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Sauraha, Nepal.
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00:00:58,443 --> 00:01:02,843
This rhino is not lost.
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00:01:06,203 --> 00:01:10,283
He is on his way to find food.
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To get it, he must travel through
a new and alien world.
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00:01:28,243 --> 00:01:30,683
This rhino in his lifetime
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00:01:30,683 --> 00:01:35,403
has seen more changes than
any of his previous generations.
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Across the globe,
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00:01:42,923 --> 00:01:46,483
animals of all kinds
are now contending
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with one newly dominant species...
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...us.
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,
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Like so many wild creatures,
he's had to learn
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00:02:03,763 --> 00:02:08,003
how to live in the human world.
14
00:02:23,563 --> 00:02:25,083
Some animals
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have changed their behaviour
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to make the most
out of living amongst us.
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00:02:34,603 --> 00:02:39,003
These long-tailed macaques
live in Bali.
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00:02:48,883 --> 00:02:52,483
They have developed
new interests
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00:02:52,483 --> 00:02:55,483
brought by human visitors.
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00:03:04,283 --> 00:03:08,243
Every morning,
the troop heads for a building
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00:03:08,243 --> 00:03:11,283
in the centre
of their territory.
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00:03:22,283 --> 00:03:24,723
Uluwatu Temple.
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00:03:28,243 --> 00:03:31,883
Tourists come here every day -
in crowds.
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00:03:35,763 --> 00:03:39,483
So the temple grounds
are full of opportunities...
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00:03:41,523 --> 00:03:43,643
...if you know where to look.
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00:04:12,563 --> 00:04:15,563
There is a constant supply
of hats...
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00:04:16,603 --> 00:04:18,163
...and sunglasses.
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00:04:22,603 --> 00:04:26,443
And if you've mastered
the element of surprise...
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00:04:28,003 --> 00:04:31,083
...it's easy to get them.
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00:04:44,003 --> 00:04:47,163
But this harvest
is not for eating.
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00:04:47,163 --> 00:04:51,003
It's for bargaining.
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Seems like a fair trade.
33
00:05:06,043 --> 00:05:09,483
But there are greater rewards
to be had
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00:05:09,483 --> 00:05:12,523
for those who know
how to get them.
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00:05:18,163 --> 00:05:22,003
And this old male
appears to be doing...
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...very well.
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00:05:30,803 --> 00:05:34,003
He and the other elders
in this troop
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have both experience
and knowledge.
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00:05:43,563 --> 00:05:48,283
They've been working the temple
for over ten years,
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00:05:48,283 --> 00:05:50,923
and now concentrate
on the big stuff...
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00:05:56,763 --> 00:06:01,283
...things that human beings
just can't do without.
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00:06:08,403 --> 00:06:12,403
No-one wants to walk home
with just one shoe.
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00:06:18,843 --> 00:06:21,403
And these old boys can't wait
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00:06:21,403 --> 00:06:25,123
to get their hands
on the latest tech.
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00:06:42,723 --> 00:06:46,963
They've worked out
that we simply can't survive
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00:06:46,963 --> 00:06:49,203
without our phones...
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00:06:52,083 --> 00:06:54,763
...or our wallets.
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00:07:15,083 --> 00:07:17,243
The older males understand
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00:07:17,243 --> 00:07:20,083
something the youngsters
have yet to learn...
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00:07:22,763 --> 00:07:26,283
...the art of the deal.
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A banana?
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How dare you!
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00:07:37,923 --> 00:07:39,523
A bar of chocolate?
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00:07:39,523 --> 00:07:40,963
That's better.
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00:07:44,683 --> 00:07:48,923
The real skill
is in the negotiations.
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00:07:53,323 --> 00:07:58,163
The macaques are playing us
at our own game.
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00:08:01,123 --> 00:08:02,643
They demand...
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...whatever they want.
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00:08:17,283 --> 00:08:22,523
Humanity has spread
to every corner of the globe.
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00:08:26,043 --> 00:08:28,963
We have become
a force of nature.
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00:08:37,963 --> 00:08:42,203
We have altered
80% of the land's surface.
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00:08:49,483 --> 00:08:53,883
Eight billion people
now live on this planet...
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00:08:54,923 --> 00:08:57,563
...and we are changing
the world around us
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00:08:57,563 --> 00:08:58,883
at such speed...
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00:09:01,923 --> 00:09:06,843
...that, for animals,
the challenge is to keep up.
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00:09:11,203 --> 00:09:12,803
New York City.
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Ants.
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00:09:19,763 --> 00:09:23,083
This particular species
is thought to have arrived here
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with the first European settlers.
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00:09:28,283 --> 00:09:32,043
They are now known as pavement ants
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00:09:32,043 --> 00:09:37,003
because they live almost exclusively
in our towns and cities.
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00:09:47,683 --> 00:09:52,443
And they're thriving
because of junk food.
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00:09:54,203 --> 00:09:56,523
And here on Broadway Avenue,
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00:09:56,523 --> 00:09:58,523
there's a lot of it.
