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Forests at first sight
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may seem quiet and tranquil.
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But today we can explore them in new ways...
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..and from a new perspective.
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And, in fact, they're full of unexpected connections,
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relationships
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and even secret messages.
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Only now are we discovering
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how strange and complex
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forests actually are.
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The rainforest of Borneo.
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A pair of oriental pied hornbills are renewing their partnership.
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They mate for life.
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And this year's nesting season is just starting.
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Before they face the challenges ahead,
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they reaffirm their bond.
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And they do so with an unusual ritual...
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..at the entrance to a bat cave that they know well.
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This rather curious gift
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isn't normally on their menu.
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But it both demonstrates devotion
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and reassures the female that her mate will provide for her.
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In the coming weeks, she will depend on him
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in the most extraordinary way.
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Nesting is a dangerous time for any bird.
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The hole in this tree trunk
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will provide vital protection.
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Just what she wants.
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Once settled inside...
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..the female does something truly bizarre.
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She pulls out her flight feathers.
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She is not going to need them
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because she will be staying in here for quite some time.
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It's not only a little cramped,
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it also lacks basic amenities.
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Now her partner brings her a beakful of mud.
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And she begins to seal herself in.
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She has turned the tree hole
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into a predator-proof fortress.
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But it's also...
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..a prison.
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Her partner, however, is a regular visitor.
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For the next two months, he will deliver all her food
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directly to her door.
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But she can be fussy.
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He's going to have his work cut out.
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HORNBILL CALLS
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Delicious.
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It may seem that he has been doing all the work...
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..But she, too, has been fully occupied.
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The food he has brought has enabled her to produce
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two precious eggs.
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She will keep them safe for another six weeks
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until the young have grown and fledged.
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And then, both she and they
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will break out of their confinement.
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But until then...
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..this devoted couple are going to be very busy indeed.
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The warmth and the moisture of rainforests
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enables their inhabitants to flourish
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in both numbers and variety.
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And here, in the Amazon, live many strange species.
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SOFT HOOTING
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This is a treehopper.
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One of hundreds of different types in this forest.
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They not only have a bizarre appearance...
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..but they also communicate...
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RESONANT PURRING
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...in a remarkable way.
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CLICKING AND PURRING
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Vibrating their bodies, they send signals
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through the forest plants they live on.
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CLICKING AND PURRING
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Most of these messages we can only hear by using special microphones.
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HIGH-PITCHED TONES
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Each treehopper species has its own repertoire.
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LOW-PITCHED HOOTING
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RESONANT RUMBLING
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HIGH-PITCHED BUZZING
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And every sound...
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PULSING HOOTING
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..has its own particular meaning.
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SHRILL BUZZING
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Whether it is to attract a mate...
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..share information about food...
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LOW WHOOPING
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STUTTERED CLICKING
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..or warn each other about the arrival of predators.
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STUTTERED CLICKING
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SHRILL PURRING
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LOW PURRING
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This treehopper mother communicates with her young,
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encouraging them to stay together
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so that she can protect them.
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For there are plenty here waiting to eat young treehoppers.
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Ants...
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..on the hunt.
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Treehoppers know how to defend themselves.
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But not all threats are so easily dealt with.
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An assassin bug.
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Armed with piercing mouthparts
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and sticky front legs...
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...capable of literally sucking the life out of her entire brood.
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PURRING AND CLICKING
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She can try to block the assassin's path.
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But she can't guard them all.
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She needs help from friends in high places.
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Bees.
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They're very aggressive.
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This is more than the assassin bug bargained for.
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Mission accomplished.
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Her brood are safe.
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The bees don't protect the treehoppers for free.
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A little tickle on a treehopper's back...
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..and they exude a sugary liquid.
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Honeydew.
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A sweet reward for protecting them.
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It's just one of the countless ways
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in which forest species work together.
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In the forests of India,
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you can hear a unique and truly extraordinary sound.
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RHYTHMIC WHISTLING
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These are dholes...
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..wild dogs that whistle.
