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Narrator: JUPITER,
2
00:00:04,200 --> 00:00:07,700
A COSMIC COLOSSUS
REIGNING OVER THE OTHER PLANETS.
3
00:00:07,700 --> 00:00:10,967
TAKE THE PLANET EARTH,
NOW GET 1,000 OF THEM,
4
00:00:10,967 --> 00:00:12,900
AND THAT'S THE SIZE OF JUPITER.
5
00:00:12,900 --> 00:00:15,400
Narrator: HIDDEN
BENEATH ITS SWIRLING CLOUDS
6
00:00:15,400 --> 00:00:18,900
LIE THE SECRETS OF OUR
SOLAR SYSTEM'S FOUNDATION,
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00:00:18,900 --> 00:00:21,400
OF OUR PLANET'S
VIOLENT YOUTH...
8
00:00:21,400 --> 00:00:22,800
WHEN THE BIGGEST THING
IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
9
00:00:22,800 --> 00:00:24,333
IS MOVING THIS FAR THIS FAST,
10
00:00:24,333 --> 00:00:26,333
IT CHANGES EVERYTHING AROUND IT.
11
00:00:26,333 --> 00:00:29,133
Narrator:
...AND THE BIRTH OF LIFE.
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00:00:29,133 --> 00:00:32,467
IF IT WASN'T FOR JUPITER,
RIGHT WHERE I'M STANDING,
13
00:00:32,467 --> 00:00:36,333
THERE MIGHT BE
GIGANTIC METEOR IMPACT CRATER.
14
00:00:39,100 --> 00:00:41,500
Narrator:
NOW, SCIENTISTS ARE UNLOCKING
15
00:00:41,500 --> 00:00:45,367
THE GIANT PLANET'S SECRETS
AND DISCOVERING THAT JUPITER,
16
00:00:45,367 --> 00:00:49,033
MORE THAN ANY OTHER PLANET,
SHAPES OUR SOLAR SYSTEM'S
17
00:00:49,033 --> 00:00:53,500
PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE.
18
00:00:53,500 --> 00:00:56,133
WITHOUT JUPITER, MOST CERTAINLY,
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00:00:56,133 --> 00:00:57,800
WE WOULDN'T BE HERE
TO TALK ABOUT IT.
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00:00:57,800 --> 00:01:00,867
-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com
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CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
22
00:01:13,400 --> 00:01:14,767
Narrator: JUPITER --
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NAMED AFTER THE ROMAN KING
OF THE GODS, THE GOD OF THE SKY,
24
00:01:19,567 --> 00:01:23,733
IT LOOMS BETWEEN
THE FOUR INNER ROCKY PLANETS
25
00:01:23,733 --> 00:01:27,067
AND THE THREE
FROZEN GAS GIANTS BEYOND.
26
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IT IS OUR LARGEST PLANET BY FAR.
27
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Plait: JUPITER IS THE KING
OF THE PLANETS,
28
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AND THAT'S BECAUSE IT
IS THE BIGGEST OF THE PLANETS.
29
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IT HAS A STORM ON IT
THAT'S ACTUALLY FOUR TIMES
30
00:01:37,767 --> 00:01:39,167
BIGGER THAN THE EARTH ITSELF,
31
00:01:39,167 --> 00:01:41,267
AND IT'S BEEN RAGING
FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS.
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IT HAS DOZENS OF MOONS,
THIS GIGANTIC MAGNETIC FIELD.
33
00:01:45,467 --> 00:01:47,933
EVERYTHING ABOUT JUPITER
IS JUST HUGE.
34
00:01:47,933 --> 00:01:49,333
IT DOESN'T DO ANYTHING SMALL.
35
00:01:49,333 --> 00:01:51,500
IF YOU WERE LOOKING
AT OUR SOLAR SYSTEM FROM AFAR,
36
00:01:51,500 --> 00:01:52,533
YOU'D LOOK AND YOU'D SAY,
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"OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
IS MADE OF THE SUN,
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JUPITER, AND ASSORTED RUBBLE.
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00:01:56,633 --> 00:01:58,867
Narrator: THIS VAST PLANET
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CONTAINS THE CLUES
TO OUR SOLAR SYSTEM'S FORMATION,
41
00:02:03,067 --> 00:02:07,333
ITS EVOLUTION,
AND ITS EVENTUAL DEATH.
42
00:02:07,333 --> 00:02:11,633
JUPITER
IS A COSMIC TIME CAPSULE.
43
00:02:11,633 --> 00:02:14,300
IF ONLY WE COULD OPEN IT.
44
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IN THE ROMAN MYTH,
JUPITER, THE GOD,
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00:02:16,633 --> 00:02:19,667
DREW A VEIL OF CLOUDS AROUND HIM
TO HIDE HIS MISCHIEF,
46
00:02:19,667 --> 00:02:20,733
AND THAT'S, TO SOME EXTENT,
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00:02:20,733 --> 00:02:22,633
WHAT'S HAPPENED
WHEN WE LOOK AT JUPITER.
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00:02:22,633 --> 00:02:25,067
WE'RE SEEING NOT THE SURFACE
OF A PLANET,
49
00:02:25,067 --> 00:02:27,767
BUT THE EDGE OF A CLOUD.
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00:02:27,767 --> 00:02:31,767
Narrator: THIS SHROUD OF GAS
HIDES JUPITER'S DEEPEST SECRETS.
51
00:02:31,767 --> 00:02:33,467
Thaller: ONE OF THE BIG
MYSTERIES OF JUPITER
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IS WHAT'S AT THE VERY CENTER.
WHAT IS ITS CORE?
53
00:02:36,267 --> 00:02:38,333
AND THIS IS SOMETHING
THAT WE ACTUALLY DON'T KNOW YET.
54
00:02:38,333 --> 00:02:41,933
Narrator: BUT WE DO KNOW THAT
WHAT'S HAPPENING INSIDE JUPITER
55
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GIVES THE PLANETS ITS POWER.
56
00:02:44,267 --> 00:02:47,067
Plait: IF WE WANT TO KNOW
MORE ABOUT WHAT'S GOING ON
57
00:02:47,067 --> 00:02:49,067
IN THIS KING
OF THE PLANETS,
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00:02:49,067 --> 00:02:50,400
WE'RE GOING TO NEED
TO BE ABLE
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00:02:50,400 --> 00:02:53,067
TO PART THOSE CLOUDS
AND PEER INSIDE.
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00:02:53,067 --> 00:02:54,500
Narrator:
SIMPLE PHYSICS TELLS US
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ITS MASSIVE ATMOSPHERE
IS THE STUFF OF NIGHTMARES.
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00:02:58,900 --> 00:03:01,533
BECAUSE IT'S A GAS GIANT,
THE ATMOSPHERE,
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00:03:01,533 --> 00:03:04,500
AS YOU GET DEEPER INTO IT,
JUST GETS DENSER AND DENSER
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00:03:04,500 --> 00:03:07,167
AND THE PRESSURE
GETS HIGHER AND HIGHER.
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00:03:07,167 --> 00:03:09,733
Narrator: FROM THE CLOUD TOPS
TO THE PLANET'S CENTER
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IS 43,000 MILES.
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00:03:11,933 --> 00:03:16,267
THAT'S A THREE-DAY,
NONSTOP JOURNEY IN A JUMBO JET.
