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Narrator:
THE MILKY WAY...
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...AN EMPIRE
OF OVER 200 BILLION STARS.
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00:00:10,867 --> 00:00:14,000
Oluseyi: THE EARTH IS OUR HOME.
THE SUN IS OUR STAR.
4
00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:15,400
AND THE MILKY WAY IS
OUR GALAXY.
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IT'S US.
IT'S OUR HOME.
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00:00:18,167 --> 00:00:21,100
Narrator:
BUT WHERE DID IT ALL COME FROM?
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00:00:21,100 --> 00:00:23,533
Thaller:
WHY DO GALAXIES FORM AT ALL?
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SOMETHING HAS TO HAPPEN.
SOMETHING HAS TO MIX THINGS UP.
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00:00:28,067 --> 00:00:31,100
Narrator: SO WHAT SPARKED
OUR GALAXY INTO LIFE?
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00:00:34,400 --> 00:00:38,467
NEW RESEARCH SUGGESTS
AN UNLIKELY HERO.
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00:00:38,467 --> 00:00:42,133
Krauss: AT THE CENTER OF OUR
GALAXY IS A MASSIVE BLACK HOLE.
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00:00:42,133 --> 00:00:44,000
AND BY MASSIVE,
I MEAN REALLY MASSIVE.
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00:00:44,000 --> 00:00:47,100
Plait: EVEN THOUGH THIS THING
IS TERRIFYING,
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00:00:47,100 --> 00:00:48,300
OUR GALAXY DEPENDS ON IT.
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00:00:48,300 --> 00:00:50,767
Narrator:
COULD THIS MONSTER,
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THE GREAT DESTROYER
OF THE UNIVERSE,
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00:00:53,500 --> 00:00:57,033
ACTUALLY BE A GREAT CREATOR?
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00:00:57,033 --> 00:01:01,067
COULD A BLACK HOLE HAVE BUILT
OUR HOME, THE MILKY WAY?
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Krauss: THE BLACK HOLE
MAY BE RESPONSIBLE
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FOR THE BEGINNING OF OUR GALAXY,
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00:01:04,300 --> 00:01:07,300
AND IT'LL DEFINITELY ULTIMATELY
BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS DEATH.
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00:01:07,300 --> 00:01:10,300
-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com
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CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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Narrator:
LOOK AROUND THE UNIVERSE,
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AND YOU'LL SEE GALAXIES
OF EVERY KIND,
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A KALEIDOSCOPIC ARRAY
OF UNIQUE SHAPES AND SIZES.
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THESE GRAND GALACTIC STRUCTURES
FILL THE COSMOS.
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Plait: THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCK
OF THE UNIVERSE IS THE GALAXY,
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AND THERE ARE HUNDREDS
OF BILLIONS OF GALAXIES
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IN THE UNIVERSE.
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THE SAME WAY THAT CELLS MAKE UP
YOUR BODY
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OR BRICKS MAKE UP A BUILDING,
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GALAXIES MAKE UP THE UNIVERSE.
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Narrator: WE SHOULD THANK
OUR LUCKY STARS FOR GALAXIES.
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Thaller: GALAXIES ARE THE ONLY
PLACE IN THE UNIVERSE
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WHERE STARS AND PLANETS FORM.
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WE DON'T SEE STARS
OUT BETWEEN THE GALAXIES.
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THIS IS THE ONLY PLACE
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WHERE THE HYDROGEN IS
BROUGHT TOGETHER,
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HEATED UP, AND A GENERATION
OF LIFE CAN BEGIN.
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Narrator:
THERE ARE HUNDREDS OF BILLIONS
OF GALAXIES IN THE UNIVERSE,
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BUT ONLY ONE GAVE BIRTH TO US.
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I SOMETIMES ASK MY STUDENTS
TO IDENTIFY WHERE THEY LIVE.
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WELL, YOU WOULD SAY,
FOR EXAMPLE, "NEW YORK CITY,"
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"THE US OF A," "PLANET EARTH,"
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"THIRD PLANET FROM THE SUN."
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AND THEN, YOU WOULD SAY
"THE MILKY WAY GALAXY."
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THE MILKY WAY GALAXY IS
OUR HOME.
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Narrator:
BECAUSE WE SEE IT FROM WITHIN,
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00:02:51,133 --> 00:02:56,067
ALL WE SEE IS A BAND OF STARS
STRETCHED ACROSS THE SKY.
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BUT VIEWED FROM OUTSIDE,
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WE'D SEE A SPECTACULAR
GIANT SPIRAL GALAXY
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MADE UP
OF OVER 200 BILLION STARS.
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OUR SUN IS JUST A DOT
WITHIN ONE OF ITS ENORMOUS ARMS.
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Plait:
OUR MILKY WAY GALAXY IS HUGE.
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IT'S ACTUALLY ONE OF THE BIGGEST
GALAXIES IN THE UNIVERSE, AS A
MATTER OF FACT.
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I'D PROBABLY PUT IT
IN THE TOP 10% CERTAINLY.
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Narrator:
MASSIVE, MAGNIFICENT.
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OUR GALAXY HAS LONG HIDDEN
ITS SECRETS AT ITS HEART.
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00:03:32,333 --> 00:03:36,400
THE GREATEST QUESTION --
HOW DID IT FORM?
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00:03:36,400 --> 00:03:40,767
AT STAKE IS NOT JUST THE ANSWER
TO THE ORIGINS OF OUR GALAXY,
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00:03:40,767 --> 00:03:43,967
BUT THE ORIGINS
OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM,
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OUR STAR, THE SUN,
AND ULTIMATELY, US.
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THE MILKY WAY'S PAST
AND THE WHOLE STORY
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LEADS US TO WHERE WE ARE NOW
AND WHO WE ARE NOW.
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Narrator:
SO WHAT CREATED THE MILKY WAY,
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AND HOW DID IT GROW
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INTO THE MAJESTIC GALAXY
WE SEE TODAY?
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00:04:08,067 --> 00:04:09,267
TO ANSWER THAT,
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WE HAVE TO TRAVEL BACK
TO THE INFANT UNIVERSE,
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00:04:12,700 --> 00:04:15,167
TO JUST AFTER THE BIG BANG.
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13.6 BILLION YEARS AGO,
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THERE ARE NO STARS,
NO PLANETS...
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AND NO GALAXIES.
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Bullock: HOW DO WE GO
FROM THAT EARLY UNIVERSE
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THAT'S ALMOST PERFECTLY,
PERFECTLY FEATURELESS
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TO THIS COMPLEX
AND VERY INTERESTING UNIVERSE
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00:04:37,900 --> 00:04:39,167
THAT WE SEE AROUND US TODAY?
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Narrator: THE EARLY UNIVERSE IS
A THICK, UNIFORM SOUP OF GAS
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WITH SOME TINY IRREGULARITIES.
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BUT IT'S ENOUGH TO SET GRAVITY
TO WORK, PULLING GAS TOGETHER.
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Kaku:
GRAVITY KEEPS ON COMPRESSING
THE GAS DOWN TO A POINT.
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00:04:58,867 --> 00:05:01,967
AND THAT'S WHEN TEMPERATURES
RISE DRAMATICALLY
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00:05:01,967 --> 00:05:04,333
TO 50- TO 100-MILLION DEGREES.
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00:05:04,333 --> 00:05:06,633
AT THAT POINT, YOU GET IGNITION.
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00:05:06,633 --> 00:05:11,733
AT THAT POINT, HYDROGEN FUSES
INTO HELIUM, AND WE GET A STAR.
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A STAR IS BORN.
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Narrator: IN THIS THEORY,
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NOT ONE, BUT MILLIONS OF STARS
BURST INTO LIFE.
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SLOWLY,
GRAVITY BRINGS THEM TOGETHER.
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00:05:30,200 --> 00:05:33,400
AFTER A FEW MILLION YEARS,
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00:05:33,400 --> 00:05:37,467
THEY FORM A ROTATING SPHERE
OF STARS,
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AND A GALAXY IS BORN.
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THERE'S A PROBLEM, THOUGH.
95
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THERE'S TOO MUCH GRAVITY.
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00:05:46,867 --> 00:05:49,833
SOMETHING OTHER
THAN JUST THE STARS
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MUST BE HOLDING THEM TOGETHER.
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00:05:52,300 --> 00:05:54,967
BUT WHAT IS IT?
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TURNS OUT, THE ANSWER LIES AT
THE CENTER OF OUR OWN GALAXY.
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00:06:03,433 --> 00:06:05,100
Thaller: AT THE VERY HEART
OF THE MILKY WAY,
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00:06:05,100 --> 00:06:08,067
YOU SEE STARS ORBITING
SOMETHING THAT ISN'T THERE.
102
00:06:08,067 --> 00:06:10,333
AND IF YOU DO THE CALCULATIONS,
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00:06:10,333 --> 00:06:13,233
THE AMOUNT OF MASS NEEDED
AT THE VERY CENTER
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IS ABOUT FOUR MILLION TIMES
THE MASS OF OUR SUN.
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00:06:17,133 --> 00:06:19,767
SO STARS ARE BASICALLY ORBITING
LIKE PLANETS
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00:06:19,767 --> 00:06:22,067
AROUND THIS EMPTY OBJECT
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WITH FOUR MILLION TIMES
THE MASS OF THE SUN.
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Narrator:
THIS OBJECT MUST BE COLOSSAL.
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IT MUST BE UNIMAGINABLY DENSE.
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IT COULD ONLY BE ONE THING --
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A BLACK HOLE,
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A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE.
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00:06:44,900 --> 00:06:46,967
Kaku: IF THE MOON
GOES AROUND THE EARTH,
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AND THE EARTH
GOES AROUND THE SUN,
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00:06:49,733 --> 00:06:52,767
THEN WHAT DOES THE SUN
GO AROUND?
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THE SUN GOES AROUND
A MASSIVE BLACK HOLE
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AT THE CENTER OF THE GALAXY.
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Narrator:
WITHIN THE MILKY WAY,
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SCIENTISTS FIND THEIR
FIRST SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE.
120
00:07:05,300 --> 00:07:07,933
BUT IT WASN'T THE LAST.
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00:07:07,933 --> 00:07:11,333
TURNS OUT, THEY'RE EVERYWHERE.
122
00:07:11,333 --> 00:07:14,700
Plait:
WE KNOW THAT MOST BIG GALAXIES
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HAVE A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE
RIGHT IN THEIR CENTER.