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Like treehoppers, they, too, communicate in secret -
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but for a different reason.
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DEEP RUMBLING
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Hunting in a dense teak forest is difficult...
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...especially so if your prey is three times your own size.
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The only way for dholes to succeed
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is to work as a team.
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This family has four growing pups.
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A chital deer could feed the entire pack.
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The pack must get close...
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...without being detected.
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GRUNTS
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CLAMOUR OF ANIMAL CALLS
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But with eyes and ears everywhere...
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...the deer are soon aware of the dogs' presence.
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SQUEAKING AND RATTLING
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The pack can't afford to give up.
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They may have better luck here.
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The vegetation is dense and provides better cover.
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But the dholes could easily lose track of one another.
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So they use their unique whistles.
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SOFT WHISTLING
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Only dholes can understand
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these quiet, unobtrusive calls.
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RHYTHMIC WHISTLING
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Now they take up their hunting positions...
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...even though they can't see each other.
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WHISTLING
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WHISTLING
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With the deer surrounded...
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...the dholes wait for the signal to attack.
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WHISTLES
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SHARP YELP
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Some of the dholes split the herd...
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..and drive a stag towards others waiting in ambush.
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YELPING CALLS
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DHOLES SNARL
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The dholes' ability to communicate so quietly
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enables them to stay connected,
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and so hunt successfully in the tangle of their jungle.
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The mountainous forests of central China.
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Until recently, these were among the least known of forests.
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They're full of swirling mists,
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and few outsiders had any idea
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of what they might contain.
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THUNDER RUMBLES
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Living in such dense vegetation,
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it's difficult to make yourself seen...
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..even when you want to be.
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And that's a problem for this male Temminck's tragopan.
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He has lived most of his life alone.
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And this is his first mating season.
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TRAGOPAN CHIRPS
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He needs to make himself conspicuous in the gloom of the forest floor,
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and he's found a clearing where he might do so.
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A female.
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TRAGOPAN SQUAWKS
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She, too, is looking for a mate.
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This could be his moment.
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Oh, dear.
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TRAGOPAN CHIRPS SOFTLY
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Stage fright.
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SHRILL SQUAWKING
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And who is this?
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A male golden pheasant.
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He, too, has come to this clearing...
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PHEASANT SQUAWKS
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...to attract a female.
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And he seems a little more confident.
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So that is how it's done.
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The tragopan might still have a chance.
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Here is a new female.
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But is she interested?
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It's time to be bold.
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RHYTHMIC RATTLING
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He pumps up a pair of horns
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and a multicoloured bib.
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It's a sight to be wondered at.
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And it has never before been filmed in the wild.
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RATTLING
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Not today.
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How deflating.
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TRAGOPAN CHIRPS SOFTLY
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The temperate rainforests of western Canada.
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Some of the trees here are 1,000 years old.
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It's autumn, and the beginning of a spectacle that each year
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transforms this forest and all that lives in it.
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After years at sea, thousands of Pacific salmon
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are returning to these streams to breed.
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SOFT GRUNT
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And they attract the forest's rarest resident.
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A spirit bear.
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A white variant of the black bear.
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Fewer than 150 exist,
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and they're found only here.
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This female has fished for salmon here for 20 years.
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Get your timing right...
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..and there can be great rewards.
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In her youth, she was, in fact, even more successful
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than the black bears.
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Perhaps her pale coat makes it difficult for the fish to see her
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against the bright sky,
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and that could give her an advantage.
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But now she is old,
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and this year she's finding it hard.
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Her fishing skills, however, haven't totally deserted her.
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This annual feast helps her to fatten,
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ready for the winter ahead.
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But it also helps the patch of forest where she lives.
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This female has an unusual relationship with the forest.
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Every fish carcass she leaves behind decays,
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releasing nutrients that soak into the soil.
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And there...
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..they are collected by a network of fungi.
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The threads attach themselves to the trees' roots.
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And nutrients from the fish, collected by the fungi,
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are then passed on to the trees.
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As a consequence, the forest around the river
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grows three times faster than elsewhere.
