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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:06,611 --> 00:00:09,154 I spent a good portion of my early acting career 2 00:00:09,215 --> 00:00:11,217 treading the boards in theatres like this one. 3 00:00:13,437 --> 00:00:15,292 It's a profession full of superstitions. 4 00:00:16,820 --> 00:00:17,577 For instance, 5 00:00:18,440 --> 00:00:21,049 a theatre is never supposed to be completely dark, 6 00:00:21,380 --> 00:00:22,017 so... 7 00:00:22,713 --> 00:00:25,375 the ghost light remains on stage, lit, 8 00:00:25,482 --> 00:00:26,962 even when no one is around. 9 00:00:28,014 --> 00:00:29,303 Whistling back stage? 10 00:00:29,869 --> 00:00:31,069 Completely forbidden. 11 00:00:31,746 --> 00:00:33,393 And there's a certain Shakespearean play 12 00:00:33,454 --> 00:00:36,465 whose name must never be uttered within these walls. 13 00:00:38,570 --> 00:00:40,457 You only become privy to these rules 14 00:00:40,518 --> 00:00:41,876 when you work in a theatre. 15 00:00:43,567 --> 00:00:45,595 Many religions keep secrets too. 16 00:00:46,393 --> 00:00:48,473 Some have a hidden hierarchy of knowledge 17 00:00:48,534 --> 00:00:51,162 available only to higher officials. 18 00:00:52,693 --> 00:00:55,749 Why do religions shroud themselves in secrecy? 19 00:00:56,364 --> 00:00:59,002 I mean, why would they obscure holy wisdom? 20 00:00:59,728 --> 00:01:00,481 Or, 21 00:01:02,094 --> 00:01:04,257 do divine secrets actually... 22 00:01:04,925 --> 00:01:06,337 bring us closer to god? 23 00:01:13,406 --> 00:01:16,557 I am going to peer behind the curtain of hidden cults. 24 00:01:17,223 --> 00:01:20,697 They used music to drown out the cries. 25 00:01:21,962 --> 00:01:25,354 I'll see how secrets triggered one faith's battle for survival. 26 00:01:25,587 --> 00:01:28,487 Your leaders were imprisoned by the French. 27 00:01:30,131 --> 00:01:32,663 And spread dangerous rumours about another. 28 00:01:32,955 --> 00:01:35,892 Christians drank the blood of children. 29 00:01:36,586 --> 00:01:37,559 Oh my. 30 00:01:37,721 --> 00:01:40,120 I'll witness the rebirth of the sun... 31 00:01:40,636 --> 00:01:45,546 So let's give a rousing cheer for the returning sun god. 32 00:01:45,679 --> 00:01:47,411 And a long suppressed faith. 33 00:01:47,471 --> 00:01:49,226 Yeah! 34 00:01:49,955 --> 00:01:52,863 Learn about decoding divine secrets. 35 00:01:53,097 --> 00:01:57,741 God encoded secrets of reality in this Torah. 36 00:01:58,455 --> 00:02:02,355 And seek a hidden pathway to enlightenment. 37 00:02:03,418 --> 00:02:04,764 Could I get a mantra? 38 00:02:05,161 --> 00:02:07,111 I doubt you get any mantras. 39 00:02:30,962 --> 00:02:33,794 I'm starting my quest outside of Naples, Italy... 40 00:02:36,238 --> 00:02:41,517 in a city whose secrets were buried in ash in 79 AD, 41 00:02:42,096 --> 00:02:43,055 Pompeii. 42 00:02:48,980 --> 00:02:51,573 Historian, Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, 43 00:02:51,634 --> 00:02:53,482 is taking me to an ancient home 44 00:02:53,543 --> 00:02:56,071 that Mount Vesuvius froze in time. 45 00:02:58,597 --> 00:03:00,672 So, push through the leaves, Morgan, 46 00:03:00,733 --> 00:03:03,485 and you're gonna get an eye full of something amazing. 47 00:03:07,965 --> 00:03:10,108 That is the Villa of the Mysteries. 48 00:03:10,433 --> 00:03:12,211 That's lovely. That is terrific. 49 00:03:12,866 --> 00:03:16,500 Soon after archaeologists unearthed the villa in 1909, 50 00:03:17,036 --> 00:03:18,947 they realized it held clues 51 00:03:19,008 --> 00:03:22,207 to one of the most secretive religious sects in history, 52 00:03:23,081 --> 00:03:24,937 the Cult of Dionysus. 53 00:03:28,944 --> 00:03:30,438 So, Morgan, you've got to see this. 54 00:03:30,499 --> 00:03:32,126 This is the Room of the Mysteries. 55 00:03:32,541 --> 00:03:33,923 Oh, my goodness. 56 00:03:38,505 --> 00:03:40,034 -This... -Oh my goodness. 57 00:03:40,103 --> 00:03:43,752 is the most extraordinary painted room 58 00:03:44,166 --> 00:03:46,093 in any Roman house that I know. 59 00:03:47,217 --> 00:03:50,327 And there is the god, Dionysus. 60 00:03:50,387 --> 00:03:51,724 The Greeks called him Dionysus, 61 00:03:51,785 --> 00:03:53,097 the Romans called him Bacchus. 62 00:03:53,562 --> 00:03:55,756 And you see, he's sort of, he's slumped, 63 00:03:56,292 --> 00:03:58,055 because he's the god of wine, 64 00:03:58,116 --> 00:04:00,307 he's the god of drink and he's had some. 65 00:04:00,781 --> 00:04:02,684 He looks a little bit stoned. 66 00:04:02,744 --> 00:04:05,075 He's way, way out of it. 67 00:04:07,397 --> 00:04:11,216 Then around, are all these scenes that are 68 00:04:11,599 --> 00:04:14,834 somehow associated with the Cult of Dionysus. 69 00:04:14,894 --> 00:04:15,514 Uh, huh. 70 00:04:16,880 --> 00:04:19,680 Dionysus was the god, not just of wine, 71 00:04:19,983 --> 00:04:22,201 but also of fertility, 72 00:04:22,414 --> 00:04:24,302 theatre and ecstasy. 73 00:04:26,146 --> 00:04:30,028 Ancient Roman writers told stories of wine fuelled orgies, 74 00:04:30,701 --> 00:04:33,693 Bacchanalia, held in his honour. 75 00:04:35,880 --> 00:04:37,667 The Cult of Dionysus, 76 00:04:38,413 --> 00:04:39,366 what's the purpose of it? 77 00:04:39,586 --> 00:04:40,153 Huh. 78 00:04:40,214 --> 00:04:40,859 Is it... 79 00:04:41,125 --> 00:04:42,859 Is it a religious thing or? 80 00:04:42,959 --> 00:04:45,175 It's absolutely a religious thing. 81 00:04:45,459 --> 00:04:48,731 But most religious practices in the Roman world, 82 00:04:49,051 --> 00:04:51,981 are about how you hold the community together. 83 00:04:52,635 --> 00:04:55,896 This is not about the whole community, it's for the initiated, 84 00:04:55,957 --> 00:05:01,255 for the chosen few who have dedicated themselves to this. 85 00:05:02,055 --> 00:05:04,394 You actually have to go through a process 86 00:05:04,954 --> 00:05:07,198 to join that type of cult. 87 00:05:07,843 --> 00:05:09,958 What happened in the Cult of Dionysus 88 00:05:10,018 --> 00:05:13,930 remained shrouded in almost total mystery for two millennia, 89 00:05:14,574 --> 00:05:16,524 until the frescoes in this room 90 00:05:17,014 --> 00:05:18,240 saw the light of day. 91 00:05:19,061 --> 00:05:20,285 Many historians believe 92 00:05:20,792 --> 00:05:23,044 they show the secret initiation rites 93 00:05:23,105 --> 00:05:25,101 of a young woman into the cult. 94 00:05:26,191 --> 00:05:27,217 Where does it begin? 95 00:05:27,277 --> 00:05:29,670 Probably, reading left to right, 96 00:05:29,731 --> 00:05:32,386 begins there with a woman walking into the scene. 97 00:05:33,766 --> 00:05:35,783 The woman arrives fully clothed, 98 00:05:36,872 --> 00:05:40,876 but after a child reads from what might be a sacred text, 99 00:05:42,490 --> 00:05:44,593 we see her more scantily clad, 100 00:05:44,984 --> 00:05:47,621 possibly bringing an offering of food for the god. 101 00:05:48,574 --> 00:05:51,672 Then some sort of, is this a ritual cleansing, 102 00:05:51,733 --> 00:05:52,690 some sort of preparation? 