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SNUFFLING
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Sauraha, Nepal.
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SNUFFLES AND GRUNTS
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00:00:52,080 --> 00:00:53,800
HORN BEEPS
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00:00:56,040 --> 00:00:58,399
DOG WHIMPERS
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00:00:58,400 --> 00:01:02,800
This rhino is not lost.
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He is on his way to find food.
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To get it, he must travel through
a new and alien world.
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This rhino in his lifetime
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00:01:30,640 --> 00:01:35,360
has seen more changes than
any of his previous generations.
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Across the globe,
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00:01:42,880 --> 00:01:46,439
animals of all kinds
are now contending
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00:01:46,440 --> 00:01:48,960
with one newly dominant
species...
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00:01:50,400 --> 00:01:51,959
..us.
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00:01:51,960 --> 00:01:53,800
HORN BEEPS, SIREN WAILS
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00:01:59,680 --> 00:02:03,719
Like so many wild creatures,
he's had to learn
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00:02:03,720 --> 00:02:07,960
how to live in the human world.
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00:02:23,520 --> 00:02:25,039
Some animals
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00:02:25,040 --> 00:02:27,159
have changed their behaviour
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00:02:27,160 --> 00:02:30,600
to make the most
out of living amongst us.
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00:02:34,560 --> 00:02:38,960
These long-tailed macaques
live in Bali.
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00:02:48,840 --> 00:02:52,439
They have developed
new interests
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00:02:52,440 --> 00:02:55,440
brought by human visitors.
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00:03:04,240 --> 00:03:08,199
Every morning,
the troop heads for a building
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in the centre
of their territory.
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Uluwatu Temple.
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MACAQUES SCREECH
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00:03:28,200 --> 00:03:31,840
Tourists come here every day -
in crowds.
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00:03:35,720 --> 00:03:39,440
So the temple grounds
are full of opportunities...
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00:03:41,480 --> 00:03:43,600
..if you know where to look.
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00:04:10,440 --> 00:04:12,519
WOMAN GASPS
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00:04:12,520 --> 00:04:15,520
There is a constant supply
of hats...
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00:04:16,560 --> 00:04:18,120
..and sunglasses.
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00:04:22,560 --> 00:04:26,400
And if you've mastered
the element of surprise...
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00:04:27,960 --> 00:04:31,040
..it's easy to get them.
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00:04:43,960 --> 00:04:47,119
But this harvest
is not for eating.
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It's for bargaining.
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Seems like a fair trade.
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00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:09,439
But there are greater rewards
to be had
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00:05:09,440 --> 00:05:12,480
for those who know
how to get them.
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00:05:14,160 --> 00:05:15,960
CAMERA SHUTTERS CLICK
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00:05:18,120 --> 00:05:21,960
And this old male
appears to be doing...
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..very well.
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00:05:30,760 --> 00:05:33,959
He and the other elders
in this troop
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00:05:33,960 --> 00:05:38,320
have both experience
and knowledge.
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They've been working the temple
for over ten years,
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00:05:48,240 --> 00:05:50,880
and now concentrate
on the big stuff...
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00:05:56,720 --> 00:06:01,240
..things that human beings
just can't do without.
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00:06:05,000 --> 00:06:06,720
WOMAN GASPS
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00:06:08,360 --> 00:06:12,359
No-one wants to walk home
with just one shoe.
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00:06:12,360 --> 00:06:13,880
WOMAN GASPS
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And these old boys can't wait
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00:06:21,360 --> 00:06:25,080
to get their hands
on the latest tech.
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SHE EXCLAIMS
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00:06:42,680 --> 00:06:46,919
They've worked out
that we simply can't survive
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without our phones...
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..or our wallets.
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00:07:02,760 --> 00:07:04,120
WOMAN EXCLAIMS
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MACAQUE SCREECHES
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00:07:13,280 --> 00:07:15,039
WOMAN GASPS
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00:07:15,040 --> 00:07:17,199
The older males understand
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00:07:17,200 --> 00:07:20,040
something the youngsters
have yet to learn...
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00:07:22,720 --> 00:07:26,240
..the art of the deal.
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00:07:29,560 --> 00:07:31,040
A banana?
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How dare you!
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MACAQUE SCREECHES
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A bar of chocolate?
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That's better.
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00:07:44,640 --> 00:07:48,880
The real skill
is in the negotiations.
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00:07:53,280 --> 00:07:58,120
The macaques are playing us
at our own game.
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00:08:01,080 --> 00:08:02,600
They demand...
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..whatever they want.
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00:08:17,240 --> 00:08:22,480
Humanity has spread
to every corner of the globe.
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00:08:26,000 --> 00:08:28,920
We have become
a force of nature.
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00:08:37,920 --> 00:08:42,160
We have altered
80% of the land's surface.
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00:08:49,440 --> 00:08:53,840
Eight billion people
now live on this planet...
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..and we are changing
the world around us
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00:08:57,520 --> 00:08:58,840
at such speed...
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00:09:01,880 --> 00:09:06,800
..that, for animals,
the challenge is to keep up.
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00:09:11,160 --> 00:09:12,760
New York City.
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00:09:17,400 --> 00:09:19,719
Ants.
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00:09:19,720 --> 00:09:23,039
This particular species
is thought to have arrived here
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00:09:23,040 --> 00:09:25,520
with the first European settlers.
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00:09:28,240 --> 00:09:31,999
They are now known as pavement ants
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because they live almost exclusively
in our towns and cities.
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00:09:47,640 --> 00:09:52,400
And they're thriving
because of junk food.
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00:09:54,160 --> 00:09:56,479
And here on Broadway Avenue,
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there's a lot of it.