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00:10:00,483 --> 00:10:04,723
This is what every pavement ant desires.
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00:10:09,043 --> 00:10:10,563
And to get it...
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00:10:12,443 --> 00:10:16,003
...the ants use
the city's thousands of miles
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00:10:16,003 --> 00:10:17,643
of underground tunnels.
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00:10:26,363 --> 00:10:29,763
This scout is closing in
on its target.
80
00:10:32,843 --> 00:10:35,523
But the animals with which
they share the pavement
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00:10:35,523 --> 00:10:38,523
are 40 million times
their weight...
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00:10:42,083 --> 00:10:45,563
...so it's best
to stay in the cracks.
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Jackpot!
84
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A meat mountain.
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This is too big a job
for just one ant.
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00:11:04,883 --> 00:11:07,323
This worker is female,
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00:11:07,323 --> 00:11:10,203
as they are
in all ant colonies,
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00:11:10,203 --> 00:11:15,163
and she leaves a trail of pheromones
to mark a path.
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00:11:18,683 --> 00:11:21,763
She communicates
with every sister she meets
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00:11:21,763 --> 00:11:25,003
as she returns to the nest,
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00:11:25,003 --> 00:11:28,243
and news on the street
spreads fast.
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00:11:41,283 --> 00:11:43,523
This ultra-processed meat
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00:11:43,523 --> 00:11:46,163
is very different
from their original food.
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00:11:48,003 --> 00:11:52,243
But their digestive system
is the key to their success.
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00:11:53,523 --> 00:11:55,723
It's able to keep up
with the way
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00:11:55,723 --> 00:11:58,843
humans constantly change
their diet.
97
00:12:02,123 --> 00:12:05,923
Nowadays, the vast majority
of what they eat
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00:12:05,923 --> 00:12:08,083
comes from human food.
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00:12:15,003 --> 00:12:17,403
On Broadway alone,
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00:12:17,403 --> 00:12:20,163
pavement ants
eat the equivalent
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00:12:20,163 --> 00:12:24,883
of a staggering 60,000 hot dogs
every year.
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00:12:28,123 --> 00:12:30,923
The calories
in a single hot dog
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00:12:30,923 --> 00:12:32,483
could fuel the growth
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00:12:32,483 --> 00:12:35,203
of the entire ant colony
for a month...
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00:12:36,203 --> 00:12:39,683
...if only they can get it
back to the nest.
106
00:12:53,323 --> 00:12:57,923
But this slow work
makes them vulnerable.
107
00:13:02,843 --> 00:13:07,043
They aren't the only ones
partial to fast food.
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00:13:10,083 --> 00:13:12,723
It's a race
to get their prize home.
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00:13:19,003 --> 00:13:20,563
There may be losses...
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00:13:22,683 --> 00:13:26,483
...but the colony as a whole
will now thrive.
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00:13:29,723 --> 00:13:34,283
In fact, pavement ants
are so successful here
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00:13:34,283 --> 00:13:37,883
that they outnumber
human New Yorkers 1,000 to 1.
113
00:13:42,923 --> 00:13:47,923
But success in the human world
can be harder to achieve
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00:13:47,923 --> 00:13:51,843
if your reputation precedes you.
115
00:14:02,163 --> 00:14:03,723
Here in India,
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00:14:03,723 --> 00:14:07,963
this cobra is heading directly
for a village.
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00:14:11,043 --> 00:14:15,763
It has detected
the scent of prey.
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00:14:18,283 --> 00:14:19,963
Nearly two metres long,
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00:14:19,963 --> 00:14:23,163
it has enough venom
in a single bite
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00:14:23,163 --> 00:14:25,243
to kill ten people.
121
00:14:39,363 --> 00:14:42,243
Snake bites are responsible
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00:14:42,243 --> 00:14:45,403
for nearly 60,000 deaths a year
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00:14:45,403 --> 00:14:47,163
in India alone.
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00:14:55,443 --> 00:14:58,003
They travel so silently
125
00:14:58,003 --> 00:15:01,523
that their presence
is often undetected.
126
00:15:13,563 --> 00:15:15,323
And when they are hunting...
127
00:15:16,603 --> 00:15:19,123
...there is no place
they won't go.
128
00:15:40,043 --> 00:15:41,443
A toad.
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00:16:18,763 --> 00:16:21,323
Each tip of its forked tongue
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00:16:21,323 --> 00:16:24,403
collects chemical signals
from the prey
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00:16:24,403 --> 00:16:27,243
and helps to reveal
its position.
132
00:16:32,683 --> 00:16:34,363
But up close...
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00:16:35,683 --> 00:16:37,963
...the snake relies on movement
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00:16:37,963 --> 00:16:41,043
to precisely locate its prey.
135
00:16:48,723 --> 00:16:51,843
The toad must pick its moment
to escape.
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00:17:14,323 --> 00:17:16,803
Every time
it touches the ground...
137
00:17:18,043 --> 00:17:21,363
...the toad leaves behind a scent.
138
00:17:32,203 --> 00:17:33,963
It can hide...
