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I spent a good portion
of my early acting career
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00:00:09,215 --> 00:00:11,217
treading the boards in
theatres like this one.
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00:00:13,437 --> 00:00:15,292
It's a profession
full of superstitions.
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00:00:16,820 --> 00:00:17,577
For instance,
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00:00:18,440 --> 00:00:21,049
a theatre is never supposed
to be completely dark,
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00:00:21,380 --> 00:00:22,017
so...
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00:00:22,713 --> 00:00:25,375
the ghost light
remains on stage, lit,
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00:00:25,482 --> 00:00:26,962
even when no one is around.
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00:00:28,014 --> 00:00:29,303
Whistling back stage?
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00:00:29,869 --> 00:00:31,069
Completely forbidden.
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00:00:31,746 --> 00:00:33,393
And there's a certain
Shakespearean play
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00:00:33,454 --> 00:00:36,465
whose name must never be
uttered within these walls.
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00:00:38,570 --> 00:00:40,457
You only become
privy to these rules
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00:00:40,518 --> 00:00:41,876
when you work in a theatre.
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00:00:43,567 --> 00:00:45,595
Many religions keep secrets too.
16
00:00:46,393 --> 00:00:48,473
Some have a hidden
hierarchy of knowledge
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00:00:48,534 --> 00:00:51,162
available only to
higher officials.
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00:00:52,693 --> 00:00:55,749
Why do religions shroud
themselves in secrecy?
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00:00:56,364 --> 00:00:59,002
I mean, why would they
obscure holy wisdom?
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00:00:59,728 --> 00:01:00,481
Or,
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00:01:02,094 --> 00:01:04,257
do divine secrets actually...
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00:01:04,925 --> 00:01:06,337
bring us closer to god?
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00:01:13,406 --> 00:01:16,557
I am going to peer behind
the curtain of hidden cults.
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00:01:17,223 --> 00:01:20,697
They used music
to drown out the cries.
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00:01:21,962 --> 00:01:25,354
I'll see how secrets triggered
one faith's battle for survival.
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00:01:25,587 --> 00:01:28,487
Your leaders were
imprisoned by the French.
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00:01:30,131 --> 00:01:32,663
And spread dangerous
rumours about another.
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00:01:32,955 --> 00:01:35,892
Christians drank
the blood of children.
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00:01:36,586 --> 00:01:37,559
Oh my.
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00:01:37,721 --> 00:01:40,120
I'll witness the
rebirth of the sun...
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00:01:40,636 --> 00:01:45,546
So let's give a rousing cheer
for the returning sun god.
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00:01:45,679 --> 00:01:47,411
And a long suppressed faith.
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00:01:47,471 --> 00:01:49,226
Yeah!
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00:01:49,955 --> 00:01:52,863
Learn about decoding
divine secrets.
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00:01:53,097 --> 00:01:57,741
God encoded secrets
of reality in this Torah.
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00:01:58,455 --> 00:02:02,355
And seek a hidden
pathway to enlightenment.
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00:02:03,418 --> 00:02:04,764
Could I get a mantra?
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00:02:05,161 --> 00:02:07,111
I doubt you get any mantras.
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00:02:30,962 --> 00:02:33,794
I'm starting my quest
outside of Naples, Italy...
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00:02:36,238 --> 00:02:41,517
in a city whose secrets were
buried in ash in 79 AD,
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00:02:42,096 --> 00:02:43,055
Pompeii.
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00:02:48,980 --> 00:02:51,573
Historian, Andrew
Wallace-Hadrill,
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00:02:51,634 --> 00:02:53,482
is taking me to an ancient home
44
00:02:53,543 --> 00:02:56,071
that Mount Vesuvius
froze in time.
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00:02:58,597 --> 00:03:00,672
So, push through
the leaves, Morgan,
46
00:03:00,733 --> 00:03:03,485
and you're gonna get an eye
full of something amazing.
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00:03:07,965 --> 00:03:10,108
That is the Villa
of the Mysteries.
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00:03:10,433 --> 00:03:12,211
That's lovely.
That is terrific.
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00:03:12,866 --> 00:03:16,500
Soon after archaeologists
unearthed the villa in 1909,
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00:03:17,036 --> 00:03:18,947
they realized it held clues
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00:03:19,008 --> 00:03:22,207
to one of the most secretive
religious sects in history,
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00:03:23,081 --> 00:03:24,937
the Cult of Dionysus.
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00:03:28,944 --> 00:03:30,438
So, Morgan,
you've got to see this.
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00:03:30,499 --> 00:03:32,126
This is the Room
of the Mysteries.
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00:03:32,541 --> 00:03:33,923
Oh, my goodness.
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00:03:38,505 --> 00:03:40,034
-This...
-Oh my goodness.
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00:03:40,103 --> 00:03:43,752
is the most extraordinary
painted room
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00:03:44,166 --> 00:03:46,093
in any Roman house that I know.
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00:03:47,217 --> 00:03:50,327
And there is the god, Dionysus.
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00:03:50,387 --> 00:03:51,724
The Greeks called him Dionysus,
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00:03:51,785 --> 00:03:53,097
the Romans called him Bacchus.
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00:03:53,562 --> 00:03:55,756
And you see, he's
sort of, he's slumped,
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00:03:56,292 --> 00:03:58,055
because he's the god of wine,
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00:03:58,116 --> 00:04:00,307
he's the god of drink
and he's had some.
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00:04:00,781 --> 00:04:02,684
He looks a little bit stoned.
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00:04:02,744 --> 00:04:05,075
He's way, way out of it.
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00:04:07,397 --> 00:04:11,216
Then around, are all
these scenes that are
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00:04:11,599 --> 00:04:14,834
somehow associated
with the Cult of Dionysus.
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00:04:14,894 --> 00:04:15,514
Uh, huh.
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00:04:16,880 --> 00:04:19,680
Dionysus was the god,
not just of wine,
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00:04:19,983 --> 00:04:22,201
but also of fertility,
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00:04:22,414 --> 00:04:24,302
theatre and ecstasy.
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00:04:26,146 --> 00:04:30,028
Ancient Roman writers told
stories of wine fuelled orgies,
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00:04:30,701 --> 00:04:33,693
Bacchanalia, held in his honour.
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00:04:35,880 --> 00:04:37,667
The Cult of Dionysus,
76
00:04:38,413 --> 00:04:39,366
what's the purpose of it?
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00:04:39,586 --> 00:04:40,153
Huh.
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00:04:40,214 --> 00:04:40,859
Is it...
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00:04:41,125 --> 00:04:42,859
Is it a religious thing or?
80
00:04:42,959 --> 00:04:45,175
It's absolutely
a religious thing.
81
00:04:45,459 --> 00:04:48,731
But most religious
practices in the Roman world,
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00:04:49,051 --> 00:04:51,981
are about how you hold
the community together.
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00:04:52,635 --> 00:04:55,896
This is not about the whole
community, it's for the initiated,
84
00:04:55,957 --> 00:05:01,255
for the chosen few who have
dedicated themselves to this.
85
00:05:02,055 --> 00:05:04,394
You actually have to
go through a process
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00:05:04,954 --> 00:05:07,198
to join that type of cult.
87
00:05:07,843 --> 00:05:09,958
What happened
in the Cult of Dionysus
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00:05:10,018 --> 00:05:13,930
remained shrouded in almost
total mystery for two millennia,
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00:05:14,574 --> 00:05:16,524
until the frescoes in this room
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00:05:17,014 --> 00:05:18,240
saw the light of day.
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00:05:19,061 --> 00:05:20,285
Many historians believe
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00:05:20,792 --> 00:05:23,044
they show the secret
initiation rites
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00:05:23,105 --> 00:05:25,101
of a young woman into the cult.
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00:05:26,191 --> 00:05:27,217
Where does it begin?
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00:05:27,277 --> 00:05:29,670
Probably, reading left to right,
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00:05:29,731 --> 00:05:32,386
begins there with a woman
walking into the scene.
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00:05:33,766 --> 00:05:35,783
The woman arrives fully clothed,
98
00:05:36,872 --> 00:05:40,876
but after a child reads from
what might be a sacred text,
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00:05:42,490 --> 00:05:44,593
we see her more scantily clad,
100
00:05:44,984 --> 00:05:47,621
possibly bringing an
offering of food for the god.
101
00:05:48,574 --> 00:05:51,672
Then some sort of, is
this a ritual cleansing,
102
00:05:51,733 --> 00:05:52,690
some sort of preparation?
103
00:05:52,750 --> 00:05:55,659
I think this is the scene
that really tells us
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00:05:55,720 --> 00:05:57,902
that it's something
to do with mysteries.