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00:07:17,733 --> 00:07:20,367
THAT'S TELLING US THAT
THESE TWO THINGS ARE RELATED.
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THEY COME AS A PAIR.
126
00:07:22,867 --> 00:07:27,533
SOMEHOW, THE BLACK HOLES
AND THE GALAXIES
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00:07:27,533 --> 00:07:29,600
AND THEIR ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION
ARE TIED TOGETHER.
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00:07:32,133 --> 00:07:34,333
Narrator:
AMAZINGLY, THE MILKY WAY,
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THIS SPARKLING EXPANSE OF STARS,
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IS ALL INTRINSICALLY LINKED
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TO THE DARKEST
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AND MOST ENIGMATIC ENTITY
IN THE UNIVERSE --
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A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE.
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00:07:48,100 --> 00:07:50,800
IT IS AN OBJECT OF TREMENDOUS
FASCINATION AND MYSTERY.
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00:07:50,800 --> 00:07:52,267
HOW DID IT GET THERE?
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00:07:52,267 --> 00:07:54,233
HOW DID IT GROW TO BE SO LARGE?
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00:07:54,233 --> 00:07:56,600
IS IT GONNA CONTINUE TO GROW?
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00:07:56,600 --> 00:08:00,533
Narrator: TO FIGURE OUT
THE ORIGINS OF OUR GALAXY,
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WE MUST FIRST FIND OUT
HOW IT GOT ITS BLACK HOLE.
140
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IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE,
THE FIRST STARS BURST INTO LIFE.
141
00:08:19,900 --> 00:08:24,200
BUT THESE STARS,
THEY'RE NOTHING LIKE OUR SUN.
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00:08:24,200 --> 00:08:27,633
Wechsler: THOSE FIRST STARS WERE
VERY, VERY MASSIVE.
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00:08:27,633 --> 00:08:30,667
AND ONE OF THE THINGS
THAT HAPPENS WITH MASSIVE STARS
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IS THEY EXPLODE QUICKLY.
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Narrator: IN JUST
A FEW HUNDRED MILLION YEARS,
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00:08:37,967 --> 00:08:42,167
THE BIGGEST BURN THROUGH
THEIR HYDROGEN FUEL...
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00:08:42,167 --> 00:08:44,200
AND DIE.
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Plait:
THEY WOULD'VE EXPLODED
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AS INCREDIBLY POWERFUL
SUPERNOVAE, EXPLODING STARS.
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00:08:54,567 --> 00:08:57,433
THEIR CORES WOULD'VE COLLAPSED
TO FORM BLACK HOLES,
151
00:08:57,433 --> 00:08:58,800
AND THIS MAY HAVE BEEN
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THE VERY FIRST BLACK HOLES
THAT FORMED IN THE UNIVERSE.
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00:09:04,667 --> 00:09:07,300
Narrator: THESE BLACK HOLES
WOULD START SMALL.
154
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OVER BILLIONS OF YEARS,
155
00:09:09,800 --> 00:09:13,067
ONE WOULD EAT
AND GROW INTO THE MONSTER
156
00:09:13,067 --> 00:09:16,833
THAT NOW SITS AT THE HEART
OF OUR GALAXY.
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IT'S A SOLID THEORY,
BUT THERE'S A PROBLEM.
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ASTRONOMERS
FIND SUPER-BRIGHT LIGHTS
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IN THE VERY EARLY UNIVERSE.
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00:09:34,300 --> 00:09:37,400
THESE AREN'T STARS.
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THEY'RE CALLED QUASARS.
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Kaku: QUASARS ARE THE BAD BOYS
OF ASTRONOMY.
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WHEN WE FIRST FOUND THEM,
WE WERE PUZZLED,
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BECAUSE HOW CAN AN OBJECT EMIT
SO MUCH ENERGY?
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00:09:50,633 --> 00:09:56,933
THE ENERGY OUTPUT IS SUFFICIENT
TO LIGHT UP THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE.
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00:09:59,700 --> 00:10:01,167
Narrator: THESE QUASARS,
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THOUGH SMALLER
THAN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM,
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SOMEHOW OUTSHINE
100 GALAXIES PUT TOGETHER.
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00:10:14,667 --> 00:10:18,533
Krauss:
THE ENERGY EMITTED VASTLY
EXCEEDS THE ENERGY IN A STAR.
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00:10:18,533 --> 00:10:21,433
THE ONLY PROCESS WE KNOW
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00:10:21,433 --> 00:10:23,467
THAT WOULD PRODUCE
THAT KIND OF ENERGY
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00:10:23,467 --> 00:10:25,967
IS THE COLLAPSE
OF HUGE AMOUNTS OF MATTER
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INTO A MASSIVE BLACK HOLE.
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00:10:30,167 --> 00:10:33,100
WE REALIZED, "OH, MY GOD.
175
00:10:33,100 --> 00:10:37,467
THESE ARE, IN FACT,
HUGE, RAGING BLACK HOLES."
176
00:10:37,467 --> 00:10:39,233
Narrator:
THEY'RE MUCH BIGGER
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00:10:39,233 --> 00:10:44,033
THAN THOSE MADE AT THE END
OF A STAR'S LIFE.
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00:10:44,033 --> 00:10:46,467
WE'RE NOT JUST TALKING ABOUT
A STELLAR MASS BLACK HOLE,
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00:10:46,467 --> 00:10:49,867
WHICH MIGHT HAVE 5 OR 10 OR 20
TIMES THE MASS OF THE SUN.
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00:10:49,867 --> 00:10:51,767
WE'RE TALKING
ABOUT A TRUE MONSTER
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00:10:51,767 --> 00:10:55,233
THAT HAS MILLIONS OR BILLIONS
OF TIMES THE MASS OF THE SUN.
182
00:10:57,800 --> 00:11:00,067
Narrator: SO WHERE DO
THESE BLACK HOLES COME FROM?
183
00:11:02,100 --> 00:11:07,933
THEY'RE WAY TOO BIG TO BE THE
RESULT OF EARLY EXPLODING STARS.
184
00:11:07,933 --> 00:11:11,600
THEY HAVE TO BE FORMED
IN ANOTHER WAY.
185
00:11:11,600 --> 00:11:14,500
THE THEORY
THAT STARS FORMED FIRST,
186
00:11:14,500 --> 00:11:17,200
CONVERGING TO BUILD GALAXIES,
187
00:11:17,200 --> 00:11:20,267
NEEDS A RADICAL OVERHAUL.
188
00:11:20,267 --> 00:11:24,600
INSTEAD,
DOES THE BLACK HOLE COME FIRST?
189
00:11:24,600 --> 00:11:28,467
IS IT THE MOTHER
OF ALL CREATION,
190
00:11:28,467 --> 00:11:34,400
GIVING BIRTH TO THE MILKY WAY,
THE STARS, AND US?
191
00:11:43,800 --> 00:11:45,767
Narrator: THE MILKY WAY,
192
00:11:45,767 --> 00:11:50,933
OUR VAST, INCANDESCENT GALAXY,
HAS A HEART OF DARKNESS.
193
00:11:50,933 --> 00:11:56,300
BUT WHICH CAME FIRST --
THE LIGHT OR THE DARK?
194
00:11:56,300 --> 00:11:59,633
Thaller: IT'S ALMOST SORT OF
LIKE A CHICKEN AND AN EGG.
195
00:11:59,633 --> 00:12:01,900
WHICH CAME FIRST,
THE GALAXY OR THE BLACK HOLE?
196
00:12:01,900 --> 00:12:05,133
Krauss: DO YOU NEED A BLACK HOLE
TO MAKE A GALAXY,
197
00:12:05,133 --> 00:12:07,700
OR DO YOU NEED A LARGE GALAXY
TO MAKE A LARGE BLACK HOLE?
198
00:12:07,700 --> 00:12:10,167
Kaku:
DID THE BLACK HOLE COME FIRST?
199
00:12:10,167 --> 00:12:13,367
OR DID THE STARS AND THE GALAXY
COME FIRST?
200
00:12:17,133 --> 00:12:19,600
Narrator:
IN ONE THEORY, STARS COME FIRST.
201
00:12:19,600 --> 00:12:22,567
THE BIGGEST DIE,
202
00:12:22,567 --> 00:12:26,233
CREATING A BLACK HOLE
DURING THEIR DEATH THROES.
203
00:12:30,300 --> 00:12:33,833
BUT THE DISCOVERY OF QUASARS
CHALLENGES THIS.
204
00:12:33,833 --> 00:12:36,333
THERE ARE
SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES
205
00:12:36,333 --> 00:12:38,267
AT THE VERY START
OF THE UNIVERSE,
206
00:12:38,267 --> 00:12:42,700
FAR TOO LARGE TO BE THE REMNANTS
OF THE FIRST STARS.
207
00:12:44,700 --> 00:12:47,467
SO WHERE DO THEY COME FROM?
208
00:12:47,467 --> 00:12:51,167
AND COULD THEY GO ON
TO CREATE GALAXIES?
209
00:12:55,967 --> 00:13:00,367
ENTER THE NEW THEORY
OF DIRECT COLLAPSE.
210
00:13:00,367 --> 00:13:03,967
Bullock: IN THIS THEORY,
IN THE VERY EARLY UNIVERSE,
211
00:13:03,967 --> 00:13:05,800
YOU HAVE A GIANT GAS CLOUD
212
00:13:05,800 --> 00:13:08,633
THAT COLLAPSES
STRAIGHT INTO A BLACK HOLE.
213
00:13:10,600 --> 00:13:13,067
Narrator: IT'S JUST LIKE
THE BIRTH OF A STAR,
214
00:13:13,067 --> 00:13:17,067
BUT THE STAR DIES
BEFORE IT'S BORN.
215
00:13:17,067 --> 00:13:19,800
THE THEORY GOES LIKE THIS.
216
00:13:19,800 --> 00:13:23,433
CLOUDS OF GAS CLUMP TOGETHER.
217
00:13:23,433 --> 00:13:27,200
THEY SPIRAL
INTO A CENTRAL POINT,
218
00:13:27,200 --> 00:13:29,233
BECOMING INCREDIBLY DENSE.
219
00:13:29,233 --> 00:13:34,433
AT THIS POINT IN STAR FORMATION,
THE CORE WOULD IGNITE.
220
00:13:34,433 --> 00:13:38,100
BUT HERE, TOO MUCH GAS AND DUST
IS PILED IN.