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00:17:35,403 --> 00:17:38,683
...but the trail
will lead the snake to it.
140
00:18:15,003 --> 00:18:19,203
These cobras
don't just hunt here.
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00:18:19,203 --> 00:18:21,083
They live here.
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00:18:23,683 --> 00:18:27,723
They have found a home where
the Hindu villagers revere them
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00:18:27,723 --> 00:18:31,043
and consider them
to be demigods.
144
00:18:33,843 --> 00:18:38,363
Remarkably, scientists believe
that this tolerance
145
00:18:38,363 --> 00:18:41,123
has led to a change
in the snakes' behaviour.
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00:18:43,843 --> 00:18:46,603
They move more slowly
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00:18:46,603 --> 00:18:49,403
and are less likely
to strike if disturbed.
148
00:18:52,883 --> 00:18:55,723
One of the most feared animals
on the planet
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00:18:55,723 --> 00:18:59,443
has found a place
where they are accepted
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00:18:59,443 --> 00:19:02,283
and can coexist
with human beings.
151
00:19:10,003 --> 00:19:13,403
But for many animals
living in the human world,
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00:19:13,403 --> 00:19:17,203
it pays to keep a low profile.
153
00:19:22,163 --> 00:19:24,603
Here in Melbourne, Australia,
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00:19:24,603 --> 00:19:28,123
one creature has perfected
the art of camouflage.
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00:19:35,763 --> 00:19:37,883
A frogmouth chick.
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00:19:40,043 --> 00:19:43,083
Its father helps to hide it
during the day.
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00:19:50,803 --> 00:19:53,363
They are nocturnal birds,
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00:19:53,363 --> 00:19:55,963
and as day turns to night,
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00:19:55,963 --> 00:19:58,803
its parents come out
of the shadows
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00:19:58,803 --> 00:20:02,483
to reap the rewards
of urban living.
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00:20:06,163 --> 00:20:07,723
The city lights create
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00:20:07,723 --> 00:20:10,443
excellent conditions
for hunting.
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00:20:11,923 --> 00:20:13,643
Every night in the city
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00:20:13,643 --> 00:20:16,683
is as bright
as when there is a full moon.
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00:20:25,243 --> 00:20:28,603
So city frogmouths often...
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00:20:29,643 --> 00:20:32,003
...have their mouths full.
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00:20:36,403 --> 00:20:41,683
He's growing fast, and today
he just won't sit still.
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00:20:45,683 --> 00:20:48,283
And now he has revealed
his presence.
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The first rule
of frogmouth behaviour is
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don't move in the day.
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00:20:56,443 --> 00:21:00,083
But this is the one time
in a frogmouth's life
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when the urge to fly
simply cannot be suppressed.
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00:21:06,323 --> 00:21:08,803
,
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00:21:12,403 --> 00:21:18,003
But he's not ready
to leave home just yet.
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00:21:22,803 --> 00:21:24,603
Come night-time...
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...he's hungry again.
177
00:21:37,523 --> 00:21:39,083
He is wide awake...
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00:21:40,883 --> 00:21:44,643
...and wants to take off
where he left off.
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00:21:49,603 --> 00:21:53,283
But he's getting
unwanted attention,
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00:21:53,283 --> 00:21:58,323
and this time his parent
is not nearby to protect him.
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00:22:02,003 --> 00:22:04,483
Humans bring pets,
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00:22:04,483 --> 00:22:10,003
and cats in Australia
kill a million birds a day.
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00:22:52,723 --> 00:22:56,363
His first proper flight.
184
00:23:00,883 --> 00:23:04,363
But unless he can find
a safe place to roost,
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00:23:04,363 --> 00:23:06,483
he is still in peril.
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00:23:15,643 --> 00:23:17,163
Made it.
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00:23:19,803 --> 00:23:23,923
But if he is to survive
in the city, like the adults,
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00:23:23,923 --> 00:23:27,203
he'll have to learn
how to blend in.
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00:23:40,883 --> 00:23:44,283
Some animals are so bold
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00:23:44,283 --> 00:23:47,003
that they don't even
try to hide.
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00:23:49,683 --> 00:23:55,203
To see a large predator in the
built-up world is a rare sight.
192
00:23:57,803 --> 00:24:01,843
And here in Lake Tahoe,
in North America,
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00:24:01,843 --> 00:24:06,083
these black bears
are particularly big...
194
00:24:08,683 --> 00:24:12,083
...and they're heading
right to the centre of town.
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00:24:13,523 --> 00:24:16,203
Winter is approaching,
196
00:24:16,203 --> 00:24:19,203
and these bears need to put on
as much weight as possible
197
00:24:19,203 --> 00:24:21,243
before the snow arrives.
198
00:24:24,043 --> 00:24:27,483
This is a great place to gorge.
199
00:24:34,083 --> 00:24:36,083
It's now bear country.
200
00:24:39,123 --> 00:24:41,683
Why struggle for a meal...
201
00:24:43,963 --> 00:24:46,043
...when you can cross the street...
202
00:24:47,323 --> 00:24:49,083
...for a takeaway?