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THE DECENT WOULD BE
A HELLISH ROLLER COASTER RIDE.
69
00:03:20,600 --> 00:03:24,067
AND WE KNOW THIS,
BECAUSE WE'VE TRIED.
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00:03:24,067 --> 00:03:26,733
Plait: THE GALILEO PROBE
ORBITED JUPITER FOR YEARS
71
00:03:26,733 --> 00:03:28,533
LOOKING AT THE CLOUD TOPS
OF THE PLANET
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AND THE MOONS THAT ORBIT IT.
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BUT AT THE END OF THE MISSION,
THEY DECIDED THEY COULD DO
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ONE MORE SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENT.
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Narrator: DECEMBER 7, 1995.
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NASA'S GALILEO SPACE CRAFT
DROPS A 750-POUND TITANIUM PROBE
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INTO JUPITER'S ATMOSPHERE.
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00:03:48,333 --> 00:03:54,067
IT SLAMS INTO THE CLOUD TOPS
AT OVER 106,000 MILES AN HOUR.
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00:04:02,833 --> 00:04:05,867
Kaku:
EVEN THOUGH JUPITER LOOKS CALM
AND SERENE FROM A DISTANCE,
80
00:04:05,867 --> 00:04:07,133
AS YOU GET CLOSER,
81
00:04:07,133 --> 00:04:09,567
YOU REALIZE
THAT THERE ARE FEROCIOUS WINDS,
82
00:04:09,567 --> 00:04:11,267
THERE ARE LIGHTNING STORMS,
83
00:04:11,267 --> 00:04:15,267
AND THERE ARE PRESSURES
THAT WOULD CRUSH ANY INSTRUMENT.
84
00:04:15,267 --> 00:04:18,400
THE PLANET IS 1,000 TIMES
THE MASS OF THE EARTH,
85
00:04:18,400 --> 00:04:20,400
AND THAT MEANS AS YOU GO INWARD,
86
00:04:20,400 --> 00:04:24,867
THE PRESSURES AND DENSITIES
BECOME VERY LARGE.
87
00:04:24,867 --> 00:04:28,533
Narrator: THE PROBE SENSORS
REVEAL THAT HYDROGEN
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MAKES UP 90%
OF JUPITER'S ATMOSPHERE.
89
00:04:33,133 --> 00:04:36,400
TEMPERATURES SOAR
TO OVER 300 DEGREES.
90
00:04:39,300 --> 00:04:42,700
WINDS RAGE AT 400 MILES AN HOUR.
91
00:04:45,733 --> 00:04:50,467
IT'S HOTTER AND MORE TURBULENT
THAN SCIENTISTS EVER IMAGINED.
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00:04:52,600 --> 00:04:55,667
58 MINUTES AFTER
ENTERING JUPITER'S ATMOSPHERE,
93
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AND JUST 95 MILES DOWN,
THE PROBE...
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00:04:59,667 --> 00:05:03,067
VAPORIZES,
95
00:05:03,067 --> 00:05:07,200
LEAVING MOST OF JUPITER'S
SECRETS BEYOND OUR REACH.
96
00:05:11,133 --> 00:05:15,433
WE CAN'T REACH
THE PLANET'S CENTER,
97
00:05:15,433 --> 00:05:19,667
BUT AT THE NATIONAL IGNITION
FACILITY OUTSIDE SAN FRANCISCO,
98
00:05:19,667 --> 00:05:24,800
SCIENTISTS CAN RECREATE
CONDITIONS DEEP INSIDE JUPITER.
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00:05:27,867 --> 00:05:29,433
Collins: THERE ARE A LOT
OF OTHER FACILITIES
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00:05:29,433 --> 00:05:31,933
WHERE WE CAN GENERATE, SAY,
101
00:05:31,933 --> 00:05:34,433
STATES THAT ARE FOUND
AT THE CENTER OF THE EARTH
102
00:05:34,433 --> 00:05:37,633
OR SOME OF THE OTHER
TERRESTRIAL PLANETS,
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00:05:37,633 --> 00:05:39,233
BUT THIS IS THE ONLY PLACE
104
00:05:39,233 --> 00:05:42,733
YOU CAN RECREATE
THE DEEPEST INTERIOR OF JUPITER.
105
00:05:42,733 --> 00:05:44,733
Narrator:
THE TEAM TAKES HYDROGEN,
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00:05:44,733 --> 00:05:46,767
THE MOST COMMON ELEMENT
IN JUPITER,
107
00:05:46,767 --> 00:05:50,300
AND FREEZES IT,
INCREASING ITS DENSITY.
108
00:05:50,300 --> 00:05:54,867
THEN, THEY FIRE UP
THE WORLD'S LARGEST LASER.
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00:05:54,867 --> 00:05:57,567
MULTIPLE LASER BEAMS RACE
THROUGH A SERIES
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00:05:57,567 --> 00:05:59,233
OF AMPLIFICATION CHAMBERS,
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00:05:59,233 --> 00:06:03,067
INTENSIFYING
BY A QUADRILLION TIMES,
112
00:06:03,067 --> 00:06:07,900
UNTIL, PERFECTLY SYNCHRONIZED,
THE BEAMS CONVERGE.
113
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FOR 20 BILLIONTHS OF A SECOND,
114
00:06:10,100 --> 00:06:14,933
THE LASER BOMBARDS THE HYDROGEN
WITH 1,000 TIMES MORE ENERGY
115
00:06:14,933 --> 00:06:19,367
THAN THE ENTIRE UNITED STATES
USES AT ANY GIVEN MOMENT.
116
00:06:19,367 --> 00:06:23,433
Collins: IT TURNS OUT THAT AT
THOSE VERY EXTREME PRESSURES,
117
00:06:23,433 --> 00:06:27,067
A HUNDRED MILLION ATMOSPHERES
OF PRESSURES,
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00:06:27,067 --> 00:06:29,933
CHEMISTRY
IS JUST COMPLETELY DIFFERENT.
119
00:06:32,767 --> 00:06:36,533
INSTEAD OF REALLY DISTORTING
THE CHEMICAL BOND,
120
00:06:36,533 --> 00:06:41,567
NOW, YOU'RE DISTORTING
HOW THE ATOM ITSELF BEHAVES.
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MATTER BEHAVES
IN A FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT WAY
122
00:06:44,767 --> 00:06:48,400
THAN WE EXPERIENCE IT HERE
ON EARTH.
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00:06:48,400 --> 00:06:49,667
Narrator:
THE ATOMS BREAK DOWN,
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00:06:49,667 --> 00:06:53,633
TRANSFORMING THE HYDROGEN GAS
INTO A LIQUID --
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00:06:53,633 --> 00:06:58,567
A LIQUID METAL CONCENTRATED
DEEP INSIDE THE PLANET.
126
00:06:58,567 --> 00:07:00,433
Collins:
ESSENTIALLY, YOU WOULD HAVE
127
00:07:00,433 --> 00:07:03,100
THIS VERY DENSE STRUCTURE,
128
00:07:03,100 --> 00:07:06,067
AND IT PERHAPS WOULD LOOK
LIKE THIS MASSIVE BALL
129
00:07:06,067 --> 00:07:08,800
OF MERCURY
AT THE CENTER OF JUPITER.