221
00:13:38,100 --> 00:13:41,200
THE MASS OF IT ALL IS SO GREAT
222
00:13:41,200 --> 00:13:44,367
THAT GRAVITY BECOMES
UNSTOPPABLE.
223
00:13:46,500 --> 00:13:50,967
IT CRUSHES THE GAS,
MAKING IT DENSER AND DENSER,
224
00:13:50,967 --> 00:13:54,167
UNTIL IT REACHES
ITS BREAKING POINT.
225
00:13:54,167 --> 00:13:59,600
FINALLY, THE GAS COLLAPSES...
226
00:13:59,600 --> 00:14:05,533
SO VIOLENTLY, IT RIPS THROUGH
THE FABRIC OF SPACE.
227
00:14:05,533 --> 00:14:10,400
A MASSIVE BLACK HOLE IS BORN.
228
00:14:10,400 --> 00:14:12,500
I'M TALKING ABOUT MAKING
A BLACK HOLE THAT'S WAY BIGGER
229
00:14:12,500 --> 00:14:13,633
THAN ANY KIND OF BLACK HOLE
230
00:14:13,633 --> 00:14:15,333
THAT WOULD FORM AT THE END
OF A STAR'S LIFE.
231
00:14:17,633 --> 00:14:20,700
Narrator: THIS COULD EXPLAIN
HOW THE BLACK HOLES AND QUASARS
232
00:14:20,700 --> 00:14:24,433
ARE SO HUGE
SO EARLY ON IN THE UNIVERSE.
233
00:14:26,400 --> 00:14:31,733
IF TRUE, THEN IT MIGHT BE BLACK
HOLES COME FIRST, BEFORE STARS.
234
00:14:33,667 --> 00:14:36,767
BUT FOR NOW, IT'S JUST A THEORY.
235
00:14:41,733 --> 00:14:46,333
THE JURY IS STILL OUT AS TO
HOW OUR GALAXY FIRST FORMS.
236
00:14:49,400 --> 00:14:51,600
Krauss:
THE CHICKEN-AND-EGG QUESTION IS,
237
00:14:51,600 --> 00:14:54,067
DO BLACK HOLES CAUSE
THE GALAXIES
238
00:14:54,067 --> 00:14:55,967
TO COIL US AROUND THEM,
239
00:14:55,967 --> 00:15:00,467
OR DO THE GALAXIES BUILD UP AND
HIT SOME CRUCIAL, CRITICAL SIZE,
240
00:15:00,467 --> 00:15:03,633
BEYOND WHICH BLACK HOLES
MUST FORM AT THEIR CENTER?
241
00:15:03,633 --> 00:15:04,833
AND WE WANT TO LEARN ABOUT THAT.
242
00:15:04,833 --> 00:15:06,233
AND THE ONLY WAY TO LEARN ABOUT
243
00:15:06,233 --> 00:15:08,233
THAT IS TO LOOK OUT IN THE
UNIVERSE AND TRY AND FIND OUT.
244
00:15:10,267 --> 00:15:11,667
Narrator:
TO PROVE ONE OF OUR THEORIES,
245
00:15:11,667 --> 00:15:15,500
WE NEED OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE.
246
00:15:15,500 --> 00:15:19,267
AND A SMALL DWARF GALAXY
MIGHT PROVIDE IT.
247
00:15:19,267 --> 00:15:22,467
HENIZE 2-10 IS YOUNG.
248
00:15:22,467 --> 00:15:26,600
MANY OF ITS STARS ARE
JUST A FEW MILLION YEARS OLD.
249
00:15:26,600 --> 00:15:29,067
IT MIGHT PROVIDE US A LOOK BACK
250
00:15:29,067 --> 00:15:32,900
AT OUR MILKY WAY
IN ITS INFANT YEARS.
251
00:15:32,900 --> 00:15:37,400
HENIZE 2-10 IS A VERY
INTERESTING, TINY DWARF GALAXY.
252
00:15:37,400 --> 00:15:40,700
ORIGINALLY,
I WAS STUDYING THIS GALAXY
253
00:15:40,700 --> 00:15:43,100
BECAUSE IT HAS ALL
THIS STAR FORMATION GOING ON.
254
00:15:43,100 --> 00:15:45,833
BUT WHEN I STARTED LOOKING
AT ALL OF THE DATA,
255
00:15:45,833 --> 00:15:48,600
I WAS SORT OF SHOCKED
AND VERY EXCITED.
256
00:15:48,600 --> 00:15:51,500
I FOUND
A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE
257
00:15:51,500 --> 00:15:53,067
AT THE CENTER
OF THIS LITTLE GALAXY.
258
00:15:55,767 --> 00:15:59,433
Narrator: FINDING A BLACK HOLE
IN A GALAXY IS NOTHING NEW,
259
00:15:59,433 --> 00:16:02,267
BUT THE REAL DISCOVERY
260
00:16:02,267 --> 00:16:06,100
IS THE SIZE
OF THIS MONSTER BLACK HOLE.
261
00:16:08,733 --> 00:16:12,400
OUR BEST ESTIMATE FOR THE MASS
OF THE BLACK HOLE IN HENIZE 2-10
262
00:16:12,400 --> 00:16:15,467
IS A MILLION OR TWO
SOLAR MASSES.
263
00:16:15,467 --> 00:16:18,600
NOW, THIS IS COMPARABLE
TO THE MASS OF THE BLACK HOLE
264
00:16:18,600 --> 00:16:20,300
IN OUR OWN MILKY WAY GALAXY.
265
00:16:20,300 --> 00:16:23,433
BUT THE MILKY WAY IS
100,000 LIGHT-YEARS ACROSS,
266
00:16:23,433 --> 00:16:27,333
WHEREAS HENIZE 2-10 IS ONLY A
FEW THOUSAND LIGHT-YEARS ACROSS.
267
00:16:27,333 --> 00:16:30,967
IT'S AMAZING TO FIND
A BLACK HOLE
268
00:16:30,967 --> 00:16:34,067
THAT IS SO MASSIVE
IN A SMALL DWARF GALAXY.
269
00:16:34,067 --> 00:16:37,333
Narrator:
BEFORE THIS DISCOVERY,
270
00:16:37,333 --> 00:16:40,433
SCIENTISTS DIDN'T THINK
SUCH A TINY GALAXY
271
00:16:40,433 --> 00:16:43,267
COULD CONTAIN SUCH A COLOSSUS.
272
00:16:43,267 --> 00:16:46,533
Reines:
THIS IS COMPLETELY UNEXPECTED.
273
00:16:46,533 --> 00:16:48,700
USUALLY, SUPERMASSIVE
BLACK HOLES ARE FOUND
274
00:16:48,700 --> 00:16:51,600
IN MUCH LARGER,
MUCH MORE MASSIVE GALAXIES.
275
00:16:51,600 --> 00:16:55,733
Narrator: AMY'S DISCOVERY
IS GROUNDBREAKING.
276
00:16:55,733 --> 00:16:58,767
IN HENIZE 2-10,
277
00:16:58,767 --> 00:17:02,800
THE BLACK HOLE IS MORE DEVELOPED
THAN THE GALAXY.
278
00:17:02,800 --> 00:17:07,333
IT'S EVIDENCE SUGGESTING
THE BLACK HOLE IS OLDER,
279
00:17:07,333 --> 00:17:10,933
THAT IT CAME FIRST.
280
00:17:10,933 --> 00:17:14,733
COULD THIS BE THE SAME
FOR OTHER GALAXIES?
281
00:17:14,733 --> 00:17:18,667
Reines: HOW MANY DWARF GALAXIES
HOST MASSIVE BLACK HOLES?
282
00:17:18,667 --> 00:17:21,133
IS HENIZE 2-10 A UNIQUE CASE,
283
00:17:21,133 --> 00:17:23,767
OR ARE THERE LOTS
OF OTHER EXAMPLES?
284
00:17:23,767 --> 00:17:26,133
WE'VE SEARCHED THROUGH
THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY
285
00:17:26,133 --> 00:17:29,333
AND FOUND OVER
100 MORE DWARF GALAXIES
286
00:17:29,333 --> 00:17:31,767
THAT HAVE
SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES.
287
00:17:33,700 --> 00:17:37,100
Narrator: HENIZE 2-10 COULD BE
A BLUEPRINT
288
00:17:37,100 --> 00:17:39,867
FOR HOW ALL GALAXIES
FIRST FORMED,
289
00:17:39,867 --> 00:17:44,233
INCLUDING OUR OWN GALAXY,
THE MILKY WAY.
290
00:17:46,400 --> 00:17:49,433
IT'S FASCINATING, BECAUSE IT
COULD BE THE EVIDENCE THAT
291
00:17:49,433 --> 00:17:51,167
THE BIG BLACK HOLES FORM FIRST,
292
00:17:51,167 --> 00:17:53,167
AND THEN, THE GALAXIES FORM
AROUND THEM.
293
00:17:55,600 --> 00:17:57,767
Narrator:
EVERYTHING WE SEE IN OUR SKY --
294
00:17:57,767 --> 00:18:01,967
THE STARS, OUR SUN,
295
00:18:01,967 --> 00:18:06,067
THE PLANETS, OUR WHOLE GALAXY --
296
00:18:06,067 --> 00:18:10,667
MIGHT ALL HAVE STARTED
AS A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE.
297
00:18:10,667 --> 00:18:14,767
BUT HOW DO YOU GO FROM THIS
298
00:18:14,767 --> 00:18:20,633
TO SOMETHING AS GLORIOUS
AS THE MILKY WAY WE SEE TODAY?
299
00:18:20,633 --> 00:18:23,567
WHERE DO THE STARS COME FROM?
300
00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:35,600
Narrator:
13 BILLION YEARS AGO,
301
00:18:35,600 --> 00:18:37,900
THE MILKY WAY
MAY HAVE STARTED LIFE
302
00:18:37,900 --> 00:18:41,500
AS A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE,
303
00:18:41,500 --> 00:18:44,900
A HUGE SPHERE OF BLACK
304
00:18:44,900 --> 00:18:48,567
SURROUNDED BY A MAELSTROM
OF GAS AND DUST.
305
00:18:48,567 --> 00:18:52,067
THIS IS OUR GALAXY.
306
00:18:52,067 --> 00:18:55,333
BUT HOW DO YOU GO FROM THIS
307
00:18:55,333 --> 00:18:59,067
TO THE SHIMMERING SWEEP OF STARS
WE SEE TODAY?