203
00:24:55,963 --> 00:24:58,323
There's so much food here
204
00:24:58,323 --> 00:25:01,523
that some of the bears
are 50% heavier
205
00:25:01,523 --> 00:25:03,363
than their country cousins.
206
00:25:07,043 --> 00:25:10,163
But why stop here?
207
00:25:11,763 --> 00:25:15,443
Some bears
just want to dine in.
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00:25:22,723 --> 00:25:28,123
A lucky few are able to get
an easy meal from the human world.
209
00:25:30,483 --> 00:25:34,323
But when WE venture to the natural
world in search of food...
210
00:25:35,963 --> 00:25:38,923
...the harvest
is on a different scale.
211
00:25:40,123 --> 00:25:42,163
In just four decades,
212
00:25:42,163 --> 00:25:46,723
fishing reduced
fish populations by half...
213
00:25:48,483 --> 00:25:52,003
...and created great problems
for the ocean predators
214
00:25:52,003 --> 00:25:54,683
that once had such food
to themselves.
215
00:26:02,483 --> 00:26:04,803
Off the coast
of Vancouver Island,
216
00:26:04,803 --> 00:26:07,843
humpback whales inhabit waters
217
00:26:07,843 --> 00:26:10,803
where herring
have been overfished.
218
00:26:15,683 --> 00:26:20,723
Humpbacks, however, are
renowned for their ingenuity.
219
00:26:22,683 --> 00:26:27,083
12 years ago, an adult male
called Conger
220
00:26:27,083 --> 00:26:30,643
adopted a totally new way
of feeding.
221
00:26:31,923 --> 00:26:35,123
When the density of fish
in the water is low,
222
00:26:35,123 --> 00:26:37,683
and birds are diving
to catch them...
223
00:26:39,803 --> 00:26:41,803
...the humpback opens its mouth
224
00:26:41,803 --> 00:26:45,883
and creates a space that
the fish mistake for shelter.
225
00:26:53,043 --> 00:26:54,963
The fish swim in...
226
00:26:57,923 --> 00:27:01,003
...and the trap is closed.
227
00:27:07,203 --> 00:27:11,603
Conger was the first humpback
whale to be seen doing this.
228
00:27:14,763 --> 00:27:19,523
Now 30 whales in the area
use this same technique.
229
00:27:25,443 --> 00:27:28,643
The population of humpbacks
here is growing,
230
00:27:28,643 --> 00:27:31,203
and you might think
that this would
231
00:27:31,203 --> 00:27:33,843
reduce fish stocks even more,
232
00:27:33,843 --> 00:27:36,723
but something surprising
is thought to be happening.
233
00:27:38,363 --> 00:27:42,563
These tiny phytoplankton
are the basis of the food chain
234
00:27:42,563 --> 00:27:46,163
and need a vital ingredient to grow.
235
00:27:47,523 --> 00:27:49,603
Iron.
236
00:27:57,363 --> 00:28:00,563
Whale faeces are rich in iron...
237
00:28:01,883 --> 00:28:06,563
...and great whales produce it
in enormous quantities...
238
00:28:08,003 --> 00:28:13,563
...so the phytoplankton flourishes,
and herring feed on it.
239
00:28:16,363 --> 00:28:18,723
Whale faeces, in fact,
240
00:28:18,723 --> 00:28:22,363
are helping to restore
the whole ecosystem.
241
00:28:24,523 --> 00:28:28,203
The herring attract seabirds,
242
00:28:28,203 --> 00:28:31,763
diving birds attack them
from beneath,
243
00:28:31,763 --> 00:28:35,563
and gulls and shearwaters
dive on them from above.
244
00:28:38,043 --> 00:28:41,443
Even bald eagles
benefit from this rich feast.
245
00:29:20,043 --> 00:29:23,643
Astonishingly, even though
Conger and all the other whales
246
00:29:23,643 --> 00:29:26,283
are feasting on fish,
247
00:29:26,283 --> 00:29:31,003
their role in fertilising
the ocean is so influential
248
00:29:31,003 --> 00:29:35,163
that herring numbers here are
actually predicted to increase.
249
00:29:42,283 --> 00:29:46,643
And the role they play in
rejuvenating the environment...
250
00:29:52,403 --> 00:29:56,603
...is having an even greater
impact on the human world.
251
00:30:05,403 --> 00:30:08,443
The flourishing plankton
also collects carbon
252
00:30:08,443 --> 00:30:10,843
from the atmosphere,
just as trees do...
253
00:30:13,323 --> 00:30:17,083
...so much so
that each great whale
254
00:30:17,083 --> 00:30:22,283
has the same impact
as a forest of 30,000 trees.
255
00:30:29,923 --> 00:30:32,843
Our great whales
were once hunted...
256
00:30:34,843 --> 00:30:38,083
...and if they return
to their pre-whaling numbers,
257
00:30:38,083 --> 00:30:41,803
it's estimated that this
would be equivalent to planting
258
00:30:41,803 --> 00:30:45,323
over 30 billion trees.