103 00:05:52,750 --> 00:05:55,659 I think this is the scene that really tells us 104 00:05:55,720 --> 00:05:57,902 that it's something to do with mysteries. 105 00:05:57,962 --> 00:05:59,886 It's incredibly rare 106 00:06:00,166 --> 00:06:03,612 to depict someone, like turning your back to the camera. 107 00:06:07,263 --> 00:06:09,293 And that's concealing something. 108 00:06:10,018 --> 00:06:10,674 Oh. 109 00:06:10,734 --> 00:06:12,488 It's something secret going on. 110 00:06:16,912 --> 00:06:18,204 After this scene, 111 00:06:18,788 --> 00:06:21,205 we lose track of the initiate for a while. 112 00:06:22,366 --> 00:06:23,962 But when she reappears, 113 00:06:24,603 --> 00:06:26,360 she's in a different state of mind. 114 00:06:26,853 --> 00:06:29,934 She's looking at something that's happening over here, 115 00:06:30,707 --> 00:06:33,765 with an expression of horror on her face. 116 00:06:35,348 --> 00:06:36,421 This woman, 117 00:06:38,268 --> 00:06:40,518 she has a whip in her hand, 118 00:06:41,968 --> 00:06:45,466 which appears to be about to descend 119 00:06:45,746 --> 00:06:50,414 on the back of this lady here, who has a bare back. 120 00:06:52,741 --> 00:06:55,268 Her head in another woman's lap, 121 00:06:55,748 --> 00:06:57,604 giving her comfort and support. 122 00:07:06,242 --> 00:07:09,678 And the fact there's another naked woman, 123 00:07:10,511 --> 00:07:12,597 dancing and she's got... 124 00:07:12,771 --> 00:07:14,960 Those bells, so it's bing, ding, ding. 125 00:07:15,074 --> 00:07:19,826 In her hand and one of the things they complained about this cult, 126 00:07:20,079 --> 00:07:24,224 was that they used the sound of music to drown out... 127 00:07:25,947 --> 00:07:28,336 the cries of the people. 128 00:07:31,348 --> 00:07:34,489 You've got this basket down below, 129 00:07:34,956 --> 00:07:37,198 but in this winnowing basket, 130 00:07:37,544 --> 00:07:41,501 is a very large object covered with a veil. 131 00:07:42,020 --> 00:07:44,540 And we can be absolutely certain 132 00:07:44,601 --> 00:07:46,925 that what is being revealed is a phallus. 133 00:07:47,222 --> 00:07:47,968 Oh. 134 00:07:48,029 --> 00:07:49,346 Because the phallus 135 00:07:49,830 --> 00:07:52,619 is so strongly connected with Dionysus. 136 00:07:53,733 --> 00:07:57,407 The phallus was the supreme symbol of the god of fertility. 137 00:07:58,255 --> 00:08:00,750 What role it played in the initiation rites, 138 00:08:00,965 --> 00:08:03,818 what secrets were revealed when it was uncovered, 139 00:08:04,272 --> 00:08:05,548 are not recorded here 140 00:08:05,978 --> 00:08:07,696 and by the next fresco, 141 00:08:08,022 --> 00:08:10,509 the mood has changed completely. 142 00:08:10,923 --> 00:08:15,764 Here, we have a girl preparing, apparently, for marriage. 143 00:08:16,865 --> 00:08:20,141 That way of doing your hair into separate locks, 144 00:08:20,464 --> 00:08:23,718 was part of a Roman tradition of preparing your hair 145 00:08:23,779 --> 00:08:24,463 for the wedding ceremony. 146 00:08:24,523 --> 00:08:25,156 Okay. 147 00:08:25,217 --> 00:08:28,724 And she has two Cupids on either side... 148 00:08:28,832 --> 00:08:30,116 and one is holding up... 149 00:08:30,177 --> 00:08:32,013 Probably a mirror of some sort. 150 00:08:33,946 --> 00:08:37,324 The marriage seems to imply the end of the initiation. 151 00:08:39,109 --> 00:08:42,530 The woman is now ready to devote herself to Dionysus 152 00:08:42,851 --> 00:08:44,281 and be part of his cult. 153 00:08:50,569 --> 00:08:53,805 This is just fascinating to end all fascinations. 154 00:08:53,938 --> 00:08:54,812 Uh, huh. 155 00:08:55,156 --> 00:08:55,653 But, 156 00:08:56,903 --> 00:08:59,506 I count 17 women, 157 00:09:00,026 --> 00:09:01,069 where are the men? 158 00:09:01,249 --> 00:09:03,536 So, I think this is as it's meant to be. 159 00:09:03,596 --> 00:09:05,398 It's a women's cult. 160 00:09:06,418 --> 00:09:08,256 Across the Greco-Roman world, 161 00:09:08,463 --> 00:09:10,464 women seem to have accounted for most 162 00:09:10,525 --> 00:09:12,638 members of the Cult of Dionysus. 163 00:09:13,066 --> 00:09:16,769 Perhaps it wasn't just a place to lose one's self in wine. 164 00:09:17,429 --> 00:09:20,233 It may have been a place where women made the rules. 165 00:09:21,076 --> 00:09:21,727 Of course, 166 00:09:22,322 --> 00:09:23,714 we will never really know. 167 00:09:24,099 --> 00:09:26,559 You know why a mystery is called a mystery? 168 00:09:26,672 --> 00:09:27,310 No. 169 00:09:27,375 --> 00:09:28,669 It's a Greek word. 170 00:09:28,994 --> 00:09:32,179 Mustes is someone who has been initiated, 171 00:09:32,776 --> 00:09:35,672 and the word muo in Greek means, 172 00:09:36,091 --> 00:09:37,674 'Keep your mouth shut.' 173 00:09:37,734 --> 00:09:39,175 Once you're initiated, 174 00:09:39,343 --> 00:09:42,092 you can't reveal what you have seen. 175 00:09:47,122 --> 00:09:49,058 The Dionysiac cult 176 00:09:49,245 --> 00:09:52,905 used wine and sex to get closer to their gods. 177 00:09:53,957 --> 00:09:56,500 But it seems that the secrecy of their faith 178 00:09:56,850 --> 00:09:59,676 helped them to connect, not just to the divine, 179 00:09:59,737 --> 00:10:01,133 but to one another. 180 00:10:01,620 --> 00:10:03,114 It allowed initiates, 181 00:10:03,215 --> 00:10:04,197 especially women, 182 00:10:04,537 --> 00:10:07,234 to worship away from the prying eyes of Rome. 183 00:10:08,615 --> 00:10:09,914 Their secret religion 184 00:10:10,612 --> 00:10:11,607 set them free. 185 00:10:19,072 --> 00:10:21,430 Secrets are designed to conceal, 186 00:10:22,359 --> 00:10:24,721 but sometimes the very presence of a secret, 187 00:10:25,362 --> 00:10:26,887 draws unwelcome attention. 188 00:10:32,271 --> 00:10:33,946 I'm in southern Vietnam, 189 00:10:34,323 --> 00:10:36,376 travelling toward the Cambodian border 190 00:10:36,569 --> 00:10:38,434 in the province of Tay Ninh. 191 00:10:48,812 --> 00:10:51,589 This is the spiritual home of Cao Dai, 192 00:10:51,763 --> 00:10:54,604 a religion that was once banned by the government, 193 00:10:54,811 --> 00:10:56,929 but now is practised in plain view 194 00:10:56,990 --> 00:10:59,333 by over four million Vietnamese. 195 00:11:01,783 --> 00:11:04,804 It's epicentre is the Holy See Temple, 196 00:11:05,064 --> 00:11:06,935 in the City of Tay Ninh. 197 00:11:14,071 --> 00:11:17,256 I'm meeting with Cao Dai's esteemed archbishop, 198 00:11:17,316 --> 00:11:21,191 Le Phuong Hong and his interpreter, Nguyen Tuan Em. 199 00:11:21,777 --> 00:11:22,693 -Hello. -Yeah, good morning. 200 00:11:22,754 --> 00:11:23,814 -Hello. -How are you? 201 00:11:23,874 --> 00:11:25,091 Thank you. And you? 202 00:11:25,151 --> 00:11:26,265 Very well and thank you very much. 203 00:11:26,325 --> 00:11:27,710 -Yeah. -Big question. 204 00:11:28,507 --> 00:11:30,550 The eye, what does it mean? 205 00:11:49,141 --> 00:11:50,522 This is amazing! 