130
00:07:08,800 --> 00:07:10,067
Narrator:
UNDER IMMENSE PRESSURE,
131
00:07:10,067 --> 00:07:12,867
THE LIQUID HYDROGEN EMITS ENERGY
AS HEAT,
132
00:07:12,867 --> 00:07:16,633
PUSHING TEMPERATURES AT THE EDGE
OF THIS METALLIC SPHERE
133
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UP TO 11,000 DEGREES.
134
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WHAT LIES INSIDE
REMAINS A MYSTERY.
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00:07:24,267 --> 00:07:26,233
THERE COULD BE
A LITTLE ROCKY PLANET
136
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UNDERNEATH ALL OF THAT GAS
AND ALL OF THAT LIQUID.
137
00:07:28,933 --> 00:07:31,767
IT COULD BE MORE OF A BALL
OF SUPER COMPRESSED ICE.
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THERE PROBABLY IS SOMETHING
SOLID DOWN THERE.
139
00:07:36,433 --> 00:07:39,367
Narrator: IT'S THE PROCESSES
HAPPENING INSIDE JUPITER
140
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THAT GIVE THE PLANET
ITS POWER --
141
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POWER TO SHAPE THE SOLAR SYSTEM
SINCE ITS EARLIEST DAYS.
142
00:07:48,500 --> 00:07:49,767
APART FROM THE SUN,
143
00:07:49,767 --> 00:07:54,700
JUPITER IS THE BIGGEST INFLUENCE
IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
144
00:07:54,700 --> 00:07:57,800
BUT THIS MONSTER IS SHRINKING.
145
00:07:57,800 --> 00:08:01,600
IS JUPITER LOSING ITS POWER?
146
00:08:10,067 --> 00:08:13,633
Narrator: A THOUSAND TIMES
MORE MASSIVE THAN THE EARTH,
147
00:08:13,633 --> 00:08:16,267
JUPITER COULD SWALLOW
ALL THE OTHER PLANETS
148
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IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM TWICE
AND STILL HAVE ROOM FOR MORE.
149
00:08:21,333 --> 00:08:25,333
BUT THIS GIANT
IS GETTING SMALLER.
150
00:08:25,333 --> 00:08:27,067
Thaller:
GRAVITY IS STILL BRINGING
151
00:08:27,067 --> 00:08:30,533
ALL OF THE GASES
AND LIQUIDS TOGETHER.
152
00:08:30,533 --> 00:08:34,733
AND THAT HEATS UP
THE INTERIOR OF JUPITER.
153
00:08:34,733 --> 00:08:37,867
Narrator: THIS HEAT RISES UP
TO JUPITER'S SURFACE
154
00:08:37,867 --> 00:08:39,967
AND ESCAPES INTO SPACE.
155
00:08:39,967 --> 00:08:42,733
THE PLANET COOLS AND SHRINKS,
156
00:08:42,733 --> 00:08:46,267
MAKING THE GAS GIANT
A THIRD SMALLER TODAY
157
00:08:46,267 --> 00:08:48,700
THAN WHEN IT FIRST FORMED.
158
00:08:48,700 --> 00:08:50,067
AS THE PLANET COOLS,
159
00:08:50,067 --> 00:08:54,133
THE SHRINKING SLOWS FROM
AN INCH A YEAR IN ITS INFANCY
160
00:08:54,133 --> 00:08:56,867
TO JUST A FEW FRACTIONS
OF AN INCH TODAY.
161
00:08:56,867 --> 00:09:00,767
AND SCIENTISTS CALCULATE
IT COULD CONTINUE SHRINKING
162
00:09:00,767 --> 00:09:04,567
FOR 1,000 BILLION YEARS.
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00:09:04,567 --> 00:09:07,633
EVEN THEN, IT WILL ALWAYS BE
THE SOLAR SYSTEM'S
164
00:09:07,633 --> 00:09:10,067
BIGGEST, MOST POWERFUL PLANET.
165
00:09:12,200 --> 00:09:15,967
JUPITER IS SHRINKING TOO SLOWLY
FOR US TO SEE,
166
00:09:15,967 --> 00:09:19,233
BUT WE CAN SEE THE EFFECT
OF THIS RISING HEAT.
167
00:09:19,233 --> 00:09:21,267
Thaller: THIS IS ACTUALLY ONE
OF THE REASONS JUPITER
168
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HAS THE SPECTACULAR WEATHER --
169
00:09:22,900 --> 00:09:25,100
ALL OF THOSE BEAUTIFUL BANDS
OF CLOUDS.
170
00:09:28,500 --> 00:09:32,067
Narrator:
ON EARTH, THE SUN'S HEAT
DRIVES OUR WEATHER.
171
00:09:32,067 --> 00:09:35,567
SWITCH OFF THE SUN,
AND OUR WEATHER WOULD STOP.
172
00:09:35,567 --> 00:09:38,933
BUT JUPITER'S WEATHER
WOULD KEEP ON GOING.
173
00:09:38,933 --> 00:09:41,433
ITS WEATHER DOESN'T COME
FROM THE SUN.
174
00:09:41,433 --> 00:09:45,067
IT COMES FROM DEEP
INSIDE THE PLANET ITSELF.
175
00:09:45,067 --> 00:09:49,467
HEAT RISES UP
THROUGH THE BOILING SOUP OF GAS,
176
00:09:49,467 --> 00:09:54,267
CHURNING ITS COCKTAIL
OF VOLATILE CHEMICALS,
177
00:09:54,267 --> 00:10:00,133
CREATING JUPITER'S SPECTACULAR
SWIRLING CLOUDS.
178
00:10:00,133 --> 00:10:04,167
AND THE WHOLE TIME,
THE GIANT PLANET SPINS.
179
00:10:04,167 --> 00:10:06,400
AT 29,000 MILES AN HOUR,
180
00:10:06,400 --> 00:10:09,900
JUPITER ROTATES
FASTER THAN ANY OTHER PLANET
181
00:10:09,900 --> 00:10:11,667
IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
182
00:10:14,033 --> 00:10:17,367
JUPITER ROTATES ON ITS AXIS
ABOUT ONCE EVERY NINE HOURS,
183
00:10:17,367 --> 00:10:19,567
COMPARED TO A 24-HOUR DAY
FOR US.
184
00:10:19,567 --> 00:10:22,667
SO, HUGE, SUPER-HEATED CLOUDS
FROM THE INTERIOR
185
00:10:22,667 --> 00:10:24,700
GET SMEARED OUT BY THE ROTATION,
186
00:10:24,700 --> 00:10:27,100
AND WE HAVE THE BEAUTIFUL CLOUD
TOPS OF JUPITER.
187
00:10:27,100 --> 00:10:31,933
Narrator: THIS MARRIAGE OF HEAT
AND MOTION SPAWNS A MONSTER.
188
00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:37,100
Krauss: JUPITER'S RED SPOT
IS A GIGANTIC CYCLONE,
189
00:10:37,100 --> 00:10:39,233
LARGER THAN THE SIZE
OF THE EARTH,
190
00:10:39,233 --> 00:10:42,833
AND HAS BEEN ROTATING STABLY
WITH WINDS IN EXCESS
191
00:10:42,833 --> 00:10:46,967
OF 250 MILES PER HOUR
FOR OVER THREE CENTURIES.
192
00:10:46,967 --> 00:10:51,867
IMAGINE A STORM
THAT LASTS FOR 300 YEARS.
