All language subtitles for Inside.The.Human.Body.2011.Part1.1080p.BluRay.x264-BaKuDoU.eng

MICHAEL MOSLEY: These two divers
appear to move as one.

That's because the two were once one.

This woman is expecting three babies.

For them to survive,

her womb must stretch to almost
1,000 times its normal size.

And these brothers are remarkable...

conjoined identical twins,

their fate decided before their
mother even knew she was pregnant.

Their stories are part of your story,

the story of what makes you human.

You are the most fascinating creature ever
to have drawn breath on this planet...

...and the reason
lies under your skin.

Hidden deep inside you
is a wonderful, dynamic world...

...where vast forests of cells
capture light...

...where tiny movements
trigger fierce electrical storms...

...and raging torrents of blood
feed your brain.

This is a fantastic voyage through
the most complex organism on Earth.

the human BODY

It all begins with your creation...

...and the unlikely sequence of events
that led to your birth.

how life begins

We've used sophisticated
imaging technology

to illustrate the latest
medical research...

...revealing some surprising things

about what it takes
to produce a new life.

We'll journey with millions of sperm

on their long and dangerous
race towards the egg...

...see how trillions of cells
self-assemble into a human face...

...and show why being here at all
is against the odds.

We start with Diane

and the story of her
improbable pregnancy.

- WOMAN: Right...
- MAN: Ooh.

MAN: That's it. Good. (CHUCKLES)

- WOMAN: That's quite nice, actually.
- MAN: Is it?

If I do that,
it stretches my legs more.

You've got to stay like that
as long as you can.

I know.

Diane got pregnant
three times and all at once.

She's carrying triplets.

If you can hold the back of my calves

and then push my legs forward for me.

Unusually, Diane's body produced
three eggs at the same time.

DIANE: "This relieves strain
in the lower back,

opens the shoulders
and strengthens the legs. "

When it came to the end of the scan,
she said:

"Well, just before I
show you the screen,

just to let you know
there's more than one. "

So me and Mike said:
"Oh, twins? That's lovely! "

She went:
"No, no, there's three. "

I even said to her:

- "Are you sure? "
- Yeah.

''Of course I'm sure,
they're on the screen!''

DIANE: Just read it to me again.

The prospect of three babies
came as a big shock.

- You burst out crying.
- I started crying

for about 30 seconds solidly,
hysterical crying.

And then it turned to laughter,
hysterical laughter.

Mike had his head in his hands.

- Head in his hands!
- He was like this.

It's incredibly rare for a
multiple pregnancy like this one

to happen naturally.

All three babies are
growing inside Diane

completely independently
of each other.

Apparently, I released three eggs

and Mike, he had three separate sperm
that fertilised all three eggs.

They've all got their own placentas
and they're all in separate sacs,

so they've all got their own
little bedroom. (CHUCKLES)

Producing three eggs in one go
naturally is rare,

but it's even more surprising
that all three were fertilised.

When a man ejaculates, he produces
on average over 250 million sperm.

Enough, at least in theory,

to populate the UK, France,
Germany and most of Spain.

There needs to be so many
because getting sperm to egg

is fiendishly difficult.

The first hurdle
comes immediately after sex.

Unless the time is right,
the sperm will be trapped and die.

That's because,
for most of every month,

the entrance to her womb
is blocked by mucus.

For the sperm to progress,

they have to arrive when the
woman is ready to get pregnant.

Timing is everything.

Once a month, the woman's
body offers them a helping hand.

Hormones soften the mucus
blocking the sperm's progress...

...ingeniously transforming it from
a barrier into a chemical rope ladder.

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Even so, it's tough going.

To make the climb,
the sperm need to be fit and strong.

The deformed, the lazy and
the dead are left behind.

Men produce an awful lot of sperm,

but they also produce
an awful lot of duds.

Take this group of rugby players.

They're all fit,

healthy,

virile,

the perfect age for breeding.