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00:05:57,962 --> 00:05:59,886
It's incredibly rare
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00:06:00,166 --> 00:06:03,612
to depict someone, like turning
your back to the camera.
107
00:06:07,263 --> 00:06:09,293
And that's concealing something.
108
00:06:10,018 --> 00:06:10,674
Oh.
109
00:06:10,734 --> 00:06:12,488
It's something secret going on.
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00:06:16,912 --> 00:06:18,204
After this scene,
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00:06:18,788 --> 00:06:21,205
we lose track of the
initiate for a while.
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00:06:22,366 --> 00:06:23,962
But when she reappears,
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00:06:24,603 --> 00:06:26,360
she's in a different
state of mind.
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00:06:26,853 --> 00:06:29,934
She's looking at something
that's happening over here,
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00:06:30,707 --> 00:06:33,765
with an expression of
horror on her face.
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00:06:35,348 --> 00:06:36,421
This woman,
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00:06:38,268 --> 00:06:40,518
she has a whip in her hand,
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00:06:41,968 --> 00:06:45,466
which appears to
be about to descend
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00:06:45,746 --> 00:06:50,414
on the back of this lady
here, who has a bare back.
120
00:06:52,741 --> 00:06:55,268
Her head in another woman's lap,
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00:06:55,748 --> 00:06:57,604
giving her comfort and support.
122
00:07:06,242 --> 00:07:09,678
And the fact there's
another naked woman,
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00:07:10,511 --> 00:07:12,597
dancing and she's got...
124
00:07:12,771 --> 00:07:14,960
Those bells,
so it's bing, ding, ding.
125
00:07:15,074 --> 00:07:19,826
In her hand and one of the things
they complained about this cult,
126
00:07:20,079 --> 00:07:24,224
was that they used the
sound of music to drown out...
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00:07:25,947 --> 00:07:28,336
the cries of the people.
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00:07:31,348 --> 00:07:34,489
You've got this
basket down below,
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00:07:34,956 --> 00:07:37,198
but in this winnowing basket,
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00:07:37,544 --> 00:07:41,501
is a very large
object covered with a veil.
131
00:07:42,020 --> 00:07:44,540
And we can be absolutely certain
132
00:07:44,601 --> 00:07:46,925
that what is being
revealed is a phallus.
133
00:07:47,222 --> 00:07:47,968
Oh.
134
00:07:48,029 --> 00:07:49,346
Because the phallus
135
00:07:49,830 --> 00:07:52,619
is so strongly
connected with Dionysus.
136
00:07:53,733 --> 00:07:57,407
The phallus was the supreme
symbol of the god of fertility.
137
00:07:58,255 --> 00:08:00,750
What role it played in
the initiation rites,
138
00:08:00,965 --> 00:08:03,818
what secrets were revealed
when it was uncovered,
139
00:08:04,272 --> 00:08:05,548
are not recorded here
140
00:08:05,978 --> 00:08:07,696
and by the next fresco,
141
00:08:08,022 --> 00:08:10,509
the mood has changed completely.
142
00:08:10,923 --> 00:08:15,764
Here, we have a girl preparing,
apparently, for marriage.
143
00:08:16,865 --> 00:08:20,141
That way of doing your
hair into separate locks,
144
00:08:20,464 --> 00:08:23,718
was part of a Roman tradition
of preparing your hair
145
00:08:23,779 --> 00:08:24,463
for the wedding ceremony.
146
00:08:24,523 --> 00:08:25,156
Okay.
147
00:08:25,217 --> 00:08:28,724
And she has two Cupids
on either side...
148
00:08:28,832 --> 00:08:30,116
and one is holding up...
149
00:08:30,177 --> 00:08:32,013
Probably a mirror of some sort.
150
00:08:33,946 --> 00:08:37,324
The marriage seems to imply
the end of the initiation.
151
00:08:39,109 --> 00:08:42,530
The woman is now ready to
devote herself to Dionysus
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00:08:42,851 --> 00:08:44,281
and be part of his cult.
153
00:08:50,569 --> 00:08:53,805
This is just fascinating
to end all fascinations.
154
00:08:53,938 --> 00:08:54,812
Uh, huh.
155
00:08:55,156 --> 00:08:55,653
But,
156
00:08:56,903 --> 00:08:59,506
I count 17 women,
157
00:09:00,026 --> 00:09:01,069
where are the men?
158
00:09:01,249 --> 00:09:03,536
So, I think this
is as it's meant to be.
159
00:09:03,596 --> 00:09:05,398
It's a women's cult.
160
00:09:06,418 --> 00:09:08,256
Across the Greco-Roman world,
161
00:09:08,463 --> 00:09:10,464
women seem to have
accounted for most
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00:09:10,525 --> 00:09:12,638
members of the Cult of Dionysus.
163
00:09:13,066 --> 00:09:16,769
Perhaps it wasn't just a place
to lose one's self in wine.
164
00:09:17,429 --> 00:09:20,233
It may have been a place
where women made the rules.
165
00:09:21,076 --> 00:09:21,727
Of course,
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00:09:22,322 --> 00:09:23,714
we will never really know.
167
00:09:24,099 --> 00:09:26,559
You know why a mystery
is called a mystery?
168
00:09:26,672 --> 00:09:27,310
No.
169
00:09:27,375 --> 00:09:28,669
It's a Greek word.
170
00:09:28,994 --> 00:09:32,179
Mustes is someone who
has been initiated,
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00:09:32,776 --> 00:09:35,672
and the word muo in Greek means,
172
00:09:36,091 --> 00:09:37,674
'Keep your mouth shut.'
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00:09:37,734 --> 00:09:39,175
Once you're initiated,
174
00:09:39,343 --> 00:09:42,092
you can't reveal
what you have seen.
175
00:09:47,122 --> 00:09:49,058
The Dionysiac cult
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00:09:49,245 --> 00:09:52,905
used wine and sex to get
closer to their gods.
177
00:09:53,957 --> 00:09:56,500
But it seems that the
secrecy of their faith
178
00:09:56,850 --> 00:09:59,676
helped them to connect,
not just to the divine,
179
00:09:59,737 --> 00:10:01,133
but to one another.
180
00:10:01,620 --> 00:10:03,114
It allowed initiates,
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00:10:03,215 --> 00:10:04,197
especially women,
182
00:10:04,537 --> 00:10:07,234
to worship away from
the prying eyes of Rome.
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00:10:08,615 --> 00:10:09,914
Their secret religion
184
00:10:10,612 --> 00:10:11,607
set them free.
185
00:10:19,072 --> 00:10:21,430
Secrets are designed to conceal,
186
00:10:22,359 --> 00:10:24,721
but sometimes the very
presence of a secret,
187
00:10:25,362 --> 00:10:26,887
draws unwelcome attention.
188
00:10:32,271 --> 00:10:33,946
I'm in southern Vietnam,
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00:10:34,323 --> 00:10:36,376
travelling toward
the Cambodian border
190
00:10:36,569 --> 00:10:38,434
in the province of Tay Ninh.
191
00:10:48,812 --> 00:10:51,589
This is the spiritual
home of Cao Dai,
192
00:10:51,763 --> 00:10:54,604
a religion that was once
banned by the government,
193
00:10:54,811 --> 00:10:56,929
but now is practised
in plain view
194
00:10:56,990 --> 00:10:59,333
by over four million Vietnamese.
195
00:11:01,783 --> 00:11:04,804
It's epicentre is
the Holy See Temple,
196
00:11:05,064 --> 00:11:06,935
in the City of Tay Ninh.
197
00:11:14,071 --> 00:11:17,256
I'm meeting with Cao Dai's
esteemed archbishop,
198
00:11:17,316 --> 00:11:21,191
Le Phuong Hong and his
interpreter, Nguyen Tuan Em.
199
00:11:21,777 --> 00:11:22,693
-Hello.
-Yeah, good morning.
200
00:11:22,754 --> 00:11:23,814
-Hello.
-How are you?
201
00:11:23,874 --> 00:11:25,091
Thank you.
And you?
202
00:11:25,151 --> 00:11:26,265
Very well and
thank you very much.
203
00:11:26,325 --> 00:11:27,710
-Yeah.
-Big question.
204
00:11:28,507 --> 00:11:30,550
The eye, what does it mean?
205
00:11:49,141 --> 00:11:50,522
This is amazing!
206
00:12:01,912 --> 00:12:02,969
There are nine steps,
207
00:12:03,167 --> 00:12:06,102
representing the nine
stages in heaven.
208
00:12:06,348 --> 00:12:07,065
Ah-ha!
209
00:12:07,126 --> 00:12:08,008
And you can see,
210
00:12:08,069 --> 00:12:11,493
there are 18 columns
surrounded by dragons.