193
00:10:51,867 --> 00:10:55,567
Narrator: ON EARTH, CYCLONES
DIE WHEN THEY HIT LAND,
194
00:10:55,567 --> 00:10:59,233
BUT JUPITER HAS NO LAND
TO STOP ITS STORMS,
195
00:10:59,233 --> 00:11:02,200
ALMOST UNLIMITED HEAT
TO FUEL THEM
196
00:11:02,200 --> 00:11:04,233
AND A RAPID ROTATION.
197
00:11:07,567 --> 00:11:09,567
Plait:
JUPITER IS BASICALLY STOKING
198
00:11:09,567 --> 00:11:12,433
THE FIRES OF THE GREAT RED SPOT.
199
00:11:12,433 --> 00:11:15,433
WE'RE USED TO STORMS GROWING
AND THEN GOING AWAY ON EARTH,
200
00:11:15,433 --> 00:11:17,133
BUT IF THEY'RE SPINNING
THE RIGHT WAY,
201
00:11:17,133 --> 00:11:19,700
BECAUSE JUPITER IS SO BIG
AND SPINNING SO QUICKLY,
202
00:11:19,700 --> 00:11:23,600
THEY FEED INTO EACH OTHER,
AND IT KEEPS THE STORM ALIVE.
203
00:11:25,067 --> 00:11:27,700
Narrator:
LONG AFTER THE OTHER PLANETS
FREEZE AND DIE,
204
00:11:27,700 --> 00:11:31,067
JUPITER WILL
STILL BE PUMPING OUT HEAT,
205
00:11:31,067 --> 00:11:34,367
DRIVING ITS MONSTER STORMS,
206
00:11:34,367 --> 00:11:37,567
THANKS TO ITS IMMENSE SIZE.
207
00:11:41,467 --> 00:11:43,867
AND THE SECRET OF ITS SIZE
208
00:11:43,867 --> 00:11:48,167
LIES IN THE INFANCY
OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
209
00:11:48,167 --> 00:11:50,900
JUST OVER 4.5 BILLION YEARS AGO,
210
00:11:50,900 --> 00:11:53,633
IN THE DISK
OF DUST AND GAS LEFTOVER
211
00:11:53,633 --> 00:11:57,733
FROM THE SUN'S FORMATION,
THE FIRST PLANET FORMS.
212
00:11:57,733 --> 00:12:01,567
Krauss:
JUPITER BEGAN TO FORM EARLY ON
AND BEGAN TO GOBBLE UP
213
00:12:01,567 --> 00:12:06,233
WATER, FROZEN COMETS, METEORS,
AND GROW.
214
00:12:06,233 --> 00:12:09,267
WHEN YOU IMAGINE
A LITTER OF ANIMALS,
215
00:12:09,267 --> 00:12:11,633
ONE OF THEM USUALLY WINS.
216
00:12:11,633 --> 00:12:13,067
AND THE ONE THAT WINS IS THE ONE
217
00:12:13,067 --> 00:12:15,800
THAT BEGINS TO EAT THE MOST
FIRST.
218
00:12:15,800 --> 00:12:19,600
THE SAME THING HAPPENED
WITH JUPITER, IN SOME SENSE.
219
00:12:19,600 --> 00:12:21,767
Narrator:
JUPITER FORMS AT THE RIGHT TIME
220
00:12:21,767 --> 00:12:26,333
AND IN THE RIGHT PLACE --
JUST INSIDE THE FROST LINE,
221
00:12:26,333 --> 00:12:30,700
THE POINT 325 MILLION MILES
FROM THE SUN
222
00:12:30,700 --> 00:12:34,800
WHERE WATER VAPOR TURNS TO ICE.
223
00:12:34,800 --> 00:12:36,333
Kaku: CLOSE TO THE SUN,
224
00:12:36,333 --> 00:12:38,433
ROCKY PLANETS
CANNOT GROW VERY BIG.
225
00:12:38,433 --> 00:12:39,967
A LITTLE BIT
BIGGER THAN THE EARTH,
226
00:12:39,967 --> 00:12:41,867
AND THE PLANET FALLS APART.
227
00:12:41,867 --> 00:12:43,433
FURTHER OUT, HOWEVER,
228
00:12:43,433 --> 00:12:46,400
ICE IS A GLUE
THAT CAN HOLD ROCK TOGETHER.
229
00:12:46,400 --> 00:12:49,700
AND SO YOU HAVE
MASSIVE ROCKY ICE PLANETS
230
00:12:49,700 --> 00:12:55,100
BIG ENOUGH TO CAPTURE HYDROGEN
GAS AND BECOME A GAS GIANT.
231
00:12:57,367 --> 00:12:58,700
Narrator: CLOSE TO THE SUN,
232
00:12:58,700 --> 00:13:03,067
GAS IS TOO HOT AND ENERGETIC
TO STICK TO ANYTHING.
233
00:13:03,067 --> 00:13:06,600
OUT HERE,
GAS IS COLD AND SLUGGISH.
234
00:13:06,600 --> 00:13:10,633
SO, WHEN GRAVITY PULLS GAS
TOWARDS JUPITER'S CORE,
235
00:13:10,633 --> 00:13:12,233
IT STICKS,
236
00:13:12,233 --> 00:13:16,067
AND JUPITER BALLOONS.
237
00:13:16,067 --> 00:13:18,700
Krauss: AND AS IT GREW,
ITS GRAVITY GREW,
238
00:13:18,700 --> 00:13:21,533
AND THEREFORE, ITS ABILITY
TO GOBBLE UP MORE INCREASED.
239
00:13:21,533 --> 00:13:23,867
SO IT WAS THE LUCKY WINNER
240
00:13:23,867 --> 00:13:28,367
BY STARTING EARLY
AND EATING OFTEN.
241
00:13:28,367 --> 00:13:31,633
Narrator: THE PLANET
EATS EVERYTHING IN ITS REACH
242
00:13:31,633 --> 00:13:35,200
UNTIL IT BECOMES THE GIANT
WE SEE TODAY.
243
00:13:37,400 --> 00:13:42,967
BUT 4.5 BILLION YEARS AGO,
JUPITER IS IN THE WRONG PLACE.
244
00:13:42,967 --> 00:13:48,900
IT'S SPIRALING TOWARDS THE SUN
AND A FIERY DEATH.
245
00:13:58,900 --> 00:14:02,700
Narrator: THE BIGGEST PLANET
WITH THE BIGGEST INFLUENCE,
246
00:14:02,700 --> 00:14:06,067
JUPITER IS UNIQUE
IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM,
247
00:14:09,367 --> 00:14:12,833
BUT NOT IN OUR GALAXY.
248
00:14:12,833 --> 00:14:16,533
OCTOBER 1995,
SCIENTISTS DISCOVER
249
00:14:16,533 --> 00:14:19,867
THE FIRST PLANET
BEYOND OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
250
00:14:22,067 --> 00:14:24,067
51 LIGHT-YEARS FROM EARTH,
251
00:14:24,067 --> 00:14:28,500
51 PEGASI B
IS A GIANT GAS PLANET,
252
00:14:28,500 --> 00:14:32,633
SIMILAR TO JUPITER
IN EVERY WAY EXCEPT ONE.
253
00:14:32,633 --> 00:14:35,867
Plait: THE FIRST EXOPLANET FOUND
ORBITING A STAR LIKE THE SUN
254
00:14:35,867 --> 00:14:37,400
WAS A HUGE SURPRISE.