206 00:12:01,912 --> 00:12:02,969 There are nine steps, 207 00:12:03,167 --> 00:12:06,102 representing the nine stages in heaven. 208 00:12:06,348 --> 00:12:07,065 Ah-ha! 209 00:12:07,126 --> 00:12:08,008 And you can see, 210 00:12:08,069 --> 00:12:11,493 there are 18 columns surrounded by dragons. 211 00:12:14,795 --> 00:12:16,183 Are these saints? 212 00:12:17,712 --> 00:12:22,064 They are representing the religions combined of Caodaism. 213 00:12:24,836 --> 00:12:26,953 There was a message from God 214 00:12:27,141 --> 00:12:29,944 to unite the branches of the religion. 215 00:12:30,078 --> 00:12:31,034 Of religion. 216 00:12:31,259 --> 00:12:33,356 And you can see, in the middle, 217 00:12:33,437 --> 00:12:34,474 the first one is Buddha 218 00:12:35,077 --> 00:12:37,268 and then on the left hand side, 219 00:12:37,329 --> 00:12:40,821 you can see Lao Zi, representing Taoism, 220 00:12:40,882 --> 00:12:43,020 and this is Confucius. 221 00:12:43,964 --> 00:12:47,097 And then Jesus Christ representing Christianity. 222 00:12:47,158 --> 00:12:48,818 Ah-ha, that is him. 223 00:12:52,687 --> 00:12:54,029 And now is time for the service 224 00:12:54,090 --> 00:12:55,655 and we would like to go upstairs 225 00:12:55,748 --> 00:12:58,496 and we show you where you can see the service. 226 00:12:58,585 --> 00:12:59,423 Excellent. 227 00:13:20,108 --> 00:13:21,672 As I watch the congregation 228 00:13:21,733 --> 00:13:23,844 being marshalled into precise formation, 229 00:13:24,765 --> 00:13:26,989 I can't help thinking that Caodaism 230 00:13:27,314 --> 00:13:29,588 has almost militaristic overtones. 231 00:13:31,640 --> 00:13:34,317 It's a hint of the religion's secret past 232 00:13:34,712 --> 00:13:36,415 and its battles with governments 233 00:13:37,174 --> 00:13:39,056 that grew into outright war. 234 00:13:49,779 --> 00:13:51,237 The Cao Dai religion, 235 00:13:51,298 --> 00:13:54,182 an unusual blend of eastern and western faiths, 236 00:13:54,534 --> 00:13:56,774 appears to be flourishing in Vietnam. 237 00:13:57,427 --> 00:14:00,929 Across the country there are almost 400 temples. 238 00:14:01,514 --> 00:14:03,108 Followers worship openly, 239 00:14:04,038 --> 00:14:06,171 but it wasn't always that way. 240 00:14:11,041 --> 00:14:13,129 I've been offered an audience with Cao Dai's 241 00:14:13,190 --> 00:14:15,337 senior cardinal, Thuong Tom Thanh, 242 00:14:15,777 --> 00:14:18,359 to understand the religion's secretive history. 243 00:14:18,911 --> 00:14:19,939 How do you do, sir. 244 00:14:20,492 --> 00:14:21,874 Very pleased to meet you. 245 00:14:24,896 --> 00:14:26,265 Can you give me... 246 00:14:27,085 --> 00:14:30,010 a brief history of the religion? 247 00:14:34,271 --> 00:14:36,279 The purpose of Caodaism is... 248 00:14:36,465 --> 00:14:40,277 to unite the traditions of all religions in the world. 249 00:14:42,279 --> 00:14:46,927 Caodaism was established in Vietnam in 1926, 250 00:14:46,988 --> 00:14:48,633 and Vietnam, at that time, 251 00:14:48,694 --> 00:14:51,572 was under the control of the French administration. 252 00:14:51,871 --> 00:14:55,103 I understood that some of your leaders 253 00:14:55,164 --> 00:14:57,517 were imprisoned by the French. Is that so? 254 00:14:59,710 --> 00:15:01,887 There was some misunderstanding 255 00:15:01,948 --> 00:15:02,997 between the French 256 00:15:03,580 --> 00:15:05,257 and Caodaism at the time. 257 00:15:07,087 --> 00:15:10,908 The leader was arrested and sent in exile... 258 00:15:11,153 --> 00:15:12,222 for five years. 259 00:15:12,551 --> 00:15:13,403 But after that, 260 00:15:13,464 --> 00:15:16,165 when they understood the purpose of this religion, 261 00:15:16,282 --> 00:15:19,088 the French administration let His Holiness 262 00:15:19,289 --> 00:15:21,100 to be returned into Vietnam. 263 00:15:24,563 --> 00:15:28,138 But Cao Dai's struggles did not end with the French. 264 00:15:28,601 --> 00:15:32,886 In 1943, they took up arms against Japanese invaders. 265 00:15:33,641 --> 00:15:35,005 The Cao Dai army, 266 00:15:35,066 --> 00:15:38,312 established a semi-autonomous state in the Mekong Delta, 267 00:15:38,552 --> 00:15:41,891 that survived for a decade after the Japanese left. 268 00:15:43,064 --> 00:15:46,732 When the Communists took control of Vietnam in 1975, 269 00:15:47,132 --> 00:15:50,689 Caodaism was banned for more than two decades. 270 00:15:51,486 --> 00:15:53,298 It wasn't just because the government 271 00:15:53,359 --> 00:15:55,893 feared Cao Dai's military history, 272 00:15:55,954 --> 00:15:58,775 or its blending of faiths from all over the world. 273 00:15:59,756 --> 00:16:02,168 It was also because of the secret ceremony 274 00:16:02,229 --> 00:16:04,077 that lay at the heart of the religion. 275 00:16:23,452 --> 00:16:25,100 So those mediums 276 00:16:25,407 --> 00:16:28,038 were used to establish the religion. 277 00:16:29,000 --> 00:16:31,275 Those mediums received the messages from God 278 00:16:31,336 --> 00:16:35,096 to establish and write out the religious regulations, 279 00:16:35,356 --> 00:16:36,572 the constitutions 280 00:16:36,633 --> 00:16:39,384 and now we use those as the basis of Caodaism. 281 00:16:41,916 --> 00:16:45,308 The details of what happened in these seances is still secret, 282 00:16:46,378 --> 00:16:48,716 known only by high dignitaries. 283 00:16:49,130 --> 00:16:50,295 What is known, 284 00:16:50,942 --> 00:16:53,544 is that there were always two mediums 285 00:16:53,605 --> 00:16:55,742 controlling some sort of instrument; 286 00:16:56,862 --> 00:16:58,611 someone to read the instrument, 287 00:16:58,869 --> 00:17:01,288 and a secretary to write down the message. 288 00:17:02,040 --> 00:17:04,206 When the Vietnamese government made it legal 289 00:17:04,267 --> 00:17:07,388 to practice the Cao Dai religion in 1997, 290 00:17:07,873 --> 00:17:09,650 one of the conditions was 291 00:17:09,711 --> 00:17:12,417 that seances would remain banned. 292 00:17:14,452 --> 00:17:17,688 So, are these mediums chosen by God today? 293 00:17:19,609 --> 00:17:21,678 All the former mediums 294 00:17:21,795 --> 00:17:25,399 have fulfilled their duties and now they return with God. 295 00:17:26,568 --> 00:17:29,470 All the regulations and doctrines have been 296 00:17:29,874 --> 00:17:31,788 written down by God through mediums. 297 00:17:32,622 --> 00:17:34,854 Now, all we have to do is just 298 00:17:35,354 --> 00:17:37,354 follow the rules and carry on? 299 00:17:37,728 --> 00:17:44,077 And we all try for peace and independence in the world. 300 00:17:46,104 --> 00:17:46,890 Got it. 301 00:18:10,318 --> 00:18:12,196 The followers of Cao Dai say 302 00:18:12,257 --> 00:18:14,581 they no longer need secret seances to spread 303 00:18:14,642 --> 00:18:19,019 their message of universal humanity, love and justice. 304 00:18:20,290 --> 00:18:22,819 What was once the most sacred part of their worship 305 00:18:22,879 --> 00:18:26,818 is now history and the religion is thriving. 