211
00:12:14,795 --> 00:12:16,183
Are these saints?
212
00:12:17,712 --> 00:12:22,064
They are representing the
religions combined of Caodaism.
213
00:12:24,836 --> 00:12:26,953
There was a message from God
214
00:12:27,141 --> 00:12:29,944
to unite the branches
of the religion.
215
00:12:30,078 --> 00:12:31,034
Of religion.
216
00:12:31,259 --> 00:12:33,356
And you can see, in the middle,
217
00:12:33,437 --> 00:12:34,474
the first one is Buddha
218
00:12:35,077 --> 00:12:37,268
and then on the left hand side,
219
00:12:37,329 --> 00:12:40,821
you can see Lao Zi,
representing Taoism,
220
00:12:40,882 --> 00:12:43,020
and this is Confucius.
221
00:12:43,964 --> 00:12:47,097
And then Jesus Christ
representing Christianity.
222
00:12:47,158 --> 00:12:48,818
Ah-ha, that is him.
223
00:12:52,687 --> 00:12:54,029
And now is time for the service
224
00:12:54,090 --> 00:12:55,655
and we would like to go upstairs
225
00:12:55,748 --> 00:12:58,496
and we show you where
you can see the service.
226
00:12:58,585 --> 00:12:59,423
Excellent.
227
00:13:20,108 --> 00:13:21,672
As I watch the congregation
228
00:13:21,733 --> 00:13:23,844
being marshalled into
precise formation,
229
00:13:24,765 --> 00:13:26,989
I can't help thinking
that Caodaism
230
00:13:27,314 --> 00:13:29,588
has almost militaristic
overtones.
231
00:13:31,640 --> 00:13:34,317
It's a hint of the
religion's secret past
232
00:13:34,712 --> 00:13:36,415
and its battles with governments
233
00:13:37,174 --> 00:13:39,056
that grew into outright war.
234
00:13:49,779 --> 00:13:51,237
The Cao Dai religion,
235
00:13:51,298 --> 00:13:54,182
an unusual blend of
eastern and western faiths,
236
00:13:54,534 --> 00:13:56,774
appears to be
flourishing in Vietnam.
237
00:13:57,427 --> 00:14:00,929
Across the country there
are almost 400 temples.
238
00:14:01,514 --> 00:14:03,108
Followers worship openly,
239
00:14:04,038 --> 00:14:06,171
but it wasn't always that way.
240
00:14:11,041 --> 00:14:13,129
I've been offered an
audience with Cao Dai's
241
00:14:13,190 --> 00:14:15,337
senior cardinal,
Thuong Tom Thanh,
242
00:14:15,777 --> 00:14:18,359
to understand the religion's
secretive history.
243
00:14:18,911 --> 00:14:19,939
How do you do, sir.
244
00:14:20,492 --> 00:14:21,874
Very pleased to meet you.
245
00:14:24,896 --> 00:14:26,265
Can you give me...
246
00:14:27,085 --> 00:14:30,010
a brief history of the religion?
247
00:14:34,271 --> 00:14:36,279
The purpose of Caodaism is...
248
00:14:36,465 --> 00:14:40,277
to unite the traditions of
all religions in the world.
249
00:14:42,279 --> 00:14:46,927
Caodaism was established
in Vietnam in 1926,
250
00:14:46,988 --> 00:14:48,633
and Vietnam, at that time,
251
00:14:48,694 --> 00:14:51,572
was under the control of
the French administration.
252
00:14:51,871 --> 00:14:55,103
I understood that
some of your leaders
253
00:14:55,164 --> 00:14:57,517
were imprisoned by the French.
Is that so?
254
00:14:59,710 --> 00:15:01,887
There was some misunderstanding
255
00:15:01,948 --> 00:15:02,997
between the French
256
00:15:03,580 --> 00:15:05,257
and Caodaism at the time.
257
00:15:07,087 --> 00:15:10,908
The leader was arrested
and sent in exile...
258
00:15:11,153 --> 00:15:12,222
for five years.
259
00:15:12,551 --> 00:15:13,403
But after that,
260
00:15:13,464 --> 00:15:16,165
when they understood the
purpose of this religion,
261
00:15:16,282 --> 00:15:19,088
the French administration
let His Holiness
262
00:15:19,289 --> 00:15:21,100
to be returned into Vietnam.
263
00:15:24,563 --> 00:15:28,138
But Cao Dai's struggles did
not end with the French.
264
00:15:28,601 --> 00:15:32,886
In 1943, they took up arms
against Japanese invaders.
265
00:15:33,641 --> 00:15:35,005
The Cao Dai army,
266
00:15:35,066 --> 00:15:38,312
established a semi-autonomous
state in the Mekong Delta,
267
00:15:38,552 --> 00:15:41,891
that survived for a decade
after the Japanese left.
268
00:15:43,064 --> 00:15:46,732
When the Communists took
control of Vietnam in 1975,
269
00:15:47,132 --> 00:15:50,689
Caodaism was banned for
more than two decades.
270
00:15:51,486 --> 00:15:53,298
It wasn't just
because the government
271
00:15:53,359 --> 00:15:55,893
feared Cao Dai's
military history,
272
00:15:55,954 --> 00:15:58,775
or its blending of faiths
from all over the world.
273
00:15:59,756 --> 00:16:02,168
It was also because
of the secret ceremony
274
00:16:02,229 --> 00:16:04,077
that lay at the heart
of the religion.
275
00:16:23,452 --> 00:16:25,100
So those mediums
276
00:16:25,407 --> 00:16:28,038
were used to establish
the religion.
277
00:16:29,000 --> 00:16:31,275
Those mediums received
the messages from God
278
00:16:31,336 --> 00:16:35,096
to establish and write out
the religious regulations,
279
00:16:35,356 --> 00:16:36,572
the constitutions
280
00:16:36,633 --> 00:16:39,384
and now we use those as
the basis of Caodaism.
281
00:16:41,916 --> 00:16:45,308
The details of what happened in
these seances is still secret,
282
00:16:46,378 --> 00:16:48,716
known only by high dignitaries.
283
00:16:49,130 --> 00:16:50,295
What is known,
284
00:16:50,942 --> 00:16:53,544
is that there were
always two mediums
285
00:16:53,605 --> 00:16:55,742
controlling some
sort of instrument;
286
00:16:56,862 --> 00:16:58,611
someone to read the instrument,
287
00:16:58,869 --> 00:17:01,288
and a secretary to
write down the message.
288
00:17:02,040 --> 00:17:04,206
When the Vietnamese
government made it legal
289
00:17:04,267 --> 00:17:07,388
to practice the Cao
Dai religion in 1997,
290
00:17:07,873 --> 00:17:09,650
one of the conditions was
291
00:17:09,711 --> 00:17:12,417
that seances would
remain banned.
292
00:17:14,452 --> 00:17:17,688
So, are these mediums
chosen by God today?
293
00:17:19,609 --> 00:17:21,678
All the former mediums
294
00:17:21,795 --> 00:17:25,399
have fulfilled their duties
and now they return with God.
295
00:17:26,568 --> 00:17:29,470
All the regulations
and doctrines have been
296
00:17:29,874 --> 00:17:31,788
written down by God
through mediums.
297
00:17:32,622 --> 00:17:34,854
Now, all we have to do is just
298
00:17:35,354 --> 00:17:37,354
follow the rules and carry on?
299
00:17:37,728 --> 00:17:44,077
And we all try for peace and
independence in the world.
300
00:17:46,104 --> 00:17:46,890
Got it.
301
00:18:10,318 --> 00:18:12,196
The followers of Cao Dai say
302
00:18:12,257 --> 00:18:14,581
they no longer need
secret seances to spread
303
00:18:14,642 --> 00:18:19,019
their message of universal
humanity, love and justice.
304
00:18:20,290 --> 00:18:22,819
What was once the most
sacred part of their worship
305
00:18:22,879 --> 00:18:26,818
is now history and the
religion is thriving.
306
00:18:28,436 --> 00:18:30,066
Being forced to hide something
307
00:18:30,282 --> 00:18:34,359
sometimes helps us to learn to
get along just fine without it.
308
00:18:41,932 --> 00:18:43,808
But some religions keep secrets,
309
00:18:43,869 --> 00:18:46,745
because they believe they are
too powerful to be revealed,
310
00:18:47,366 --> 00:18:49,502
except to those with
years of training.
311
00:19:00,019 --> 00:19:01,779
I'm in Kathmandu, Nepal,
312
00:19:01,981 --> 00:19:05,406
to learn about a branch of
Buddhism called Vajrayana,
313
00:19:05,892 --> 00:19:08,062
or The Diamond Vehicle.