They've each supplied us
with a sperm sample.

Now they've a chance to see its
quality up on the big screen.

- Sample 1.
- Let's see it, let's see it!

- That one's going crazy!
- (LAUGHS) That's a massive sperm!

- That is massive.
- That's huge!

- Oh, it's got two tails!
- Oh, it has got two tails.

Nice! Two tails!

Massive nose,
they've all got big noses!

They're right.

Many of James's sperm
are very strange-looking.

He has lots with two tails
that can't swim at all.

As well as being deformed,

the majority of James's sperm
seem reluctant to move.

Ooh, sample 1.2!

- Oh, ooh, hello!
- Not many there.

That one in the middle,
what's he doing?!

- Whose do you reckon that is?
- I reckon that's...

Despite first appearances,
Adam's sperm aren't much better.

Many of his are lifeless,
lazy or directionless.

Adam! Who'd have thought?

That's surprising.

Hello! Here we go!

- This is a good one.
- Good speed, good speed.

- I think this is yours.
- They're very good.

- They're really going for it.
- They're going for it.

Look at those lads go! Come on, boys!

- Good swimmers.
- Pleased with that.

They are good swimmers,

but, sadly, many of them don't
seem to know where they're going.

In fact, none of these guys
has anything to worry about.

They are all perfectly normal.

Around 85% of the sperm
that men produce are useless,

one reason we produce so many.

Though some men
produce far more than others.

Oh, what? Monumental?!

- What does that mean?
- Oh, my God!

Oh, my God! Oh, my God!

- It's pretty crowded.
- I'm pretty all right with that.

Oli's sample, it has to be said,
is impressive.

But however many you produce,

only 1% will make it from the
vagina to the next stage, the cervix.

And there's no guarantee
that any of them will survive for long.

Sperm are foreign to a woman's body
and are treated as unwanted invaders.

Her immune system
is triggered to kill them.

Once they enter the cervix,

they are in a
labyrinth of dead ends.

Perfect for an ambush.

White blood cells attack the
sperm from all directions.

By the time any survivors reach
the safety of a Fallopian tube,

of the original 250 million,
there could be as few as 20 left.

It might seem odd,

but it's actually an incredibly
effective selection process.

And it clearly works

because humans can be
extremely successful breeders.

I'm Christi Cason and I'm 39,

and I'm about to have a baby
14 months after my last one.

Christi's body had barely
recovered from childbirth

when she got pregnant again.

Are you nervous,
excited about this one?

DAVE: Yeah, I'm confident.

But, yeah, nervous too.

Christi has been getting pregnant
almost yearly for the past 20 years.

CHRISTI: We also have Laura - two,

Morgan - three,
Walker - five, Trevor - six,

Rebekah - seven, Emma - eight,
Harper - ten,

Kaylee -11, Gage -13, Bailey -14.

Oh, my gosh!

Austin who's 16,
Dalton - 18, Chad -19,

and Jessica who is 21.

MICHAEL: This will be Christi's 16th baby.

She's spent the majority
of her adult life pregnant.

If you tot it all up,

Christi has been continuously pregnant
for over 12 years.

It would seem that the only time
Christi can't get pregnant

is when she is pregnant.

I mean, the furthest
spacing is 22 months,

and our closest spacing is 13.

So you guys can go
back and do the math.

Christi and Dave
clearly love having children,

and for them, the more the merrier.

You try and...

when you're actually trying,
you practise.

Right. He's all about practise.

Although Christi is currently pregnant
with their 16th child,

she is already planning another.

I guess our family's
just not complete yet.

In a little while, will I go,
"I want to have another," you know?

Do the whole experience again.

And Christi might be surprised
to learn just how much she's in control.

We have recently
discovered a neat trick.

Women take charge of those few sperm
who have survived the selection process.

One by one, they are lured into
the soft walls of the Fallopian tube...

...and powered down.

They're alive, safe, but fast asleep.

The woman now has up to five days
to supply an egg from her ovaries.