306 00:18:28,436 --> 00:18:30,066 Being forced to hide something 307 00:18:30,282 --> 00:18:34,359 sometimes helps us to learn to get along just fine without it. 308 00:18:41,932 --> 00:18:43,808 But some religions keep secrets, 309 00:18:43,869 --> 00:18:46,745 because they believe they are too powerful to be revealed, 310 00:18:47,366 --> 00:18:49,502 except to those with years of training. 311 00:19:00,019 --> 00:19:01,779 I'm in Kathmandu, Nepal, 312 00:19:01,981 --> 00:19:05,406 to learn about a branch of Buddhism called Vajrayana, 313 00:19:05,892 --> 00:19:08,062 or The Diamond Vehicle. 314 00:19:10,685 --> 00:19:12,993 It is the final level of Buddhist teachings, 315 00:19:13,412 --> 00:19:16,827 known as an accelerated path to enlightenment. 316 00:19:19,246 --> 00:19:21,073 Here at the Kopan Monastery, 317 00:19:22,473 --> 00:19:24,304 I'm meeting one of their head monks, 318 00:19:25,078 --> 00:19:27,300 Geshe Thubten Jinpa. 319 00:19:30,332 --> 00:19:31,856 -Hi, Morgan. -Hello, Jinpa. 320 00:19:31,917 --> 00:19:33,980 -Welcome to Kopan. -Thank you so much. 321 00:19:34,041 --> 00:19:35,512 -Thank you. -Thank you. Thank you. 322 00:19:35,572 --> 00:19:36,328 Come see. 323 00:19:36,422 --> 00:19:38,581 I take you to the monastery, okay? 324 00:19:43,132 --> 00:19:44,794 I want to try to learn more 325 00:19:44,855 --> 00:19:47,201 about their rapid pathway to enlightenment. 326 00:19:48,861 --> 00:19:51,472 Some of the mantras the monks will chant today, 327 00:19:51,785 --> 00:19:55,306 are said to contain the sacred power of enlightened beings. 328 00:20:03,398 --> 00:20:06,393 They recite them to invoke those divine energies and 329 00:20:07,180 --> 00:20:09,567 advance toward their own enlightenment. 330 00:20:18,742 --> 00:20:19,844 Okay. 331 00:20:23,827 --> 00:20:26,899 These mantras are not for my ears. 332 00:20:40,922 --> 00:20:42,897 In the hills above Kathmandu, 333 00:20:43,546 --> 00:20:45,830 only the faintest sound of Buddhist monks 334 00:20:45,891 --> 00:20:47,569 chanting a secret mantra 335 00:20:47,632 --> 00:20:49,407 escapes the temple doors. 336 00:20:59,413 --> 00:21:01,334 This only makes me more curious. 337 00:21:02,245 --> 00:21:03,593 Why all the secrecy? 338 00:21:05,248 --> 00:21:06,928 If it will lead to enlightenment, 339 00:21:07,882 --> 00:21:09,739 why not reveal it to all? 340 00:21:12,721 --> 00:21:14,267 'Diamond Vehicle', Jinpa. 341 00:21:14,533 --> 00:21:16,416 Why do you use that term, 'diamond?' 342 00:21:16,777 --> 00:21:18,958 It really cuts through, 343 00:21:19,181 --> 00:21:23,297 like you use a sort of a 344 00:21:23,379 --> 00:21:25,001 diamond to slice the glass. 345 00:21:25,080 --> 00:21:25,633 Yes. 346 00:21:25,694 --> 00:21:28,285 And it pierce the wrong conceptions. 347 00:21:28,702 --> 00:21:30,954 So that's why we call it 'diamond.' 348 00:21:31,074 --> 00:21:32,706 If you are a student and you are starting out, 349 00:21:32,767 --> 00:21:34,597 you could get into the Diamond Vehicle? 350 00:21:34,657 --> 00:21:37,446 First, we have to get well trained for that, 351 00:21:37,507 --> 00:21:40,709 so when Buddha taught this, The Diamond Vehicles, 352 00:21:43,192 --> 00:21:47,093 He reveal it to the some particular, special students. 353 00:21:48,517 --> 00:21:52,298 Why must these mantras be kept secret? 354 00:21:52,898 --> 00:21:54,926 So without that proper training, 355 00:21:55,102 --> 00:21:57,392 so you will misuse of that mantra 356 00:21:57,453 --> 00:22:00,432 and it bring harms to others and as well as yourself. 357 00:22:00,493 --> 00:22:01,929 As well to yourself. 358 00:22:02,961 --> 00:22:05,643 These monks have had years of training in meditation. 359 00:22:06,060 --> 00:22:08,313 They believe learning a secret mantra, 360 00:22:08,381 --> 00:22:10,069 without such preparation, 361 00:22:10,163 --> 00:22:13,498 risks actually increasing their negative thoughts, 362 00:22:14,318 --> 00:22:16,741 taking them further away from enlightenment. 363 00:22:18,321 --> 00:22:19,104 So, Jinpa, 364 00:22:19,527 --> 00:22:22,950 what are the real requirements in terms of 365 00:22:23,910 --> 00:22:25,293 trying to gain enlightenment? 366 00:22:25,673 --> 00:22:29,387 So the very first requirements is the motivations. 367 00:22:29,448 --> 00:22:30,282 Motivation? 368 00:22:39,815 --> 00:22:41,202 Now, Jinpa, 369 00:22:45,159 --> 00:22:48,994 I'm fairly intelligent myself, 370 00:22:49,408 --> 00:22:51,201 so my question is, 371 00:22:52,683 --> 00:22:54,190 could I get a mantra? 372 00:22:54,884 --> 00:22:57,792 Uh, oh, wait. 373 00:22:58,029 --> 00:22:59,271 Okay, is this on... 374 00:22:59,894 --> 00:23:00,519 -Yeah. -Is on? 375 00:23:00,580 --> 00:23:02,039 Okay, oh, sorry, sorry. 376 00:23:02,907 --> 00:23:03,766 Mantra? 377 00:23:05,070 --> 00:23:07,458 I know you are very smart but, 378 00:23:09,217 --> 00:23:11,037 I doubt you'd get any mantras. 379 00:23:11,132 --> 00:23:12,223 Ha ha! 380 00:23:12,973 --> 00:23:14,041 Ha ha ha! 381 00:23:14,101 --> 00:23:15,592 Oh no, I'm just joking. 382 00:23:16,137 --> 00:23:19,011 There is different degrees of mantras. 383 00:23:19,071 --> 00:23:22,731 The one mantras, which always brings goods to everyone, 384 00:23:22,792 --> 00:23:26,397 whether you have the pre-required training or not. 385 00:23:26,777 --> 00:23:28,573 So I can share that with you. 386 00:23:28,633 --> 00:23:29,502 Thank you. 387 00:23:31,152 --> 00:23:32,069 Okay. 388 00:23:34,949 --> 00:23:36,019 Traditionally, 389 00:23:36,422 --> 00:23:38,926 a mantra can only be given by a guru 390 00:23:39,162 --> 00:23:42,837 to a monk who is in the process of becoming his disciple. 391 00:23:44,096 --> 00:23:45,952 Jinpa, however, will make an exception, 392 00:23:46,799 --> 00:23:49,594 since he considers me a spiritual friend. 393 00:23:52,072 --> 00:23:54,516 The mantra that we're going to work together 394 00:23:57,199 --> 00:23:59,085 He is the Buddha of compassion. 395 00:23:59,233 --> 00:24:00,531 Compassion Buddha. 396 00:24:00,592 --> 00:24:03,112 So, this mantra helps 397 00:24:03,555 --> 00:24:06,232 us to enhance all that compassions 398 00:24:06,519 --> 00:24:07,845 to the universe. 399 00:24:08,707 --> 00:24:11,133 So I am going to give you the mantra, 400 00:24:11,194 --> 00:24:14,415 so you can generate motivation to yourself, 401 00:24:14,476 --> 00:24:17,059 for the goodness of all the living beings. 402 00:24:19,269 --> 00:24:22,972 So, as I say the mantra, you try to repeat. 403 00:24:23,032 --> 00:24:23,730 Om... 404 00:24:24,245 --> 00:24:25,284 Om. 405 00:24:25,344 --> 00:24:27,148 -Mani... -Mani. 406 00:24:27,208 --> 00:24:28,909 -Padme... -Padme. 407 00:24:29,143 --> 00:24:30,531 -Hum. -Hum. 408 00:24:30,591 --> 00:24:32,989 So, you visualize that on my crown 409 00:24:33,050 --> 00:24:34,759 there's a Buddha of compassion. 410 00:24:35,313 --> 00:24:38,656 So there's a radiance of light sending towards you, 411 00:24:38,942 --> 00:24:41,784 with this all good heart in the form of light. 412 00:24:42,279 --> 00:24:42,910 Okay? 413 00:24:43,237 --> 00:24:46,089 So repeat for final time. Om... 414 00:24:46,150 --> 00:24:47,319 -Om. -Mani... 415 00:24:47,380 --> 00:24:48,963 -Mani. -Padme... 