 --> 00:31:11,821
our base of instincts,
561
00:31:13,250 --> 00:31:14,311
to be more...
562
00:31:16,089 --> 00:31:16,845
god-like.
563
00:31:21,327 --> 00:31:22,910
But for every high road,
564
00:31:23,270 --> 00:31:24,542
there's a low road.
565
00:31:25,399 --> 00:31:28,258
There's another way to keep
the faithful on the right path:
566
00:31:29,008 --> 00:31:31,114
fear of divine retribution.
567
00:31:38,620 --> 00:31:39,833
Naples, Italy.
568
00:31:43,745 --> 00:31:46,977
This metropolis sits in the
shadow of an active volcano,
569
00:31:47,526 --> 00:31:48,668
Mount Vesuvius.
570
00:31:49,920 --> 00:31:53,203
When Vesuvius erupted in 79 AD,
571
00:31:53,501 --> 00:31:56,924
it buried a different city
in ash and volcanic rock:
572
00:31:58,502 --> 00:31:59,257
Pompeii.
573
00:32:02,719 --> 00:32:04,902
When natural disaster strikes,
574
00:32:05,837 --> 00:32:09,167
there are people who see it
as a sign of the wrath of God.
575
00:32:10,461 --> 00:32:12,693
Just like in Sodom and Gomorrah,
576
00:32:12,875 --> 00:32:15,716
God is punishing
unrepentant sinners.
577
00:32:17,173 --> 00:32:18,405
Hurricane Katrina
578
00:32:19,409 --> 00:32:20,950
and the Haitian earthquake
579
00:32:21,011 --> 00:32:23,771
were both labelled acts
of divine retribution
580
00:32:24,080 --> 00:32:25,512
by radical preachers.
581
00:32:33,330 --> 00:32:35,721
I'm meeting archaeologist
and historian
582
00:32:35,781 --> 00:32:37,404
Andrew Wallace-Hadrill.
583
00:32:38,404 --> 00:32:39,340
I want to know
584
00:32:39,476 --> 00:32:41,755
whether ancient
Romans saw the fire
585
00:32:41,816 --> 00:32:44,201
and brimstone that
engulfed Pompeii
586
00:32:44,445 --> 00:32:45,855
as divine punishment.
587
00:32:46,850 --> 00:32:48,129
So, that's it right there.
588
00:32:49,247 --> 00:32:50,309
That's Vesuvius.
589
00:32:51,319 --> 00:32:53,301
They organized their forum
590
00:32:54,190 --> 00:32:55,845
to look at the mountain.
591
00:32:56,181 --> 00:32:58,997
How many people
would you say lived here?
592
00:32:59,204 --> 00:33:02,385
The estimates vary between,
say, 10,000 and 20,000.
593
00:33:09,058 --> 00:33:12,498
What happens is
when Vesuvius blows,
594
00:33:14,540 --> 00:33:16,968
there's a column that
shoots up into the air,
595
00:33:17,029 --> 00:33:19,637
20 miles up into
the stratosphere.
596
00:33:29,214 --> 00:33:30,420
And it rains
597
00:33:31,356 --> 00:33:32,972
the little pebbles of pumice,
598
00:33:33,218 --> 00:33:35,968
and it just fills
this entire area,
599
00:33:36,359 --> 00:33:38,002
but that's not the killer.
600
00:33:42,083 --> 00:33:43,618
The killer is later.
601
00:33:44,236 --> 00:33:45,928
When the column collapses...
602
00:33:49,100 --> 00:33:51,825
You get pyroclastic surges.
603
00:33:52,133 --> 00:33:54,015
That is really hot gas.
604
00:33:54,584 --> 00:33:56,288
400 degrees Fahrenheit
605
00:33:56,488 --> 00:33:58,649
by the time it reaches Pompeii.
606
00:34:04,308 --> 00:34:06,102
There's no way
you can survive it.
607
00:34:13,903 --> 00:34:14,917
That's a person?
608
00:34:15,664 --> 00:34:17,352
That's actually a cast.
609
00:34:19,135 --> 00:34:20,247
And inside of it,
610
00:34:20,430 --> 00:34:21,417
there's still the bones.
611
00:34:21,887 --> 00:34:24,945
-Inside of... skull, bones?
-Yeah, yeah.
612
00:34:26,416 --> 00:34:27,559
Holy cow.