It's a clever system
and it has to be

because, unlike sperm,
eggs are in limited supply.

A woman is born with all
the eggs she will ever have.

It's a strange thought,

but the egg that led to you
started life inside your grandmother.

That's because the egg you came from

was first formed inside
your mother's embryo

when she was developing as
an embryo inside her mom.

When your mother was born,
she had all her eggs already in place.

And one of them became you.

The precious egg that became you

was stored inside your
mother's ovaries for decades.

Then, when its time came,
it rose to the surface and ripened.

As soon as an egg is ripe
it's released from the ovary...

...and gently wafted
into the opening of the Fallopian tube.

Once the egg is ready and waiting,

it's time to wake up
the sleeping sperm.

Sending out a powerful
chemical beacon,

the egg guides the sperm towards it.

The sperm are now in
a race to the finish.

They have come a long way,
but there can only be one winner.

The competing sperm break off the
cloud of cells that surround the egg.

They struggle to burrow in

until, finally, one pushes through
the soft shell underneath.

This is a critical
moment for the egg.

If a second sperm gets in,

the egg won't survive.

It must quickly protect itself.

Under the shell,
tiny granules detonate,

hardening and making
the egg impenetrable.

A new life is under way,

but the road ahead
is long and treacherous.

Hello.

Diane is now 21 weeks
into her pregnancy.

Oh, thank you for ringing.
Things are going very well, thank you.

Today she's come with her partner,
Mike, for a state-of-the-art 4-D scan.

All right, if you'd like to
come through this way.

Afternoon to you. We're going to do
a scan for your three babies, I believe.

It's a chance for them to see their
babies clearly for the very first time.

There's quite a mixture of arms
and legs to try and work out here.

Diane is having two boys and a girl.

- Oh, look.
- Brilliant.

That's amazing.

SONOGRAPHER: So we can see baby...

Each of the triplets
is in their own amniotic sac,

developing completely
independently of each other.

SONOGRAPHER: A little ear
coming round there.

They're all very close. (LAUGHS)

They are very, very close.

To get to this point,

the triplets already had to overcome
some significant hurdles,

not least of which
was going from one cell to two.

Within hours of fertilisation,
the cell inside the egg divides in two.

Both of these then divide,
making four cells.

Then eight,

16 and so on.

Except it's not that straightforward.

70% fail within the first six days,

before the woman
even knows she's pregnant.

You made it against the odds.

Your cells managed to stay alive

and went on to create your body.

In some cases, on rare occasions,

one embryo becomes two humans.

Around one in every 250
early embryos will split...

...growing into
near replicas of each other.

Identical twins.

- Ready?
- Yeah.

Go!

This quirk of nature has
given synchronised divers,

Helen and Carol Galashan,
a distinct advantage.

Being an identical twin definitely
helps with synchronised diving.

We don't really have to try
with the synchronised part.

That part comes quite naturally to us.

The twins started out life
as just one fertilised egg.

But some time in the first 12 days,
their single embryo split in two.

Although they are identical twins,
they aren't completely identical.

We actually think
we're mirror-image twins.

Like we fold our arms
the opposite ways.

Our hair parts the opposite way.

Even like when we're diving,

the first foot I put on is my right
foot, Carol's is the left foot.

Identical twins
actually come from one egg...

- That's split, isn't it?
- ...and that splits into two

and non-identical
twins from two eggs.

So the way we see it is like we were
actually one person and then we split.

So we're like one
person in two bodies!

Being an identical twin
certainly has its perks,

but becoming one also has its risks.

Occasionally, the dividing embryo
fails to separate completely.

Who the heck is that now?

Hello.

Brothers Ronnie and Donnie Galyon
are a stark example of what can go wrong.

That guy's got heat!

The baseball-loving Galyon brothers

are the world's oldest
living conjoined twins.

We're the Galyon Siamese twins.

My name is Ronnie.

Donnie.