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00:10:00,440 --> 00:10:04,680
This is what every pavement ant
desires.
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00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:10,520
And to get it...
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00:10:12,400 --> 00:10:15,959
..the ants use
the city's thousands of miles
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00:10:15,960 --> 00:10:17,600
of underground tunnels.
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00:10:26,320 --> 00:10:29,720
This scout is closing in
on its target.
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00:10:32,800 --> 00:10:35,479
But the animals with which
they share the pavement
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00:10:35,480 --> 00:10:38,479
are 40 million times
their weight...
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00:10:38,480 --> 00:10:40,320
FOOTSTEPS STOMP
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00:10:42,040 --> 00:10:45,520
..so it's best
to stay in the cracks.
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00:10:53,880 --> 00:10:55,879
Jackpot!
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00:10:55,880 --> 00:10:57,880
A meat mountain.
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00:10:58,920 --> 00:11:02,720
This is too big a job
for just one ant.
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00:11:04,840 --> 00:11:07,279
This worker is female,
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00:11:07,280 --> 00:11:10,159
as they are
in all ant colonies,
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00:11:10,160 --> 00:11:15,120
and she leaves a trail of pheromones
to mark a path.
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00:11:18,640 --> 00:11:21,719
She communicates
with every sister she meets
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00:11:21,720 --> 00:11:24,959
as she returns to the nest,
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00:11:24,960 --> 00:11:28,200
and news on the street
spreads fast.
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00:11:41,240 --> 00:11:43,479
This ultra-processed meat
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00:11:43,480 --> 00:11:46,120
is very different
from their original food.
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00:11:47,960 --> 00:11:52,200
But their digestive system
is the key to their success.
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00:11:53,480 --> 00:11:55,679
It's able to keep up
with the way
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00:11:55,680 --> 00:11:58,800
humans constantly change
their diet.
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00:12:02,080 --> 00:12:05,879
Nowadays, the vast majority
of what they eat
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00:12:05,880 --> 00:12:08,040
comes from human food.
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00:12:14,960 --> 00:12:17,359
On Broadway alone,
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00:12:17,360 --> 00:12:20,119
pavement ants
eat the equivalent
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00:12:20,120 --> 00:12:24,840
of a staggering 60,000 hot dogs
every year.
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00:12:28,080 --> 00:12:30,879
The calories
in a single hot dog
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00:12:30,880 --> 00:12:32,439
could fuel the growth
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00:12:32,440 --> 00:12:35,160
of the entire ant colony
for a month...
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00:12:36,160 --> 00:12:39,640
..if only they can get it
back to the nest.
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00:12:53,280 --> 00:12:57,879
But this slow work
makes them vulnerable.
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00:12:57,880 --> 00:12:59,280
PIGEON COOS
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They aren't the only ones
partial to fast food.
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00:13:10,040 --> 00:13:12,680
It's a race
to get their prize home.
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00:13:18,960 --> 00:13:20,520
There may be losses...
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00:13:22,640 --> 00:13:26,440
..but the colony as a whole
will now thrive.
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00:13:29,680 --> 00:13:34,239
In fact, pavement ants
are so successful here
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00:13:34,240 --> 00:13:37,839
that they outnumber
human New Yorkers 1,000 to 1.
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00:13:37,840 --> 00:13:39,680
PIGEONS COO
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00:13:42,880 --> 00:13:47,879
But success in the human world
can be harder to achieve
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00:13:47,880 --> 00:13:51,800
if your reputation precedes you.
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00:14:02,120 --> 00:14:03,679
Here in India,
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00:14:03,680 --> 00:14:07,920
this cobra is heading directly
for a village.
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00:14:11,000 --> 00:14:15,720
It has detected
the scent of prey.
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00:14:18,240 --> 00:14:19,919
Nearly two metres long,
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00:14:19,920 --> 00:14:23,119
it has enough venom
in a single bite
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00:14:23,120 --> 00:14:25,200
to kill ten people.
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00:14:39,320 --> 00:14:42,199
Snake bites are responsible
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00:14:42,200 --> 00:14:45,359
for nearly 60,000 deaths a year
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00:14:45,360 --> 00:14:47,120
in India alone.
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00:14:55,400 --> 00:14:57,959
They travel so silently
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00:14:57,960 --> 00:15:01,480
that their presence
is often undetected.
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00:15:13,520 --> 00:15:15,280
And when they are hunting...
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00:15:16,560 --> 00:15:19,080
..there is no place
they won't go.
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00:15:40,000 --> 00:15:41,400
A toad.
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00:16:18,720 --> 00:16:21,279
Each tip of its forked tongue
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00:16:21,280 --> 00:16:24,359
collects chemical signals
from the prey
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00:16:24,360 --> 00:16:27,200
and helps to reveal
its position.
149
00:16:32,640 --> 00:16:34,319
But up close...
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00:16:34,320 --> 00:16:35,639
COBRA HISSES
151
00:16:35,640 --> 00:16:37,919
..the snake relies on movement
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00:16:37,920 --> 00:16:41,000
to precisely locate its prey.
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00:16:48,680 --> 00:16:51,800
The toad must pick its moment
to escape.
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00:17:14,280 --> 00:17:16,760
Every time
it touches the ground...
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00:17:18,000 --> 00:17:21,320
..the toad leaves behind a scent.
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00:17:32,160 --> 00:17:33,920
It can hide...
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00:17:35,360 --> 00:17:38,640
..but the trail
will lead the snake to it.
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00:18:14,960 --> 00:18:19,159
These cobras
don't just hunt here.
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00:18:19,160 --> 00:18:21,040
They live here.