613
00:34:28,669 --> 00:34:31,310
You can see he's covering
his face because...
614
00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:34,555
-Yeah, he can't breathe.
-He can't breathe, can't breathe.
615
00:34:35,295 --> 00:34:37,030
Vesuvius's victims were found
616
00:34:37,144 --> 00:34:39,975
when excavations
started in 1748.
617
00:34:40,685 --> 00:34:42,613
Beginning in the 19th century,
618
00:34:42,908 --> 00:34:46,091
dozens of them were preserved
by creating plaster casts.
619
00:34:47,292 --> 00:34:49,524
How did they make sense
of what happened here?
620
00:34:49,585 --> 00:34:52,168
We actually don't know whether
they blamed the gods or not,
621
00:34:52,228 --> 00:34:54,643
but the gods really
matter for them.
622
00:34:54,851 --> 00:34:56,114
You go into a house,
623
00:34:56,683 --> 00:34:58,375
there are shrines to the gods.
624
00:34:59,057 --> 00:35:00,591
-Okay, can we see any of that?
-Yes.
625
00:35:00,857 --> 00:35:01,878
-I want to see.
-Let's go see.
626
00:35:05,310 --> 00:35:07,771
Excavations of Pompeii
not only unearthed
627
00:35:07,832 --> 00:35:10,175
bodies frozen in
their moment of death,
628
00:35:10,798 --> 00:35:13,405
it also gave
archaeologists insight
629
00:35:13,466 --> 00:35:17,080
into what everyday Romans
believed about divine will.
630
00:35:19,531 --> 00:35:21,335
Alright, what is this, Andrew?
631
00:35:21,395 --> 00:35:23,443
So, this, this is
a household shrine.
632
00:35:24,367 --> 00:35:26,361
It's where you worship the Lares
633
00:35:26,422 --> 00:35:27,851
who are the household gods.
634
00:35:28,574 --> 00:35:30,750
For the ancients, the gods
are here in the house.
635
00:35:31,024 --> 00:35:32,448
They're out there in the street.
636
00:35:32,615 --> 00:35:33,680
They're everywhere.
637
00:35:35,883 --> 00:35:36,741
Is that Merc?
638
00:35:37,088 --> 00:35:39,152
That's Mercury.
And do you see down here?
639
00:35:39,213 --> 00:35:39,793
Yeah.
640
00:35:39,854 --> 00:35:41,103
You've got a little altar.
641
00:35:41,208 --> 00:35:41,809
Yeah.
642
00:35:42,173 --> 00:35:43,705
And on the altar's an offering.
643
00:35:43,766 --> 00:35:45,121
This is how you do a sacrifice.
644
00:35:45,355 --> 00:35:46,075
Alright.
645
00:35:46,454 --> 00:35:48,465
In the household, you sacrifice
646
00:35:48,525 --> 00:35:49,622
just things like eggs
647
00:35:50,128 --> 00:35:51,986
and a bit of, a bit of flour.
648
00:35:52,046 --> 00:35:53,135
You'd leave it up here.
649
00:35:54,857 --> 00:35:56,131
It may only be a cake,
650
00:35:56,247 --> 00:35:57,627
but you're sacrificing it.
651
00:35:57,741 --> 00:35:58,732
Instead of eating it,
652
00:35:58,927 --> 00:36:00,310
you're putting it
out for the gods.
653
00:36:00,572 --> 00:36:01,551
And it's part of...
654
00:36:01,817 --> 00:36:03,903
this sort of deal that
you're doing with the gods.
655
00:36:04,817 --> 00:36:06,145
You give something to them...
656
00:36:06,267 --> 00:36:07,716
-They give something to you.
-Yep.
657
00:36:07,777 --> 00:36:09,969
-Quid pro quo.
-Quid pro quo.
658
00:36:12,068 --> 00:36:16,899
So with all this
sacrificing and offerings,
659
00:36:17,244 --> 00:36:19,367
did the people feel that
660
00:36:20,127 --> 00:36:21,705
somehow they did something wrong
661
00:36:21,765 --> 00:36:23,566
and they're being
punished by the gods?
662
00:36:24,360 --> 00:36:26,719
You don't have this idea of...
663
00:36:27,296 --> 00:36:29,681
the eruption, as
divine punishment.