Ronnie and Donnie grew from an
embryo that started to split

but never separated entirely.

The brothers have been
joined ever since.

Theirs is a condition that scientists
are only now beginning to understand.

The dividing embryo must complete its
split within two weeks of conception,

or it never will.

It's not a genetic condition.

What happened to Ronnie and Donnie
could have happened to anyone.

- That's another hit!
- Come on!

This is Jim, Ronnie and
Donnie's younger brother.

The twins come from a large and
otherwise physically unremarkable family.

This hospital here was called
St Elizabeth back in the day.

It was actually St Anne's maternity
ward on this far end here.

That's where Donnie and Ronnie and
the other seven of us siblings were born.

Back in 1951, their mother
didn't even know she was having twins.

JIM: Donnie came out head first
and being pliable as newborn babies,

they were very flexible.

Ronnie was actually twisted
and came out breech, feet first.

And it wasn't till they were halfway
birthed that Dr Cord realised that...

RONNIE: He delivered twins.

He was delivering not
only twins, of course, but...

Siamese twins.

We was born the shape of a 'U'...

Donnie was born head first.
I was born feet first.

So he's 2 minutes older than I am.

The places where Ronnie and
Donnie are joined together

were determined by which cells
of their early embryo remained in contact.

That's better. That's better
than going to Coney Island!

Ronnie and Donnie are joined
from the chest to the groin.

They each have a heart, liver,
stomach and their own arms and legs.

But they have to share
a rectum, bladder and penis.

Their whole life
depends on teamwork.

- Excuse me.
- Go ahead, head in there. Do your thing.

This is my foot,
this is my brother's foot.

It's called a leg, silly.

And this is his hand,
this is my hand.

- Arm. Arm.
- Same the other side.

And our bellybutton's on this side.

There's only one.

At 59 years old, Ronnie and
Donnie are biological marvels.

Right now, they are the oldest known
living set of twins in the world

and they're proud of that fact.

But they're going for the top record
of the longest ever living.

Ronnie and Donnie
are clearly extraordinary.

But when you realise what goes
into building a human body,

it's remarkable that things
go right as often as they do.

When your cells first began to multiply,
they clustered randomly together,

but after the second week they
began an astonishing transformation.

Every living creature on
Earth goes through this.

It's called gastrulation.

It's easily seen in frog embryos.

The cells begin to
self-assemble into a body.

This is the key moment when those
individual little cells decide,

if you like, to become heart,
brain, guts, or muscle.

It's a wonderfully elegant
way of constructing life.

After three weeks of constant growth,
you had a tiny beating heart.

Though you still looked very similar

to the embryo of any other mammal,
bird or amphibian.

But by ten weeks,
you looked unmistakably human.

You had developed your face.

It tells the world
what you're feeling,

who you are and
where you come from.

We've taken data from scans
of a developing embryo

so we are able to show you
for the very first time

how our faces don't just grow,

but fit together like a puzzle.

The three main sections of the puzzle
meet in the middle of your top lip.

Sometimes, permanent
gaps are left behind.

Around the world, one in 700 babies
are born with what are called "clefts".

Here in India,
they are all too common.

Plastic surgeon Per Hall is a volunteer,
part of an international medical team

who have come to north-east India
with the charity Operation Smile.

The team are here to put right
where nature went wrong.

Can we have a look inside your mouth?
Can you open up? Good girl.

Oh, that's really good.
So the palate's normal.

OK, so it is just the cleft lip,
and if you look at that,

the muscles just need
bringing together.

You see how they bunch up there,
waiting to come across into here?

The gap in Kamana's lip was left
when the two sections of her face

failed to fuse in the womb.

And the condition can
be much more severe.

All right,
so she's got a cleft palate

that goes all the way
through right to the back.

Eight-year-old Majoni
has a cleft lip and palate.

This is more than just
a cosmetic problem.

This is a functional problem
for speech and swallowing.