255
00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:38,933
IT WAS CALLED A HOT JUPITER
256
00:14:38,933 --> 00:14:41,333
BECAUSE IT'S SOMETHING
ROUGHLY THE SIZE OF JUPITER,
257
00:14:41,333 --> 00:14:44,333
BUT IT WAS TREMENDOUSLY CLOSE IN
TO ITS STAR,
258
00:14:44,333 --> 00:14:47,900
MUCH CLOSER, EVEN,
THAN MERCURY IS TO THE SUN.
259
00:14:47,900 --> 00:14:49,933
Narrator:
SINCE THAT FIRST DISCOVERY,
260
00:14:49,933 --> 00:14:53,567
ASTRONOMERS HAVE IDENTIFIED
HUNDREDS OF GAS GIANTS
261
00:14:53,567 --> 00:14:55,867
OUTSIDE OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
262
00:14:55,867 --> 00:15:00,800
MANY ORBIT EXTREMELY CLOSE
TO THEIR PARENT STAR.
263
00:15:00,800 --> 00:15:05,700
THE PLANET WASP-33 B,
378 LIGHT-YEARS AWAY,
264
00:15:05,700 --> 00:15:08,533
ORBITS SO CLOSE TO ITS STAR
265
00:15:08,533 --> 00:15:13,867
THAT ITS SURFACE
IS A SCORCHING 5,800 DEGREES.
266
00:15:13,867 --> 00:15:17,667
IT'S THE HOTTEST PLANET
EVER OBSERVED IN THE UNIVERSE.
267
00:15:17,667 --> 00:15:20,300
NOW, WE KNOW THAT PLANETS
LIKE THAT CAN'T FORM THERE.
268
00:15:20,300 --> 00:15:24,100
IT'S JUST TOO HOT TO BE ABLE
TO COALESCE FROM ALL THE GAS.
269
00:15:24,100 --> 00:15:28,267
Narrator: THESE HOT JUPITERS
MUST HAVE FORMED FARTHER OUT.
270
00:15:28,267 --> 00:15:30,267
Thaller: HOW DO YOU GET
A JUPITER-LIKE PLANET
271
00:15:30,267 --> 00:15:31,767
THAT CLOSE TO A STAR?
272
00:15:31,767 --> 00:15:34,867
SOMEHOW, YOU NEED TO BE ABLE
TO BUILD A BIG PLANET
273
00:15:34,867 --> 00:15:36,533
AND THEN MOVE IT IN.
274
00:15:36,533 --> 00:15:38,467
AND THIS HAD US ASKING
ALL KINDS OF QUESTIONS.
275
00:15:38,467 --> 00:15:41,067
IF WE SEE IT GOING
ON ELSEWHERE IN THE UNIVERSE,
276
00:15:41,067 --> 00:15:43,067
IS THAT HOW OUR OWN SOLAR SYSTEM
WORKED, TOO?
277
00:15:43,067 --> 00:15:44,600
SO NOW, WHEN WE LOOK AT JUPITER,
278
00:15:44,600 --> 00:15:46,800
WE THINK, "ALL RIGHT,
THAT'S WHERE IT IS TODAY,
279
00:15:46,800 --> 00:15:48,900
"BUT IT DOESN'T MEAN
IT'S ALWAYS BEEN THERE.
280
00:15:48,900 --> 00:15:50,567
"IT COULD HAVE MOVED
ALL OVER THE PLACE,
281
00:15:50,567 --> 00:15:52,267
"AND IT JUST ENDED UP
WHERE IT IS --
282
00:15:52,267 --> 00:15:53,500
WHERE WE FIND IT TODAY."
283
00:15:53,500 --> 00:15:56,067
Narrator:
THE QUESTION IS HOW?
284
00:15:56,067 --> 00:15:59,633
HOW DID THIS GIANT PLANET
END UP WHERE IT IS TODAY?
285
00:15:59,633 --> 00:16:03,133
AND WHAT EFFECT
DID A MIGRATING JUPITER
286
00:16:03,133 --> 00:16:05,400
HAVE ON THE OTHER PLANETS?
287
00:16:05,400 --> 00:16:09,967
IN 2011, WALSH AND HIS TEAM
RE-IMAGINED THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
288
00:16:09,967 --> 00:16:13,500
THEY SET JUPITER ADRIFT,
AND IN THE PROCESS,
289
00:16:13,500 --> 00:16:17,633
THEY SOLVE ONE OF THE SOLAR
SYSTEM'S GREATEST PUZZLES.
290
00:16:17,633 --> 00:16:20,667
Walsh:
WE WOULD BUILD OUR MODELS,
WOULD GET A VENUS
291
00:16:20,667 --> 00:16:23,467
RIGHT WHERE THE VENUS
IS SUPPOSED TO BE,
292
00:16:23,467 --> 00:16:26,933
WOULD GET AN EARTH RIGHT WHERE
THE EARTH IS SUPPOSED TO BE.
293
00:16:26,933 --> 00:16:28,400
BUT WHERE MARS IS TODAY,
294
00:16:28,400 --> 00:16:31,267
WE WERE USUALLY GETTING A VENUS
OR EARTH-MASSED PLANET.
295
00:16:31,267 --> 00:16:34,167
NO MATTER WHAT WE DID, NO MATTER
HOW WE CHANGED THE MODEL,
296
00:16:34,167 --> 00:16:36,433
WE WERE ALWAYS GETTING
A REALLY BIG MARS.
297
00:16:36,433 --> 00:16:37,600
ALL OF OUR SIMULATION
298
00:16:37,600 --> 00:16:39,367
SHOWED THAT MARS,
WHERE IT IS IN THE DISK,
299
00:16:39,367 --> 00:16:42,067
SHOULD BE AT LEAST TEN TIMES
THE MASS THAT IT IS.
300
00:16:42,067 --> 00:16:46,200
SOMETHING CAME IN
AND LITERALLY ATE MARS' LUNCH.
301
00:16:46,200 --> 00:16:49,433
Narrator:
AND THAT SOMETHING WAS JUPITER.
302
00:16:49,433 --> 00:16:51,200
FOUR AND A HALF BILLION
YEARS AGO,
303
00:16:51,200 --> 00:16:55,733
JUPITER FORMS 325 MILLION MILES
FROM THE SUN,
304
00:16:55,733 --> 00:16:59,200
ROUGHLY A THIRD CLOSER
THAN IT IS TODAY.
305
00:16:59,200 --> 00:17:01,067
THE ORBITING PLANET COLLIDES
306
00:17:01,067 --> 00:17:04,467
WITH THE DEBRIS LEFT OVER
FROM THE SUN'S FORMATION,
307
00:17:04,467 --> 00:17:07,267
AND THESE COLLISIONS
SLOW IT DOWN.
308
00:17:07,267 --> 00:17:09,100
IT LOSES MOMENTUM,
309
00:17:09,100 --> 00:17:13,067
AND THE SUN'S GRAVITY
PULLS IT CLOSER.
310
00:17:13,067 --> 00:17:15,067
JUPITER SPIRALS INWARDS,
311
00:17:15,067 --> 00:17:20,700
GOBBLING UP THE RAW MATERIALS
THAT SHOULD HAVE MADE MARS.