664
00:36:29,970 --> 00:36:32,543
They haven't got
one great, angry god
665
00:36:32,604 --> 00:36:34,533
who if you don't worship him,
666
00:36:34,926 --> 00:36:36,135
will destroy your city.
667
00:36:36,196 --> 00:36:37,732
You've got loads of gods,
668
00:36:37,965 --> 00:36:39,579
and they're much
more interested in,
669
00:36:39,680 --> 00:36:41,966
have I offended
this particular god?
670
00:36:42,303 --> 00:36:43,874
Is Mercury upset with me?
671
00:36:44,058 --> 00:36:46,217
Is that why I'm not making
a profit this year?
672
00:36:47,301 --> 00:36:50,166
The Roman gods didn't care
about your moral conduct.
673
00:36:51,070 --> 00:36:53,162
There were no divine
rules to break.
674
00:36:54,004 --> 00:36:56,066
The only way to
incur their wrath
675
00:36:56,593 --> 00:36:58,245
was to be stingy
with your gifts.
676
00:36:59,527 --> 00:37:00,572
What about other religions?
677
00:37:00,632 --> 00:37:01,917
I mean, how did they...
678
00:37:02,460 --> 00:37:04,322
explain Vesuvius?
679
00:37:04,404 --> 00:37:05,931
Really what we get
680
00:37:06,085 --> 00:37:07,579
is a much later
681
00:37:08,249 --> 00:37:10,237
Judeo-Christian interpretation,
682
00:37:10,297 --> 00:37:11,135
because they thought,
683
00:37:11,451 --> 00:37:13,550
what does the eruption
mean to people?
684
00:37:13,610 --> 00:37:15,909
And they go to
the biblical story
685
00:37:15,970 --> 00:37:18,471
of Sodom and Gomorrah,
and it's seen as...
686
00:37:18,645 --> 00:37:19,881
an act of God...
687
00:37:19,942 --> 00:37:20,387
Right.
688
00:37:20,448 --> 00:37:22,874
Punishing, but that's,
that's not antique.
689
00:37:23,241 --> 00:37:25,680
That's not what the ancients
were making of it. That's us!
690
00:37:33,753 --> 00:37:36,314
When nature unleashes
its raw power,
691
00:37:36,806 --> 00:37:39,542
be it with volcanoes,
earthquakes,
692
00:37:39,602 --> 00:37:41,496
hurricanes or tsunamis,
693
00:37:42,294 --> 00:37:43,511
we are humbled
694
00:37:43,774 --> 00:37:45,395
by our human frailty.
695
00:37:46,747 --> 00:37:48,701
The Romans believed
that their gods
696
00:37:49,199 --> 00:37:50,932
needed constant attention,
697
00:37:51,510 --> 00:37:53,540
in order to offer protection.
698
00:37:54,747 --> 00:37:57,089
But there were no
commandments to be broken.
699
00:37:57,767 --> 00:38:00,770
No moral failings that
would cause their wrath.
700
00:38:03,453 --> 00:38:06,054
Today, most people
on Earth believe
701
00:38:06,115 --> 00:38:09,528
we must live by divinely
inspired moral laws.
702
00:38:10,526 --> 00:38:11,995
But when cultures clash,
703
00:38:12,665 --> 00:38:14,761
holy laws come into conflict,
704
00:38:15,378 --> 00:38:17,838
and people take
divine retribution
705
00:38:17,911 --> 00:38:19,234
into their own hands.
706
00:38:43,628 --> 00:38:46,012
Thou shalt not commit adultery.
707
00:38:48,764 --> 00:38:51,221
Thou shalt not covet
thy neighbour's house.
708
00:38:54,824 --> 00:38:56,647
Thou shalt not steal.
709
00:38:58,266 --> 00:39:02,728
Those Jewish laws merged
with the political systems
710
00:39:03,133 --> 00:39:04,768
of ancient Greece and Rome
711
00:39:05,562 --> 00:39:07,455
and helped build
the Western world.
712
00:39:08,691 --> 00:39:10,336
But they aren't universal rules.
713
00:39:11,418 --> 00:39:14,202
They don't form the
foundation of all societies.
714
00:39:16,074 --> 00:39:17,631
One faith's prohibition
715
00:39:18,361 --> 00:39:19,797
could be another's virtue.
716
00:39:21,013 --> 00:39:21,922
And...