259
00:30:59,163 --> 00:31:03,763
Whales are now being recognised
as benefiting humanity.
260
00:31:08,163 --> 00:31:10,963
But for most large animals,
261
00:31:10,963 --> 00:31:15,243
competition with humans
brings conflict.
262
00:31:17,243 --> 00:31:21,643
This six-tonne African
bull elephant is in his prime.
263
00:31:25,443 --> 00:31:28,843
To stand the best chance
of winning fights for females,
264
00:31:28,843 --> 00:31:30,763
he needs to be big.
265
00:31:32,683 --> 00:31:37,083
He can smell
highly nutritious food is near.
266
00:31:46,763 --> 00:31:48,883
But crossing the boundary
to reach it
267
00:31:48,883 --> 00:31:51,323
is a dangerous journey.
268
00:31:57,243 --> 00:32:00,723
He must wait
for the cover of darkness.
269
00:32:10,323 --> 00:32:16,123
These Kenyan farmers are
preparing for the night ahead.
270
00:32:18,163 --> 00:32:21,483
They have had to guard
their crops every night
271
00:32:21,483 --> 00:32:23,083
for the last two months.
272
00:32:25,883 --> 00:32:29,563
With only two days
until harvest,
273
00:32:29,563 --> 00:32:32,763
this is a critical time.
274
00:32:41,043 --> 00:32:42,523
In a single night,
275
00:32:42,523 --> 00:32:45,843
a bull elephant
can destroy the entire crops
276
00:32:45,843 --> 00:32:47,723
produced by ten farmers.
277
00:33:04,403 --> 00:33:07,123
But he's taking a huge risk.
278
00:33:43,803 --> 00:33:46,243
He's twice the height
of a man...
279
00:33:48,683 --> 00:33:50,723
...and he won't back down easily.
280
00:33:54,923 --> 00:33:59,883
This human-wildlife conflict
happens night after night.
281
00:34:02,443 --> 00:34:05,323
And each year,
it takes the lives
282
00:34:05,323 --> 00:34:10,283
of up to 200 elephants
and 20 people in Kenya alone.
283
00:34:13,603 --> 00:34:16,883
This standoff
is potentially lethal.
284
00:34:19,683 --> 00:34:22,083
The farmers
have had to call for help
285
00:34:22,083 --> 00:34:25,203
from a team
of highly experienced rangers.
286
00:34:42,283 --> 00:34:43,643
Although they're armed,
287
00:34:43,643 --> 00:34:47,083
their task is to drive
the elephant out of the field
288
00:34:47,083 --> 00:34:48,643
without harming it.
289
00:34:51,763 --> 00:34:54,163
But the bull is determined...
290
00:34:56,083 --> 00:34:57,883
...to hold ground.
291
00:35:02,803 --> 00:35:06,043
The rangers
will have to get closer...
292
00:35:08,083 --> 00:35:09,523
...on foot.
293
00:35:26,163 --> 00:35:29,243
The rangers have to resort...
294
00:35:29,243 --> 00:35:32,603
...to firecrackers.
295
00:35:35,243 --> 00:35:38,083
,
296
00:35:51,563 --> 00:35:53,683
The bull is driven
from this field...
297
00:35:55,003 --> 00:35:57,763
...and retreats deep into the bush.
298
00:36:07,443 --> 00:36:09,083
Fortunately for this bull,
299
00:36:09,083 --> 00:36:12,563
the battle
has been resolved peacefully.
300
00:36:12,563 --> 00:36:16,643
And efforts like these are seeing
fewer elephants killed,
301
00:36:16,643 --> 00:36:21,003
and their population in Kenya
is starting to rise again.
302
00:36:22,603 --> 00:36:24,803
But conflict with wildlife
303
00:36:24,803 --> 00:36:27,603
is now occurring
on a far greater scale
304
00:36:27,603 --> 00:36:28,803
as a consequence
305
00:36:28,803 --> 00:36:31,683
of the way we are changing
the world's climate.
306
00:36:35,563 --> 00:36:37,043
Some arid regions
307
00:36:37,043 --> 00:36:40,763
are now experiencing
unusually high rainfall.
308
00:36:45,443 --> 00:36:47,963
And that is good
for growing crops
309
00:36:47,963 --> 00:36:50,083
here in northeastern Africa.
310
00:36:52,483 --> 00:36:55,443
But it's also
the perfect conditions
311
00:36:55,443 --> 00:36:58,083
for one particular insect.
312
00:37:13,123 --> 00:37:15,403
Desert locusts.
313
00:37:18,963 --> 00:37:22,363
They're normally solitary creatures,
314
00:37:22,363 --> 00:37:25,243
but emerging from the sand
in great numbers
315
00:37:25,243 --> 00:37:28,003
triggers a dramatic physical change.
316
00:37:35,643 --> 00:37:37,763
They turn a vivid yellow
317
00:37:37,763 --> 00:37:39,843
and become highly social.
318
00:37:41,443 --> 00:37:45,643
Together,
they are an unstoppable army.
319
00:37:46,923 --> 00:37:51,603
On foot,
they can cover a mile a day.