She'll be able to say ''m'' and ''n''
and maybe ''g'' sounds,

but none of the sounds that you need
your tongue to come forward

or to stop air coming out of your nose,
will she be able to make.

So when she tries to talk, people
will probably think she's a bit stupid.

But actually, she's not.
She's completely normal intelligence.

Clefts are so common because, for the
sections of the face to fuse correctly,

they must meet at precisely
the right time in the womb.

For the palate, the time window
is only a matter of hours.

See you tomorrow.

It's OK. It's OK...

In the next ten days, Operation Smile
hope to perform 250 cleft operations,

and put right the numerous
mistakes that nature has made.

Here's an example
of how the face forms.

It's quite easy to kind of see
the maxillary segments

or the ones that
come in from the side.

And they're supposed to meet tissue
that comes down from the nose,

the frontonasal process,

and this seam has
just failed to happen.

Now, this tissue it's a bit
like the keystone of an arch,

that should be locked into that,
should be locked into this.

The way your face comes together

only really makes sense
when you understand that,

strange though it may sound,
we are actually descended from fish.

The side of your top lip,
jaw and palate

started life as gill-like structures
on your neck.

Your nostrils
and the middle part of your lip

came down from the top of your head

as your eyes moved in from the side.

It is absolutely extraordinary
that this all happens in the womb

some time between when we're
the size of a grain of rice

or the size of a small chilli bean.

To repair a cleft,

Per will try to replicate
what should have happened in the womb.

When the face comes together
in an unborn foetus

there is no trace of a scar.

The plates of tissue and muscle
fuse seamlessly.

Of course, it would have been
a lot more sophisticated in the womb.

We're just kind of making a scar
to join them together.

So that's that one done.

Per will return
to check on Kamana's progress.

- She has the palate too?
- She has a cleft palate, yeah.

It's OK, it's OK.

Majoni has lived with her clefts
for eight years.

Today is the first step
towards a new life.

PER: I can see the beauty there,

despite the fact that perhaps
others can't see that,

because I know what
she could look like.

They're always a bit bewildered
the day after surgery.

There's all this kind of kerfuffle
going on on the ward.

They've had a sort of...
a night of soreness,

and then, you know,
it's all a bit too much.

Hi, how are you?

Do you want to have a look at
yourself in here? Can you see?

Who's that?

It's been a chance of a lifetime
for Kamana.

Majoni had even worse problems.

Have you seen your face?
Do you want to have a look?

Look! That's you.

Per has given her the prospect
of a far better future.

Your time in the womb
was an extraordinary partnership

between mother and child.

A partnership
that was extremely one-sided.

When you were just
a tiny cluster of cells,

you attached to
your mother's womb.

Within weeks, you had
tapped into her blood supply.

As you extracted nutrients,

you quickly grew into
a recognisably human foetus.

From then on, it was all about
growing bigger and bigger.

You took, your mother gave.

It's all gone mushy.

Diane is eating for four.

She's not finding it easy.

DIANE: Although I'm supposed to be
eating a lot more,

especially in the third trimester,

I physically can't, because
there isn't enough room.

At the moment
I've got a real, big craving for milk

and I can easily
get through two pints a day.

Spinach as well.

I'm loving anything vegetable at all.
Spinach is my favourite.

MICHAEL: Diane's uterus has stretched to
almost 1,000 times its normal size.

She feels fit to burst.

The funniest bit for me
is watching them move.

It's mesmerising.

I think, at the moment,

triplet two and triplet three
are aware of each other,

because they are head to head.
They're literally there.

Triplet number one,
I think he thinks he's an only child.

I don't think he thinks he's got
brothers or sisters,

but he'll soon find out when
they're all born and sharing a cot bed.

We humans nurture our babies
inside the womb for nine long months.

This is a very risky thing to do.

As you approached birth,
your mother's life was in great danger.

Humans die more frequently in childbirth
than any other creature on Earth.

Having children is particularly
dangerous here in Rwanda.