717
00:39:22,415 --> 00:39:23,710
as cultures meet,
718
00:39:24,327 --> 00:39:26,497
commandments can drive
a wedge between them.
719
00:39:33,621 --> 00:39:36,487
In Bamiyan,
Afghanistan, in 2001,
720
00:39:36,812 --> 00:39:38,836
the Taliban ordered
that the tallest
721
00:39:39,040 --> 00:39:40,843
statues of Buddha in the world
722
00:39:41,279 --> 00:39:42,179
be destroyed.
723
00:39:43,829 --> 00:39:46,082
The motivation was
the Islamic prohibition
724
00:39:46,142 --> 00:39:48,095
against idolatrous images,
725
00:39:48,775 --> 00:39:51,934
stemming from the second
commandment of Jewish law.
726
00:39:53,366 --> 00:39:56,660
Most Muslims decried
these acts as extreme
727
00:39:57,161 --> 00:39:59,093
and intolerant of other faiths.
728
00:40:02,469 --> 00:40:04,549
But mass destruction
of religious icons
729
00:40:04,609 --> 00:40:05,921
has happened before.
730
00:40:06,507 --> 00:40:07,651
The perpetrators...
731
00:40:08,062 --> 00:40:08,918
were Christian.
732
00:40:13,687 --> 00:40:15,354
The conflict erupted here,
733
00:40:15,584 --> 00:40:17,055
in Istanbul, Turkey,
734
00:40:17,760 --> 00:40:19,561
1,300 years ago.
735
00:40:20,728 --> 00:40:22,296
Journalist Nelufar Hedayat
736
00:40:22,357 --> 00:40:24,771
has come here to visit
the Hagia Sophia.
737
00:40:29,864 --> 00:40:32,058
And to learn how a holy law
738
00:40:32,119 --> 00:40:34,794
divided the entire
Christian Empire.
739
00:40:36,019 --> 00:40:37,816
She's meeting archaeologist
740
00:40:38,039 --> 00:40:39,549
Alessandra Ricci.
741
00:40:39,609 --> 00:40:41,266
-Hello.
-How are you?
742
00:40:41,401 --> 00:40:44,301
So nice to meet you.
Welcome to Istanbul.
743
00:40:47,154 --> 00:40:48,244
My God.
744
00:40:49,481 --> 00:40:52,279
It looks so much bigger
on the inside.
745
00:40:53,692 --> 00:40:56,048
This is a building
that envelops you.
746
00:40:56,108 --> 00:40:58,257
You're hit by
the majesty of it all.
747
00:40:58,317 --> 00:41:01,053
It's just so stunning.
748
00:41:01,617 --> 00:41:02,913
This place just looks like
749
00:41:02,974 --> 00:41:05,762
there's layer upon
layer of history.
750
00:41:07,400 --> 00:41:11,275
The Hagia Sophia
was built in the year 537
751
00:41:11,342 --> 00:41:13,157
by Emperor Justinian.
752
00:41:14,161 --> 00:41:15,091
At the time,
753
00:41:15,421 --> 00:41:17,877
it was the largest
building in the world,
754
00:41:18,372 --> 00:41:19,744
and the greatest church
755
00:41:19,958 --> 00:41:22,056
in the Byzantine
Christian Empire.
756
00:41:24,355 --> 00:41:26,971
In 1453, the Ottomans
conquered the city
757
00:41:27,032 --> 00:41:29,714
and turned Hagia Sophia
into a mosque.
758
00:41:30,695 --> 00:41:32,411
Since 1935,
759
00:41:32,711 --> 00:41:33,834
it's been a museum
760
00:41:34,183 --> 00:41:36,259
where visitors can
see spectacular
761
00:41:36,320 --> 00:41:38,389
religious art from both faiths.
762
00:41:40,152 --> 00:41:42,363
One of these artworks,
the Deeisis,
763
00:41:42,845 --> 00:41:45,562
is a window into a
tumultuous century
764
00:41:45,722 --> 00:41:47,296
of early Christianity.
765
00:41:48,160 --> 00:41:49,892
Here, on this wall,
766
00:41:50,406 --> 00:41:52,448
in the centre is Christ
767
00:41:53,062 --> 00:41:56,939
and then is his mother,
the mother of God,
768
00:41:57,146 --> 00:41:59,570
and John the Baptist over here.