314
00:19:10,685 --> 00:19:12,993
It is the final level of
Buddhist teachings,
315
00:19:13,412 --> 00:19:16,827
known as an accelerated
path to enlightenment.
316
00:19:19,246 --> 00:19:21,073
Here at the Kopan Monastery,
317
00:19:22,473 --> 00:19:24,304
I'm meeting one of
their head monks,
318
00:19:25,078 --> 00:19:27,300
Geshe Thubten Jinpa.
319
00:19:30,332 --> 00:19:31,856
-Hi, Morgan.
-Hello, Jinpa.
320
00:19:31,917 --> 00:19:33,980
-Welcome to Kopan.
-Thank you so much.
321
00:19:34,041 --> 00:19:35,512
-Thank you.
-Thank you. Thank you.
322
00:19:35,572 --> 00:19:36,328
Come see.
323
00:19:36,422 --> 00:19:38,581
I take you to the
monastery, okay?
324
00:19:43,132 --> 00:19:44,794
I want to try to learn more
325
00:19:44,855 --> 00:19:47,201
about their rapid
pathway to enlightenment.
326
00:19:48,861 --> 00:19:51,472
Some of the mantras the
monks will chant today,
327
00:19:51,785 --> 00:19:55,306
are said to contain the sacred
power of enlightened beings.
328
00:20:03,398 --> 00:20:06,393
They recite them to invoke
those divine energies and
329
00:20:07,180 --> 00:20:09,567
advance toward their
own enlightenment.
330
00:20:18,742 --> 00:20:19,844
Okay.
331
00:20:23,827 --> 00:20:26,899
These mantras
are not for my ears.
332
00:20:40,922 --> 00:20:42,897
In the hills above Kathmandu,
333
00:20:43,546 --> 00:20:45,830
only the faintest
sound of Buddhist monks
334
00:20:45,891 --> 00:20:47,569
chanting a secret mantra
335
00:20:47,632 --> 00:20:49,407
escapes the temple doors.
336
00:20:59,413 --> 00:21:01,334
This only makes me more curious.
337
00:21:02,245 --> 00:21:03,593
Why all the secrecy?
338
00:21:05,248 --> 00:21:06,928
If it will lead
to enlightenment,
339
00:21:07,882 --> 00:21:09,739
why not reveal it to all?
340
00:21:12,721 --> 00:21:14,267
'Diamond Vehicle', Jinpa.
341
00:21:14,533 --> 00:21:16,416
Why do you use
that term, 'diamond?'
342
00:21:16,777 --> 00:21:18,958
It really cuts through,
343
00:21:19,181 --> 00:21:23,297
like you use a sort of a
344
00:21:23,379 --> 00:21:25,001
diamond to slice the glass.
345
00:21:25,080 --> 00:21:25,633
Yes.
346
00:21:25,694 --> 00:21:28,285
And it pierce the
wrong conceptions.
347
00:21:28,702 --> 00:21:30,954
So that's why we
call it 'diamond.'
348
00:21:31,074 --> 00:21:32,706
If you are a student
and you are starting out,
349
00:21:32,767 --> 00:21:34,597
you could get into
the Diamond Vehicle?
350
00:21:34,657 --> 00:21:37,446
First, we have to get
well trained for that,
351
00:21:37,507 --> 00:21:40,709
so when Buddha taught this,
The Diamond Vehicles,
352
00:21:43,192 --> 00:21:47,093
He reveal it to the some
particular, special students.
353
00:21:48,517 --> 00:21:52,298
Why must these
mantras be kept secret?
354
00:21:52,898 --> 00:21:54,926
So without that proper training,
355
00:21:55,102 --> 00:21:57,392
so you will misuse
of that mantra
356
00:21:57,453 --> 00:22:00,432
and it bring harms to others
and as well as yourself.
357
00:22:00,493 --> 00:22:01,929
As well to yourself.
358
00:22:02,961 --> 00:22:05,643
These monks have had years
of training in meditation.
359
00:22:06,060 --> 00:22:08,313
They believe learning
a secret mantra,
360
00:22:08,381 --> 00:22:10,069
without such preparation,
361
00:22:10,163 --> 00:22:13,498
risks actually increasing
their negative thoughts,
362
00:22:14,318 --> 00:22:16,741
taking them further away
from enlightenment.
363
00:22:18,321 --> 00:22:19,104
So, Jinpa,
364
00:22:19,527 --> 00:22:22,950
what are the real requirements
in terms of
365
00:22:23,910 --> 00:22:25,293
trying to gain enlightenment?
366
00:22:25,673 --> 00:22:29,387
So the very first requirements
is the motivations.
367
00:22:29,448 --> 00:22:30,282
Motivation?
368
00:22:39,815 --> 00:22:41,202
Now, Jinpa,
369
00:22:45,159 --> 00:22:48,994
I'm fairly intelligent myself,
370
00:22:49,408 --> 00:22:51,201
so my question is,
371
00:22:52,683 --> 00:22:54,190
could I get a mantra?
372
00:22:54,884 --> 00:22:57,792
Uh, oh, wait.
373
00:22:58,029 --> 00:22:59,271
Okay, is this on...
374
00:22:59,894 --> 00:23:00,519
-Yeah.
-Is on?
375
00:23:00,580 --> 00:23:02,039
Okay, oh, sorry, sorry.
376
00:23:02,907 --> 00:23:03,766
Mantra?
377
00:23:05,070 --> 00:23:07,458
I know you are very smart but,
378
00:23:09,217 --> 00:23:11,037
I doubt you'd get any mantras.
379
00:23:11,132 --> 00:23:12,223
Ha ha!
380
00:23:12,973 --> 00:23:14,041
Ha ha ha!
381
00:23:14,101 --> 00:23:15,592
Oh no, I'm just joking.
382
00:23:16,137 --> 00:23:19,011
There is different
degrees of mantras.
383
00:23:19,071 --> 00:23:22,731
The one mantras, which always
brings goods to everyone,
384
00:23:22,792 --> 00:23:26,397
whether you have the
pre-required training or not.
385
00:23:26,777 --> 00:23:28,573
So I can share that with you.
386
00:23:28,633 --> 00:23:29,502
Thank you.
387
00:23:31,152 --> 00:23:32,069
Okay.
388
00:23:34,949 --> 00:23:36,019
Traditionally,
389
00:23:36,422 --> 00:23:38,926
a mantra can only
be given by a guru
390
00:23:39,162 --> 00:23:42,837
to a monk who is in the process
of becoming his disciple.
391
00:23:44,096 --> 00:23:45,952
Jinpa, however, will
make an exception,
392
00:23:46,799 --> 00:23:49,594
since he considers me
a spiritual friend.
393
00:23:52,072 --> 00:23:54,516
The mantra that
we're going to work together
394
00:23:57,199 --> 00:23:59,085
He is the Buddha of compassion.
395
00:23:59,233 --> 00:24:00,531
Compassion Buddha.
396
00:24:00,592 --> 00:24:03,112
So, this mantra helps
397
00:24:03,555 --> 00:24:06,232
us to enhance all
that compassions
398
00:24:06,519 --> 00:24:07,845
to the universe.
399
00:24:08,707 --> 00:24:11,133
So I am going to
give you the mantra,
400
00:24:11,194 --> 00:24:14,415
so you can generate
motivation to yourself,
401
00:24:14,476 --> 00:24:17,059
for the goodness of
all the living beings.
402
00:24:19,269 --> 00:24:22,972
So, as I say the
mantra, you try to repeat.
403
00:24:23,032 --> 00:24:23,730
Om...
404
00:24:24,245 --> 00:24:25,284
Om.
405
00:24:25,344 --> 00:24:27,148
-Mani...
-Mani.
406
00:24:27,208 --> 00:24:28,909
-Padme...
-Padme.
407
00:24:29,143 --> 00:24:30,531
-Hum.
-Hum.
408
00:24:30,591 --> 00:24:32,989
So, you visualize
that on my crown
409
00:24:33,050 --> 00:24:34,759
there's a Buddha of compassion.
410
00:24:35,313 --> 00:24:38,656
So there's a radiance of
light sending towards you,
411
00:24:38,942 --> 00:24:41,784
with this all good heart
in the form of light.
412
00:24:42,279 --> 00:24:42,910
Okay?
413
00:24:43,237 --> 00:24:46,089
So repeat for final time. Om...
414
00:24:46,150 --> 00:24:47,319
-Om.
-Mani...
415
00:24:47,380 --> 00:24:48,963
-Mani.
-Padme...
416
00:24:49,023 --> 00:24:50,557
-Padme. Hum.
-Hum.