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00:18:23,640 --> 00:18:27,679
They have found a home where
the Hindu villagers revere them
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00:18:27,680 --> 00:18:31,000
and consider them
to be demigods.
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00:18:33,800 --> 00:18:38,319
Remarkably, scientists believe
that this tolerance
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00:18:38,320 --> 00:18:41,080
has led to a change
in the snakes' behaviour.
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00:18:43,800 --> 00:18:46,559
They move more slowly
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00:18:46,560 --> 00:18:49,360
and are less likely
to strike if disturbed.
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00:18:52,840 --> 00:18:55,679
One of the most feared animals
on the planet
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00:18:55,680 --> 00:18:59,399
has found a place
where they are accepted
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00:18:59,400 --> 00:19:02,240
and can coexist
with human beings.
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00:19:09,960 --> 00:19:13,359
But for many animals
living in the human world,
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it pays to keep a low profile.
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00:19:22,120 --> 00:19:24,559
Here in Melbourne, Australia,
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one creature has perfected
the art of camouflage.
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00:19:35,720 --> 00:19:37,840
A frogmouth chick.
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00:19:40,000 --> 00:19:43,040
Its father helps to hide it
during the day.
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00:19:47,960 --> 00:19:49,600
CHICK SQUAWKS
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00:19:50,760 --> 00:19:53,319
They are nocturnal birds,
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00:19:53,320 --> 00:19:55,919
and as day turns to night,
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00:19:55,920 --> 00:19:58,759
its parents come out
of the shadows
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00:19:58,760 --> 00:20:02,440
to reap the rewards
of urban living.
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00:20:06,120 --> 00:20:07,679
The city lights create
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00:20:07,680 --> 00:20:10,400
excellent conditions
for hunting.
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00:20:11,880 --> 00:20:13,599
Every night in the city
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00:20:13,600 --> 00:20:16,640
is as bright
as when there is a full moon.
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00:20:21,200 --> 00:20:23,360
BIRD SQUAWKS
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00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:28,560
So city frogmouths often...
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00:20:29,600 --> 00:20:31,960
..have their mouths full.
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00:20:36,360 --> 00:20:41,640
He's growing fast, and today
he just won't sit still.
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00:20:43,920 --> 00:20:45,639
DOG BARKS
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00:20:45,640 --> 00:20:48,240
And now he has revealed
his presence.
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00:20:50,520 --> 00:20:53,719
The first rule
of frogmouth behaviour is
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00:20:53,720 --> 00:20:56,399
don't move in the day.
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00:20:56,400 --> 00:21:00,039
But this is the one time
in a frogmouth's life
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00:21:00,040 --> 00:21:04,479
when the urge to fly
simply cannot be suppressed.
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00:21:04,480 --> 00:21:06,279
DOG PANTS
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00:21:06,280 --> 00:21:08,760
BEAK CLICKS, DOG BARKS
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00:21:12,360 --> 00:21:17,960
But he's not ready
to leave home just yet.
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00:21:22,760 --> 00:21:24,560
Come night-time...
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00:21:25,720 --> 00:21:27,760
..he's hungry again.
199
00:21:37,480 --> 00:21:39,040
He is wide awake...
200
00:21:40,840 --> 00:21:44,600
..and wants to take off
where he left off.
201
00:21:49,560 --> 00:21:53,239
But he's getting
unwanted attention,
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00:21:53,240 --> 00:21:58,280
and this time his parent
is not nearby to protect him.
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00:22:01,960 --> 00:22:04,439
Humans bring pets,
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00:22:04,440 --> 00:22:09,960
and cats in Australia
kill a million birds a day.
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00:22:26,800 --> 00:22:29,680
COLLAR BELL TINKLES
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00:22:52,680 --> 00:22:56,320
His first proper flight.
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00:23:00,840 --> 00:23:04,319
But unless he can find
a safe place to roost,
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00:23:04,320 --> 00:23:06,440
he is still in peril.
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00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:17,120
Made it.
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00:23:19,760 --> 00:23:23,879
But if he is to survive
in the city, like the adults,
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00:23:23,880 --> 00:23:27,160
he'll have to learn
how to blend in.
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00:23:40,840 --> 00:23:44,239
Some animals are so bold
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00:23:44,240 --> 00:23:46,960
that they don't even
try to hide.
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00:23:49,640 --> 00:23:55,160
To see a large predator in the
built-up world is a rare sight.
215
00:23:57,760 --> 00:24:01,799
And here in Lake Tahoe,
in North America,
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00:24:01,800 --> 00:24:06,040
these black bears
are particularly big...
217
00:24:08,640 --> 00:24:12,039
..and they're heading
right to the centre of town.
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00:24:12,040 --> 00:24:13,479
BEAR CHOMPS
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00:24:13,480 --> 00:24:16,159
Winter is approaching,
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00:24:16,160 --> 00:24:19,159
and these bears need to put on
as much weight as possible
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00:24:19,160 --> 00:24:21,200
before the snow arrives.
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00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:27,440
This is a great place to gorge.
223
00:24:32,640 --> 00:24:34,039
HORN BLARES
224
00:24:34,040 --> 00:24:36,039
It's now bear country.
225
00:24:36,040 --> 00:24:39,079
FENCE CREAKS
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00:24:39,080 --> 00:24:41,640
Why struggle for a meal...
227
00:24:43,920 --> 00:24:46,000
..when you can cross the street...
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00:24:47,280 --> 00:24:49,040
..for a takeaway?
229
00:24:55,920 --> 00:24:58,279
There's so much food here
230
00:24:58,280 --> 00:25:01,479
that some of the bears
are 50% heavier
231
00:25:01,480 --> 00:25:03,320
than their country cousins.