416 00:24:49,023 --> 00:24:50,557 -Padme. Hum. -Hum. 417 00:24:50,818 --> 00:24:53,382 Om Mani padme hum. Om Mani padme hum. 418 00:24:53,443 --> 00:24:55,453 Om Mani padme hum. Om Mani padme hum... 419 00:24:55,513 --> 00:24:57,627 Om Mani padme hum. Om Mani padme hum. 420 00:24:57,687 --> 00:24:59,568 Om Mani padme hum. Om Mani padme hum... 421 00:25:03,313 --> 00:25:05,161 As I chant the mantra, 422 00:25:06,087 --> 00:25:09,998 I am trying to see the light dissolving into my body 423 00:25:10,584 --> 00:25:12,945 and imagine it filling me with love 424 00:25:13,339 --> 00:25:14,372 and compassion. 425 00:25:21,849 --> 00:25:24,447 Om Mani padme hum. Om Mani padme hum. 426 00:25:24,507 --> 00:25:26,207 Om Mani padme hum. Om Mani... 427 00:25:26,267 --> 00:25:29,640 As we recite the mantras togethers, 428 00:25:29,954 --> 00:25:33,553 so you feel so much compassion and love 429 00:25:34,369 --> 00:25:35,892 generated within you, 430 00:25:36,148 --> 00:25:37,827 then sending this all love 431 00:25:38,054 --> 00:25:39,871 towards the all the sentient being. 432 00:25:46,562 --> 00:25:50,345 Secrecy isn't always a way to protect a faith from outsiders. 433 00:25:51,948 --> 00:25:54,290 It also provides in the faithful 434 00:25:54,844 --> 00:25:56,327 a hunger for... 435 00:25:56,618 --> 00:25:57,673 divine knowledge. 436 00:25:58,869 --> 00:26:01,105 To learn a secret mantra at Kopan, 437 00:26:01,648 --> 00:26:03,681 a monk must study the methods of 438 00:26:03,742 --> 00:26:06,134 Vajrayana Buddhism for many years. 439 00:26:07,634 --> 00:26:10,321 Some secrets are the reward of a lifetime of work. 440 00:26:11,667 --> 00:26:13,931 Shows how precious enlightenment is. 441 00:26:15,074 --> 00:26:16,550 As precious as a diamond. 442 00:26:21,081 --> 00:26:22,544 Devotees of many faiths 443 00:26:22,751 --> 00:26:25,207 make a lifelong quest for divine knowledge, 444 00:26:27,273 --> 00:26:30,719 but that knowledge is not always deliberately withheld. 445 00:26:31,626 --> 00:26:34,737 Sometimes, it is hidden in plain sight. 446 00:26:39,271 --> 00:26:40,503 In the south of France, 447 00:26:40,719 --> 00:26:42,387 in the city of Carpentras, 448 00:26:42,984 --> 00:26:45,277 there is an unassuming building that houses 449 00:26:45,338 --> 00:26:48,107 one of the oldest synagogues in the country. 450 00:26:49,950 --> 00:26:51,812 Journalist, Nelufar Hedayat, 451 00:26:52,185 --> 00:26:54,096 has come here to explore the secrets 452 00:26:54,157 --> 00:26:56,092 of the mystical Jewish Kabbalah. 453 00:26:56,910 --> 00:26:59,605 She is meeting scholar, Julien Darmon. 454 00:27:00,268 --> 00:27:01,126 Julien! 455 00:27:01,763 --> 00:27:02,614 Absolute pleasure to see you. 456 00:27:02,674 --> 00:27:04,125 -Pleased to meet you. -How are you? 457 00:27:04,399 --> 00:27:05,348 Delighted to meet you. 458 00:27:05,409 --> 00:27:06,603 The pleasure's all mine. 459 00:27:12,108 --> 00:27:12,702 Wow. 460 00:27:13,812 --> 00:27:14,852 Indeed, huh? 461 00:27:14,913 --> 00:27:16,846 It's not what I expected. 462 00:27:17,413 --> 00:27:19,187 It's beautiful. 463 00:27:25,884 --> 00:27:28,191 When we say Kabbalah, what do we mean? 464 00:27:28,328 --> 00:27:29,754 What is it that you study? 465 00:27:29,815 --> 00:27:32,480 Kabbalah is the method of plunging the depth 466 00:27:32,849 --> 00:27:34,630 of the Torah, over every letter, 467 00:27:34,987 --> 00:27:37,526 every word and they retrieve, 468 00:27:38,000 --> 00:27:40,169 through combinations of letters, 469 00:27:40,615 --> 00:27:42,516 secrets that tell us, 470 00:27:42,577 --> 00:27:45,713 stories that happened before the creation of time. 471 00:27:45,786 --> 00:27:47,844 Can you show me? I'd love to see this. 472 00:27:47,905 --> 00:27:49,005 Of course I can show you. 473 00:28:05,970 --> 00:28:09,467 So, this is the actual text of the Torah, hand written. 474 00:28:09,638 --> 00:28:11,746 This is the literal word of God. 475 00:28:12,146 --> 00:28:13,927 This is the literal word of God. 476 00:28:13,987 --> 00:28:14,989 So, where should we start? 477 00:28:15,190 --> 00:28:16,788 Well, we should start at the beginning 478 00:28:16,888 --> 00:28:17,900 with the verse saying, 479 00:28:17,969 --> 00:28:21,041 'In the beginning, God created the heavens and the Earth.' 480 00:28:22,340 --> 00:28:23,927 So the very first word 481 00:28:24,123 --> 00:28:26,189 which we would usually translate as 482 00:28:26,489 --> 00:28:27,507 'at the beginning' 483 00:28:28,059 --> 00:28:30,295 does not necessarily mean that. 484 00:28:30,684 --> 00:28:32,565 It reads 'bereishit.' 485 00:28:32,626 --> 00:28:33,609 Bereishit. 486 00:28:33,964 --> 00:28:36,793 And literally it means 'at the beginning of.' 487 00:28:37,320 --> 00:28:40,816 And Kabbalah says that at the beginning of what? 488 00:28:41,146 --> 00:28:42,180 Good question. 489 00:28:42,241 --> 00:28:45,390 And there is a hint in the way the word is written. 490 00:28:45,656 --> 00:28:46,556 Bereishit. 491 00:28:46,851 --> 00:28:49,124 So if you rearrange the letters, 492 00:28:49,334 --> 00:28:50,394 bereishit... 493 00:28:51,373 --> 00:28:52,534 can also be read, 494 00:28:53,161 --> 00:28:54,770 'berit-esh' 495 00:28:55,454 --> 00:28:57,601 which means 'covenant of fire.' 496 00:28:57,686 --> 00:28:59,835 Ah, the covenant of fire. 497 00:28:59,895 --> 00:29:02,147 That means first that this text 498 00:29:02,656 --> 00:29:04,275 is not just information, 499 00:29:04,756 --> 00:29:07,458 it's something that binds you to God. 500 00:29:09,836 --> 00:29:10,696 Another reading, 501 00:29:11,074 --> 00:29:12,074 bereishit 502 00:29:12,805 --> 00:29:15,810 has, at its root, the word 'rosh' 503 00:29:16,205 --> 00:29:18,525 which is, like in Arabic, ras, 504 00:29:19,179 --> 00:29:20,530 which means the head. 505 00:29:20,591 --> 00:29:21,752 Ras, yes. 506 00:29:22,415 --> 00:29:25,132 So, what it alludes to, 507 00:29:25,193 --> 00:29:27,569 is that before God 508 00:29:28,120 --> 00:29:30,969 created the world by speaking, 509 00:29:31,735 --> 00:29:34,235 he thought the world. 510 00:29:35,206 --> 00:29:36,819 Why is it important that God said 511 00:29:37,129 --> 00:29:40,232 'the head' or thought before he said the words? 512 00:29:40,832 --> 00:29:43,090 We usually translate, 'In the beginning 513 00:29:43,250 --> 00:29:45,885 God created the heavens and the Earth.' 514 00:29:46,079 --> 00:29:48,538 But in Hebrew, the order is 515 00:29:48,684 --> 00:29:51,900 'In the beginning he created God 516 00:29:51,961 --> 00:29:54,090 and the heavens and the Earth.' 517 00:29:54,639 --> 00:29:57,717 We can read this text as meaning that 518 00:29:57,834 --> 00:30:00,388 the first thing that God created, 519 00:30:00,449 --> 00:30:02,251 was not the heavens and Earth, 520 00:30:02,505 --> 00:30:05,999 but he created his own manifestation to the world. 521 00:30:06,306 --> 00:30:07,321 This is astonishing. 