417
00:24:50,818 --> 00:24:53,382
Om Mani padme hum.
Om Mani padme hum.
418
00:24:53,443 --> 00:24:55,453
Om Mani padme hum.
Om Mani padme hum...
419
00:24:55,513 --> 00:24:57,627
Om Mani padme hum.
Om Mani padme hum.
420
00:24:57,687 --> 00:24:59,568
Om Mani padme hum.
Om Mani padme hum...
421
00:25:03,313 --> 00:25:05,161
As I chant the mantra,
422
00:25:06,087 --> 00:25:09,998
I am trying to see the light
dissolving into my body
423
00:25:10,584 --> 00:25:12,945
and imagine it
filling me with love
424
00:25:13,339 --> 00:25:14,372
and compassion.
425
00:25:21,849 --> 00:25:24,447
Om Mani padme hum.
Om Mani padme hum.
426
00:25:24,507 --> 00:25:26,207
Om Mani padme hum. Om Mani...
427
00:25:26,267 --> 00:25:29,640
As we recite the
mantras togethers,
428
00:25:29,954 --> 00:25:33,553
so you feel so much
compassion and love
429
00:25:34,369 --> 00:25:35,892
generated within you,
430
00:25:36,148 --> 00:25:37,827
then sending this all love
431
00:25:38,054 --> 00:25:39,871
towards the all
the sentient being.
432
00:25:46,562 --> 00:25:50,345
Secrecy isn't always a way to
protect a faith from outsiders.
433
00:25:51,948 --> 00:25:54,290
It also provides in the faithful
434
00:25:54,844 --> 00:25:56,327
a hunger for...
435
00:25:56,618 --> 00:25:57,673
divine knowledge.
436
00:25:58,869 --> 00:26:01,105
To learn a secret
mantra at Kopan,
437
00:26:01,648 --> 00:26:03,681
a monk must study the methods of
438
00:26:03,742 --> 00:26:06,134
Vajrayana Buddhism
for many years.
439
00:26:07,634 --> 00:26:10,321
Some secrets are the
reward of a lifetime of work.
440
00:26:11,667 --> 00:26:13,931
Shows how precious
enlightenment is.
441
00:26:15,074 --> 00:26:16,550
As precious as a diamond.
442
00:26:21,081 --> 00:26:22,544
Devotees of many faiths
443
00:26:22,751 --> 00:26:25,207
make a lifelong quest
for divine knowledge,
444
00:26:27,273 --> 00:26:30,719
but that knowledge is not
always deliberately withheld.
445
00:26:31,626 --> 00:26:34,737
Sometimes, it is
hidden in plain sight.
446
00:26:39,271 --> 00:26:40,503
In the south of France,
447
00:26:40,719 --> 00:26:42,387
in the city of Carpentras,
448
00:26:42,984 --> 00:26:45,277
there is an unassuming
building that houses
449
00:26:45,338 --> 00:26:48,107
one of the oldest
synagogues in the country.
450
00:26:49,950 --> 00:26:51,812
Journalist, Nelufar Hedayat,
451
00:26:52,185 --> 00:26:54,096
has come here to
explore the secrets
452
00:26:54,157 --> 00:26:56,092
of the mystical Jewish Kabbalah.
453
00:26:56,910 --> 00:26:59,605
She is meeting scholar,
Julien Darmon.
454
00:27:00,268 --> 00:27:01,126
Julien!
455
00:27:01,763 --> 00:27:02,614
Absolute pleasure to see you.
456
00:27:02,674 --> 00:27:04,125
-Pleased to meet you.
-How are you?
457
00:27:04,399 --> 00:27:05,348
Delighted to meet you.
458
00:27:05,409 --> 00:27:06,603
The pleasure's all mine.
459
00:27:12,108 --> 00:27:12,702
Wow.
460
00:27:13,812 --> 00:27:14,852
Indeed, huh?
461
00:27:14,913 --> 00:27:16,846
It's not what I expected.
462
00:27:17,413 --> 00:27:19,187
It's beautiful.
463
00:27:25,884 --> 00:27:28,191
When we say Kabbalah,
what do we mean?
464
00:27:28,328 --> 00:27:29,754
What is it that you study?
465
00:27:29,815 --> 00:27:32,480
Kabbalah is the method
of plunging the depth
466
00:27:32,849 --> 00:27:34,630
of the Torah, over every letter,
467
00:27:34,987 --> 00:27:37,526
every word and they retrieve,
468
00:27:38,000 --> 00:27:40,169
through combinations of letters,
469
00:27:40,615 --> 00:27:42,516
secrets that tell us,
470
00:27:42,577 --> 00:27:45,713
stories that happened
before the creation of time.
471
00:27:45,786 --> 00:27:47,844
Can you show me?
I'd love to see this.
472
00:27:47,905 --> 00:27:49,005
Of course I can show you.
473
00:28:05,970 --> 00:28:09,467
So, this is the actual text
of the Torah, hand written.
474
00:28:09,638 --> 00:28:11,746
This is the literal word of God.
475
00:28:12,146 --> 00:28:13,927
This is the literal word of God.
476
00:28:13,987 --> 00:28:14,989
So, where should we start?
477
00:28:15,190 --> 00:28:16,788
Well, we should start
at the beginning
478
00:28:16,888 --> 00:28:17,900
with the verse saying,
479
00:28:17,969 --> 00:28:21,041
'In the beginning, God created
the heavens and the Earth.'
480
00:28:22,340 --> 00:28:23,927
So the very first word
481
00:28:24,123 --> 00:28:26,189
which we would
usually translate as
482
00:28:26,489 --> 00:28:27,507
'at the beginning'
483
00:28:28,059 --> 00:28:30,295
does not necessarily mean that.
484
00:28:30,684 --> 00:28:32,565
It reads 'bereishit.'
485
00:28:32,626 --> 00:28:33,609
Bereishit.
486
00:28:33,964 --> 00:28:36,793
And literally it means
'at the beginning of.'
487
00:28:37,320 --> 00:28:40,816
And Kabbalah says that
at the beginning of what?
488
00:28:41,146 --> 00:28:42,180
Good question.
489
00:28:42,241 --> 00:28:45,390
And there is a hint in
the way the word is written.
490
00:28:45,656 --> 00:28:46,556
Bereishit.
491
00:28:46,851 --> 00:28:49,124
So if you rearrange the letters,
492
00:28:49,334 --> 00:28:50,394
bereishit...
493
00:28:51,373 --> 00:28:52,534
can also be read,
494
00:28:53,161 --> 00:28:54,770
'berit-esh'
495
00:28:55,454 --> 00:28:57,601
which means 'covenant of fire.'
496
00:28:57,686 --> 00:28:59,835
Ah, the covenant of fire.
497
00:28:59,895 --> 00:29:02,147
That means first that this text
498
00:29:02,656 --> 00:29:04,275
is not just information,
499
00:29:04,756 --> 00:29:07,458
it's something that
binds you to God.
500
00:29:09,836 --> 00:29:10,696
Another reading,
501
00:29:11,074 --> 00:29:12,074
bereishit
502
00:29:12,805 --> 00:29:15,810
has, at its root,
the word 'rosh'
503
00:29:16,205 --> 00:29:18,525
which is, like in Arabic, ras,
504
00:29:19,179 --> 00:29:20,530
which means the head.
505
00:29:20,591 --> 00:29:21,752
Ras, yes.
506
00:29:22,415 --> 00:29:25,132
So, what it alludes to,
507
00:29:25,193 --> 00:29:27,569
is that before God
508
00:29:28,120 --> 00:29:30,969
created the world by speaking,
509
00:29:31,735 --> 00:29:34,235
he thought the world.
510
00:29:35,206 --> 00:29:36,819
Why is it important
that God said
511
00:29:37,129 --> 00:29:40,232
'the head' or thought
before he said the words?
512
00:29:40,832 --> 00:29:43,090
We usually translate,
'In the beginning
513
00:29:43,250 --> 00:29:45,885
God created the
heavens and the Earth.'
514
00:29:46,079 --> 00:29:48,538
But in Hebrew, the order is
515
00:29:48,684 --> 00:29:51,900
'In the beginning he created God
516
00:29:51,961 --> 00:29:54,090
and the heavens and the Earth.'
517
00:29:54,639 --> 00:29:57,717
We can read this
text as meaning that
518
00:29:57,834 --> 00:30:00,388
the first thing
that God created,
519
00:30:00,449 --> 00:30:02,251
was not the heavens and Earth,
520
00:30:02,505 --> 00:30:05,999
but he created his own
manifestation to the world.
521
00:30:06,306 --> 00:30:07,321
This is astonishing.