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00:25:07,000 --> 00:25:10,120
But why stop here?
233
00:25:11,720 --> 00:25:15,400
Some bears
just want to dine in.
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00:25:19,760 --> 00:25:21,560
WOMAN GASPS
235
00:25:22,680 --> 00:25:28,080
A lucky few are able to get
an easy meal from the human world.
236
00:25:30,440 --> 00:25:34,280
But when WE venture to the natural
world in search of food...
237
00:25:35,920 --> 00:25:38,880
..the harvest
is on a different scale.
238
00:25:40,080 --> 00:25:42,119
In just four decades,
239
00:25:42,120 --> 00:25:46,680
fishing reduced
fish populations by half...
240
00:25:48,440 --> 00:25:51,959
..and created great problems
for the ocean predators
241
00:25:51,960 --> 00:25:54,640
that once had such food
to themselves.
242
00:25:56,840 --> 00:25:59,240
SHIP'S HORN BLOWS
243
00:26:02,440 --> 00:26:04,759
Off the coast
of Vancouver Island,
244
00:26:04,760 --> 00:26:07,799
humpback whales inhabit waters
245
00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:10,760
where herring
have been overfished.
246
00:26:15,640 --> 00:26:20,680
Humpbacks, however, are
renowned for their ingenuity.
247
00:26:22,640 --> 00:26:27,039
12 years ago, an adult male
called Conger
248
00:26:27,040 --> 00:26:30,600
adopted a totally new way
of feeding.
249
00:26:31,880 --> 00:26:35,079
When the density of fish
in the water is low,
250
00:26:35,080 --> 00:26:37,640
and birds are diving
to catch them...
251
00:26:39,760 --> 00:26:41,759
..the humpback opens its mouth
252
00:26:41,760 --> 00:26:45,840
and creates a space that
the fish mistake for shelter.
253
00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:54,920
The fish swim in...
254
00:26:57,880 --> 00:27:00,960
..and the trap is closed.
255
00:27:07,160 --> 00:27:11,560
Conger was the first humpback
whale to be seen doing this.
256
00:27:14,720 --> 00:27:19,480
Now 30 whales in the area
use this same technique.
257
00:27:25,400 --> 00:27:28,599
The population of humpbacks
here is growing,
258
00:27:28,600 --> 00:27:31,159
and you might think
that this would
259
00:27:31,160 --> 00:27:33,799
reduce fish stocks even more,
260
00:27:33,800 --> 00:27:36,680
but something surprising
is thought to be happening.
261
00:27:38,320 --> 00:27:42,519
These tiny phytoplankton
are the basis of the food chain
262
00:27:42,520 --> 00:27:46,120
and need a vital ingredient to grow.
263
00:27:47,480 --> 00:27:49,560
Iron.
264
00:27:57,320 --> 00:28:00,520
Whale faeces are rich in iron...
265
00:28:01,840 --> 00:28:06,520
..and great whales produce it
in enormous quantities...
266
00:28:07,960 --> 00:28:13,520
..so the phytoplankton flourishes,
and herring feed on it.
267
00:28:16,320 --> 00:28:18,679
Whale faeces, in fact,
268
00:28:18,680 --> 00:28:22,320
are helping to restore
the whole ecosystem.
269
00:28:24,480 --> 00:28:28,159
The herring attract seabirds,
270
00:28:28,160 --> 00:28:31,719
diving birds attack them
from beneath,
271
00:28:31,720 --> 00:28:35,520
and gulls and shearwaters
dive on them from above.
272
00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:41,400
Even bald eagles
benefit from this rich feast.
273
00:29:20,000 --> 00:29:23,599
Astonishingly, even though
Conger and all the other whales
274
00:29:23,600 --> 00:29:26,239
are feasting on fish,
275
00:29:26,240 --> 00:29:30,959
their role in fertilising
the ocean is so influential
276
00:29:30,960 --> 00:29:35,120
that herring numbers here are
actually predicted to increase.
277
00:29:42,240 --> 00:29:46,600
And the role they play in
rejuvenating the environment...
278
00:29:52,360 --> 00:29:56,560
..is having an even greater
impact on the human world.
279
00:30:05,360 --> 00:30:08,399
The flourishing plankton
also collects carbon
280
00:30:08,400 --> 00:30:10,800
from the atmosphere,
just as trees do...
281
00:30:13,280 --> 00:30:17,039
..so much so
that each great whale
282
00:30:17,040 --> 00:30:22,240
has the same impact
as a forest of 30,000 trees.
283
00:30:29,880 --> 00:30:32,800
Our great whales
were once hunted...
284
00:30:34,800 --> 00:30:38,039
..and if they return
to their pre-whaling numbers,
285
00:30:38,040 --> 00:30:41,759
it's estimated that this
would be equivalent to planting
286
00:30:41,760 --> 00:30:45,280
over 30 billion trees.
287
00:30:59,120 --> 00:31:03,720
Whales are now being recognised
as benefiting humanity.
288
00:31:08,120 --> 00:31:10,919
But for most large animals,
289
00:31:10,920 --> 00:31:15,200
competition with humans
brings conflict.
290
00:31:17,200 --> 00:31:21,599
This six-tonne African
bull elephant is in his prime.
291
00:31:21,600 --> 00:31:23,480
ELEPHANT GRUNTS
292
00:31:25,400 --> 00:31:28,799
To stand the best chance
of winning fights for females,
293
00:31:28,800 --> 00:31:30,720
he needs to be big.
294
00:31:32,640 --> 00:31:37,040
He can smell
highly nutritious food is near.