769
00:42:00,069 --> 00:42:02,701
Alessandra, this is
absolutely beautiful,
770
00:42:02,761 --> 00:42:05,186
but I've seen countless
images just like this
771
00:42:05,246 --> 00:42:06,325
within Christianity.
772
00:42:06,385 --> 00:42:08,077
Why is this controversial?
773
00:42:08,249 --> 00:42:10,499
This representation of Christ
774
00:42:10,560 --> 00:42:14,196
might have been similar
to an earlier one,
775
00:42:14,257 --> 00:42:16,474
which decorated the entrance
776
00:42:16,534 --> 00:42:20,240
into the Imperial Palace
of the Byzantine emperors.
777
00:42:20,572 --> 00:42:25,302
And in 726, the
Emperor Leo decided
778
00:42:25,429 --> 00:42:28,757
to remove and actually destroy
779
00:42:28,818 --> 00:42:31,286
that holy representation
of Christ.
780
00:42:33,551 --> 00:42:35,596
The destruction
was the opening salvo
781
00:42:35,656 --> 00:42:37,365
of more than a hundred years
782
00:42:37,735 --> 00:42:39,727
where the Christian
Empire banned
783
00:42:39,788 --> 00:42:41,788
graven images in religious art.
784
00:42:42,312 --> 00:42:43,754
They were doing this because
785
00:42:43,815 --> 00:42:46,573
the Second Commandment says,
'Thou shalt not make unto thee
786
00:42:46,724 --> 00:42:48,091
any graven images.'
787
00:42:48,151 --> 00:42:48,857
Right.
788
00:42:48,934 --> 00:42:52,093
A lot of figural representations
789
00:42:52,154 --> 00:42:55,267
of the holy were
destroyed in the city
790
00:42:55,328 --> 00:42:58,823
and probably around
the Byzantine Empire.
791
00:43:00,291 --> 00:43:01,872
In Islam, in my faith,
792
00:43:02,282 --> 00:43:06,028
we prohibit the
representation of God
793
00:43:06,089 --> 00:43:08,351
or the prophet
Muhammad, in any form,
794
00:43:08,586 --> 00:43:12,184
but in Christianity this was
so important and fundamental.
795
00:43:12,244 --> 00:43:13,840
How did this start?
796
00:43:14,177 --> 00:43:15,531
If we look east,
797
00:43:15,668 --> 00:43:20,060
beyond the borders
of the Byzantine Empire,
798
00:43:20,321 --> 00:43:22,939
at this very moment
what you have
799
00:43:23,068 --> 00:43:24,796
is the rise of Islam,
800
00:43:24,981 --> 00:43:26,651
and it was the rise of Islam
801
00:43:26,821 --> 00:43:28,960
that may have encouraged Leo
802
00:43:29,020 --> 00:43:31,083
to look at that commandment
803
00:43:31,406 --> 00:43:33,861
in a more strict fashion,
804
00:43:33,921 --> 00:43:36,360
by saying you should not worship
805
00:43:36,636 --> 00:43:38,708
these human images
806
00:43:38,834 --> 00:43:41,937
and not associate
them with the divine.
807
00:43:43,137 --> 00:43:45,252
It wasn't just the rise of Islam
808
00:43:45,312 --> 00:43:48,194
that spurred Leo to rethink
the Second Commandment.
809
00:43:48,880 --> 00:43:50,650
In his powerful empire,
810
00:43:50,904 --> 00:43:53,371
images of Christ
were also being used
811
00:43:53,432 --> 00:43:55,107
for non-religious ends.
812
00:43:55,383 --> 00:43:57,673
What you have here is an empress
813
00:43:57,734 --> 00:44:00,891
by the name of Irene,
and next to her
814
00:44:01,025 --> 00:44:04,772
is her second husband,
Constantine Monomachos.
815
00:44:05,685 --> 00:44:08,622
And what the imperial figures
are doing here...
816
00:44:08,683 --> 00:44:09,330
Yes.
817
00:44:09,391 --> 00:44:12,042
They are carrying
a donation to the church.
818
00:44:12,103 --> 00:44:13,427
-Of money?
-Yes.
819
00:44:13,937 --> 00:44:15,143
And we've got it right here,
820
00:44:15,204 --> 00:44:18,043
where emperor and empress
are sat next to Christ.