522
00:30:07,382 --> 00:30:09,372
So I might as well have
523
00:30:09,679 --> 00:30:12,626
an infinite number
of these parchments,
524
00:30:12,687 --> 00:30:14,893
because that's how many
meanings there are here.
525
00:30:14,954 --> 00:30:16,457
But, Julien, why would God
526
00:30:16,678 --> 00:30:19,073
make it so difficult
to understand?
527
00:30:19,698 --> 00:30:22,013
When you start reading
texts that way,
528
00:30:22,949 --> 00:30:24,601
you become humble.
529
00:30:25,359 --> 00:30:26,323
You say,
530
00:30:26,394 --> 00:30:29,426
'I have to study and
study and study more'
531
00:30:30,314 --> 00:30:32,824
and what I understand now
532
00:30:32,884 --> 00:30:36,336
'is not the final
word of the Bible.'
533
00:30:43,061 --> 00:30:44,417
To an outsider,
534
00:30:44,711 --> 00:30:48,378
the endless decoding of Kabbalah
may seem like a fool's errand.
535
00:30:49,916 --> 00:30:53,339
But I think it's more about the
journey than the destination.
536
00:30:54,388 --> 00:30:57,538
Many religions are an attempt
to explain the infinite,
537
00:30:57,915 --> 00:31:00,420
the universe in finite terms.
538
00:31:01,553 --> 00:31:03,493
But, what better
way to give yourself
539
00:31:03,554 --> 00:31:05,336
over to the mystery
of the eternal
540
00:31:06,049 --> 00:31:07,734
than a quest with no end?
541
00:31:13,868 --> 00:31:16,510
Secrecy can be part
of a faith's allure,
542
00:31:17,098 --> 00:31:19,494
or surround a religion's birth,
543
00:31:20,045 --> 00:31:23,467
or entice the believers to find
the pathway to enlightenment.
544
00:31:24,792 --> 00:31:25,965
But sometimes,
545
00:31:26,659 --> 00:31:29,078
a faith is forced
to hide underground.
546
00:31:29,328 --> 00:31:30,285
Oh my.
547
00:31:31,770 --> 00:31:34,843
And secrets can smear its name.
548
00:31:43,127 --> 00:31:45,543
Below Rome's
cobblestone streets,
549
00:31:46,085 --> 00:31:49,041
there is still evidence
of an ancient, secret sect,
550
00:31:51,037 --> 00:31:52,919
one that was rumoured
to drink blood
551
00:31:53,706 --> 00:31:56,201
and perform human sacrifice.
552
00:32:03,872 --> 00:32:05,549
Religious scholar,
Bruce Chilton,
553
00:32:05,610 --> 00:32:07,047
is taking me to a house
554
00:32:07,162 --> 00:32:09,772
that was hidden under
a fourth century church
555
00:32:10,022 --> 00:32:11,569
for 1500 years.
556
00:32:12,604 --> 00:32:15,211
It's named after two
men, who were executed
557
00:32:15,552 --> 00:32:17,887
for being part of
an illegal cult.
558
00:32:18,980 --> 00:32:20,207
John and Paul...
559
00:32:20,833 --> 00:32:22,513
were two young men,
560
00:32:22,574 --> 00:32:24,063
who had worked in the family
561
00:32:24,168 --> 00:32:25,799
of the Emperor Constantine.
562
00:32:26,612 --> 00:32:28,191
They were ardent Christians.
563
00:32:28,448 --> 00:32:32,459
In the year 361 a new
emperor came to power,
564
00:32:32,879 --> 00:32:34,177
the Emperor Julian.
565
00:32:34,523 --> 00:32:35,584
He decided,
566
00:32:36,053 --> 00:32:39,250
I'm going to get rid of
this sect of Christians.
567
00:32:39,924 --> 00:32:43,348
I'm going to treat
it as a superstition,
568
00:32:43,737 --> 00:32:44,400
a cult...
569
00:32:44,794 --> 00:32:46,324
and as a result of that,
570
00:32:46,484 --> 00:32:48,479
John and Paul were beheaded
571
00:32:49,026 --> 00:32:50,495
at Julian's order.
572
00:32:57,144 --> 00:32:58,799
Bruce, are you
telling me that...
573
00:32:59,025 --> 00:33:03,422
this place was buried under
the basilica for 1500 years?
574
00:33:03,483 --> 00:33:05,826
It's all underneath the basilica
575
00:33:05,887 --> 00:33:08,595
and you can see
this whole complex
576
00:33:08,909 --> 00:33:10,467
was really quite high.
577
00:33:19,292 --> 00:33:20,524
-Bruce.
-Yeah?
578
00:33:20,845 --> 00:33:22,401
You're not getting
us lost, are you?
579
00:33:22,462 --> 00:33:24,303
I hope I'm not getting us lost.
580
00:33:29,647 --> 00:33:31,611
Oh, my.
Look at this.
581
00:33:32,867 --> 00:33:35,424
These are the remains
of a house church
582
00:33:35,485 --> 00:33:37,276
dating to the fourth century.
583
00:33:37,750 --> 00:33:40,140
Here, wealthy Roman Christians
584
00:33:40,201 --> 00:33:42,429
practised their faith in secret.
585
00:33:42,832 --> 00:33:44,426
So a Christian family
586
00:33:44,780 --> 00:33:45,725
could come here
587
00:33:46,694 --> 00:33:48,423
and pray in private?
588
00:33:48,804 --> 00:33:51,345
What you looked for
was a safe place,
589
00:33:51,406 --> 00:33:53,161
where you could
gather with others
590
00:33:53,569 --> 00:33:56,976
and go about your celebration
of Christ's presence
591
00:33:57,570 --> 00:33:58,560
in the Eucharist.
592
00:33:59,125 --> 00:34:00,210
The Eucharist,
593
00:34:00,271 --> 00:34:03,942
a meal that remembered and
celebrated Jesus' last supper,
594
00:34:04,238 --> 00:34:07,220
was the central part of
early Christian worship.
595
00:34:07,409 --> 00:34:09,666
The sharing of
Jesus' body and blood
596
00:34:09,727 --> 00:34:11,698
in the form of bread and wine
597
00:34:11,759 --> 00:34:13,323
was their act of communion
598
00:34:13,429 --> 00:34:15,613
with God and one another.
599
00:34:16,728 --> 00:34:19,941
But some outsiders saw
it in a different light.
600
00:34:20,103 --> 00:34:22,291
When you practice in secret,
601
00:34:22,516 --> 00:34:24,790
especially in the Roman world,
602
00:34:25,265 --> 00:34:28,121
you open yourself up
to the possibility
603
00:34:28,182 --> 00:34:30,288
of all kinds of
rumours circulating.
604
00:34:31,161 --> 00:34:32,320
-Rumours?
-Rumours.
605
00:34:32,381 --> 00:34:33,074
Or course.
606
00:34:33,135 --> 00:34:35,704
That Christians in
rooms like this one,
607
00:34:36,178 --> 00:34:37,665
practised orgies.
608
00:34:38,808 --> 00:34:41,740
That they drank the
blood of children.
609
00:34:43,583 --> 00:34:45,720
In the imaginations
of the Romans,
610
00:34:48,691 --> 00:34:50,538
Christians drank actual blood,
611
00:34:51,179 --> 00:34:53,188
not the metaphorical
blood of Christ.
612
00:34:55,198 --> 00:34:57,732
It was a libel
used to incite fear
613
00:34:58,125 --> 00:35:00,913
and reprisal against
this upstart sect.
614
00:35:05,122 --> 00:35:07,610
How do rumours like that
get started, I wonder?
615
00:35:07,779 --> 00:35:11,352
They get started,
because the rumour,
616
00:35:11,432 --> 00:35:13,783
what is now called
the Blood Libel,
617
00:35:14,237 --> 00:35:17,605
is always very effective to
use against people you hate.
618
00:35:18,549 --> 00:35:19,961
And if people you hate,
619
00:35:20,522 --> 00:35:22,734
because they're concerned
about oppression,
620
00:35:23,157 --> 00:35:24,507
practice in secrecy,
621
00:35:25,175 --> 00:35:27,924
then that secrecy is
used against them.
622
00:35:29,085 --> 00:35:29,845
Here's the question.
623
00:35:30,825 --> 00:35:32,051
How safe was it?
624
00:35:32,216 --> 00:35:34,130
Although the families
were wealthy,
625
00:35:34,191 --> 00:35:35,949
and they protected Christians,
626
00:35:36,729 --> 00:35:39,568
they also had to
use a kind of code
627
00:35:39,982 --> 00:35:41,197
in their artwork
628
00:35:41,724 --> 00:35:43,430
to support Christianity
629
00:35:44,204 --> 00:35:46,452
without advertising
Christianity.