295
00:31:46,720 --> 00:31:48,839
But crossing the boundary
to reach it
296
00:31:48,840 --> 00:31:51,280
is a dangerous journey.
297
00:31:57,200 --> 00:32:00,680
He must wait
for the cover of darkness.
298
00:32:05,840 --> 00:32:07,920
FIRE CRACKLES
299
00:32:10,280 --> 00:32:16,080
These Kenyan farmers are
preparing for the night ahead.
300
00:32:18,120 --> 00:32:21,439
They have had to guard
their crops every night
301
00:32:21,440 --> 00:32:23,040
for the last two months.
302
00:32:25,840 --> 00:32:29,519
With only two days
until harvest,
303
00:32:29,520 --> 00:32:32,720
this is a critical time.
304
00:32:39,520 --> 00:32:40,999
MAN SHOUTS
305
00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:42,479
In a single night,
306
00:32:42,480 --> 00:32:45,799
a bull elephant
can destroy the entire crops
307
00:32:45,800 --> 00:32:47,679
produced by ten farmers.
308
00:32:47,680 --> 00:32:49,599
SHOUTING
309
00:32:49,600 --> 00:32:51,560
ELEPHANT ROARS
310
00:32:56,120 --> 00:32:57,560
MAN SHOUTS
311
00:33:04,360 --> 00:33:07,079
But he's taking a huge risk.
312
00:33:07,080 --> 00:33:08,359
ELEPHANT ROARS
313
00:33:08,360 --> 00:33:10,520
SHOUTING
314
00:33:21,520 --> 00:33:23,399
ELEPHANT SCREECHES
315
00:33:23,400 --> 00:33:25,799
SHOUTING
316
00:33:25,800 --> 00:33:27,320
ELEPHANT ROARS
317
00:33:30,920 --> 00:33:33,280
ELEPHANT TRUMPETS
318
00:33:37,240 --> 00:33:38,720
ELEPHANT ROARS
319
00:33:42,440 --> 00:33:43,759
ELEPHANT ROARS
320
00:33:43,760 --> 00:33:46,199
He's twice the height
of a man...
321
00:33:46,200 --> 00:33:48,639
ELEPHANT ROARS
322
00:33:48,640 --> 00:33:50,679
..and he won't back down easily.
323
00:33:50,680 --> 00:33:52,400
SHOUTING
324
00:33:54,880 --> 00:33:59,840
This human-wildlife conflict
happens night after night.
325
00:34:02,400 --> 00:34:05,279
And each year,
it takes the lives
326
00:34:05,280 --> 00:34:10,240
of up to 200 elephants
and 20 people in Kenya alone.
327
00:34:12,200 --> 00:34:13,559
LOW RUMBLING
328
00:34:13,560 --> 00:34:16,840
This standoff
is potentially lethal.
329
00:34:19,640 --> 00:34:22,039
The farmers
have had to call for help
330
00:34:22,040 --> 00:34:25,160
from a team
of highly experienced rangers.
331
00:34:42,240 --> 00:34:43,599
Although they're armed,
332
00:34:43,600 --> 00:34:47,039
their task is to drive
the elephant out of the field
333
00:34:47,040 --> 00:34:48,600
without harming it.
334
00:34:51,720 --> 00:34:54,119
But the bull is determined...
335
00:34:54,120 --> 00:34:56,039
ELEPHANT TRUMPETS
336
00:34:56,040 --> 00:34:57,840
..to hold ground.
337
00:34:59,880 --> 00:35:02,759
LOW RUMBLING
338
00:35:02,760 --> 00:35:05,999
The rangers
will have to get closer...
339
00:35:06,000 --> 00:35:08,039
ELEPHANT ROARS
340
00:35:08,040 --> 00:35:09,480
..on foot.
341
00:35:11,000 --> 00:35:13,120
ELEPHANT GROWLS
342
00:35:20,120 --> 00:35:21,840
LOW RUMBLING
343
00:35:26,120 --> 00:35:29,199
The rangers have to resort...
FIRECRACKER BANGS
344
00:35:29,200 --> 00:35:32,560
ELEPHANT GROWLS
..to firecrackers.
345
00:35:35,200 --> 00:35:38,040
FIRECRACKER BANGS,
ELEPHANT ROARS
346
00:35:45,840 --> 00:35:47,640
ELEPHANT GROWLS
347
00:35:51,520 --> 00:35:53,639
The bull is driven
from this field...
348
00:35:53,640 --> 00:35:54,959
ELEPHANT GROWLS
349
00:35:54,960 --> 00:35:57,720
..and retreats deep into the bush.
350
00:36:07,400 --> 00:36:09,039
Fortunately for this bull,
351
00:36:09,040 --> 00:36:12,519
the battle
has been resolved peacefully.
352
00:36:12,520 --> 00:36:16,599
And efforts like these are seeing
fewer elephants killed,
353
00:36:16,600 --> 00:36:20,960
and their population in Kenya
is starting to rise again.
354
00:36:22,560 --> 00:36:24,759
But conflict with wildlife
355
00:36:24,760 --> 00:36:27,559
is now occurring
on a far greater scale
356
00:36:27,560 --> 00:36:28,759
as a consequence
357
00:36:28,760 --> 00:36:31,640
of the way we are changing
the world's climate.
358
00:36:35,520 --> 00:36:36,999
Some arid regions
359
00:36:37,000 --> 00:36:40,720
are now experiencing
unusually high rainfall.
360
00:36:45,400 --> 00:36:47,919
And that is good
for growing crops
361
00:36:47,920 --> 00:36:50,040
here in northeastern Africa.
362
00:36:52,440 --> 00:36:55,399
But it's also
the perfect conditions
363
00:36:55,400 --> 00:36:58,040
for one particular insect.