821
00:44:18,103 --> 00:44:20,282
And putting yourself
into the picture like this,
822
00:44:20,509 --> 00:44:22,219
I can see how that
would be problematic
823
00:44:22,280 --> 00:44:23,955
when it comes to the
Second Commandment.
824
00:44:25,031 --> 00:44:28,003
The ideological battle
over the Second Commandment
825
00:44:28,196 --> 00:44:31,247
raged back and forth until 843,
826
00:44:31,770 --> 00:44:33,483
when Empress Theodora
827
00:44:33,774 --> 00:44:36,462
permanently reinstated
the use of icons.
828
00:44:37,122 --> 00:44:39,744
What you see standing
above the apse,
829
00:44:40,091 --> 00:44:42,753
which was the holiest
place of the building,
830
00:44:42,876 --> 00:44:46,000
is this beautiful mosaic
of the mother of God,
831
00:44:46,250 --> 00:44:47,743
the Theotokos.
832
00:44:47,916 --> 00:44:49,430
She's holding on her lap
833
00:44:49,706 --> 00:44:51,055
the infant Jesus,
834
00:44:51,516 --> 00:44:56,435
and this mosaic marks the
return of religious imagery
835
00:44:56,643 --> 00:45:00,276
in Eastern Mediterranean
Christian churches.
836
00:45:05,076 --> 00:45:07,640
I'm from Afghanistan,
Alessandra,
837
00:45:07,701 --> 00:45:10,628
and the religious
extremists there
838
00:45:10,855 --> 00:45:14,209
have destroyed important parts
839
00:45:14,572 --> 00:45:17,339
of our cultural
and historic DNA.
840
00:45:17,855 --> 00:45:21,192
So you don't have to go far
in history to see the importance
841
00:45:22,380 --> 00:45:24,350
of these images of the divine
842
00:45:24,511 --> 00:45:26,473
and what it means to people.
843
00:45:27,828 --> 00:45:30,081
Today, this
breathtaking building
844
00:45:30,141 --> 00:45:33,326
stands as a shining example
of religious tolerance.
845
00:45:34,229 --> 00:45:36,258
The first Ottoman sultan
of Istanbul
846
00:45:36,319 --> 00:45:38,992
turned the Hagia Sofia
into a mosque,
847
00:45:39,679 --> 00:45:42,296
but he did not destroy
the Christian icons.
848
00:45:43,223 --> 00:45:44,925
He merely plastered over them,
849
00:45:45,361 --> 00:45:47,356
preserving them for history.
850
00:45:48,124 --> 00:45:48,875
I think...
851
00:45:49,093 --> 00:45:50,746
what we are seeing here is this
852
00:45:50,807 --> 00:45:53,678
beautiful visual
rendering of the holy,
853
00:45:53,992 --> 00:45:57,798
that stand here and
are made available
854
00:45:57,858 --> 00:46:01,955
to all visitors of all faith
and of all cultures.
855
00:46:03,623 --> 00:46:04,657
Such a joy.
856
00:46:15,324 --> 00:46:17,878
Do we still need holy laws?
857
00:46:19,052 --> 00:46:20,589
In the hands of fanatics,
858
00:46:20,812 --> 00:46:22,676
they can lead to moral judgements
859
00:46:22,946 --> 00:46:23,926
and conflict.
860
00:46:24,816 --> 00:46:27,199
But they can also point us
in the right direction,
861
00:46:28,130 --> 00:46:31,157
on the path to valuing
peace above all else.
862
00:46:32,272 --> 00:46:34,345
Living in harmony with others.
863
00:46:37,346 --> 00:46:39,899
And forgiving the most
grievous wrongs.
864
00:46:40,418 --> 00:46:42,321
I think divine laws
865
00:46:42,591 --> 00:46:44,551
are so embedded in our lives
866
00:46:45,250 --> 00:46:46,526
that they are here to stay.
867
00:46:47,356 --> 00:46:48,504
Question is,
868
00:46:49,171 --> 00:46:50,450
how do we use them?
869
00:46:51,325 --> 00:46:53,278
To divide and demean,
870
00:46:53,949 --> 00:46:57,884
or as a reminder to honour
and respect each other,
871
00:46:58,919 --> 00:47:00,516
and to take care of this...
872
00:47:00,793 --> 00:47:02,708
remarkable world we live in.
61856
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