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And some trees here become as tall as any in the world...
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..and provide spirit bears with a healthy forest home.
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We now know that such relationships exist in forests all over the world.
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At the heart of these many connections
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stand giant trees, like this one.
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A kapok.
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It started life as a seed some 200 years ago.
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Now it towers 60 metres above the forest floor...
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..and transports 1,000 litres of nutrient-filled water
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from its roots up to its canopy every day.
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So this giant gives life to others.
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A whole community of animals and plants
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depends on the wellbeing of this one tree.
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CHAINSAW BUZZES
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A single cut made in just a few moments
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has broken thousands of long-established connections.
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Across the world's forests,
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this story is being repeated endlessly.
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15 billion trees
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are cut down every year.
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Every one of these trees is, in itself,
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an intricate ecosystem.
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But here in Brazil, they're being replaced
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by plantations of a single species of tree.
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Originally from Australia...
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..these eucalypts are unable to build relationships
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with most of the native plants and animals.
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And, worse, these newcomers grow so rapidly
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they extract nutrients from the soil
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faster than they can be replaced.
274
00:37:31,080 --> 00:37:34,960
And what was once a rich and complex world...
275
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..becomes little more than a green desert.
276
00:38:16,360 --> 00:38:18,960
And at just five years of age...
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00:38:20,160 --> 00:38:22,360
..their lives are ended.
278
00:38:25,120 --> 00:38:29,000
They're felled and taken away.
279
00:38:39,440 --> 00:38:45,080
Their wood is then pulped to make paper.
280
00:38:56,200 --> 00:39:00,320
And all that remains of the rich rainforest
281
00:39:00,320 --> 00:39:03,720
are a few tiny patches.
282
00:39:12,200 --> 00:39:17,040
Patches so small that few of the original inhabitants
283
00:39:17,040 --> 00:39:20,440
are able to survive in them.
284
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Uganda, East Africa.
285
00:39:41,960 --> 00:39:44,960
This small group of chimpanzees
286
00:39:44,960 --> 00:39:48,280
have a detailed knowledge of the forest territory
287
00:39:48,280 --> 00:39:52,640
that they inherited from previous generations.
288
00:40:02,520 --> 00:40:06,120
They know the best places to shelter,
289
00:40:06,120 --> 00:40:08,000
to raise their young...
290
00:40:11,360 --> 00:40:13,080
..and to feed.
291
00:40:32,400 --> 00:40:35,520
This fruiting tree
292
00:40:35,520 --> 00:40:40,640
cannot by itself sustain the chimps for long.
293
00:40:56,000 --> 00:40:58,160
CHIMPANZEE CALLS
294
00:40:58,160 --> 00:41:02,880
The alpha male signals that it's time to move on.
295
00:41:02,880 --> 00:41:06,120
GRUNTING AND SCREECHING
296
00:41:08,560 --> 00:41:12,320
Where he goes, others will follow.
297
00:41:30,400 --> 00:41:34,400
He leads them not to another fruiting tree...
298
00:41:36,360 --> 00:41:39,720
..but into a new world.
299
00:41:41,960 --> 00:41:45,320
TRAFFIC HUMS
300
00:41:59,200 --> 00:42:02,760
This road, only recently built,
301
00:42:02,760 --> 00:42:05,880
has cut through their territory.
302
00:42:14,920 --> 00:42:18,280
The alpha male is cautious.
303
00:42:26,200 --> 00:42:30,320
His own mother was killed on this road.
304
00:42:41,400 --> 00:42:43,040
HORN BLARES
305
00:42:47,520 --> 00:42:49,600
HORN HONKS
306
00:42:52,400 --> 00:42:55,200
He makes sure it's clear before crossing
307
00:42:55,200 --> 00:42:58,480
with the slower members of his family.
308
00:43:17,000 --> 00:43:20,920
If the group is to get what they need...
309
00:43:24,320 --> 00:43:28,080
..they will have to go against their natural instincts...
310
00:43:30,440 --> 00:43:33,600
..and approach humans.