522 00:30:07,382 --> 00:30:09,372 So I might as well have 523 00:30:09,679 --> 00:30:12,626 an infinite number of these parchments, 524 00:30:12,687 --> 00:30:14,893 because that's how many meanings there are here. 525 00:30:14,954 --> 00:30:16,457 But, Julien, why would God 526 00:30:16,678 --> 00:30:19,073 make it so difficult to understand? 527 00:30:19,698 --> 00:30:22,013 When you start reading texts that way, 528 00:30:22,949 --> 00:30:24,601 you become humble. 529 00:30:25,359 --> 00:30:26,323 You say, 530 00:30:26,394 --> 00:30:29,426 'I have to study and study and study more' 531 00:30:30,314 --> 00:30:32,824 and what I understand now 532 00:30:32,884 --> 00:30:36,336 'is not the final word of the Bible.' 533 00:30:43,061 --> 00:30:44,417 To an outsider, 534 00:30:44,711 --> 00:30:48,378 the endless decoding of Kabbalah may seem like a fool's errand. 535 00:30:49,916 --> 00:30:53,339 But I think it's more about the journey than the destination. 536 00:30:54,388 --> 00:30:57,538 Many religions are an attempt to explain the infinite, 537 00:30:57,915 --> 00:31:00,420 the universe in finite terms. 538 00:31:01,553 --> 00:31:03,493 But, what better way to give yourself 539 00:31:03,554 --> 00:31:05,336 over to the mystery of the eternal 540 00:31:06,049 --> 00:31:07,734 than a quest with no end? 541 00:31:13,868 --> 00:31:16,510 Secrecy can be part of a faith's allure, 542 00:31:17,098 --> 00:31:19,494 or surround a religion's birth, 543 00:31:20,045 --> 00:31:23,467 or entice the believers to find the pathway to enlightenment. 544 00:31:24,792 --> 00:31:25,965 But sometimes, 545 00:31:26,659 --> 00:31:29,078 a faith is forced to hide underground. 546 00:31:29,328 --> 00:31:30,285 Oh my. 547 00:31:31,770 --> 00:31:34,843 And secrets can smear its name. 548 00:31:43,127 --> 00:31:45,543 Below Rome's cobblestone streets, 549 00:31:46,085 --> 00:31:49,041 there is still evidence of an ancient, secret sect, 550 00:31:51,037 --> 00:31:52,919 one that was rumoured to drink blood 551 00:31:53,706 --> 00:31:56,201 and perform human sacrifice. 552 00:32:03,872 --> 00:32:05,549 Religious scholar, Bruce Chilton, 553 00:32:05,610 --> 00:32:07,047 is taking me to a house 554 00:32:07,162 --> 00:32:09,772 that was hidden under a fourth century church 555 00:32:10,022 --> 00:32:11,569 for 1500 years. 556 00:32:12,604 --> 00:32:15,211 It's named after two men, who were executed 557 00:32:15,552 --> 00:32:17,887 for being part of an illegal cult. 558 00:32:18,980 --> 00:32:20,207 John and Paul... 559 00:32:20,833 --> 00:32:22,513 were two young men, 560 00:32:22,574 --> 00:32:24,063 who had worked in the family 561 00:32:24,168 --> 00:32:25,799 of the Emperor Constantine. 562 00:32:26,612 --> 00:32:28,191 They were ardent Christians. 563 00:32:28,448 --> 00:32:32,459 In the year 361 a new emperor came to power, 564 00:32:32,879 --> 00:32:34,177 the Emperor Julian. 565 00:32:34,523 --> 00:32:35,584 He decided, 566 00:32:36,053 --> 00:32:39,250 I'm going to get rid of this sect of Christians. 567 00:32:39,924 --> 00:32:43,348 I'm going to treat it as a superstition, 568 00:32:43,737 --> 00:32:44,400 a cult... 569 00:32:44,794 --> 00:32:46,324 and as a result of that, 570 00:32:46,484 --> 00:32:48,479 John and Paul were beheaded 571 00:32:49,026 --> 00:32:50,495 at Julian's order. 572 00:32:57,144 --> 00:32:58,799 Bruce, are you telling me that... 573 00:32:59,025 --> 00:33:03,422 this place was buried under the basilica for 1500 years? 574 00:33:03,483 --> 00:33:05,826 It's all underneath the basilica 575 00:33:05,887 --> 00:33:08,595 and you can see this whole complex 576 00:33:08,909 --> 00:33:10,467 was really quite high. 577 00:33:19,292 --> 00:33:20,524 -Bruce. -Yeah? 578 00:33:20,845 --> 00:33:22,401 You're not getting us lost, are you? 579 00:33:22,462 --> 00:33:24,303 I hope I'm not getting us lost. 580 00:33:29,647 --> 00:33:31,611 Oh, my. Look at this. 581 00:33:32,867 --> 00:33:35,424 These are the remains of a house church 582 00:33:35,485 --> 00:33:37,276 dating to the fourth century. 583 00:33:37,750 --> 00:33:40,140 Here, wealthy Roman Christians 584 00:33:40,201 --> 00:33:42,429 practised their faith in secret. 585 00:33:42,832 --> 00:33:44,426 So a Christian family 586 00:33:44,780 --> 00:33:45,725 could come here 587 00:33:46,694 --> 00:33:48,423 and pray in private? 588 00:33:48,804 --> 00:33:51,345 What you looked for was a safe place, 589 00:33:51,406 --> 00:33:53,161 where you could gather with others 590 00:33:53,569 --> 00:33:56,976 and go about your celebration of Christ's presence 591 00:33:57,570 --> 00:33:58,560 in the Eucharist. 592 00:33:59,125 --> 00:34:00,210 The Eucharist, 593 00:34:00,271 --> 00:34:03,942 a meal that remembered and celebrated Jesus' last supper, 594 00:34:04,238 --> 00:34:07,220 was the central part of early Christian worship. 595 00:34:07,409 --> 00:34:09,666 The sharing of Jesus' body and blood 596 00:34:09,727 --> 00:34:11,698 in the form of bread and wine 597 00:34:11,759 --> 00:34:13,323 was their act of communion 598 00:34:13,429 --> 00:34:15,613 with God and one another. 599 00:34:16,728 --> 00:34:19,941 But some outsiders saw it in a different light. 600 00:34:20,103 --> 00:34:22,291 When you practice in secret, 601 00:34:22,516 --> 00:34:24,790 especially in the Roman world, 602 00:34:25,265 --> 00:34:28,121 you open yourself up to the possibility 603 00:34:28,182 --> 00:34:30,288 of all kinds of rumours circulating. 604 00:34:31,161 --> 00:34:32,320 -Rumours? -Rumours. 605 00:34:32,381 --> 00:34:33,074 Or course. 606 00:34:33,135 --> 00:34:35,704 That Christians in rooms like this one, 607 00:34:36,178 --> 00:34:37,665 practised orgies. 608 00:34:38,808 --> 00:34:41,740 That they drank the blood of children. 609 00:34:43,583 --> 00:34:45,720 In the imaginations of the Romans, 610 00:34:48,691 --> 00:34:50,538 Christians drank actual blood, 611 00:34:51,179 --> 00:34:53,188 not the metaphorical blood of Christ. 612 00:34:55,198 --> 00:34:57,732 It was a libel used to incite fear 613 00:34:58,125 --> 00:35:00,913 and reprisal against this upstart sect. 614 00:35:05,122 --> 00:35:07,610 How do rumours like that get started, I wonder? 615 00:35:07,779 --> 00:35:11,352 They get started, because the rumour, 616 00:35:11,432 --> 00:35:13,783 what is now called the Blood Libel, 617 00:35:14,237 --> 00:35:17,605 is always very effective to use against people you hate. 618 00:35:18,549 --> 00:35:19,961 And if people you hate, 619 00:35:20,522 --> 00:35:22,734 because they're concerned about oppression, 620 00:35:23,157 --> 00:35:24,507 practice in secrecy, 621 00:35:25,175 --> 00:35:27,924 then that secrecy is used against them. 622 00:35:29,085 --> 00:35:29,845 Here's the question. 623 00:35:30,825 --> 00:35:32,051 How safe was it? 624 00:35:32,216 --> 00:35:34,130 Although the families were wealthy, 625 00:35:34,191 --> 00:35:35,949 and they protected Christians, 626 00:35:36,729 --> 00:35:39,568 they also had to use a kind of code 627 00:35:39,982 --> 00:35:41,197 in their artwork 628 00:35:41,724 --> 00:35:43,430 to support Christianity 629 00:35:44,204 --> 00:35:46,452 without advertising Christianity. 