312
00:17:20,700 --> 00:17:22,633
SO, SEEING THAT RESULT,
SEEING A GREAT SOLUTION
313
00:17:22,633 --> 00:17:26,300
TO THE SMALL MARS PROBLEM
WAS KIND OF THE EUREKA MOMENT.
314
00:17:26,300 --> 00:17:28,467
LIKE, WELL, MAYBE
THERE'S A MECHANISM OUT THERE.
315
00:17:28,467 --> 00:17:29,900
WE KNOW THAT PLANETS MIGRATE.
316
00:17:29,900 --> 00:17:31,567
SO, LET'S PUT THESE TWO THINGS
TOGETHER,
317
00:17:31,567 --> 00:17:33,867
AND MAYBE THIS IS GOING TO WORK.
318
00:17:33,867 --> 00:17:36,067
Narrator:
AS JUPITER TRAVELS INWARDS,
319
00:17:36,067 --> 00:17:40,733
IT BULLDOZES THE ROCKY MATERIAL
THAT LIES IN ITS PATH.
320
00:17:40,733 --> 00:17:43,733
Walsh: ON THE INWARD MIGRATION,
THERE'S A LOT OF MATERIAL THERE.
321
00:17:43,733 --> 00:17:45,600
IT ACTUALLY PUSHES
ALMOST ALL OF THAT,
322
00:17:45,600 --> 00:17:47,733
ABOUT 80 % OF IT, INWARD.
323
00:17:47,733 --> 00:17:50,667
AND WHEN WE MAKE THE MOVIES
IN A CERTAIN WAY,
324
00:17:50,667 --> 00:17:52,467
IT REALLY LOOKS LIKE A SNOWPLOW.
325
00:17:57,733 --> 00:17:59,533
Narrator:
THE GAS AND DUST SQUEEZE
326
00:17:59,533 --> 00:18:02,400
INTO AN INNER DISK
AROUND THE SUN.
327
00:18:02,400 --> 00:18:03,633
AS JUPITER ORBITS,
328
00:18:03,633 --> 00:18:07,467
IT PUSHES AGAINST THIS DISK,
CREATING A BULGE.
329
00:18:07,467 --> 00:18:11,900
THE BULGE RACES ROUND THE DISK,
PULLING JUPITER WITH IT.
330
00:18:13,167 --> 00:18:17,233
JUPITER ACCELERATES AND TRIES
TO PULL AWAY FROM THE SUN.
331
00:18:17,233 --> 00:18:21,533
BUT THE DEBRIS BEHIND JUPITER
CONTINUES PUSHING INWARDS.
332
00:18:21,533 --> 00:18:23,100
IT'S A COSMIC STALEMATE,
333
00:18:23,100 --> 00:18:27,367
WITH THE PLANET TRAPPED BETWEEN
THE INNER AND OUTER DISKS.
334
00:18:30,333 --> 00:18:34,300
THEN, SOMETHING EXTRAORDINARY
HAPPENS.
335
00:18:34,300 --> 00:18:37,467
THE GIANT PLANET
CHANGES DIRECTION.
336
00:18:37,467 --> 00:18:38,833
Walsh:
AS WE'RE BUILDING THIS MODEL,
337
00:18:38,833 --> 00:18:41,233
WE'VE HAD THIS VISION
OF JUPITER COMING INWARDS,
338
00:18:41,233 --> 00:18:42,633
TURNING AROUND
AND GOING OUTWARDS.
339
00:18:42,633 --> 00:18:44,333
AND WE THOUGHT OF IT
AS A SAILBOAT,
340
00:18:44,333 --> 00:18:47,867
KIND OF TACKING, COMING ABOUT,
TURNING THROUGH THE WIND.
341
00:18:47,867 --> 00:18:49,767
SO, THE NAME
"THE GRAND TACK MODEL,"
342
00:18:49,767 --> 00:18:52,667
IT ACTUALLY
COMES FROM SAILING TERMINOLOGY.
343
00:18:52,667 --> 00:18:55,300
Narrator:
BUT JUPITER IS NO YACHT.
344
00:18:55,300 --> 00:18:58,333
IT'S A GIANT SUPERTANKER
OF A PLANET.
345
00:18:58,333 --> 00:19:00,867
CHANGING ITS COURSE
IS GOING TO TAKE SOMETHING
346
00:19:00,867 --> 00:19:03,500
SERIOUSLY POWERFUL.
347
00:19:03,500 --> 00:19:07,333
ENTER THE SOLAR SYSTEM'S
SECOND LARGEST PLANET,
348
00:19:07,333 --> 00:19:09,733
SATURN.
349
00:19:09,733 --> 00:19:11,867
LIKE JUPITER BEFORE IT,
350
00:19:11,867 --> 00:19:16,700
SATURN HAS SPIRALED INWARDS,
CLOSING IN ON THE GIANT PLANET.
351
00:19:16,700 --> 00:19:19,933
Thaller: AMAZINGLY, THERE WAS
THIS WONDERFUL INTERPLAY
352
00:19:19,933 --> 00:19:21,567
BETWEEN JUPITER AND SATURN.
353
00:19:21,567 --> 00:19:23,833
AS THEY ATE UP ALL THE MATERIAL
AROUND THEM,
354
00:19:23,833 --> 00:19:26,967
THERE WAS A GAP
IN THE DISK LEFT OVER.
355
00:19:26,967 --> 00:19:29,767
WITH LESS MATERIAL
BEHIND JUPITER AND SATURN,
356
00:19:29,767 --> 00:19:32,333
THERE'S LESS HOLDING THE PLANETS
IN PLACE,
357
00:19:32,333 --> 00:19:34,800
ALLOWING THE FORCE
FROM THE BULGING DISK
358
00:19:34,800 --> 00:19:36,967
TO FLING JUPITER BACK OUT,
359
00:19:36,967 --> 00:19:40,233
WITH SATURN HITCHING A RIDE.
360
00:19:40,233 --> 00:19:43,300
Walsh: THE KEY FOR STOPPING
JUPITER'S INWARD MIGRATION
361
00:19:43,300 --> 00:19:45,500
IN THE GRAND TACK IS SATURN.
362
00:19:45,500 --> 00:19:49,533
SATURN GROWING AT THE RIGHT TIME
AND AT THE RIGHT PLACE
363
00:19:49,533 --> 00:19:52,633
ALLOWED IT TO MIGRATE
CLOSE TO JUPITER AND CHANGE
364
00:19:52,633 --> 00:19:56,067
AND STOP
JUPITER'S INWARD MIGRATION.
365
00:19:56,067 --> 00:20:01,233
Narrator: SATURN SAVES JUPITER
FROM A FIERY FATE.
366
00:20:01,233 --> 00:20:02,867
AND THIS GRAND TACK
367
00:20:02,867 --> 00:20:06,900
LEAVES A PARTING GIFT,
THE EARTH ITSELF,
368
00:20:08,900 --> 00:20:11,300
BECAUSE WHEN JUPITER
MIGRATES OUT,
369
00:20:11,300 --> 00:20:16,433
IT LEAVES BEHIND THE ROCKY
DEBRIS IT BULLDOZED IN.
370
00:20:16,433 --> 00:20:19,900
IT'S FROM THIS DEBRIS
THAT THE EARTH FORMS.