311
00:43:35,760 --> 00:43:38,120
PIG GRUNTS
312
00:44:02,040 --> 00:44:05,840
But their new neighbours are friendly.
313
00:44:11,600 --> 00:44:15,400
And they allow the chimps to collect...
314
00:44:17,520 --> 00:44:19,520
..jackfruit,
315
00:44:19,520 --> 00:44:22,600
the largest of all tree fruits.
316
00:44:28,920 --> 00:44:33,920
Jackfruit grow all year round in people's gardens.
317
00:44:46,800 --> 00:44:49,080
And they're more nutritious
318
00:44:49,080 --> 00:44:51,800
than the limited amount of wild food
319
00:44:51,800 --> 00:44:56,520
the chimps can now find in what remains of their forest.
320
00:45:07,960 --> 00:45:10,520
But this is a new world...
321
00:45:11,840 --> 00:45:14,640
..and a new relationship.
322
00:45:19,280 --> 00:45:23,160
New boundaries need to be established.
323
00:45:26,080 --> 00:45:28,840
Some of the chimps start to help themselves
324
00:45:28,840 --> 00:45:31,000
to people's crops.
325
00:45:32,720 --> 00:45:34,840
DOGS BARK
326
00:45:40,160 --> 00:45:42,920
SCREECHING AND GRUNTING
327
00:45:45,280 --> 00:45:48,480
CLAMOUR OF ANIMAL CALLS
328
00:45:59,840 --> 00:46:01,880
WINGS FLUTTER
329
00:46:04,640 --> 00:46:07,200
They have outstayed their welcome,
330
00:46:07,200 --> 00:46:11,240
and the alpha male decides that it's time to leave.
331
00:46:11,240 --> 00:46:13,760
CHIMPANZEES SCREECH
332
00:46:31,520 --> 00:46:35,920
The chimps make this dangerous journey every day.
333
00:46:54,000 --> 00:46:56,600
But these highly intelligent animals,
334
00:46:56,600 --> 00:46:59,120
our closest living relatives,
335
00:46:59,120 --> 00:47:01,680
have managed, just about,
336
00:47:01,680 --> 00:47:04,120
to carve out a place for themselves
337
00:47:04,120 --> 00:47:06,960
in this changing world.
338
00:47:12,040 --> 00:47:14,520
Animals have maintained
339
00:47:14,520 --> 00:47:17,720
a long-established relationship with forests.
340
00:47:22,040 --> 00:47:26,240
But as we continue to break our connections with them,
341
00:47:26,240 --> 00:47:29,000
the question is,
342
00:47:29,000 --> 00:47:31,480
for how much longer will they survive?
343
00:47:33,560 --> 00:47:38,600
Surely, the time has come to rebuild them.
344
00:48:01,480 --> 00:48:03,600
Over many years,
345
00:48:03,600 --> 00:48:06,760
I've been lucky enough to watch chimps in their natural home,
346
00:48:06,760 --> 00:48:10,160
such as here in the thick forests of West Africa.
347
00:48:11,480 --> 00:48:13,800
Chimpanzees.
348
00:48:13,800 --> 00:48:16,640
A peaceful scene of jungle harmony.
349
00:48:18,200 --> 00:48:20,720
The experienced male...
350
00:48:20,720 --> 00:48:23,120
..is sitting right there.
351
00:48:23,120 --> 00:48:26,320
But the lives of many chimpanzees
352
00:48:26,320 --> 00:48:28,800
are now changing dramatically.
353
00:48:44,160 --> 00:48:47,960
Here, in Uganda, over the last decade,
354
00:48:47,960 --> 00:48:52,280
they have lost over 80% of their forest home.
355
00:48:58,840 --> 00:49:02,600
They don't live in a protected area.
356
00:49:04,640 --> 00:49:08,680
To survive here, they have to live alongside
357
00:49:08,680 --> 00:49:13,040
the 200 or so human families who farm here.
358
00:49:14,760 --> 00:49:17,520
The chimps always come from the forest.