364
00:37:13,080 --> 00:37:15,360
Desert locusts.
365
00:37:18,920 --> 00:37:22,319
They're normally solitary creatures,
366
00:37:22,320 --> 00:37:25,199
but emerging from the sand
in great numbers
367
00:37:25,200 --> 00:37:27,960
triggers a dramatic physical change.
368
00:37:35,600 --> 00:37:37,719
They turn a vivid yellow
369
00:37:37,720 --> 00:37:39,800
and become highly social.
370
00:37:41,400 --> 00:37:45,600
Together,
they are an unstoppable army.
371
00:37:46,880 --> 00:37:51,560
On foot,
they can cover a mile a day.
372
00:37:57,320 --> 00:38:00,480
But they can only go so far
in this way.
373
00:38:06,400 --> 00:38:08,440
They need to find height.
374
00:38:19,360 --> 00:38:23,920
Up here, they begin
their final transformation.
375
00:38:31,440 --> 00:38:34,079
Normally,
it takes an individual insect
376
00:38:34,080 --> 00:38:37,360
at least a month
to become a winged adult...
377
00:38:38,880 --> 00:38:42,720
..but in their social form,
their development speeds up.
378
00:38:47,560 --> 00:38:50,240
SQUELCHING
379
00:38:58,480 --> 00:39:02,760
Now all they need
is for their wings to harden.
380
00:39:14,240 --> 00:39:18,720
Once airborne, they can travel
60 miles in a day.
381
00:39:39,560 --> 00:39:44,040
Swarms merge
and they become a plague.
382
00:39:47,720 --> 00:39:52,279
This one contains
billions of individuals,
383
00:39:52,280 --> 00:39:54,479
and eats as much in a day
384
00:39:54,480 --> 00:39:58,080
as the entire population
of Germany.
385
00:40:25,120 --> 00:40:28,199
Today in northeastern Africa,
386
00:40:28,200 --> 00:40:31,640
as a consequence
of climate change...
387
00:40:32,640 --> 00:40:35,199
..devastating surges of locusts
388
00:40:35,200 --> 00:40:37,520
are becoming more frequent.
389
00:40:48,120 --> 00:40:52,360
Two worlds are colliding.
390
00:41:00,520 --> 00:41:05,559
Unintentionally, humanity has
created exactly the conditions
391
00:41:05,560 --> 00:41:10,040
that cause this species
to explode in numbers.
392
00:41:35,440 --> 00:41:38,199
But another group of animals
has seen
393
00:41:38,200 --> 00:41:40,679
an even more dramatic rise
394
00:41:40,680 --> 00:41:43,520
as a consequence of OUR actions.
395
00:41:47,440 --> 00:41:50,639
We have increased the numbers
of a few species
396
00:41:50,640 --> 00:41:52,679
almost astronomically.
397
00:41:52,680 --> 00:41:54,439
CHICKS CHEEP
398
00:41:54,440 --> 00:41:55,879
By weight,
399
00:41:55,880 --> 00:41:59,919
70% of the world's birds
are now chickens
400
00:41:59,920 --> 00:42:02,560
or other domesticated fowl.
401
00:42:13,200 --> 00:42:18,119
We rear 70 billion farm animals
each year...
402
00:42:18,120 --> 00:42:19,679
PIG GRUNTS
403
00:42:19,680 --> 00:42:22,480
..and every one of them
needs feeding.
404
00:42:23,800 --> 00:42:25,759
Producing the food
405
00:42:25,760 --> 00:42:28,999
for such numbers
of domesticated animals
406
00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:32,759
is having a profound impact
on the natural world.
407
00:42:32,760 --> 00:42:34,720
CHICKENS CLUCK
408
00:42:40,840 --> 00:42:43,399
The Amazon rainforest -
409
00:42:43,400 --> 00:42:46,240
twice the size of India.
410
00:42:48,560 --> 00:42:50,079
It's so rich,
411
00:42:50,080 --> 00:42:54,760
it contains one in every ten
species on the planet.
412
00:42:55,880 --> 00:43:00,600
And it's home to this sloth
and her ten-month-old baby.
413
00:43:07,760 --> 00:43:11,439
He was born into an environment
414
00:43:11,440 --> 00:43:14,560
virtually untouched by humanity.
415
00:43:19,200 --> 00:43:21,240
CHAINSAW BUZZES
416
00:43:23,200 --> 00:43:28,640
But now human beings
are claiming even this space.
417
00:43:56,280 --> 00:44:00,399
Year after year, we clear
over two million hectares
418
00:44:00,400 --> 00:44:02,239
of the Amazon forest -
419
00:44:02,240 --> 00:44:05,720
an area the size of Wales.
420
00:44:12,520 --> 00:44:14,919
And we use nearly all of it
421
00:44:14,920 --> 00:44:17,480
to make more space
for cattle...
422
00:44:18,680 --> 00:44:22,600
..and to grow soya
to feed our livestock.
423
00:44:27,280 --> 00:44:31,439
Today, habitat destruction
is the biggest problem
424
00:44:31,440 --> 00:44:35,040
we have created for wildlife
around the world.
425
00:44:37,720 --> 00:44:39,880
BRANCHES RUSTLE
426
00:44:41,120 --> 00:44:44,480
This porcupine
has survived the fire...
427
00:44:47,640 --> 00:44:49,680
..and is being rescued.
428
00:44:58,440 --> 00:45:03,120
It's being relocated
to pristine forests.
429
00:45:08,640 --> 00:45:11,400
This will be its new home.