One in every 260 births
results in a woman's death.

Come e take your photo...

26-year-old Nkosi' and husband
Samuel are expecting their first child.

I'm about 4 monts pregnant.

I'm very happy, we are ready.

Like all humans,
when the time comes,

Nkosi will find it difficult
to give birth on her own,

but her closest maternity clinic
is a two-hour walk away.

Today, she's making that journey
to meet a visiting medical team.

They are bringing a form of technology
that's never been seen here before.

It could save many lives.

Excited mothers-to-be
have come from miles around

to be scanned
and find out vital information.

Nkosi thinks she is
four months pregnant.

But there's a surprise for her.

The head... the head circumference
is 21 weeks, five days.

The measurements show that Nkosi is a
month-and-a-half closer to giving birth

than she had guessed.

It's critical information.

Now she can make sure she's
near help when her time comes.

By the time you were
ready to be born,

your head had grown almost
as big as your mother's pelvis.

A big head to house a big brain.

A brain that needs
all the time it can get to mature.

But Diane's triplets
will never reach full term.

They've now stretched her uterus
as far as it will go.

Diane has gone into labour...

nine weeks early.

Over the last 12 hours she
started to contract regularly,

and despite analgesics,
we can't control those contractions,

and the cervix is now opening,
so she's going into labour.

- D-day... C-day!
- Yeah.

Having triplets greatly increases
the dangers of childbirth,

and Diane's doctors have decided

to perform an emergency
Caesarean operation.

There'll be quite a crowd in here,

so there's going to be
three teams of neonatologists.

The babies will then go on an incubator
round to the special care baby unit.

Diane and her triplets

will have the best care that
modern medicine can provide.

It was a rough night.

I coudn't sleep.

Nkosi's labour started
in the middle of the night.

It's about 5 in the morning.

We're ready to go to the clinic,

where my wife will have the baby.

Medical help is a
two-hour walk away,

and Nkosi has no real idea
how close she is to giving birth.

Relax your shoulders, so they're really
floppy. Really slide your shoulders down.

She's got a spinal anaesthetic in, but they're
also going to put an epidural in as well,

which will give her
pain relief afterwards.

Are you all right? Comfortable enough?
Not too cold?

- You're not cold?
- No. I'm just shivering a bit.

Just cos of nerves, that's all.

- Here she is, the lady of the moment!
- Sorry I'm a bit late!

Nkosi's only pain relief comes from
the hormones her body is now producing.

But these hormones also bring on
stronger contractions.

We've gone through 1/3 of way.

She must be exhausted.

We need to take a motorbike.

The race is now on to get Nkosi
to the clinic before she gives birth.

There'll just be a bit of pulling
and pushing now, OK?

- Yeah...
- That's fine.

Lovely.

Thank you.

The final moments of childbirth are
the conclusion of a nine-month journey.

It started with the coming together
of an egg and a sperm.

There were many potential pitfalls
on that long journey...

...but you beat the odds
when many didn't.

Now, finally, it's time to come out
and face the world.

Hello!

She's gonna bring him
around to show you quickly.

Here we go, you two. Here he is.
Isn't he beautiful?

He's another breech baby.

Yes?

Hello... Isn't he lovely?

This is the skinny minny.

Here she is. She's lovely.
She's beautiful.

It's like I've won the lottery.

Born two months premature,

the triplets needed
round-the-clock intensive care.

Baby Emma Iridikunda arrived home
just two days after his birth.

Little Nathaniel
is now the 16th Cason baby.

He will probably not be the last.

Now out of hospital,
the triplets have made great progress.

It's astonishing that despite
all the challenges

that go into creating a new human,

a third-of-a-million babies
are born every single day.

- And you think she'll be the boss?
- I think she will, yeah.

- Bossing those two around?
- Yeah.

I think she'll be...

corrected for this release by:
Tio Beto from Brazil

tiobetonh@gmail. com
... =Peace Through Anarchy=...

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