320
00:37:57,363 --> 00:38:00,523
But they can only go so far
in this way.
321
00:38:06,443 --> 00:38:08,483
They need to find height.
322
00:38:19,403 --> 00:38:23,963
Up here, they begin
their final transformation.
323
00:38:31,483 --> 00:38:34,123
Normally,
it takes an individual insect
324
00:38:34,123 --> 00:38:37,403
at least a month
to become a winged adult...
325
00:38:38,923 --> 00:38:42,763
...but in their social form,
their development speeds up.
326
00:38:58,523 --> 00:39:02,803
Now all they need
is for their wings to harden.
327
00:39:14,283 --> 00:39:18,763
Once airborne, they can travel
60 miles in a day.
328
00:39:39,603 --> 00:39:44,083
Swarms merge
and they become a plague.
329
00:39:47,763 --> 00:39:52,323
This one contains
billions of individuals,
330
00:39:52,323 --> 00:39:54,523
and eats as much in a day
331
00:39:54,523 --> 00:39:58,123
as the entire population
of Germany.
332
00:40:25,163 --> 00:40:28,243
Today in northeastern Africa,
333
00:40:28,243 --> 00:40:31,683
as a consequence
of climate change...
334
00:40:32,683 --> 00:40:35,243
...devastating surges of locusts
335
00:40:35,243 --> 00:40:37,563
are becoming more frequent.
336
00:40:48,163 --> 00:40:52,403
Two worlds are colliding.
337
00:41:00,563 --> 00:41:05,603
Unintentionally, humanity has
created exactly the conditions
338
00:41:05,603 --> 00:41:10,083
that cause this species
to explode in numbers.
339
00:41:35,483 --> 00:41:38,243
But another group of animals
has seen
340
00:41:38,243 --> 00:41:40,723
an even more dramatic rise
341
00:41:40,723 --> 00:41:43,563
as a consequence of OUR actions.
342
00:41:47,483 --> 00:41:50,683
We have increased the numbers
of a few species
343
00:41:50,683 --> 00:41:52,723
almost astronomically.
344
00:41:54,483 --> 00:41:55,923
By weight,
345
00:41:55,923 --> 00:41:59,963
70% of the world's birds
are now chickens
346
00:41:59,963 --> 00:42:02,603
or other domesticated fowl.
347
00:42:13,243 --> 00:42:18,163
We rear 70 billion farm animals
each year...
348
00:42:19,723 --> 00:42:22,523
...and every one of them
needs feeding.
349
00:42:23,843 --> 00:42:25,803
Producing the food
350
00:42:25,803 --> 00:42:29,043
for such numbers
of domesticated animals
351
00:42:29,043 --> 00:42:32,803
is having a profound impact
on the natural world.
352
00:42:40,883 --> 00:42:43,443
The Amazon rainforest -
353
00:42:43,443 --> 00:42:46,283
twice the size of India.
354
00:42:48,603 --> 00:42:50,123
It's so rich,
355
00:42:50,123 --> 00:42:54,803
it contains one in every ten
species on the planet.
356
00:42:55,923 --> 00:43:00,643
And it's home to this sloth
and her ten-month-old baby.
357
00:43:07,803 --> 00:43:11,483
He was born into an environment
358
00:43:11,483 --> 00:43:14,603
virtually untouched by humanity.
359
00:43:23,243 --> 00:43:28,683
But now human beings
are claiming even this space.
360
00:43:56,323 --> 00:44:00,443
Year after year, we clear
over two million hectares
361
00:44:00,443 --> 00:44:02,283
of the Amazon forest -
362
00:44:02,283 --> 00:44:05,763
an area the size of Wales.
363
00:44:12,563 --> 00:44:14,963
And we use nearly all of it
364
00:44:14,963 --> 00:44:17,523
to make more space
for cattle...
365
00:44:18,723 --> 00:44:22,643
...and to grow soya
to feed our livestock.
366
00:44:27,323 --> 00:44:31,483
Today, habitat destruction
is the biggest problem
367
00:44:31,483 --> 00:44:35,083
we have created for wildlife
around the world.
368
00:44:41,163 --> 00:44:44,523
This porcupine
has survived the fire...
369
00:44:47,683 --> 00:44:49,723
...and is being rescued.
370
00:44:58,483 --> 00:45:03,163
It's being relocated
to pristine forests.
371
00:45:08,683 --> 00:45:11,443
This will be its new home.
372
00:45:19,323 --> 00:45:21,563
Only a fortunate few animals
373
00:45:21,563 --> 00:45:25,043
are being given
such a second chance.
374
00:45:47,643 --> 00:45:51,843
A healthy natural world is
not only vital for wildlife...
375
00:45:53,043 --> 00:45:56,923
...but for our own very existence.
376
00:46:01,843 --> 00:46:06,643
Somehow we must find ways
to redress the balance.
377
00:46:13,963 --> 00:46:18,483
Currently, the vast majority
of agricultural land,
378
00:46:18,483 --> 00:46:20,723
more than 75%,
379
00:46:20,723 --> 00:46:23,403
is used to raise livestock,
380
00:46:23,403 --> 00:46:25,963
and this is very inefficient.