430
00:45:19,280 --> 00:45:21,519
Only a fortunate few animals
431
00:45:21,520 --> 00:45:25,000
are being given
such a second chance.
432
00:45:47,600 --> 00:45:51,800
A healthy natural world is
not only vital for wildlife....
433
00:45:53,000 --> 00:45:56,880
..but for our own very existence.
434
00:46:01,800 --> 00:46:06,600
Somehow we must find ways
to redress the balance.
435
00:46:13,920 --> 00:46:18,439
Currently, the vast majority
of agricultural land,
436
00:46:18,440 --> 00:46:20,679
more than 75%,
437
00:46:20,680 --> 00:46:23,359
is used to raise livestock,
438
00:46:23,360 --> 00:46:25,920
and this is very inefficient.
439
00:46:29,800 --> 00:46:31,760
There are solutions.
440
00:46:33,560 --> 00:46:36,400
One is considering what we eat.
441
00:46:45,920 --> 00:46:49,199
If we shift away
from eating meat and dairy
442
00:46:49,200 --> 00:46:52,399
and move towards
a plant-based diet,
443
00:46:52,400 --> 00:46:57,160
then the sun's energy goes directly
into growing our food.
444
00:47:04,440 --> 00:47:06,959
And because
that's so much more efficient,
445
00:47:06,960 --> 00:47:10,519
we could still produce
enough to feed us,
446
00:47:10,520 --> 00:47:14,360
but do so
using a quarter of the land.
447
00:47:18,320 --> 00:47:22,879
This could free up an area
the size of the United States,
448
00:47:22,880 --> 00:47:28,520
China, the European Union
and Australia combined...
449
00:47:30,880 --> 00:47:35,880
..space that could then
be given back to nature.
450
00:47:41,320 --> 00:47:43,959
And human innovations
may be able
451
00:47:43,960 --> 00:47:46,680
to do even more for wildlife.
452
00:47:49,680 --> 00:47:54,199
High-tech farms
now grow plants vertically,
453
00:47:54,200 --> 00:47:59,520
yielding up to 350 times
the food grown in the same area.
454
00:48:03,680 --> 00:48:07,079
This is one of many solutions
we already have,
455
00:48:07,080 --> 00:48:10,360
and others
are surely on the horizon.
456
00:48:22,920 --> 00:48:26,199
To find ways
to protect all life on Earth
457
00:48:26,200 --> 00:48:31,319
means reimagining how we live
on this planet in the future.
458
00:48:31,320 --> 00:48:33,159
Human ingenuity,
459
00:48:33,160 --> 00:48:36,599
our extraordinary ability
to find solutions,
460
00:48:36,600 --> 00:48:39,959
gives me hope that we can.
461
00:48:39,960 --> 00:48:42,279
It will be the major challenge
462
00:48:42,280 --> 00:48:45,240
for this generation
and the next.
463
00:49:12,080 --> 00:49:13,799
To film the impact
464
00:49:13,800 --> 00:49:15,919
that fires are having
on the Amazon,
465
00:49:15,920 --> 00:49:17,279
the Planet Earth III team
466
00:49:17,280 --> 00:49:20,960
joined a local
volunteer fire brigade.
467
00:49:23,000 --> 00:49:25,239
The fire brigade
are responding to a patch
468
00:49:25,240 --> 00:49:27,759
of primary rainforest
that is burning.
469
00:49:27,760 --> 00:49:29,479
It's been burning
for two days now.
470
00:49:29,480 --> 00:49:32,280
It's difficult to know
what we're going to see.
471
00:49:34,880 --> 00:49:37,880
The fires
are mainly lit illegally...
472
00:49:39,440 --> 00:49:41,800
..to clear space for cattle.
473
00:49:49,240 --> 00:49:51,640
TRANSLATION:
474
00:49:58,560 --> 00:50:01,639
Battling fires
is dangerous work.
475
00:50:01,640 --> 00:50:05,760
But the firefighters
face them every day.
476
00:50:07,240 --> 00:50:09,279
For the wildlife film crew,
477
00:50:09,280 --> 00:50:12,240
this is a totally new
experience.
478
00:50:13,240 --> 00:50:17,159
And these fires
can be unpredictable.
479
00:50:17,160 --> 00:50:19,520
Neil, don't spend long
in there.
480
00:50:22,440 --> 00:50:24,560
TRANSLATION:
481
00:50:41,120 --> 00:50:42,360
Oh!
482
00:50:44,160 --> 00:50:45,840
TRANSLATION:
483
00:50:52,600 --> 00:50:55,399
With the ground team
retreating,
484
00:50:55,400 --> 00:50:59,480
the safest way to carry on
filming is with the drone.
485
00:51:26,320 --> 00:51:29,359
Have we lost the drone?
I think Abi has seen it.
486
00:51:29,360 --> 00:51:30,559
Abi is on her way.
487
00:51:30,560 --> 00:51:33,360
Can you confirm you're on
your way to the drone, Abi?
488
00:51:36,400 --> 00:51:38,320
TRANSLATION:
489
00:51:40,560 --> 00:51:42,000
MAN SHOUTS
490
00:51:44,240 --> 00:51:46,760
ABI:
491
00:51:52,040 --> 00:51:55,400
The drone is damaged
beyond repair.
492
00:51:56,720 --> 00:51:58,359
Don't worry about it.
I mean it.
493
00:51:58,360 --> 00:52:00,999
Don't worry about it.
It's absolutely fine.
494
00:52:01,000 --> 00:52:02,599
It's not OK. It is. It's OK.
495
00:52:02,600 --> 00:52:04,319
It's equipment.
We've got a spare.
496
00:52:04,320 --> 00:52:06,960
The main thing is,
we're all safe. No-one's hurt.