371
00:20:22,433 --> 00:20:25,100
BUT BEYOND MARS,
JUPITER'S POWERFUL GRAVITY
372
00:20:25,100 --> 00:20:29,067
PULLS ON THE DEBRIS, PREVENTING
IT FROM STICKING TOGETHER,
373
00:20:29,067 --> 00:20:33,633
LEAVING THE RUBBLE SCATTERED
AS A BAND OF ASTEROIDS.
374
00:20:33,633 --> 00:20:39,167
JUPITER'S GRAVITY IS SO STRONG
THAT IT DETERMINES IN SOME WAYS
375
00:20:39,167 --> 00:20:41,067
WHAT CAN EXIST WHERE
IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
376
00:20:41,067 --> 00:20:42,867
AND WHAT CAN'T.
377
00:20:45,500 --> 00:20:48,300
Narrator: THE ROCKY PLANETS,
378
00:20:48,300 --> 00:20:51,200
OUR PLANET,
379
00:20:51,200 --> 00:20:52,867
AND BEYOND MARS,
380
00:20:52,867 --> 00:20:55,300
THE ASTEROID BELT,
381
00:20:55,300 --> 00:20:59,733
THEY ALL EXIST BECAUSE
OF JUPITER'S EPIC JOURNEY.
382
00:20:59,733 --> 00:21:01,333
Walsh: WHEN THE BIGGEST THING
IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
383
00:21:01,333 --> 00:21:02,733
IS MOVING THIS FAR THIS FAST,
384
00:21:02,733 --> 00:21:04,567
IT CHANGES EVERYTHING AROUND IT.
385
00:21:06,633 --> 00:21:09,167
Narrator: FIVE MILLION YEARS
AFTER IT FIRST FORMED,
386
00:21:09,167 --> 00:21:12,500
483 MILLION MILES FROM THE SUN,
387
00:21:12,500 --> 00:21:16,333
JUPITER
REACHES ITS PRESENT ORBIT.
388
00:21:16,333 --> 00:21:17,767
ITS OUTWARD MOVEMENT
389
00:21:17,767 --> 00:21:22,433
AND THE INWARD PULL OF THE SUN'S
GRAVITY ARE FINALLY BALANCED,
390
00:21:22,433 --> 00:21:27,100
BUT THIS IS STILL NOT THE SOLAR
SYSTEM THAT WE SEE TODAY.
391
00:21:27,100 --> 00:21:28,633
Walsh: THE END POINT
OF THE GRAND TACK MODEL
392
00:21:28,633 --> 00:21:30,300
WAS ACTUALLY
THE IDEAL BEGINNINGS
393
00:21:30,300 --> 00:21:31,667
OF WHAT WE THINK HAPPENED
394
00:21:31,667 --> 00:21:35,533
LATER ON
IN SOLAR SYSTEM HISTORY.
395
00:21:35,533 --> 00:21:37,267
Narrator:
BUT FROM THIS STABLE ORBIT,
396
00:21:37,267 --> 00:21:42,267
JUPITER IS ABOUT TO TRIGGER
A DEADLY DOMINO EFFECT
397
00:21:42,267 --> 00:21:45,767
THAT THREATENS TO DESTROY
THE INFANT EARTH.
398
00:21:58,533 --> 00:22:00,567
Narrator: FOUR AND A HALF
BILLION YEARS AGO,
399
00:22:00,567 --> 00:22:04,700
JUPITER ORBITS
BETWEEN THE ROCKY INNER PLANETS
400
00:22:04,700 --> 00:22:08,200
AND THE ICY OUTER PLANETS.
401
00:22:08,200 --> 00:22:10,400
FROM THIS
STRATEGIC VANTAGE POINT,
402
00:22:10,400 --> 00:22:13,900
THE GAS GIANT DOMINATES
OUR PLANETARY SYSTEM
403
00:22:13,900 --> 00:22:15,533
AND UNLEASHES HELL.
404
00:22:20,167 --> 00:22:22,933
Krauss: IN THE EARLY ENVIRONMENT
OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM,
405
00:22:22,933 --> 00:22:26,067
WHERE THERE WAS A LOT MORE JUNK
SURROUNDING THE EARTH
406
00:22:26,067 --> 00:22:28,800
AND IN THE INNER SOLAR SYSTEM,
THE EARTH WAS BOMBARDED,
407
00:22:28,800 --> 00:22:32,633
AS WERE ALL OTHER OBJECTS,
AT AN INCREDIBLE RATE.
408
00:22:35,300 --> 00:22:39,300
Durda:
IT'S AN INCREDIBLY VIOLENT TIME
IN SOLAR SYSTEM HISTORY.
409
00:22:39,300 --> 00:22:42,833
WE REFER TO THAT TIMESCALE ABOUT
SEVERAL HUNDRED MILLION YEARS
410
00:22:42,833 --> 00:22:44,733
AFTER THE PLANETS
ACTUALLY FORMED
411
00:22:44,733 --> 00:22:46,533
AS THE LATE HEAVY BOMBARDMENT.
412
00:22:53,433 --> 00:22:55,167
THESE WERE
VERY LARGE-SCALE IMPACTS
413
00:22:55,167 --> 00:22:57,900
AND THEY ACTUALLY DO CREATE
MELT POOLS --
414
00:22:57,900 --> 00:23:01,067
LIQUID ROCK ON THE FLOORS
OF THESE IMPACT CRATERS.
415
00:23:01,067 --> 00:23:03,533
AND SOME OF THOSE CRATERS
CAN GLOW HOT
416
00:23:03,533 --> 00:23:06,067
FOR TENS OF THOUSANDS,
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF YEARS,
417
00:23:06,067 --> 00:23:08,433
IN SOME CASES.
418
00:23:08,433 --> 00:23:10,233
IF YOU WERE ACTUALLY
ON THE EARTH AT THAT TIME,
419
00:23:10,233 --> 00:23:12,233
THERE WOULD HAVE BEEN
ENORMOUS BALLS OF DUST
420
00:23:12,233 --> 00:23:14,400
CONTINUOUSLY THROWN
INTO THE ATMOSPHERE.
421
00:23:14,400 --> 00:23:16,433
THE SKY WOULD BE HAZY, CLOUDY,
422
00:23:16,433 --> 00:23:18,600
AND THE TERRAIN
WOULD BE MOUNTAINOUS
423
00:23:18,600 --> 00:23:21,600
FROM THE RIMS
OF CRATERS ALL AROUND, ROCKY,
424
00:23:21,600 --> 00:23:23,900
AND A WHOLLY UNPLEASANT PLACE
TO BE.
425
00:23:36,067 --> 00:23:39,667
Narrator:
TODAY, THE SCARS HAVE HEALED.
426
00:23:39,667 --> 00:23:44,167
GLACIERS ADVANCE AND RETREAT.
427
00:23:44,167 --> 00:23:46,600
VOLCANOES ERUPT.
428
00:23:46,600 --> 00:23:50,600
WIND AND WATER
ERASE OUR PLANET'S DUST.
429
00:23:50,600 --> 00:23:55,167
BUT THE EVIDENCE
IS STILL VISIBLE IF WE LOOK UP.
430
00:23:55,167 --> 00:23:56,300
Kaku: LOOK AT THE MOON.
431
00:23:56,300 --> 00:23:57,933
EVERY NIGHT,
YOU SEE THE MOON COMING OUT,
432
00:23:57,933 --> 00:23:59,467
AND IT'S POCKMARKED,
433
00:23:59,467 --> 00:24:01,433
BECAUSE FOR ABOUT A BILLION
YEARS
434
00:24:01,433 --> 00:24:05,067
AFTER THE SOLAR SYSTEM
WAS FORMED, THERE WAS CHAOS.