308
00:19:03,067 --> 00:19:04,600
Plait:
PEOPLE THINK OF BLACK HOLES
309
00:19:04,600 --> 00:19:06,900
AS BEING GIGANTIC
COSMIC VACUUM CLEANERS
310
00:19:06,900 --> 00:19:08,367
THAT SUCK EVERYTHING DOWN.
311
00:19:08,367 --> 00:19:09,700
THAT'S NOT REALLY TRUE.
312
00:19:09,700 --> 00:19:11,300
IF YOU GET TOO CLOSE TO ONE,
313
00:19:11,300 --> 00:19:13,800
YEAH, YOU CAN FALL IN,
AND YOU'LL NEVER GET BACK OUT.
314
00:19:13,800 --> 00:19:16,567
BUT THEY CAN BE A FORCE
FOR CREATION, AS WELL.
315
00:19:16,567 --> 00:19:21,200
Narrator: HOW CAN A BLACK HOLE
BE CREATIVE?
316
00:19:21,200 --> 00:19:25,400
ONE CLUE -- BLACK HOLES AREN'T
JUST BLACK.
317
00:19:25,400 --> 00:19:27,533
FAR FROM IT.
318
00:19:27,533 --> 00:19:29,433
Bullock:
YOU CAN THINK OF BLACK HOLES
319
00:19:29,433 --> 00:19:31,800
AS ONE OF THE BIGGEST PARADOXES
IN THE UNIVERSE.
320
00:19:31,800 --> 00:19:33,900
THEY'RE BLACK,
SO THEY DON'T EMIT ANY LIGHT.
321
00:19:33,900 --> 00:19:35,233
BUT THEY CAN CAUSE
322
00:19:35,233 --> 00:19:37,267
SOME OF THE BRIGHTEST THINGS
IN THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE.
323
00:19:39,500 --> 00:19:42,733
Narrator: QUASARS PROVE
THAT THESE MASSIVE BLACK HOLES
324
00:19:42,733 --> 00:19:46,200
THROW OUT MORE LIGHT
THAN WHOLE GALAXIES.
325
00:19:48,700 --> 00:19:51,967
BLACK HOLES DON'T JUST
SWALLOW MATTER.
326
00:19:51,967 --> 00:19:54,500
THEY ALSO SPIT IT OUT.
327
00:19:54,500 --> 00:19:58,533
Oluseyi: A SUPERMASSIVE
BLACK HOLE IS A MESSY EATER.
328
00:19:58,533 --> 00:20:00,300
IT'S TRYING TO SUCK MATTER IN,
329
00:20:00,300 --> 00:20:03,233
BUT IT ENDS UP SUPERHEATING
MATTER AND EXPELLING MATTER,
330
00:20:03,233 --> 00:20:06,367
AND SOMETIMES, IT WILL
EVEN BELCH DURING ITS MEAL
331
00:20:06,367 --> 00:20:07,800
AND HAVE AN OUTBURST.
332
00:20:10,033 --> 00:20:11,433
Narrator:
IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE,
333
00:20:11,433 --> 00:20:15,800
THE SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE,
THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MILKY WAY,
334
00:20:15,800 --> 00:20:20,167
IS SURROUNDED BY GAS AND DUST.
335
00:20:20,167 --> 00:20:25,067
THE BLACK HOLES FEAST
ON THE MATTER.
336
00:20:25,067 --> 00:20:29,100
BUT NOT ALL OF IT IS DOOMED.
337
00:20:29,100 --> 00:20:32,400
WHEN IT EATS TOO MUCH
TOO QUICKLY,
338
00:20:32,400 --> 00:20:34,533
IT GENERATES SO MUCH ENERGY
339
00:20:34,533 --> 00:20:37,733
THAT EVEN THE BLACK HOLE'S
GRAVITY CAN'T CONTAIN IT.
340
00:20:40,333 --> 00:20:43,633
SUDDENLY, THE MILKY WAY
FIRES OFF
341
00:20:43,633 --> 00:20:47,333
HIGHLY ENERGIZED ATOMS AND LIGHT
FROM THE CORE...
342
00:20:53,167 --> 00:20:57,800
...PUMPING OUT UP TO A TRILLION
TIMES MORE ENERGY THAN OUR SUN.
343
00:20:59,833 --> 00:21:02,867
IF YOU WERE TO HAVE A
CLOSE ENCOUNTER WITH A
SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE,
344
00:21:02,867 --> 00:21:05,133
YOU'RE GONNA HAVE TO GO THROUGH
A VERY DANGEROUS ENVIRONMENT.
345
00:21:05,133 --> 00:21:08,967
YOU'D HAVE TO SURVIVE
THE INTENSE RADIATION.
346
00:21:08,967 --> 00:21:10,800
YOU'D HAVE TO SURVIVE THE JET.
347
00:21:13,467 --> 00:21:16,833
Narrator: SO HOW DO STARS FORM
AROUND SUCH VIOLENCE?
348
00:21:16,833 --> 00:21:21,267
ASTRONOMERS FIND A BLACK HOLE
WHICH MIGHT HOLD THE KEY
349
00:21:21,267 --> 00:21:24,967
TO HOW THE MILKY WAY GOT
ITS FIRST STARS.
350
00:21:24,967 --> 00:21:27,500
Bullock: THERE'S
A REALLY EXCITING DISCOVERY
351
00:21:27,500 --> 00:21:29,233
OF A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE,
352
00:21:29,233 --> 00:21:31,900
THE KIND WE NORMALLY ONLY FIND
AT THE HEARTS OF GALAXIES,
353
00:21:31,900 --> 00:21:34,900
SITTING OUT THERE BY ITSELF
WITH NO GALAXY AROUND IT.
354
00:21:34,900 --> 00:21:41,067
THIS THING'S SHINING LIKE CRAZY,
SO WE KNOW IT'S GOBBLING UP GAS.
355
00:21:41,067 --> 00:21:45,567
Narrator: HE0450-2958
356
00:21:45,567 --> 00:21:48,400
SITS 5 BILLION LIGHT-YEARS
FROM EARTH,
357
00:21:48,400 --> 00:21:50,933
A BLACK HOLE WITH A HUGE JET.
358
00:21:52,833 --> 00:21:55,833
THIS JET IS SMASHING
INTO DUST AND GAS
359
00:21:55,833 --> 00:21:58,067
AND ITS NEIGHBORING GALAXY.
360
00:21:58,067 --> 00:22:00,433
YOU'D THINK
IT WOULD DESTROY THE GALAXY,
361
00:22:00,433 --> 00:22:02,933
BUT INSTEAD,
IT'S HELPING TO BUILD IT.
362
00:22:02,933 --> 00:22:06,200
Bullock:
IT'S NEXT TO A BIG GALAXY,
363
00:22:06,200 --> 00:22:09,967
AND THIS BIG GALAXY IS
FORMING STARS LIKE CRAZY.
364
00:22:09,967 --> 00:22:12,567
SO WE THINK WHAT'S GOING ON IS,
BECAUSE OF THE STUFF
365
00:22:12,567 --> 00:22:14,933
COMING OFF OF THE BLACK HOLE
AS IT'S GROWING,
366
00:22:14,933 --> 00:22:17,233
THERE ARE STARS BEING TRIGGERED
TO FORM
367
00:22:17,233 --> 00:22:18,733
IN THIS GALAXY NEXT TO IT.
368
00:22:22,133 --> 00:22:24,267
Narrator:
THE BLACK HOLE'S COLOSSAL JET
369
00:22:24,267 --> 00:22:28,400
IS THE SPARK NEEDED TO CREATE
A STAR FACTORY.
370
00:22:28,400 --> 00:22:32,067
Bullock: THE BLACK HOLE IS
EMITTING RADIATION.
371
00:22:32,067 --> 00:22:35,433
AND WHEN THIS RADIATION RUNS
INTO ALL THE GAS IN THE GALAXY,
372
00:22:35,433 --> 00:22:37,400
THIS CAUSES THE GAS
TO CLUMP TOGETHER,
373
00:22:37,400 --> 00:22:38,600
AND NEW STARS GET MADE.
374
00:22:40,767 --> 00:22:45,300
Narrator: DIRECT EVIDENCE THAT
BLACK HOLES CAN CREATE STARS.
375
00:22:45,300 --> 00:22:54,167
HE0450-2958 MIGHT BE A LOOK BACK
INTO THE MILKY WAY'S PAST.
376
00:22:56,100 --> 00:22:58,767
OUR GALAXY'S
SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE'S
377
00:22:58,767 --> 00:23:02,667
VIOLENT FEASTING SPARKS
STARS INTO LIFE.
378
00:23:02,667 --> 00:23:05,567
THESE STARS ARE DRAWN
379
00:23:05,567 --> 00:23:08,433
BY THE BLACK HOLE'S
HUGE GRAVITY AND ORBIT,
380
00:23:08,433 --> 00:23:10,600
BUILDING THE GALAXY.
381
00:23:10,600 --> 00:23:11,933
Kaku:
WELL, THE BLACK HOLE
382
00:23:11,933 --> 00:23:15,367
COULD ACTUALLY STIMULATE
STAR FORMATION.
383
00:23:15,367 --> 00:23:18,433
SO SOME PEOPLE BELIEVE THAT THE
VERY FACT THAT WE HAVE GALAXIES
384
00:23:18,433 --> 00:23:19,700
IS DUE TO THE FACT
385
00:23:19,700 --> 00:23:22,133
THAT WE HAVE A RAGING BLACK HOLE
AT THE CENTER
386
00:23:22,133 --> 00:23:25,067
WHICH HELPS TO INITIATE
STAR FORMATION.
387
00:23:28,133 --> 00:23:30,633
IT'S POSSIBLE
THAT THE BLACK HOLE
388
00:23:30,633 --> 00:23:34,800
COULD HAVE CREATED MANY OF THE
STARS WE SEE IN OUR SKY TODAY,
389
00:23:34,800 --> 00:23:39,400
INCLUDING THE ONE STAR
WE CAN'T LIVE WITHOUT,
390
00:23:39,400 --> 00:23:42,167
OUR SUN.