381
00:46:29,843 --> 00:46:31,803
There are solutions.
382
00:46:33,603 --> 00:46:36,443
One is considering what we eat.
383
00:46:45,963 --> 00:46:49,243
If we shift away
from eating meat and dairy
384
00:46:49,243 --> 00:46:52,443
and move towards
a plant-based diet,
385
00:46:52,443 --> 00:46:57,203
then the sun's energy goes directly
into growing our food.
386
00:47:04,483 --> 00:47:07,003
And because
that's so much more efficient,
387
00:47:07,003 --> 00:47:10,563
we could still produce
enough to feed us,
388
00:47:10,563 --> 00:47:14,403
but do so
using a quarter of the land.
389
00:47:18,363 --> 00:47:22,923
This could free up an area
the size of the United States,
390
00:47:22,923 --> 00:47:28,563
China, the European Union
and Australia combined...
391
00:47:30,923 --> 00:47:35,923
...space that could then
be given back to nature.
392
00:47:41,363 --> 00:47:44,003
And human innovations
may be able
393
00:47:44,003 --> 00:47:46,723
to do even more for wildlife.
394
00:47:49,723 --> 00:47:54,243
High-tech farms
now grow plants vertically,
395
00:47:54,243 --> 00:47:59,563
yielding up to 350 times
the food grown in the same area.
396
00:48:03,723 --> 00:48:07,123
This is one of many solutions
we already have,
397
00:48:07,123 --> 00:48:10,403
and others
are surely on the horizon.
398
00:48:22,963 --> 00:48:26,243
To find ways
to protect all life on Earth
399
00:48:26,243 --> 00:48:31,363
means reimagining how we live
on this planet in the future.
400
00:48:31,363 --> 00:48:33,203
Human ingenuity,
401
00:48:33,203 --> 00:48:36,643
our extraordinary ability
to find solutions,
402
00:48:36,643 --> 00:48:40,003
gives me hope that we can.
403
00:48:40,003 --> 00:48:42,323
It will be the major challenge
404
00:48:42,323 --> 00:48:45,283
for this generation
and the next.
405
00:49:12,123 --> 00:49:13,843
To film the impact
406
00:49:13,843 --> 00:49:15,963
that fires are having
on the Amazon,
407
00:49:15,963 --> 00:49:17,323
the Planet Earth III team
408
00:49:17,323 --> 00:49:21,003
joined a local
volunteer fire brigade.
409
00:49:23,043 --> 00:49:25,283
The fire brigade
are responding to a patch
410
00:49:25,283 --> 00:49:27,803
of primary rainforest
that is burning.
411
00:49:27,803 --> 00:49:29,523
It's been burning
for two days now.
412
00:49:29,523 --> 00:49:32,323
It's difficult to know
what we're going to see.
413
00:49:34,923 --> 00:49:37,923
The fires
are mainly lit illegally...
414
00:49:39,483 --> 00:49:41,843
...to clear space for cattle.
415
00:49:58,603 --> 00:50:01,683
Battling fires
is dangerous work.
416
00:50:01,683 --> 00:50:05,803
But the firefighters
face them every day.
417
00:50:07,283 --> 00:50:09,323
For the wildlife film crew,
418
00:50:09,323 --> 00:50:12,283
this is a totally new experience.
419
00:50:13,283 --> 00:50:17,203
And these fires
can be unpredictable.
420
00:50:17,203 --> 00:50:19,563
Neil, don't spend long
in there.
421
00:50:41,163 --> 00:50:42,403
Oh!
422
00:50:52,643 --> 00:50:55,443
With the ground team retreating,
423
00:50:55,443 --> 00:50:59,523
the safest way to carry on
filming is with the drone.
424
00:51:26,363 --> 00:51:29,403
Have we lost the drone?
I think Abi has seen it.
425
00:51:29,403 --> 00:51:30,603
Abi is on her way.
426
00:51:30,603 --> 00:51:33,403
Can you confirm you're on
your way to the drone, Abi?
427
00:51:52,083 --> 00:51:55,443
The drone is damaged
beyond repair.
428
00:51:56,763 --> 00:51:58,403
Don't worry about it.
I mean it.
429
00:51:58,403 --> 00:52:01,043
Don't worry about it.
It's absolutely fine.
430
00:52:01,043 --> 00:52:02,643
It's not OK. It is. It's OK.
431
00:52:02,643 --> 00:52:04,363
It's equipment.
We've got a spare.
432
00:52:04,363 --> 00:52:07,003
The main thing is,
we're all safe. No-one's hurt.
433
00:52:09,683 --> 00:52:11,603
The team regroup...
434
00:52:13,563 --> 00:52:16,003
...and decide to move away
from the heart of the fire
435
00:52:16,003 --> 00:52:18,123
to its fringes
436
00:52:18,123 --> 00:52:21,283
to look for animals
caught up in the flames.
437
00:52:23,443 --> 00:52:26,683
There's been reports
of a monkey in the trees, so...