630 00:35:46,753 --> 00:35:48,219 Just on this wall, 631 00:35:48,840 --> 00:35:51,359 is a figure, she's a woman 632 00:35:51,933 --> 00:35:53,537 called the Orante, 633 00:35:53,740 --> 00:35:54,862 which means, 634 00:35:55,333 --> 00:35:56,420 'the woman who prays.' 635 00:35:57,167 --> 00:36:00,577 And you notice that she has her hands outstretched? 636 00:36:00,644 --> 00:36:01,296 Right. 637 00:36:01,533 --> 00:36:05,060 We can't actually say whether she is a Christian lady 638 00:36:05,121 --> 00:36:06,104 or a pagan lady, 639 00:36:06,560 --> 00:36:08,366 and I think that was part of the point. 640 00:36:09,000 --> 00:36:12,772 That the room could be accessible to everyone, 641 00:36:13,132 --> 00:36:16,686 but Christians would find a safe home here, 642 00:36:17,066 --> 00:36:18,106 where they could worship. 643 00:36:18,167 --> 00:36:19,119 I see. 644 00:36:19,494 --> 00:36:22,050 This code may have helped ordinary Christians 645 00:36:22,111 --> 00:36:23,954 blend in with their pagan neighbours, 646 00:36:24,737 --> 00:36:28,189 but it did not help prominent Christians like John and Paul. 647 00:36:29,999 --> 00:36:33,216 We're now in the special installation 648 00:36:33,443 --> 00:36:35,837 for the martyrs, John and Paul. 649 00:36:37,253 --> 00:36:38,966 We can't prove 650 00:36:39,269 --> 00:36:40,823 that they were buried here, 651 00:36:41,469 --> 00:36:42,654 but we do know 652 00:36:43,090 --> 00:36:44,930 that since the fourth century, 653 00:36:45,157 --> 00:36:46,878 this has been used as the place, 654 00:36:47,418 --> 00:36:48,764 where they were venerated. 655 00:36:50,272 --> 00:36:54,437 Christianity obviously got past this period. 656 00:36:55,409 --> 00:36:56,133 How? 657 00:36:56,509 --> 00:37:00,453 The Emperor Julian led the Roman army in battle 658 00:37:00,776 --> 00:37:02,110 against the Persians, 659 00:37:03,220 --> 00:37:04,215 but he was killed. 660 00:37:04,667 --> 00:37:05,787 Oh, oh. 661 00:37:05,991 --> 00:37:08,782 His place was taken by the Emperor Jovans, 662 00:37:09,852 --> 00:37:12,455 and Jovans decided, I'm going back, 663 00:37:13,111 --> 00:37:16,006 not only to tolerate Christianity, 664 00:37:16,686 --> 00:37:19,610 but even to prefer Christianity. 665 00:37:24,289 --> 00:37:25,537 It's hard to believe that 666 00:37:25,975 --> 00:37:28,886 Christianity was once a small, secret faith, 667 00:37:29,287 --> 00:37:30,499 practised in the shadows. 668 00:37:31,647 --> 00:37:34,434 But secrecy actually gave Christianity strength. 669 00:37:35,272 --> 00:37:38,758 Its followers venerated Jesus, who died opposing Rome. 670 00:37:39,552 --> 00:37:41,167 Oppression only fed the movement. 671 00:37:42,106 --> 00:37:43,453 And once it was set free, 672 00:37:44,062 --> 00:37:46,193 it travelled to every corner of the globe. 673 00:37:46,524 --> 00:37:47,271 Hmm. 674 00:37:51,736 --> 00:37:52,804 Christianity... 675 00:37:52,944 --> 00:37:55,731 flourished after a few centuries of Roman suppression, 676 00:37:57,437 --> 00:37:59,744 but other faiths weren't as quick to recover. 677 00:38:00,883 --> 00:38:02,853 There is one that, only now, 678 00:38:03,000 --> 00:38:04,807 is coming back into the light. 679 00:38:35,711 --> 00:38:37,561 On the eve of the Winter Solstice, 680 00:38:38,300 --> 00:38:40,247 journalist Sal Masekela 681 00:38:40,580 --> 00:38:43,684 is travelling to the English village of Stanton Drew. 682 00:38:44,548 --> 00:38:46,614 He's come to witness a celebration 683 00:38:46,675 --> 00:38:49,509 that was banned for almost two millennia. 684 00:38:55,110 --> 00:38:57,035 -Hello. -Hello! 685 00:38:57,096 --> 00:38:59,269 How are you, sir? Nice to meet you, sir. 686 00:38:59,330 --> 00:39:00,538 It's lovely to meet you. 687 00:39:00,598 --> 00:39:03,986 First thing I see is that this pub is called the Druid's Arms. 688 00:39:04,047 --> 00:39:05,647 Do the Druids have their own pub? 689 00:39:05,707 --> 00:39:07,005 Alas, no. 690 00:39:07,066 --> 00:39:08,932 But there's some interesting stuff to see. 691 00:39:08,993 --> 00:39:09,657 Alright. 692 00:39:09,718 --> 00:39:10,609 Please come. 693 00:39:12,471 --> 00:39:14,214 Ronald Hutton is an expert 694 00:39:14,275 --> 00:39:17,323 in the pre-Christian religions of the British Isles. 695 00:39:17,474 --> 00:39:19,001 We're really not having a beer? 696 00:39:19,062 --> 00:39:20,794 -Alas, no. -Alright. 697 00:39:23,759 --> 00:39:24,587 Wow. 698 00:39:29,800 --> 00:39:31,438 You just walked back around 699 00:39:31,625 --> 00:39:34,152 five and a half thousand years 700 00:39:34,292 --> 00:39:35,642 to the New Stone Age. 701 00:39:35,702 --> 00:39:38,869 That's why this village is called Stanton, Stone Town. 702 00:39:38,930 --> 00:39:41,674 There are just ancient, huge stones everywhere. 703 00:39:43,935 --> 00:39:46,560 What does the Druid belief system... 704 00:39:46,940 --> 00:39:48,724 look like? How would you explain it? 705 00:39:49,647 --> 00:39:52,832 Druids essentially hold the Earth itself, 706 00:39:52,959 --> 00:39:55,343 the natural world, to be sacred. 707 00:39:55,998 --> 00:40:00,041 So they have a profound relationship with the land itself. 708 00:40:03,385 --> 00:40:06,673 What happened to the ancient practice that it went away? 709 00:40:06,733 --> 00:40:09,172 The Romans came and conquered most of Britain 710 00:40:09,591 --> 00:40:12,472 and they suppressed the practice of Druidry. 711 00:40:12,532 --> 00:40:14,282 Then along came Christianity 712 00:40:14,578 --> 00:40:16,613 and suppressed it in turn. 713 00:40:16,766 --> 00:40:19,586 And it was dormant for about 1000 years. 714 00:40:21,438 --> 00:40:25,415 But as the power of the church waned in the 18th century, 715 00:40:25,748 --> 00:40:29,696 the enigmatic stone circles here and across the British Isles, 716 00:40:29,757 --> 00:40:32,073 began to draw people back to Druidism, 717 00:40:32,380 --> 00:40:34,655 to revive an extinct religion. 718 00:40:36,808 --> 00:40:39,391 What about the principles of Druidry, do you think, 719 00:40:39,525 --> 00:40:41,669 made it something that people got curious about 720 00:40:41,730 --> 00:40:43,123 and wanted to revive? 721 00:40:43,215 --> 00:40:46,519 Because Druidry provides one way of reconnecting 722 00:40:46,580 --> 00:40:49,785 modern people with things from which they often feel cut off. 723 00:40:51,088 --> 00:40:53,351 From the land and the natural world, 724 00:40:54,344 --> 00:40:55,499 from the past, 725 00:40:56,562 --> 00:40:58,549 especially the remote past. 726 00:40:58,742 --> 00:40:59,965 It gives them roots. 727 00:41:00,580 --> 00:41:02,883 And just as Stonehenge comes into 728 00:41:02,944 --> 00:41:06,033 alignment with the rising sun on the Winter Solstice, 729 00:41:07,513 --> 00:41:11,023 modern Druids across the country are preparing to celebrate 730 00:41:11,084 --> 00:41:12,572 the rebirth of the sun, 731 00:41:13,154 --> 00:41:15,650 including here in Stanton Drew. 732 00:41:16,341 --> 00:41:19,544 Sal, may I introduce you to my two druid friends, 733 00:41:19,605 --> 00:41:21,057 Adrien and JJ. 734 00:41:21,118 --> 00:41:22,508 Hi, JJ. I'm Sal. Nice to meet you. 735 00:41:22,568 --> 00:41:24,122 Lovely to meet you, Sal. 736 00:41:30,848 --> 00:41:33,276 What's the significance of the mistletoe? 