391
00:23:42,167 --> 00:23:44,333
Krauss:
IT'S KIND OF AMAZING
392
00:23:44,333 --> 00:23:47,200
THAT BLACK HOLES EXISTED
AS THEORETICAL CONSTRUCTS
393
00:23:47,200 --> 00:23:48,867
THAT MANY OF THE PHYSICISTS
WHO WERE INVOLVED
394
00:23:48,867 --> 00:23:50,633
IN DEVELOPING THOSE CONSTRUCTS
DIDN'T BELIEVE IN.
395
00:23:50,633 --> 00:23:53,167
NOW, WE UNDERSTAND
THAT EVEN PERHAPS
396
00:23:53,167 --> 00:23:55,733
OUR VERY EXISTENCE
DEPENDS UPON THEM.
397
00:23:55,733 --> 00:23:59,267
THEY'VE GONE FROM OBJECTS
IN OUR IMAGINATION
398
00:23:59,267 --> 00:24:02,100
TO OBJECTS
ON WHICH OUR LIFE DEPENDS.
399
00:24:05,367 --> 00:24:08,067
Plait: EVEN THOUGH THIS BLACK
HOLE IN THE CENTER
400
00:24:08,067 --> 00:24:09,567
IS TERRIFYING TO CONCEIVE OF,
401
00:24:09,567 --> 00:24:12,167
IN FACT,
OUR GALAXY DEPENDS ON IT.
402
00:24:12,167 --> 00:24:14,067
AND OUR OWN PLANET AND STAR
403
00:24:14,067 --> 00:24:17,067
MAY HAVE FORMED
BECAUSE OF THIS SYSTEM.
404
00:24:23,667 --> 00:24:25,700
Narrator:
13 BILLION YEARS AGO,
405
00:24:25,700 --> 00:24:30,900
THE FIRST STARS OF THE MILKY WAY
SPARK INTO LIFE.
406
00:24:30,900 --> 00:24:35,400
THE GALAXY STARTS TO TAKE SHAPE.
407
00:24:35,400 --> 00:24:40,600
THE MILKY WAY IS NOW BIG ENOUGH
TO THROW ITS WEIGHT AROUND.
408
00:24:42,733 --> 00:24:47,100
AND IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE,
THE MILKY WAY IS NOT ALONE.
409
00:24:47,100 --> 00:24:51,833
ITS COSMIC NEIGHBORS BECOME
ITS PREY.
410
00:24:51,833 --> 00:24:55,767
THE MILKY WAY BECOMES
A CANNIBAL.
411
00:25:05,867 --> 00:25:08,567
Narrator:
THE YOUNG MILKY WAY IS GROWING.
412
00:25:08,567 --> 00:25:12,133
IT ALREADY CONTAINS
MILLIONS OF STARS.
413
00:25:12,133 --> 00:25:17,700
NOW, IT'S BIG ENOUGH TO ENTER
ITS NEXT STAGE OF EVOLUTION.
414
00:25:17,700 --> 00:25:21,067
IT'S TIME TO GET VIOLENT.
415
00:25:21,067 --> 00:25:26,300
OUR GALAXY TURNS
ON ITS COSMIC SIBLINGS.
416
00:25:26,300 --> 00:25:29,433
Kaku:
GALAXIES ARE GORGEOUS,
417
00:25:29,433 --> 00:25:30,833
HUGE PINWHEELS
418
00:25:30,833 --> 00:25:33,600
SPIRALING ELEGANTLY
THROUGHOUT THE UNIVERSE.
419
00:25:33,600 --> 00:25:35,833
BUT THERE'S A DARK SIDE
TO THESE GALAXIES.
420
00:25:35,833 --> 00:25:39,400
THE PROCESS OF BUILDING UP
GALAXIES IS ONE OF CANNIBALISM.
421
00:25:39,400 --> 00:25:42,700
THE GALAXIES DON'T FORM EN MASSE
AS LARGE OBJECTS.
422
00:25:42,700 --> 00:25:45,067
WHAT THEY DO, LIKE MANY THINGS,
423
00:25:45,067 --> 00:25:48,433
IS FORM BY
EATING SMALLER OBJECTS.
424
00:25:51,067 --> 00:25:53,567
Narrator: IF WE COULD VIEW
THE INFANT UNIVERSE,
425
00:25:53,567 --> 00:25:56,567
WE WOULD SEE A BATTLE RAGING.
426
00:25:56,567 --> 00:26:00,067
DWARF GALAXIES COLLIDE
AND MERGE.
427
00:26:00,067 --> 00:26:04,767
AND IN THIS ARENA, SIZE MATTERS.
428
00:26:04,767 --> 00:26:07,233
[ CHEERS AND APPLAUSE ]
429
00:26:09,067 --> 00:26:12,667
IT'S A COSMIC
ROLLER-DERBY MATCH.
430
00:26:15,067 --> 00:26:17,733
THE PLAYERS REPRESENT
DWARF GALAXIES
431
00:26:17,733 --> 00:26:20,500
WHICH POPULATE
THE EARLY UNIVERSE.
432
00:26:20,500 --> 00:26:23,367
Bullock: IF YOU LOOK
AT A ROLLER-DERBY MATCH,
433
00:26:23,367 --> 00:26:25,867
YOU MIGHT GET A BETTER
IDEA ABOUT WHAT GALAXY
FORMATION'S LIKE.
434
00:26:30,400 --> 00:26:33,733
YOU'VE GOT PEOPLE SKATING AROUND
THE MIDDLE OF A RINK.
435
00:26:38,700 --> 00:26:40,600
THERE'S PEOPLE SLAMMING
ALL OVER THE PLACE.
436
00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:45,067
IT'S A VERY VIOLENT PROCESS,
REALLY CHAOTIC.
437
00:26:45,067 --> 00:26:48,200
AND IT'S EXACTLY THE SAME WAY
AROUND THE GALAXY.
438
00:26:50,133 --> 00:26:53,633
[ CHEERING ]
439
00:26:53,633 --> 00:26:55,400
IN A GALAXY,
YOU'VE GOT THIS MIDDLE
440
00:26:55,400 --> 00:26:56,900
THAT'S ATTRACTING EVERYTHING,
441
00:26:56,900 --> 00:26:59,133
AND STUFF IS SWIMMING AROUND IT.
442
00:26:59,133 --> 00:27:02,967
Narrator: DWARF GALAXIES
SMASH INTO ONE ANOTHER.
443
00:27:02,967 --> 00:27:06,067
THE LARGER ALWAYS GET
THE UPPER HAND.
444
00:27:06,067 --> 00:27:08,367
Bullock: YOU'VE GOT ALL
THIS STUFF SLAMMING TOGETHER.
445
00:27:08,367 --> 00:27:10,367
STARS ARE GETTING THROWN
ALL OVER THE PLACE.
446
00:27:10,367 --> 00:27:14,133
THEY STRIP MASS FROM EACH OTHER.
THEY COLLIDE.
447
00:27:14,133 --> 00:27:16,367
AND IF THERE ARE
ANY SMALLER OBJECTS IN-BETWEEN,
448
00:27:16,367 --> 00:27:18,100
THEY GET EATEN UP.
449
00:27:18,100 --> 00:27:22,833
Narrator: IT'S BILLIONS OF YEARS
OF DESTRUCTIVE MAYHEM.
450
00:27:22,833 --> 00:27:25,500
IT'S JUST THIS CRAZY,
VIOLENT DANCE
451
00:27:25,500 --> 00:27:27,167
THAT JUST GOES ON
OVER AND OVER AGAIN.
452
00:27:30,767 --> 00:27:33,067
Narrator:
IN THE CHAOS OF COLLISIONS,
453
00:27:33,067 --> 00:27:35,700
THE MILKY WAY GROWS BIGGER.
454
00:27:39,733 --> 00:27:45,267
TODAY, OUR GALAXY DOMINATES
OUR PART OF THE UNIVERSE.
455
00:27:45,267 --> 00:27:49,733
AND EVEN NOW, IT'S STILL
DEVOURING OTHER GALAXIES.
456
00:27:51,733 --> 00:27:54,067
THERE IS A GALAXY CALLED
SAGITTARIUS
457
00:27:54,067 --> 00:27:57,500
WHICH HAS LEFT A HUGE TRAIL
OF STARS AROUND THE MILKY WAY
458
00:27:57,500 --> 00:28:00,700
AND IS ESSENTIALLY IN
THE PROCESS OF BEING DEVOURED.
459
00:28:00,700 --> 00:28:04,400
Bullock: THERE'S A GIANT STREAM
OF STARS COMING OFF OF IT.
460
00:28:04,400 --> 00:28:06,300
SO IT'S TOTALLY
JUST BEING RIPPED APART
461
00:28:06,300 --> 00:28:07,433
BY THE MILKY WAY ITSELF.
462
00:28:07,433 --> 00:28:09,867
Narrator:
BUT IN THIS BATTLE,
463
00:28:09,867 --> 00:28:13,533
THE MILKY WAY
DOESN'T GO UNSCATHED.
464
00:28:13,533 --> 00:28:16,333
Bullock: THIS COLLISION
COULD'VE TRIGGERED THE FORMATION
465
00:28:16,333 --> 00:28:18,467
OF THE SPIRAL ARMS
OF THE MILKY WAY ITSELF.
466
00:28:18,467 --> 00:28:21,067
SO THE REASON WHY THE MILKY WAY
IS A SPIRAL GALAXY
467
00:28:21,067 --> 00:28:24,833
MIGHT BE BECAUSE
IT'S EATING UP SAGITTARIUS.
468
00:28:24,833 --> 00:28:30,267
Narrator: VIOLENCE DOESN'T
JUST BUILD OUR GALAXY.
469
00:28:30,267 --> 00:28:32,100
IT SCULPTS IT...
470
00:28:34,500 --> 00:28:37,233
...SMASHING THE MILKY WAY
INTO SHAPE
471
00:28:37,233 --> 00:28:41,600
AND REARRANGING THE POSITIONS
OF THE STARS,
472
00:28:41,600 --> 00:28:44,367
PERHAPS EVEN OUR SUN.
473
00:28:44,367 --> 00:28:48,200
IT'S POSSIBLE THAT THE SUN
WAS ACTUALLY BORN
474
00:28:48,200 --> 00:28:50,267
MUCH CLOSER TO THE MIDDLE
OF THE GALAXY,
475
00:28:50,267 --> 00:28:52,200
AND IT'S MIGRATED OUT HERE
TO THE SUBURBS
476
00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:54,467
OVER THE COURSE OF THE LAST
COUPLE BILLION YEARS.