630
00:35:46,753 --> 00:35:48,219
Just on this wall,
631
00:35:48,840 --> 00:35:51,359
is a figure, she's a woman
632
00:35:51,933 --> 00:35:53,537
called the Orante,
633
00:35:53,740 --> 00:35:54,862
which means,
634
00:35:55,333 --> 00:35:56,420
'the woman who prays.'
635
00:35:57,167 --> 00:36:00,577
And you notice that she
has her hands outstretched?
636
00:36:00,644 --> 00:36:01,296
Right.
637
00:36:01,533 --> 00:36:05,060
We can't actually say whether
she is a Christian lady
638
00:36:05,121 --> 00:36:06,104
or a pagan lady,
639
00:36:06,560 --> 00:36:08,366
and I think that was
part of the point.
640
00:36:09,000 --> 00:36:12,772
That the room could be
accessible to everyone,
641
00:36:13,132 --> 00:36:16,686
but Christians would
find a safe home here,
642
00:36:17,066 --> 00:36:18,106
where they could worship.
643
00:36:18,167 --> 00:36:19,119
I see.
644
00:36:19,494 --> 00:36:22,050
This code may have helped
ordinary Christians
645
00:36:22,111 --> 00:36:23,954
blend in with their
pagan neighbours,
646
00:36:24,737 --> 00:36:28,189
but it did not help prominent
Christians like John and Paul.
647
00:36:29,999 --> 00:36:33,216
We're now in the
special installation
648
00:36:33,443 --> 00:36:35,837
for the martyrs,
John and Paul.
649
00:36:37,253 --> 00:36:38,966
We can't prove
650
00:36:39,269 --> 00:36:40,823
that they were buried here,
651
00:36:41,469 --> 00:36:42,654
but we do know
652
00:36:43,090 --> 00:36:44,930
that since the fourth century,
653
00:36:45,157 --> 00:36:46,878
this has been used as the place,
654
00:36:47,418 --> 00:36:48,764
where they were venerated.
655
00:36:50,272 --> 00:36:54,437
Christianity obviously
got past this period.
656
00:36:55,409 --> 00:36:56,133
How?
657
00:36:56,509 --> 00:37:00,453
The Emperor Julian
led the Roman army in battle
658
00:37:00,776 --> 00:37:02,110
against the Persians,
659
00:37:03,220 --> 00:37:04,215
but he was killed.
660
00:37:04,667 --> 00:37:05,787
Oh, oh.
661
00:37:05,991 --> 00:37:08,782
His place was taken
by the Emperor Jovans,
662
00:37:09,852 --> 00:37:12,455
and Jovans decided,
I'm going back,
663
00:37:13,111 --> 00:37:16,006
not only to tolerate
Christianity,
664
00:37:16,686 --> 00:37:19,610
but even to prefer Christianity.
665
00:37:24,289 --> 00:37:25,537
It's hard to believe that
666
00:37:25,975 --> 00:37:28,886
Christianity was once
a small, secret faith,
667
00:37:29,287 --> 00:37:30,499
practised in the shadows.
668
00:37:31,647 --> 00:37:34,434
But secrecy actually gave
Christianity strength.
669
00:37:35,272 --> 00:37:38,758
Its followers venerated
Jesus, who died opposing Rome.
670
00:37:39,552 --> 00:37:41,167
Oppression only
fed the movement.
671
00:37:42,106 --> 00:37:43,453
And once it was set free,
672
00:37:44,062 --> 00:37:46,193
it travelled to every
corner of the globe.
673
00:37:46,524 --> 00:37:47,271
Hmm.
674
00:37:51,736 --> 00:37:52,804
Christianity...
675
00:37:52,944 --> 00:37:55,731
flourished after a few
centuries of Roman suppression,
676
00:37:57,437 --> 00:37:59,744
but other faiths weren't
as quick to recover.
677
00:38:00,883 --> 00:38:02,853
There is one that, only now,
678
00:38:03,000 --> 00:38:04,807
is coming back into the light.
679
00:38:35,711 --> 00:38:37,561
On the eve of
the Winter Solstice,
680
00:38:38,300 --> 00:38:40,247
journalist Sal Masekela
681
00:38:40,580 --> 00:38:43,684
is travelling to the English
village of Stanton Drew.
682
00:38:44,548 --> 00:38:46,614
He's come to witness
a celebration
683
00:38:46,675 --> 00:38:49,509
that was banned for
almost two millennia.
684
00:38:55,110 --> 00:38:57,035
-Hello.
-Hello!
685
00:38:57,096 --> 00:38:59,269
How are you, sir?
Nice to meet you, sir.
686
00:38:59,330 --> 00:39:00,538
It's lovely to meet you.
687
00:39:00,598 --> 00:39:03,986
First thing I see is that this
pub is called the Druid's Arms.
688
00:39:04,047 --> 00:39:05,647
Do the Druids
have their own pub?
689
00:39:05,707 --> 00:39:07,005
Alas, no.
690
00:39:07,066 --> 00:39:08,932
But there's some
interesting stuff to see.
691
00:39:08,993 --> 00:39:09,657
Alright.
692
00:39:09,718 --> 00:39:10,609
Please come.
693
00:39:12,471 --> 00:39:14,214
Ronald Hutton is an expert
694
00:39:14,275 --> 00:39:17,323
in the pre-Christian
religions of the British Isles.
695
00:39:17,474 --> 00:39:19,001
We're really not having a beer?
696
00:39:19,062 --> 00:39:20,794
-Alas, no.
-Alright.
697
00:39:23,759 --> 00:39:24,587
Wow.
698
00:39:29,800 --> 00:39:31,438
You just walked back around
699
00:39:31,625 --> 00:39:34,152
five and a half thousand years
700
00:39:34,292 --> 00:39:35,642
to the New Stone Age.
701
00:39:35,702 --> 00:39:38,869
That's why this village is
called Stanton, Stone Town.
702
00:39:38,930 --> 00:39:41,674
There are just ancient,
huge stones everywhere.
703
00:39:43,935 --> 00:39:46,560
What does the Druid
belief system...
704
00:39:46,940 --> 00:39:48,724
look like? How would
you explain it?
705
00:39:49,647 --> 00:39:52,832
Druids essentially
hold the Earth itself,
706
00:39:52,959 --> 00:39:55,343
the natural world, to be sacred.
707
00:39:55,998 --> 00:40:00,041
So they have a profound
relationship with the land itself.
708
00:40:03,385 --> 00:40:06,673
What happened to the ancient
practice that it went away?
709
00:40:06,733 --> 00:40:09,172
The Romans came and
conquered most of Britain
710
00:40:09,591 --> 00:40:12,472
and they suppressed the
practice of Druidry.
711
00:40:12,532 --> 00:40:14,282
Then along came Christianity
712
00:40:14,578 --> 00:40:16,613
and suppressed it in turn.
713
00:40:16,766 --> 00:40:19,586
And it was dormant
for about 1000 years.
714
00:40:21,438 --> 00:40:25,415
But as the power of the church
waned in the 18th century,
715
00:40:25,748 --> 00:40:29,696
the enigmatic stone circles here
and across the British Isles,
716
00:40:29,757 --> 00:40:32,073
began to draw people
back to Druidism,
717
00:40:32,380 --> 00:40:34,655
to revive an extinct religion.
718
00:40:36,808 --> 00:40:39,391
What about the principles
of Druidry, do you think,
719
00:40:39,525 --> 00:40:41,669
made it something that
people got curious about
720
00:40:41,730 --> 00:40:43,123
and wanted to revive?
721
00:40:43,215 --> 00:40:46,519
Because Druidry provides
one way of reconnecting
722
00:40:46,580 --> 00:40:49,785
modern people with things from
which they often feel cut off.
723
00:40:51,088 --> 00:40:53,351
From the land and
the natural world,
724
00:40:54,344 --> 00:40:55,499
from the past,
725
00:40:56,562 --> 00:40:58,549
especially the remote past.
726
00:40:58,742 --> 00:40:59,965
It gives them roots.
727
00:41:00,580 --> 00:41:02,883
And just as
Stonehenge comes into
728
00:41:02,944 --> 00:41:06,033
alignment with the rising
sun on the Winter Solstice,
729
00:41:07,513 --> 00:41:11,023
modern Druids across the country
are preparing to celebrate
730
00:41:11,084 --> 00:41:12,572
the rebirth of the sun,
731
00:41:13,154 --> 00:41:15,650
including here in Stanton Drew.
732
00:41:16,341 --> 00:41:19,544
Sal, may I introduce you
to my two druid friends,
733
00:41:19,605 --> 00:41:21,057
Adrien and JJ.