359
00:49:18,720 --> 00:49:21,120
They come to eat jackfruit from my land.
360
00:49:22,760 --> 00:49:25,560
They know us by our faces,
361
00:49:25,560 --> 00:49:28,880
as we know them by their faces, as well.
362
00:49:30,120 --> 00:49:33,520
To tell the story of this remarkable chimp group,
363
00:49:33,520 --> 00:49:37,760
the Planet Earth team are working with these residents.
364
00:49:41,480 --> 00:49:43,360
SCREECHING
365
00:49:43,360 --> 00:49:44,960
Who was that, Tom?
366
00:49:44,960 --> 00:49:46,920
This one was Araali.
367
00:49:48,800 --> 00:49:53,880
Tom is part of the Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project.
368
00:49:55,760 --> 00:50:00,440
He's been studying the chimps every day for the last 15 years...
369
00:50:01,680 --> 00:50:04,920
..and has seen the change first-hand.
370
00:50:06,000 --> 00:50:08,040
Very many things have changed.
371
00:50:08,040 --> 00:50:11,800
When chimpanzees were seeing people, they would run.
372
00:50:11,800 --> 00:50:13,800
Run very quickly and go.
373
00:50:13,800 --> 00:50:16,400
But now they just stand.
374
00:50:16,400 --> 00:50:18,480
Because everywhere they go,
375
00:50:18,480 --> 00:50:20,640
they find a person.
376
00:50:23,160 --> 00:50:27,480
Chimps are normally tricky to film in the wild.
377
00:50:27,480 --> 00:50:31,080
But in this human world, the crew are surprised
378
00:50:31,080 --> 00:50:33,960
by how easy it is to approach them.
379
00:50:36,960 --> 00:50:39,480
Another one coming up the path.
380
00:50:42,840 --> 00:50:44,840
But back in the forest,
381
00:50:44,840 --> 00:50:47,200
it's a different story.
382
00:50:50,240 --> 00:50:54,200
Here, the chimps seem wary of the newcomers.
383
00:51:01,680 --> 00:51:03,200
CREW MEMBER GRUNTS
384
00:51:03,200 --> 00:51:05,040
There's a ditch there.
385
00:51:12,720 --> 00:51:15,160
All the crew get to see...
386
00:51:17,800 --> 00:51:20,000
..is a lot of bottoms.
387
00:51:21,720 --> 00:51:26,560
This afternoon, the chimps have been taking us on a wild-goose chase.
388
00:51:26,560 --> 00:51:29,480
They've crossed the river and then they've crossed back,
389
00:51:29,480 --> 00:51:31,880
gone past us while we're in the woods,
390
00:51:31,880 --> 00:51:34,240
and then now they've disappeared again.
391
00:51:35,840 --> 00:51:39,000
When we don't have chimps...
392
00:51:39,000 --> 00:51:42,000
..we film goats!
393
00:51:48,840 --> 00:51:51,560
Here, in the chimps' forest home,
394
00:51:51,560 --> 00:51:54,960
it's going to take time to earn the group's trust...
395
00:51:54,960 --> 00:51:58,080
DISTANT SCREECHING
396
00:51:58,080 --> 00:51:59,960
I think they found Moses.
397
00:52:01,120 --> 00:52:03,040
..and get to know one another.
398
00:52:03,040 --> 00:52:04,960
This is Jack.
399
00:52:06,240 --> 00:52:10,120
After two weeks, things are improving on the ground.
400
00:52:11,840 --> 00:52:16,400
But what will the chimps think of the crew up in the trees?
401
00:52:20,120 --> 00:52:23,840
I can see a bunch of chimp faces looking up at me.
402
00:52:23,840 --> 00:52:25,600
This is a new experience for them.
403
00:52:25,600 --> 00:52:28,760
I doubt they've ever seen a human in a tree before.
404
00:52:28,760 --> 00:52:31,920
So, hopefully, they accept me.
405
00:52:56,280 --> 00:52:58,640
After hours of waiting...
406
00:52:59,800 --> 00:53:01,600
..success!