477
00:28:54,467 --> 00:28:57,300
AND IT'S POSSIBLE THAT
WHEN SAGITTARIUS HIT THE DISK,
478
00:28:57,300 --> 00:28:59,200
IT CREATED SOME SPIRAL ARMS
479
00:28:59,200 --> 00:29:02,267
THAT THEN ALLOWED THE SUN
TO MIGRATE OUT.
480
00:29:04,500 --> 00:29:06,600
Narrator:
THE SUN AND OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
481
00:29:06,600 --> 00:29:11,300
ARE NOW ABOUT 26,000 LIGHT-YEARS
FROM THE GALAXY'S CENTER.
482
00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:15,067
FOR LIFE ON EARTH,
THAT'S GOOD NEWS.
483
00:29:15,067 --> 00:29:17,633
Thaller:
IF YOU'RE TOO CLOSE TO THE BIG
BLACK HOLE IN THE CENTER,
484
00:29:17,633 --> 00:29:19,967
THERE'S A LOT GOING ON
THAT CAN ACTUALLY HURT LIFE.
485
00:29:19,967 --> 00:29:21,867
THERE'S HIGH-ENERGY RADIATION.
486
00:29:21,867 --> 00:29:25,333
THERE ARE BURSTS OF STAR
FORMATION, SUPERNOVA EXPLOSIONS.
487
00:29:25,333 --> 00:29:28,700
WE'RE IN A QUIETER, KIND OF
OUTLYING SUBURB OF THE GALAXY.
488
00:29:28,700 --> 00:29:31,367
AND THINGS THERE ARE
MUCH MORE CONDUCIVE TO LIFE.
489
00:29:31,367 --> 00:29:34,667
Narrator:
OUR GALAXY'S CANNIBALISM
490
00:29:34,667 --> 00:29:38,067
PROVES ESSENTIAL
FOR LIFE ON EARTH.
491
00:29:38,067 --> 00:29:41,200
THROUGH VIOLENCE,
WE'RE ABLE TO LIVE,
492
00:29:41,200 --> 00:29:44,867
AND OUR GALAXY
CONTINUES TO GROW.
493
00:29:47,433 --> 00:29:48,933
BUT CAN ANYTHING STOP
494
00:29:48,933 --> 00:29:52,433
THE JUGGERNAUT
OF OUR CANNIBAL GALAXY?
495
00:29:54,600 --> 00:29:56,433
LOOKING OUT AT THE MILKY WAY,
496
00:29:56,433 --> 00:30:00,067
ASTRONOMERS FIND
HARDLY ANY NEW STARS.
497
00:30:00,067 --> 00:30:04,967
TURNS OUT, SOMETHING IS SHUTTING
OUR GALAXY'S GROWTH DOWN,
498
00:30:04,967 --> 00:30:08,333
THE BIGGEST FLAMETHROWER
IN THE UNIVERSE.
499
00:30:18,833 --> 00:30:21,600
Narrator:
THE MILKY WAY STARTED SMALL.
500
00:30:21,600 --> 00:30:25,700
OVER BILLIONS OF YEARS,
IT HAS GROWN HUGE,
501
00:30:25,700 --> 00:30:29,733
SPAWNING OVER 200 BILLION STARS
AND COUNTING.
502
00:30:29,733 --> 00:30:33,267
BUT THE COUNT IS SLOWING.
503
00:30:33,267 --> 00:30:34,500
SO, IN THE MILKY WAY RIGHT NOW,
504
00:30:34,500 --> 00:30:36,033
THERE ARE STARS
THAT ARE BEING BORN.
505
00:30:36,033 --> 00:30:37,533
AND THERE'S ABOUT ONE STAR
PER YEAR
506
00:30:37,533 --> 00:30:40,000
SOMEWHERE IN OUR GIANT GALAXY
THAT'S BEING BORN.
507
00:30:40,000 --> 00:30:42,100
STAR FORMATION'S NOT DONE
IN THE MILKY WAY,
508
00:30:42,100 --> 00:30:43,233
BUT IT'S SETTLED DOWN.
509
00:30:45,267 --> 00:30:47,233
Narrator:
IN ITS PAST, THE MILKY WAY
510
00:30:47,233 --> 00:30:49,867
WAS BURSTING
WITH STAR FORMATION.
511
00:30:49,867 --> 00:30:51,733
SO WHAT'S CHANGED?
512
00:30:53,633 --> 00:30:56,500
Bullock:
SO, ONE OF THE BIG QUESTIONS
IN GALAXY FORMATION TODAY IS,
513
00:30:56,500 --> 00:30:58,433
WHY ISN'T MORE GAS
TURNING INTO STARS?
514
00:30:58,433 --> 00:31:00,267
WELL, ONE CLUE
IS THAT BLACK HOLES
515
00:31:00,267 --> 00:31:02,300
ACTUALLY MIGHT BE LIMITING
THIS PROCESS.
516
00:31:05,500 --> 00:31:07,067
Narrator:
IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE,
517
00:31:07,067 --> 00:31:11,300
OUR BLACK HOLE MAY HAVE SPARKED
STARS INTO LIFE.
518
00:31:11,300 --> 00:31:15,400
NOW, IT MIGHT BE STOPPING STARS
FROM FORMING.
519
00:31:15,400 --> 00:31:18,467
TO FIND OUT WHY, WE NEED TO LOOK
520
00:31:18,467 --> 00:31:22,300
AT THE MILKY WAY'S SUPERMASSIVE
BLACK HOLE IN DETAIL.
521
00:31:25,467 --> 00:31:28,633
AND FOR THE FIRST TIME, WE CAN,
522
00:31:28,633 --> 00:31:32,933
THANKS TO ONE OF NASA'S
NEWEST SPACE TELESCOPES, NuSTAR.
523
00:31:32,933 --> 00:31:37,267
FIONA HARRISON RUNS
THE NuSTAR MISSION.
524
00:31:37,267 --> 00:31:39,333
ITS FIRST TARGET --
525
00:31:39,333 --> 00:31:42,200
THE BLACK HOLE AT THE CENTER
OF OUR GALAXY.
526
00:31:43,667 --> 00:31:46,767
Harrison: NuSTAR CAN SEE
THE VERY HIGHEST-ENERGY X-RAYS
527
00:31:46,767 --> 00:31:49,133
THAT CAN PENETRATE
THROUGH DUST AND GAS.
528
00:31:49,133 --> 00:31:52,633
IT ENABLES US TO HAVE THIS VIEW
OF THIS BLACK HOLE.
529
00:31:54,533 --> 00:31:56,567
Narrator:
NuSTAR'S X-RAY VISION
530
00:31:56,567 --> 00:32:00,367
SEES ONLY THE MOST VIOLENT
EVENTS.
531
00:32:00,367 --> 00:32:07,067
BLACK HOLE TANTRUMS ARE RARE,
BUT NuSTAR GOT LUCKY.
532
00:32:07,067 --> 00:32:08,833
Harrison: WE LOOKED.
533
00:32:08,833 --> 00:32:10,700
AND ABOUT SIX HOURS
AFTER WE LOOKED,
534
00:32:10,700 --> 00:32:15,800
WE SAW THE BLACK HOLE GET
A HUNDRED TIMES BRIGHTER.
535
00:32:15,800 --> 00:32:18,933
HOW LONG DID THAT LAST?
ONLY A FEW HOURS.
536
00:32:18,933 --> 00:32:20,933
THEN IT FADED AWAY
BACK INTO OBLIVION.
537
00:32:20,933 --> 00:32:25,667
BUT THIS EVENT WAS
WHAT WE WERE LOOKING FOR.
538
00:32:25,667 --> 00:32:28,367
WE WERE ALL JUST AMAZED.
539
00:32:28,367 --> 00:32:30,267
THERE WERE CHEERS IN THE ROOM.
540
00:32:30,267 --> 00:32:32,600
IT WAS JUST ONE
OF THE MOST EXCITING MOMENTS,
541
00:32:32,600 --> 00:32:34,600
AND SO EARLY ON
IN THE MISSION, TOO.
542
00:32:34,600 --> 00:32:37,533
Narrator:
IT'S DIRECT EVIDENCE
543
00:32:37,533 --> 00:32:40,067
OUR BLACK HOLE IS STILL ACTIVE
544
00:32:40,067 --> 00:32:43,433
AND STILL HAS THE MUSCLE
TO CONTROL THE GALAXY.
545
00:32:47,967 --> 00:32:50,433
THE BLACK HOLE'S POWER
IS REVEALED
546
00:32:50,433 --> 00:32:56,500
WHEN IT LIGHTS UP A DISK OF GAS
AND DUST WHICH SPINS AROUND IT.
547
00:32:56,500 --> 00:32:59,700
AS THIS MATERIAL IS SWIRLING
AROUND THE BLACK HOLE IN A DISK,
548
00:32:59,700 --> 00:33:01,233
IT RUBS AGAINST EACH OTHER.
549
00:33:01,233 --> 00:33:03,900
AND THERE'S ALSO MAGNETIC FIELDS
AND OTHER FORCES.
550
00:33:03,900 --> 00:33:07,800
ALL OF THIS HEATS THAT DISK TO
MUCH HOTTER, EVEN, THAN THE SUN.
551
00:33:10,933 --> 00:33:13,933
Narrator: NuSTAR DETECTS
THAT GAS AROUND THE BLACK HOLE
552
00:33:13,933 --> 00:33:17,967
IS HEATING UP TO
180 MILLION DEGREES FAHRENHEIT.
553
00:33:17,967 --> 00:33:22,167
THAT'S 18,000 TIMES HOTTER
THAN THE SURFACE OF THE SUN.
554
00:33:24,200 --> 00:33:28,700
THIS SUPERHEATED GAS IS BAD NEWS
FOR STAR FORMATION.
555
00:33:28,700 --> 00:33:33,267
THE GAS HAS TO GET COLD IN ORDER
FOR IT TO EVENTUALLY FORM STARS.
556
00:33:33,267 --> 00:33:35,567
AND THAT'S BECAUSE THE GAS HAS
TO GET VERY, VERY DENSE
557
00:33:35,567 --> 00:33:37,567
SO THAT, EVENTUALLY,
THE GAS CAN COLLAPSE
558
00:33:37,567 --> 00:33:40,300
INTO SOMETHING THAT'S GONNA HAVE
NUCLEAR FUSION IN ITS CORE.