734
00:41:21,118 --> 00:41:22,508
Hi, JJ. I'm Sal.
Nice to meet you.
735
00:41:22,568 --> 00:41:24,122
Lovely to meet you, Sal.
736
00:41:30,848 --> 00:41:33,276
What's the significance
of the mistletoe?
737
00:41:33,337 --> 00:41:35,344
Obviously, during the
Christmas holiday,
738
00:41:35,624 --> 00:41:37,965
you know, kissing
under the mistletoe.
739
00:41:38,152 --> 00:41:40,790
What does it mean in
the Druid culture?
740
00:41:40,903 --> 00:41:44,102
I think the clue is in, the
Druid term for it is 'all heal'
741
00:41:44,529 --> 00:41:46,761
and I think, traditionally,
742
00:41:46,904 --> 00:41:49,246
our ancestors
understood the power
743
00:41:49,407 --> 00:41:51,645
and the wisdom
inherent in this plant.
744
00:41:51,859 --> 00:41:54,523
Because it sits
between heaven and earth.
745
00:41:54,584 --> 00:41:56,745
It never touches the ground.
746
00:41:57,016 --> 00:42:00,338
And how will it be used
in the ceremony tomorrow?
747
00:42:00,398 --> 00:42:02,830
We honour the mistletoe
and then we offer it
748
00:42:03,033 --> 00:42:03,890
to the earth.
749
00:42:04,090 --> 00:42:05,689
It's fertilizing the earth.
750
00:42:05,749 --> 00:42:07,812
So, the getting
of the mistletoe,
751
00:42:07,873 --> 00:42:08,863
what do we need to do?
752
00:42:08,924 --> 00:42:12,689
So it's not about just
coming and taking and going.
753
00:42:12,750 --> 00:42:15,688
It's about this
tree will gift us
754
00:42:16,149 --> 00:42:17,216
the mistletoe,
755
00:42:17,277 --> 00:42:20,818
the mistletoe will then
gift people that hope.
756
00:42:21,005 --> 00:42:23,142
It's been a long, hard winter,
757
00:42:23,435 --> 00:42:25,448
you know, so it's
all gonna change!
758
00:42:25,641 --> 00:42:27,222
The sun's only round the corner!
759
00:42:27,283 --> 00:42:29,052
We can do this!
We can do this!
760
00:42:29,113 --> 00:42:31,333
It's coming!
It's not far away now.
761
00:42:33,949 --> 00:42:35,671
Now bless this tree,
762
00:42:36,514 --> 00:42:39,351
symbolic of all the
trees in this orchard,
763
00:42:40,224 --> 00:42:41,780
with the element of fire.
764
00:42:44,419 --> 00:42:45,453
-You gonna go first?
-Yeah.
765
00:42:45,559 --> 00:42:46,394
You go up.
766
00:42:54,643 --> 00:42:57,054
Chuck it out. Oi!
Got it, great.
767
00:42:57,115 --> 00:42:58,742
Hey, well done.
768
00:42:59,157 --> 00:43:00,823
So the trick is not
to let it hit the ground.
769
00:43:00,884 --> 00:43:01,661
Why is that?
770
00:43:01,722 --> 00:43:03,313
Because, once it
hits the ground,
771
00:43:03,374 --> 00:43:04,616
the fertility goes
into the earth.
772
00:43:04,683 --> 00:43:05,012
Right.
773
00:43:05,073 --> 00:43:07,081
Yeah, so the healing power,
774
00:43:07,251 --> 00:43:09,964
its potency is contained
775
00:43:10,025 --> 00:43:12,065
in the fact it's never
touched the ground.
776
00:43:12,125 --> 00:43:13,234
The other thing about it is,
777
00:43:13,295 --> 00:43:15,626
you notice that in
the depths of winter,
778
00:43:15,953 --> 00:43:17,596
this is still green and berried.
779
00:43:17,657 --> 00:43:19,259
This is still fertile,
780
00:43:19,320 --> 00:43:21,586
it's still vibrant,
it's at its height.
781
00:43:21,647 --> 00:43:22,374
Yeah.
782
00:43:22,517 --> 00:43:27,842
It's almost as if Druidry was like
the original environmentalism.
783
00:43:28,229 --> 00:43:31,277
I think it is very much
so, from where we come from.
784
00:43:32,618 --> 00:43:33,960
It's at the heart.
785
00:43:34,285 --> 00:43:36,422
Instead of man being
separate from nature,
786
00:43:36,483 --> 00:43:37,690
everything is connected.
787
00:43:38,272 --> 00:43:39,034
Well, thank you.
788
00:43:39,095 --> 00:43:40,448
Looking forward to tomorrow.
789
00:43:59,088 --> 00:44:00,529
It's an hour before dawn,
790
00:44:00,590 --> 00:44:02,461
on the shortest day of the year.
791
00:44:03,625 --> 00:44:05,766
Around 200 Druids assemble
792
00:44:05,827 --> 00:44:08,857
at Stanton Drew's 5,000
year old stone circle,
793
00:44:09,769 --> 00:44:12,768
rekindling a ceremony that
must have taken place,
794
00:44:12,922 --> 00:44:14,937
thousands of times before.
795
00:44:19,676 --> 00:44:21,957
As we gather as we always do,
796
00:44:22,426 --> 00:44:23,825
in love and light,
797
00:44:24,828 --> 00:44:27,628
to honour the
birth of the Mabon,
798
00:44:28,102 --> 00:44:29,710
the new Sun king,
799
00:44:30,258 --> 00:44:34,147
who will be seen to be moving
back across these heavens,
800
00:44:34,757 --> 00:44:37,338
bestowing new
life upon the lands.
801
00:44:40,697 --> 00:44:43,119
As the sun creeps
toward the horizon,
802
00:44:43,669 --> 00:44:45,698
there's a sense
here, that Druidry
803
00:44:45,853 --> 00:44:48,288
is finally making its
way out of the shadows.
804
00:44:49,222 --> 00:44:50,212
Across the world,
805
00:44:50,303 --> 00:44:52,890
20,000 people have joined
the Druid movement,
806
00:44:53,201 --> 00:44:55,860
driven by a need to
reconnect with the Earth,
807
00:44:56,294 --> 00:44:58,078
and the numbers are growing.
808
00:44:58,931 --> 00:45:00,984
I am the spirit of mistletoe.
809
00:45:02,634 --> 00:45:05,013
Mistletoe is the
sperm of the gods,
810
00:45:05,936 --> 00:45:07,701
impregnating the Earth
811
00:45:08,095 --> 00:45:09,584
to bring forth
812
00:45:10,001 --> 00:45:11,811
fresh life in abundance.
813
00:45:12,383 --> 00:45:14,665
I bring healing and protection,
814
00:45:15,592 --> 00:45:16,613
for the body
815
00:45:17,403 --> 00:45:18,536
and for the spirit
816
00:45:19,165 --> 00:45:20,079
and life
817
00:45:20,647 --> 00:45:22,859
renewed for the Earth.
818
00:45:33,508 --> 00:45:35,469
The Sun stands still,
819
00:45:36,338 --> 00:45:39,363
so let's give a rousing cheer
820
00:45:39,737 --> 00:45:42,372
for the returning Sun god.
821
00:45:43,046 --> 00:45:45,111
Yeah!
822
00:45:48,625 --> 00:45:52,284
Yeah!
823
00:46:13,422 --> 00:46:14,897
I'm always in awe
824
00:46:14,958 --> 00:46:17,060
of the richness of
the world around me.
825
00:46:18,122 --> 00:46:20,454
I can't help but marvel
826
00:46:20,614 --> 00:46:22,527
at how all of this came to be.
827
00:46:24,633 --> 00:46:25,397
Well,
828
00:46:26,847 --> 00:46:28,778
if there were no
mystery to life,
829
00:46:28,839 --> 00:46:30,299
there would be no
need for faith,
830
00:46:31,332 --> 00:46:34,590
no room for divine secrets.
831
00:46:35,556 --> 00:46:38,974
The promise of access to those
secrets inspire religions,
832
00:46:39,954 --> 00:46:43,047
encourages people to dig
deeper into their faith.
833
00:46:44,096 --> 00:46:46,670
Secrets protect believers
in times of oppression
834
00:46:47,677 --> 00:46:49,136
and keep them alive,
835
00:46:49,850 --> 00:46:52,971
until their message can
take root in fertile ground.
836
00:46:54,958 --> 00:46:58,055
We can never expect to
know the mind of God,
837
00:46:59,241 --> 00:47:00,616
but we can work
838
00:47:01,326 --> 00:47:02,337
to get closer to it.
60813
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