407
00:53:05,120 --> 00:53:07,680
All the chimps that were on the ground looking up at me
408
00:53:07,680 --> 00:53:09,600
are now happily in the tree,
409
00:53:09,600 --> 00:53:12,640
which is a really good sign that they've accepted me.
410
00:53:14,400 --> 00:53:17,320
It's the first time that we've been able to see at their level
411
00:53:17,320 --> 00:53:19,200
while they're feeding.
412
00:53:40,000 --> 00:53:42,560
For the crew, it has taken a long time
413
00:53:42,560 --> 00:53:44,720
to gain the chimps' acceptance.
414
00:53:46,600 --> 00:53:49,720
But, in fact, the chimps here have shown that they can
415
00:53:49,720 --> 00:53:52,480
respond quickly to the presence of people.
416
00:53:55,000 --> 00:53:58,720
Chimpanzees are highly intelligent.
417
00:53:58,720 --> 00:54:01,240
If you cut down the forest,
418
00:54:01,240 --> 00:54:04,240
well, chimps will start eating human crops.
419
00:54:04,240 --> 00:54:09,080
If you divide their range up with roads and, you know...
420
00:54:09,080 --> 00:54:12,680
Well, chimps will end up just learning to cross the roads.
421
00:54:15,040 --> 00:54:18,880
The animals can adapt to an increasingly human environment.
422
00:54:18,880 --> 00:54:23,600
The question is, can people accommodate an animal like a chimp?
423
00:54:25,720 --> 00:54:28,080
LOUD SCREECHING
424
00:54:34,000 --> 00:54:36,520
Chimpanzees can be dangerous.
425
00:54:36,520 --> 00:54:39,000
CHIMPANZEES SCREECH
426
00:54:39,000 --> 00:54:43,280
Living alongside them is a mixed experience.
427
00:54:58,280 --> 00:55:02,560
The local community and the project have been working together
428
00:55:02,560 --> 00:55:06,240
to try to decrease the impact of these problems.
429
00:55:11,160 --> 00:55:13,840
Over the last eight years,
430
00:55:13,840 --> 00:55:16,000
Lilian and her family
431
00:55:16,000 --> 00:55:18,760
have planted native seedlings on her land
432
00:55:18,760 --> 00:55:21,320
and left her patch of forest to regrow.
433
00:55:22,480 --> 00:55:25,920
If we cut it, they come and sleep in our houses,
434
00:55:25,920 --> 00:55:28,680
so we should leave that place for them.
435
00:55:31,280 --> 00:55:34,760
If you leave them and you don't disturb them,
436
00:55:34,760 --> 00:55:37,400
they are peaceful animals.
437
00:55:41,800 --> 00:55:45,080
With other residents following suit,
438
00:55:45,080 --> 00:55:50,000
more of the forest is showing positive signs of return.
439
00:55:53,680 --> 00:55:56,080
There is a long way to go,
440
00:55:56,080 --> 00:56:00,320
and the future for these chimps remains uncertain.
441
00:56:03,600 --> 00:56:07,520
But where peaceful coexistence can be built,
442
00:56:07,520 --> 00:56:09,680
there is hope.
443
00:56:19,040 --> 00:56:21,960
Next time...
444
00:56:21,960 --> 00:56:26,040
..animals battle the elements in a world of extremes...
445
00:56:29,120 --> 00:56:31,800
..where life exists on a knife edge...
446
00:56:34,840 --> 00:56:38,280
..in Earth's greatest natural wonders.
447
00:56:44,120 --> 00:56:47,520
Habitat Explorer brings animals and their habitats to life.
448
00:56:47,520 --> 00:56:51,320
Explore this free interactive, and make origami animals.
449
00:56:51,320 --> 00:56:55,280
Go to bbc.co.uk/planetearth3
450
00:56:55,280 --> 00:56:57,240
and follow the links to the Open University.
451
00:56:57,240 --> 00:56:59,480
Or to order a free printed version,
452
00:56:59,480 --> 00:57:03,640
visit the website or call the numbers on the screen.
33133
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