559
00:33:40,300 --> 00:33:42,567
SO IN REGIONS
AROUND BLACK HOLES,
560
00:33:42,567 --> 00:33:44,067
BECAUSE THEY'RE SO HOT,
561
00:33:44,067 --> 00:33:45,667
THEY HEAT UP
THE GAS AROUND THEM.
562
00:33:45,667 --> 00:33:47,367
AND THAT TOTALLY LIMITS
THE ABILITY
563
00:33:47,367 --> 00:33:48,800
FOR THAT GAS TO TURN INTO STARS.
564
00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:54,167
MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF ENERGY
ARE EMITTED.
565
00:33:54,167 --> 00:33:57,067
AND THAT ACTUALLY CAN
NOT ONLY DESTROY STARS,
566
00:33:57,067 --> 00:34:00,867
IT CAN BLOW THE GAS AWAY
THAT WOULD LATER ON FORM STARS.
567
00:34:03,567 --> 00:34:06,367
Narrator:
STAR BIRTH SHUTS DOWN.
568
00:34:09,333 --> 00:34:10,833
OVER OUR GALAXY'S LIFE,
569
00:34:10,833 --> 00:34:15,067
OUR SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE
DRAGS GAS AND DUST TOWARDS IT,
570
00:34:15,067 --> 00:34:18,167
THE INGREDIENTS NEEDED
FOR STAR FORMATION.
571
00:34:18,167 --> 00:34:20,167
IN ITS INFANCY,
572
00:34:20,167 --> 00:34:23,300
ITS POWER SLAMS
THESE GAS CLOUDS TOGETHER,
573
00:34:23,300 --> 00:34:26,067
SPARKING STARS INTO LIFE.
574
00:34:26,067 --> 00:34:30,433
NOW, IT BLOWS THEM APART
WITH ITS EXTREME HEAT,
575
00:34:30,433 --> 00:34:34,533
REGULATING THE POPULATION
OF STARS IN THE GALAXY.
576
00:34:34,533 --> 00:34:38,100
THE BLACK HOLE IN THE CENTER
ACTS A LITTLE BIT LIKE A VALVE,
577
00:34:38,100 --> 00:34:40,967
CONTROLLING HOW STARS FORM
IN THE GALAXY ITSELF.
578
00:34:40,967 --> 00:34:44,933
Krauss: THERE IS A REMARKABLE
SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
579
00:34:44,933 --> 00:34:46,600
BETWEEN BLACK HOLES
AND GALAXIES.
580
00:34:46,600 --> 00:34:50,567
BLACK HOLES ACT LIKE
COSMIC REGULATORS,
581
00:34:50,567 --> 00:34:53,167
INCREASING, AT CERTAIN TIMES,
STAR FORMATION
582
00:34:53,167 --> 00:34:56,100
AND GOVERNING THE RATE
AT WHICH GALAXIES EVOLVE.
583
00:34:56,100 --> 00:34:59,467
Narrator: WE'RE NOT SURE WHY
OUR BLACK HOLE
584
00:34:59,467 --> 00:35:04,200
STOPS SOME STAR FORMATION
AND SPARKS OTHERS.
585
00:35:04,200 --> 00:35:06,333
ALL WE DO KNOW
586
00:35:06,333 --> 00:35:10,167
IS THAT THIS REGULATION MIGHT BE
ESSENTIAL FOR US.
587
00:35:10,167 --> 00:35:12,200
WHEN IT MADE STARS,
588
00:35:12,200 --> 00:35:16,133
THE BLACK HOLE MIGHT HAVE
ALSO HELPED CREATE OUR SUN.
589
00:35:16,133 --> 00:35:19,933
NOW, IT LIMITS STAR FORMATION,
590
00:35:19,933 --> 00:35:24,267
WHICH COULD BRING LETHAL
RADIATION NEAR PLANET EARTH.
591
00:35:24,267 --> 00:35:26,533
Bullock: IF WE WERE LIVING
IN AN AREA WHERE THERE WERE
592
00:35:26,533 --> 00:35:28,500
LOTS OF YOUNG STARS
AND SUPERNOVAE BLOWING UP,
593
00:35:28,500 --> 00:35:31,133
THAT WOULD NOT BE SO GOOD
FOR LIFE ON EARTH.
594
00:35:31,133 --> 00:35:36,433
Narrator: NOW THE CONDITIONS
FOR LIFE ARE PERFECT.
595
00:35:36,433 --> 00:35:42,800
LOOKING UP AT OUR NIGHT SKY,
IT LOOKS UNCHANGING, ETERNAL.
596
00:35:45,067 --> 00:35:48,400
BUT IN THE UNIVERSE,
NOTHING LASTS FOREVER.
597
00:35:50,433 --> 00:35:54,733
OUR GALAXY IS GEARING UP
FOR ITS NEXT BIG CHANGE.
598
00:35:54,733 --> 00:35:59,467
SO WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD?
599
00:35:59,467 --> 00:36:02,567
THE ANSWER IS THAT WE WON'T BE
A SPIRAL GALAXY FOR MUCH LONGER.
600
00:36:02,567 --> 00:36:04,867
OUR LIFETIME AS A SPIRAL GALAXY
601
00:36:04,867 --> 00:36:08,167
IS ABOUT TWO-THIRDS OF THE WAY
INTO ITS FINAL DEATH THROES.
602
00:36:10,267 --> 00:36:12,967
Narrator: THE MILKY WAY HAS
A GIANT SISTER OUT THERE,
603
00:36:12,967 --> 00:36:15,800
TOO CLOSE FOR COMFORT.
604
00:36:15,800 --> 00:36:20,267
THEIR SIBLING RIVALRY WILL SET
THE NIGHT ON FIRE
605
00:36:22,767 --> 00:36:26,367
AND PIT TWO OF THE BIGGEST
HEAVYWEIGHTS IN THE COSMOS
606
00:36:26,367 --> 00:36:29,067
IN A FIGHT TO THE DEATH.
607
00:36:38,367 --> 00:36:40,433
Narrator:
AROUND 13 BILLION YEARS AGO,
608
00:36:40,433 --> 00:36:45,200
THE MILKY WAY FORMS AROUND
A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE.
609
00:36:45,200 --> 00:36:49,100
IT ADDS HUNDREDS OF BILLIONS
OF STARS,
610
00:36:49,100 --> 00:36:56,067
SETTLES INTO A FLAT DISK
AND IS SCULPTED INTO A SPIRAL.
611
00:36:56,067 --> 00:36:59,733
OUR GALAXY HAS
CONSTANTLY EVOLVED.
612
00:36:59,733 --> 00:37:03,100
ITS FUTURE IS NO DIFFERENT.
613
00:37:03,100 --> 00:37:07,367
AND IT'S GOING TO GET VIOLENT.
614
00:37:07,367 --> 00:37:09,233
GO OUT TONIGHT
AND LOOK AT THE NIGHT SKY
615
00:37:09,233 --> 00:37:10,433
WITH A PAIR OF BINOCULARS,
616
00:37:10,433 --> 00:37:14,167
AND YOU CAN SEE
THE ANDROMEDA GALAXY.
617
00:37:14,167 --> 00:37:17,467
THAT IS OUR FUTURE.
618
00:37:17,467 --> 00:37:20,700
PERHAPS 4 OR 5 BILLION YEARS
FROM NOW,
619
00:37:20,700 --> 00:37:24,467
WE WILL BE ON A COLLISION COURSE
WITH OUR NEXT-DOOR NEIGHBOR.
620
00:37:24,467 --> 00:37:27,600
AND IT COULD BE LIKE
A HOSTILE TAKEOVER.
621
00:37:29,700 --> 00:37:33,067
Narrator: ANDROMEDA IS HEADING
STRAIGHT FOR US.
622
00:37:33,067 --> 00:37:36,467
COLLISIONS ARE, OF COURSE,
NOTHING NEW.
623
00:37:36,467 --> 00:37:38,633
IN ITS INFANCY,
624
00:37:38,633 --> 00:37:43,400
OUR GALAXY GREW BY COLLIDING
AND EATING OTHER GALAXIES.
625
00:37:43,400 --> 00:37:46,833
BUT THIS TIME, IT'S DIFFERENT.
626
00:37:46,833 --> 00:37:51,667
THE ORIGINAL SCHOOLYARD BULLY
IS GOING TO MEET ITS MATCH.
627
00:37:54,133 --> 00:37:56,300
THE MILKY WAY HAS ALWAYS BEEN
THE BIGGEST THING AROUND.
628
00:37:56,300 --> 00:37:58,467
SO ANY LITTLE DWARF GALAXY
THAT'S GOTTEN NEAR
629
00:37:58,467 --> 00:37:59,600
HAS GOTTEN TORN APART,
630
00:37:59,600 --> 00:38:01,767
BUT THE MILKY WAY
JUST KEEPS RIGHT ON GOING.
631
00:38:01,767 --> 00:38:04,100
NOW, THERE'S
ANOTHER REALLY BIG GALAXY
632
00:38:04,100 --> 00:38:06,133
THAT'S ACTUALLY HEADED
RIGHT FOR US RIGHT NOW.
633
00:38:06,133 --> 00:38:08,433
THAT'S ANDROMEDA.
IT'S ANOTHER DISK.
634
00:38:08,433 --> 00:38:10,633
AND WHEN THESE TWO BIG DISKS
COME TOGETHER,
635
00:38:10,633 --> 00:38:11,967
THERE'S NOT GONNA BE
A DISK LEFT.
636
00:38:11,967 --> 00:38:14,500
NEITHER OF THOSE DISKS IS
GONNA WIN.
637
00:38:14,500 --> 00:38:16,967
Narrator:
AS THE COLLISION NEARS,
638
00:38:16,967 --> 00:38:20,100
OUR NIGHT SKY WILL CHANGE
COMPLETELY.
639
00:38:20,100 --> 00:38:23,233
Bullock: TODAY, IF YOU LOOK OUT
WHEN IT'S REALLY DARK,
640
00:38:23,233 --> 00:38:25,933
YOU SEE THE BIG BAND
OF THE MILKY WAY.
641
00:38:25,933 --> 00:38:27,533
IT'S A BEAUTIFUL THING.
642
00:38:27,533 --> 00:38:28,800
A FEW BILLION YEARS FROM NOW,
643
00:38:28,800 --> 00:38:31,067
WHAT YOU WOULD SEE
IS NOT JUST ONE BAND OF STARS,
644
00:38:31,067 --> 00:38:34,500
BUT ANOTHER BAND OF STARS
THAT CRISSCROSSES LIKE THIS.