737 00:41:33,337 --> 00:41:35,344 Obviously, during the Christmas holiday, 738 00:41:35,624 --> 00:41:37,965 you know, kissing under the mistletoe. 739 00:41:38,152 --> 00:41:40,790 What does it mean in the Druid culture? 740 00:41:40,903 --> 00:41:44,102 I think the clue is in, the Druid term for it is 'all heal' 741 00:41:44,529 --> 00:41:46,761 and I think, traditionally, 742 00:41:46,904 --> 00:41:49,246 our ancestors understood the power 743 00:41:49,407 --> 00:41:51,645 and the wisdom inherent in this plant. 744 00:41:51,859 --> 00:41:54,523 Because it sits between heaven and earth. 745 00:41:54,584 --> 00:41:56,745 It never touches the ground. 746 00:41:57,016 --> 00:42:00,338 And how will it be used in the ceremony tomorrow? 747 00:42:00,398 --> 00:42:02,830 We honour the mistletoe and then we offer it 748 00:42:03,033 --> 00:42:03,890 to the earth. 749 00:42:04,090 --> 00:42:05,689 It's fertilizing the earth. 750 00:42:05,749 --> 00:42:07,812 So, the getting of the mistletoe, 751 00:42:07,873 --> 00:42:08,863 what do we need to do? 752 00:42:08,924 --> 00:42:12,689 So it's not about just coming and taking and going. 753 00:42:12,750 --> 00:42:15,688 It's about this tree will gift us 754 00:42:16,149 --> 00:42:17,216 the mistletoe, 755 00:42:17,277 --> 00:42:20,818 the mistletoe will then gift people that hope. 756 00:42:21,005 --> 00:42:23,142 It's been a long, hard winter, 757 00:42:23,435 --> 00:42:25,448 you know, so it's all gonna change! 758 00:42:25,641 --> 00:42:27,222 The sun's only round the corner! 759 00:42:27,283 --> 00:42:29,052 We can do this! We can do this! 760 00:42:29,113 --> 00:42:31,333 It's coming! It's not far away now. 761 00:42:33,949 --> 00:42:35,671 Now bless this tree, 762 00:42:36,514 --> 00:42:39,351 symbolic of all the trees in this orchard, 763 00:42:40,224 --> 00:42:41,780 with the element of fire. 764 00:42:44,419 --> 00:42:45,453 -You gonna go first? -Yeah. 765 00:42:45,559 --> 00:42:46,394 You go up. 766 00:42:54,643 --> 00:42:57,054 Chuck it out. Oi! Got it, great. 767 00:42:57,115 --> 00:42:58,742 Hey, well done. 768 00:42:59,157 --> 00:43:00,823 So the trick is not to let it hit the ground. 769 00:43:00,884 --> 00:43:01,661 Why is that? 770 00:43:01,722 --> 00:43:03,313 Because, once it hits the ground, 771 00:43:03,374 --> 00:43:04,616 the fertility goes into the earth. 772 00:43:04,683 --> 00:43:05,012 Right. 773 00:43:05,073 --> 00:43:07,081 Yeah, so the healing power, 774 00:43:07,251 --> 00:43:09,964 its potency is contained 775 00:43:10,025 --> 00:43:12,065 in the fact it's never touched the ground. 776 00:43:12,125 --> 00:43:13,234 The other thing about it is, 777 00:43:13,295 --> 00:43:15,626 you notice that in the depths of winter, 778 00:43:15,953 --> 00:43:17,596 this is still green and berried. 779 00:43:17,657 --> 00:43:19,259 This is still fertile, 780 00:43:19,320 --> 00:43:21,586 it's still vibrant, it's at its height. 781 00:43:21,647 --> 00:43:22,374 Yeah. 782 00:43:22,517 --> 00:43:27,842 It's almost as if Druidry was like the original environmentalism. 783 00:43:28,229 --> 00:43:31,277 I think it is very much so, from where we come from. 784 00:43:32,618 --> 00:43:33,960 It's at the heart. 785 00:43:34,285 --> 00:43:36,422 Instead of man being separate from nature, 786 00:43:36,483 --> 00:43:37,690 everything is connected. 787 00:43:38,272 --> 00:43:39,034 Well, thank you. 788 00:43:39,095 --> 00:43:40,448 Looking forward to tomorrow. 789 00:43:59,088 --> 00:44:00,529 It's an hour before dawn, 790 00:44:00,590 --> 00:44:02,461 on the shortest day of the year. 791 00:44:03,625 --> 00:44:05,766 Around 200 Druids assemble 792 00:44:05,827 --> 00:44:08,857 at Stanton Drew's 5,000 year old stone circle, 793 00:44:09,769 --> 00:44:12,768 rekindling a ceremony that must have taken place, 794 00:44:12,922 --> 00:44:14,937 thousands of times before. 795 00:44:19,676 --> 00:44:21,957 As we gather as we always do, 796 00:44:22,426 --> 00:44:23,825 in love and light, 797 00:44:24,828 --> 00:44:27,628 to honour the birth of the Mabon, 798 00:44:28,102 --> 00:44:29,710 the new Sun king, 799 00:44:30,258 --> 00:44:34,147 who will be seen to be moving back across these heavens, 800 00:44:34,757 --> 00:44:37,338 bestowing new life upon the lands. 801 00:44:40,697 --> 00:44:43,119 As the sun creeps toward the horizon, 802 00:44:43,669 --> 00:44:45,698 there's a sense here, that Druidry 803 00:44:45,853 --> 00:44:48,288 is finally making its way out of the shadows. 804 00:44:49,222 --> 00:44:50,212 Across the world, 805 00:44:50,303 --> 00:44:52,890 20,000 people have joined the Druid movement, 806 00:44:53,201 --> 00:44:55,860 driven by a need to reconnect with the Earth, 807 00:44:56,294 --> 00:44:58,078 and the numbers are growing. 808 00:44:58,931 --> 00:45:00,984 I am the spirit of mistletoe. 809 00:45:02,634 --> 00:45:05,013 Mistletoe is the sperm of the gods, 810 00:45:05,936 --> 00:45:07,701 impregnating the Earth 811 00:45:08,095 --> 00:45:09,584 to bring forth 812 00:45:10,001 --> 00:45:11,811 fresh life in abundance. 813 00:45:12,383 --> 00:45:14,665 I bring healing and protection, 814 00:45:15,592 --> 00:45:16,613 for the body 815 00:45:17,403 --> 00:45:18,536 and for the spirit 816 00:45:19,165 --> 00:45:20,079 and life 817 00:45:20,647 --> 00:45:22,859 renewed for the Earth. 818 00:45:33,508 --> 00:45:35,469 The Sun stands still, 819 00:45:36,338 --> 00:45:39,363 so let's give a rousing cheer 820 00:45:39,737 --> 00:45:42,372 for the returning Sun god. 821 00:45:43,046 --> 00:45:45,111 Yeah! 822 00:45:48,625 --> 00:45:52,284 Yeah! 823 00:46:13,422 --> 00:46:14,897 I'm always in awe 824 00:46:14,958 --> 00:46:17,060 of the richness of the world around me. 825 00:46:18,122 --> 00:46:20,454 I can't help but marvel 826 00:46:20,614 --> 00:46:22,527 at how all of this came to be. 827 00:46:24,633 --> 00:46:25,397 Well, 828 00:46:26,847 --> 00:46:28,778 if there were no mystery to life, 829 00:46:28,839 --> 00:46:30,299 there would be no need for faith, 830 00:46:31,332 --> 00:46:34,590 no room for divine secrets. 831 00:46:35,556 --> 00:46:38,974 The promise of access to those secrets inspire religions, 832 00:46:39,954 --> 00:46:43,047 encourages people to dig deeper into their faith. 833 00:46:44,096 --> 00:46:46,670 Secrets protect believers in times of oppression 834 00:46:47,677 --> 00:46:49,136 and keep them alive, 835 00:46:49,850 --> 00:46:52,971 until their message can take root in fertile ground. 836 00:46:54,958 --> 00:46:58,055 We can never expect to know the mind of God, 837 00:46:59,241 --> 00:47:00,616 but we can work 838 00:47:01,326 --> 00:47:02,337 to get closer to it. 60813

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