497
00:52:09,640 --> 00:52:11,560
The team regroup...
498
00:52:13,520 --> 00:52:15,959
..and decide to move away
from the heart of the fire
499
00:52:15,960 --> 00:52:18,079
to its fringes
500
00:52:18,080 --> 00:52:21,240
to look for animals
caught up in the flames.
501
00:52:23,400 --> 00:52:26,640
There's been reports
of a monkey in the trees, so...
502
00:52:28,000 --> 00:52:28,999
Ah!
503
00:52:29,000 --> 00:52:31,279
THEY SPEAK PORTUGUESE
504
00:52:31,280 --> 00:52:33,519
The problem is, there's fires
all the way along here,
505
00:52:33,520 --> 00:52:35,919
as well as all along here, so...
506
00:52:35,920 --> 00:52:38,079
It's hard to know what all
this wildlife is going to do
507
00:52:38,080 --> 00:52:40,400
when their home
is burnt up like this.
508
00:52:42,320 --> 00:52:46,359
I don't know what it's like
for these rainforest animals
509
00:52:46,360 --> 00:52:47,839
to be experiencing a fire.
510
00:52:47,840 --> 00:52:49,760
It's horrific for me, so...
511
00:52:50,840 --> 00:52:53,480
..I don't know
what it is for them.
512
00:52:57,000 --> 00:53:00,080
The fires burn into the night.
513
00:53:12,080 --> 00:53:14,119
The following day,
514
00:53:14,120 --> 00:53:17,039
the crew accompany
the firefighters
515
00:53:17,040 --> 00:53:20,840
in the search for animals
in the aftermath.
516
00:53:22,240 --> 00:53:24,999
Oh, my God, there are flames
all inside of it.
517
00:53:25,000 --> 00:53:26,680
Little termite...
518
00:53:28,200 --> 00:53:30,280
Oh, my God!
519
00:53:32,000 --> 00:53:36,040
Remarkably,
some animals have survived.
520
00:53:44,800 --> 00:53:47,040
TRANSLATION:
521
00:54:33,400 --> 00:54:35,239
Clearing land for farming
522
00:54:35,240 --> 00:54:37,720
is not a problem
unique to the Amazon.
523
00:54:39,800 --> 00:54:43,639
Agriculture now takes up
half of the habitable land
524
00:54:43,640 --> 00:54:45,520
on the planet.
525
00:54:47,360 --> 00:54:50,319
To produce food with less impact
on the natural world
526
00:54:50,320 --> 00:54:53,200
requires new approaches.
527
00:54:54,400 --> 00:54:58,359
And that led the wildlife
film crew to a farm
528
00:54:58,360 --> 00:55:00,520
in a warehouse.
529
00:55:05,040 --> 00:55:06,879
We're in the middle of the city!
530
00:55:06,880 --> 00:55:09,079
I can't believe so much food
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00:55:09,080 --> 00:55:11,600
being grown
in such a small space!
532
00:55:14,400 --> 00:55:18,879
Here in Los Angeles,
6,000 miles from the Amazon,
533
00:55:18,880 --> 00:55:22,520
this farm is part of
a burgeoning food revolution.
534
00:55:24,000 --> 00:55:27,319
This is the most productive
farm in the world,
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00:55:27,320 --> 00:55:30,079
and it's our goal to reduce the
amount of land and resources
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00:55:30,080 --> 00:55:32,479
necessary to grow
down to the bare minimum.
537
00:55:32,480 --> 00:55:34,919
It took a while
to understand that, for nature,
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00:55:34,920 --> 00:55:36,959
agricultural use of land
539
00:55:36,960 --> 00:55:40,639
was the primary, like, destructive
behaviour of humanity.
540
00:55:40,640 --> 00:55:43,839
As we expand
this means of growing,
541
00:55:43,840 --> 00:55:46,999
I'm very hopeful that
this approach can ultimately
542
00:55:47,000 --> 00:55:49,239
give a lot of land back
to nature
543
00:55:49,240 --> 00:55:52,040
and allow that biodiversity
to re-establish and flourish.
544
00:55:54,360 --> 00:55:57,840
Not only does this farm
use less space...
545
00:55:59,040 --> 00:56:03,239
..but it also uses 90% less water,
546
00:56:03,240 --> 00:56:05,639
no pesticides,
547
00:56:05,640 --> 00:56:08,040
and cuts food miles.
548
00:56:10,680 --> 00:56:13,639
It does feel
like a really good start.
549
00:56:13,640 --> 00:56:19,839
Ideas like this can reduce
our footprint on the planet,
550
00:56:19,840 --> 00:56:24,640
giving the natural world
a chance to bounce back.
551
00:56:33,920 --> 00:56:35,679
Next time,
552
00:56:35,680 --> 00:56:39,640
the heroes on the frontline
saving wildlife.
553
00:56:42,280 --> 00:56:45,120
They're exploring remote jungles...
554
00:56:46,880 --> 00:56:50,200
..working undercover to catch
criminals...
555
00:56:51,720 --> 00:56:55,120
..and leading endangered creatures
to safety.
556
00:56:58,080 --> 00:57:02,279
Habitat Explorer brings animals
and their habitats to life.
557
00:57:02,280 --> 00:57:05,919
Explore this free interactive
and make origami animals.
558
00:57:05,920 --> 00:57:09,999
Go to...
559
00:57:10,000 --> 00:57:12,239
..and follow the links to the
Open University.
560
00:57:12,240 --> 00:57:15,639
Or to order a free printed version,
visit the website
561
00:57:15,640 --> 00:57:18,240
or call the number on the screen.
41016
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