645
00:38:34,500 --> 00:38:37,300
Narrator: AS IT NEARS,
646
00:38:37,300 --> 00:38:41,700
ANDROMEDA GROWS
LARGER AND LARGER IN OUR SKY.
647
00:38:41,700 --> 00:38:46,100
FINALLY, THE GALAXIES
SMASH INTO ONE ANOTHER.
648
00:38:46,100 --> 00:38:51,133
STARS ARE TORN
FROM THEIR ORBITS.
649
00:38:51,133 --> 00:38:53,067
Plait: THE STARS
DON'T ACTUALLY COLLIDE.
650
00:38:53,067 --> 00:38:54,367
STARS ARE EXTREMELY SMALL
651
00:38:54,367 --> 00:38:56,467
COMPARED TO THE SPACE
IN-BETWEEN THEM.
652
00:38:56,467 --> 00:38:58,467
BUT THAT'S NOT TRUE
FOR GAS CLOUDS.
653
00:38:58,467 --> 00:38:59,900
GAS CLOUDS ARE VERY LARGE.
654
00:38:59,900 --> 00:39:01,700
THEY CAN ACTUALLY
SLAM INTO EACH OTHER.
655
00:39:01,700 --> 00:39:04,433
WHEN THEY COLLIDE,
THAT CREATES NEW STAR FORMATION.
656
00:39:04,433 --> 00:39:09,700
THIS GAS AND DUST
IS GONNA GET SET ON FIRE.
657
00:39:09,700 --> 00:39:11,467
THERE WILL BE A CRAZY THING
GOING ON,
658
00:39:11,467 --> 00:39:13,767
AND MAYBE EVEN BEGIN TO LOOK
LIKE FIREWORKS IN THE SKY
659
00:39:13,767 --> 00:39:14,733
AS STARS ARE BORN.
660
00:39:14,733 --> 00:39:17,800
HUGE GAS CLOUDS
BLAZING OUT LIGHT
661
00:39:17,800 --> 00:39:19,700
FROM THE MASS OF STARS
FORMING IN THEM.
662
00:39:19,700 --> 00:39:20,900
IT WOULD BE MAGNIFICENT.
663
00:39:25,500 --> 00:39:28,400
Narrator:
THIS IS OUR SWAN SONG.
664
00:39:30,867 --> 00:39:35,833
THIS BURST OF STAR FORMATION
MARKS THE END FOR OUR GALAXY.
665
00:39:40,133 --> 00:39:45,267
THE MILKY WAY AND ANDROMEDA
RIP EACH OTHER TO SHREDS.
666
00:39:45,267 --> 00:39:48,933
Mainzer: WHEN THESE TWO
BEAUTIFUL STRUCTURED SPIRALS
667
00:39:48,933 --> 00:39:50,267
SMACK INTO EACH OTHER,
668
00:39:50,267 --> 00:39:55,100
THAT REALLY ORDERLY SHAPE
IS GOING TO BE DESTROYED.
669
00:39:55,100 --> 00:39:57,633
AND WHAT'S PROBABLY
GONNA BE LEFT IS SORT
670
00:39:57,633 --> 00:40:00,833
OF A BIG BLOB OF STARS THAT'S
CALLED AN ELLIPTICAL GALAXY.
671
00:40:00,833 --> 00:40:03,100
THOSE TWO GALAXIES ARE
GONNA TURN INTO A BALL OF STARS.
672
00:40:03,100 --> 00:40:05,767
YOU WON'T SEE ANY BANDS AT ALL.
673
00:40:05,767 --> 00:40:09,200
IT'LL JUST BE STARS
SPREAD ACROSS THE SKY.
674
00:40:11,333 --> 00:40:14,733
Narrator: THE MILKY WAY
AND ANDROMEDA ARE GONE.
675
00:40:14,733 --> 00:40:20,733
IN THEIR PLACE,
A NEW GALAXY, MILKOMEDA.
676
00:40:23,733 --> 00:40:26,300
BUT IT'S NOT OVER.
677
00:40:26,300 --> 00:40:31,733
THEIR TWO SUPERMASSIVE BLACK
HOLES HURTLE TOWARDS EACH OTHER.
678
00:40:31,733 --> 00:40:35,633
Bullock: THOSE BLACK HOLES ARE
GONNA BE HUNTING FOR EACH OTHER.
679
00:40:35,633 --> 00:40:37,467
SO YOU'VE GOT
TWO GIANT BLACK HOLES,
680
00:40:37,467 --> 00:40:39,867
BOTH MORE THAN A MILLION TIMES
THE MASS OF THE SUN,
681
00:40:39,867 --> 00:40:41,367
SPIRALING IN TOWARDS EACH OTHER.
682
00:40:41,367 --> 00:40:42,567
AS THIS IS HAPPENING,
683
00:40:42,567 --> 00:40:44,733
BOTH OF THEM WILL PROBABLY START
GOBBLING UP GAS
684
00:40:44,733 --> 00:40:46,167
THAT HAPPENS TO BE AROUND THEM.
685
00:40:46,167 --> 00:40:48,300
THEY'RE BOTH TRYING TO EAT
ALL THE GAS THAT'S AROUND THEM,
686
00:40:48,300 --> 00:40:50,533
AND THEY'RE GONNA GET BRIGHT,
SO IT'S GONNA BE A CRAZY EVENT.
687
00:40:50,533 --> 00:40:52,600
IT WILL BE FANTASTIC.
688
00:40:52,600 --> 00:40:56,933
TWO FIREBALLS
ROTATING AROUND EACH OTHER
689
00:40:56,933 --> 00:40:59,767
UNTIL THE BLACK HOLES
AT THE CENTER OF THEM
690
00:40:59,767 --> 00:41:02,933
FINALLY COALESCE.
691
00:41:02,933 --> 00:41:04,833
Narrator:
THE BLACK HOLES MERGE,
692
00:41:04,833 --> 00:41:08,300
FORMING AN EVEN LARGER
SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE,
693
00:41:08,300 --> 00:41:13,533
A NEW KING TO RULE
OVER A NEW GALAXY.
694
00:41:16,600 --> 00:41:19,567
BUT THIS NEW GALAXY IS
ALREADY DYING.
695
00:41:19,567 --> 00:41:23,400
OVER BILLIONS OF YEARS,
THE STARS SLOWLY DIE OUT.
696
00:41:23,400 --> 00:41:27,667
THERE'S NO FUEL LEFT TO CREATE
NEW STARS AND REPLACE THEM.
697
00:41:27,667 --> 00:41:30,967
Plait: WHAT YOU'RE LEFT WITH IS
BASICALLY A DARK GALAXY.
698
00:41:30,967 --> 00:41:33,967
IT'S NOT GENERATING
ANY ENERGY, ANY HEAT, ANY LIGHT.
699
00:41:33,967 --> 00:41:36,067
IT'S JUST BLACK.
700
00:41:36,067 --> 00:41:39,367
Narrator:
ONE HUNDRED TRILLION YEARS
701
00:41:39,367 --> 00:41:43,600
AFTER IT WAS FORMED IN THE
DARKNESS OF THE EARLY UNIVERSE,
702
00:41:43,600 --> 00:41:47,500
THE VORACIOUS BLACK HOLE
RETURNS TO DARKNESS.
703
00:41:47,500 --> 00:41:51,800
HERE, IT'S LEFT TO FEAST
ON THE GALAXY IT BUILT,
704
00:41:51,800 --> 00:41:56,067
EATING THE DEAD REMAINS
OF STARS AND PLANETS.
705
00:41:56,067 --> 00:41:58,433
Oluseyi:
THE ORBITS OF THE STARS DECAY,
706
00:41:58,433 --> 00:42:01,267
AND THEY FALL IN TOWARD
THE SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE.
707
00:42:01,267 --> 00:42:04,167
AND IT ULTIMATELY IT'S THOUGHT
GALAXIES LIKE THE MILKY WAY
708
00:42:04,167 --> 00:42:06,967
WILL JUST FORM
ONE SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE.
709
00:42:09,167 --> 00:42:10,567
Krauss: IN LITERATURE,
710
00:42:10,567 --> 00:42:12,500
BEGINNINGS AND ENDINGS
ARE ALWAYS TIED TOGETHER,
711
00:42:12,500 --> 00:42:15,100
BUT THE SAME IS TRUE
FOR OUR GALAXY'S BLACK HOLE.
712
00:42:15,100 --> 00:42:16,433
IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE THAT,
713
00:42:16,433 --> 00:42:19,100
WITHOUT THE FORMATION
OF THE BLACK HOLE AT ITS CENTER,
714
00:42:19,100 --> 00:42:21,500
OUR GALAXY WOULD NOT
HAVE COALESCED AROUND IT
715
00:42:21,500 --> 00:42:23,100
AND HAVE THE PROPERTIES IT HAS.
716
00:42:23,100 --> 00:42:24,900
BUT THE ULTIMATE FUTURE
OF OUR GALAXY
717
00:42:24,900 --> 00:42:27,400
IS TO COLLAPSE
INTO A MASSIVE BLACK HOLE.
718
00:42:27,400 --> 00:42:30,200
SO, IN THAT SENSE, THE BLACK
HOLE MAY BE RESPONSIBLE
719
00:42:30,200 --> 00:42:31,900
FOR THE BEGINNING OF OUR GALAXY,
720
00:42:31,900 --> 00:42:35,133
AND IT'LL DEFINITELY ULTIMATELY
BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS DEATH.
721
00:42:37,500 --> 00:42:41,100
Narrator:
OUR GALAXY IS MAGNIFICENT.
722
00:42:41,100 --> 00:42:45,333
ALL THIS, EVERYTHING WE SEE
IN OUR NIGHT SKY,
723
00:42:45,333 --> 00:42:46,700
COULD BE THE RESULT
724
00:42:46,700 --> 00:42:50,433
OF ONE OF THE MOST FEARSOME
OBJECTS IN THE UNIVERSE --
725
00:42:50,433 --> 00:42:54,967
A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE
THAT COULD'VE BEEN OUR CREATOR
726
00:42:54,967 --> 00:42:58,400
AND WILL BE THE DESTROYER
OF OUR GALAXY
727
00:42:58,400 --> 00:43:02,167
AND ALL THE GALAXIES
IN THE UNIVERSE.
58615
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