438
00:52:28,043 --> 00:52:29,043
Ah!
439
00:52:31,323 --> 00:52:33,563
The problem is, there's fires
all the way along here,
440
00:52:33,563 --> 00:52:35,963
as well as all along here, so...
441
00:52:35,963 --> 00:52:38,123
It's hard to know what all
this wildlife is going to do
442
00:52:38,123 --> 00:52:40,443
when their home
is burnt up like this.
443
00:52:42,363 --> 00:52:46,403
I don't know what it's like
for these rainforest animals
444
00:52:46,403 --> 00:52:47,883
to be experiencing a fire.
445
00:52:47,883 --> 00:52:49,803
It's horrific for me, so...
446
00:52:50,883 --> 00:52:53,523
...I don't know
what it is for them.
447
00:52:57,043 --> 00:53:00,123
The fires burn into the night.
448
00:53:12,123 --> 00:53:14,163
The following day,
449
00:53:14,163 --> 00:53:17,083
the crew accompany
the firefighters
450
00:53:17,083 --> 00:53:20,883
in the search for animals
in the aftermath.
451
00:53:22,283 --> 00:53:25,043
Oh, my God, there are flames
all inside of it.
452
00:53:25,043 --> 00:53:26,723
Little termite...
453
00:53:28,243 --> 00:53:30,323
Oh, my God!
454
00:53:32,043 --> 00:53:36,083
Remarkably,
some animals have survived.
455
00:54:33,443 --> 00:54:35,283
Clearing land for farming
456
00:54:35,283 --> 00:54:37,763
is not a problem
unique to the Amazon.
457
00:54:39,843 --> 00:54:43,683
Agriculture now takes up
half of the habitable land
458
00:54:43,683 --> 00:54:45,563
on the planet.
459
00:54:47,403 --> 00:54:50,363
To produce food with less impact
on the natural world
460
00:54:50,363 --> 00:54:53,243
requires new approaches.
461
00:54:54,443 --> 00:54:58,403
And that led the wildlife
film crew to a farm
462
00:54:58,403 --> 00:55:00,563
in a warehouse.
463
00:55:05,083 --> 00:55:06,923
We're in the middle of the city!
464
00:55:06,923 --> 00:55:09,123
I can't believe so much food
465
00:55:09,123 --> 00:55:11,643
being grown
in such a small space!
466
00:55:14,443 --> 00:55:18,923
Here in Los Angeles,
6,000 miles from the Amazon,
467
00:55:18,923 --> 00:55:22,563
this farm is part of
a burgeoning food revolution.
468
00:55:24,043 --> 00:55:27,363
This is the most productive
farm in the world,
469
00:55:27,363 --> 00:55:30,123
and it's our goal to reduce the
amount of land and resources
470
00:55:30,123 --> 00:55:32,523
necessary to grow
down to the bare minimum.
471
00:55:32,523 --> 00:55:34,963
It took a while
to understand that, for nature,
472
00:55:34,963 --> 00:55:37,003
agricultural use of land
473
00:55:37,003 --> 00:55:40,683
was the primary, like, destructive
behaviour of humanity.
474
00:55:40,683 --> 00:55:43,883
As we expand
this means of growing,
475
00:55:43,883 --> 00:55:47,043
I'm very hopeful that
this approach can ultimately
476
00:55:47,043 --> 00:55:49,283
give a lot of land back
to nature
477
00:55:49,283 --> 00:55:52,083
and allow that biodiversity
to re-establish and flourish.
478
00:55:54,403 --> 00:55:57,883
Not only does this farm
use less space...
479
00:55:59,083 --> 00:56:03,283
...but it also uses 90% less water,
480
00:56:03,283 --> 00:56:05,683
no pesticides,
481
00:56:05,683 --> 00:56:08,083
and cuts food miles.
482
00:56:10,723 --> 00:56:13,683
It does feel
like a really good start.
483
00:56:13,683 --> 00:56:19,883
Ideas like this can reduce
our footprint on the planet,
484
00:56:19,883 --> 00:56:24,683
giving the natural world
a chance to bounce back.
485
00:56:33,963 --> 00:56:35,723
Next time,
486
00:56:35,723 --> 00:56:39,683
the heroes on the frontline
saving wildlife.
487
00:56:42,323 --> 00:56:45,163
They're exploring remote jungles...
488
00:56:46,923 --> 00:56:50,243
...working undercover to catch criminals...
489
00:56:51,763 --> 00:56:55,163
...and leading endangered creatures
to safety.
490
00:56:58,123 --> 00:57:02,323
Habitat Explorer brings animals
and their habitats to life.
491
00:57:02,323 --> 00:57:05,963
Explore this free interactive
and make origami animals.
492
00:57:05,963 --> 00:57:10,043
Go to...
493
00:57:10,043 --> 00:57:12,283
...and follow the links to the
Open University.
494
00:57:12,283 --> 00:57:15,683
Or to order a free printed version,
visit the website
495
00:57:15,683 --> 00:57:18,283
or call the number on the screen.
37465
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