435
00:24:08,533 --> 00:24:12,300
Narrator: IN 2011,
NASA'S SPITZER SPACE TELESCOPE
436
00:24:12,300 --> 00:24:17,400
REVEALS THIS KIND OF BOMBARDMENT
AROUND ANOTHER STAR.
437
00:24:17,400 --> 00:24:21,367
ASTRONOMERS SEE A VAST DISK
OF GAS AND DUST
438
00:24:21,367 --> 00:24:25,233
CIRCLING A YOUNG STAR
CALLED ETA CORVI.
439
00:24:25,233 --> 00:24:28,800
THIS MAY BE EVIDENCE
OF ICY COMETS AND ASTEROIDS
440
00:24:28,800 --> 00:24:32,467
SWARMING
INTO ITS INNER SOLAR SYSTEM.
441
00:24:32,467 --> 00:24:33,967
FOUR BILLION YEARS AGO,
442
00:24:33,967 --> 00:24:37,067
THE SAME THING WAS HAPPENING
IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
443
00:24:41,067 --> 00:24:44,100
Plait:
THERE WAS A WAVE OF MATERIAL,
ASTEROIDS AND COMETS,
444
00:24:44,100 --> 00:24:46,500
THAT SWEPT IN
FROM THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM.
445
00:24:46,500 --> 00:24:49,767
IT TURNS OUT IT PROBABLY
CAME FROM JUPITER AND SATURN,
446
00:24:49,767 --> 00:24:51,067
THE OUTER PLANETS.
447
00:24:51,067 --> 00:24:52,467
AS THEY WERE ORBITING THE SUN,
448
00:24:52,467 --> 00:24:54,667
THEY WERE INTERACTING WITH
EACH OTHER GRAVITATIONALLY --
449
00:24:54,667 --> 00:24:57,933
A VERY COMPLICATED DANCE.
450
00:24:57,933 --> 00:24:59,633
JUPITER GOES
AROUND THE SUN THREE TIMES
451
00:24:59,633 --> 00:25:01,800
Walsh: EVERY TWO TIMES
THAT SATURN DOES.
452
00:25:01,800 --> 00:25:03,867
AND SO, WHEN THEY
WOULD MIGRATE OUTWARDS,
453
00:25:03,867 --> 00:25:05,067
THEY'D BE LOCKED
IN THIS RESONANCE.
454
00:25:05,067 --> 00:25:06,367
THEY'D BE VERY CLOSE
TO EACH OTHER.
455
00:25:06,367 --> 00:25:08,867
AND AT SOME POINT,
AS THEY WERE MOVING AROUND,
456
00:25:08,867 --> 00:25:11,833
THEIR GRAVITATIONAL POWERS
BASICALLY COMBINED,
457
00:25:11,833 --> 00:25:14,333
GOT A LITTLE BIT BETTER
AT AFFECTING THE MATERIAL
458
00:25:14,333 --> 00:25:16,567
AROUND THEM.
459
00:25:16,567 --> 00:25:19,200
Narrator: TOGETHER,
THE TWO INNER GAS GIANTS
460
00:25:19,200 --> 00:25:23,367
SLING THE TWO OUTER GAS GIANTS,
URANUS AND NEPTUNE,
461
00:25:23,367 --> 00:25:26,433
EVEN FARTHER OUT.
462
00:25:26,433 --> 00:25:29,867
URANUS AND NEPTUNE SWAP PLACES.
463
00:25:33,433 --> 00:25:36,633
NEPTUNE SLAMS
INTO THE FROZEN DUST AND GAS
464
00:25:36,633 --> 00:25:39,233
IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM'S
OUTER REACHES,
465
00:25:39,233 --> 00:25:43,267
SCATTERING ICY DEBRIS
FAR AND WIDE.
466
00:25:45,233 --> 00:25:46,600
IN THE INNER SOLAR SYSTEM,
467
00:25:46,600 --> 00:25:50,067
THIS DEBRIS
COLLIDES WITH THE ASTEROID BELT.
468
00:25:50,067 --> 00:25:53,467
BILLIONS OF COMETS
AND ASTEROIDS SWARM
469
00:25:53,467 --> 00:25:58,400
ACROSS THE ORBITS OF THE EARTH,
MOON, AND OTHER INNER PLANETS.
470
00:25:58,400 --> 00:26:00,300
Krauss:
IF THAT HAD PERSISTED,
471
00:26:00,300 --> 00:26:03,067
THEN LIFE
NEVER COULD HAVE EVOLVED.
472
00:26:03,067 --> 00:26:04,967
ONLY AFTER
A FEW HUNDRED MILLION YEARS
473
00:26:04,967 --> 00:26:07,533
WAS IT POSSIBLE
FOR LIFE ON EARTH TO DEVELOP.
474
00:26:12,533 --> 00:26:16,667
Narrator: BUT THIS DESTRUCTION
CONTAINS THE SEEDS OF CREATION
475
00:26:16,667 --> 00:26:21,433
BECAUSE THE ICY COMETS
DELIVER A PRECIOUS CARGO.
476
00:26:21,433 --> 00:26:23,733
Krauss:
JUPITER PERIODICALLY DISTURBS
477
00:26:23,733 --> 00:26:26,600
OBJECTS IN THE OUTER SOLAR
SYSTEM, LARGELY WATER OBJECTS,
478
00:26:26,600 --> 00:26:28,300
AND DIRECTS
THE TOWARDS THE EARTH.
479
00:26:28,300 --> 00:26:30,233
NOWADAYS,
THAT WOULD BE A DISASTER,
480
00:26:30,233 --> 00:26:33,367
BUT IN FACT, IF YOU LOOK
AT THE WATER ON EARTH,
481
00:26:33,367 --> 00:26:35,933
IT'S QUITE LIKELY THAT ALMOST
ALL OF THE WATER ON EARTH
482
00:26:35,933 --> 00:26:39,167
THAT'S NOW HERE CAME FROM ICE
THAT IMPACTED UPON THE EARTH,
483
00:26:39,167 --> 00:26:40,733
DIRECTED HERE BY JUPITER.
484
00:26:46,067 --> 00:26:50,333
Narrator:
EVERY OCEAN, EVERY RIVER,
485
00:26:50,333 --> 00:26:54,700
EVERY DROP OF RAIN MAY OWE
ITS EXISTENCE TO JUPITER.
486
00:26:54,700 --> 00:26:59,867
THE GAS GIANT MAY HAVE EVEN
SOWED THE SEEDS OF LIFE ITSELF.
487
00:26:59,867 --> 00:27:01,367
THE CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS
488
00:27:01,367 --> 00:27:06,333
OF LIFE MAY HAVE HITCHED A RIDE
TO EARTH ON-BOARD A COMET.
489
00:27:06,333 --> 00:27:11,067
WITHOUT JUPITER,
LIFE WOULD HAVE NEVER STARTED,
490
00:27:11,067 --> 00:27:13,567
AND IT WOULD HAVE
NEVER SURVIVED.
491
00:27:15,633 --> 00:27:19,567
THE MAIN BOMBARDMENT
ENDED 3.8 BILLION YEARS AGO,
492
00:27:19,567 --> 00:27:21,533
BUT A THREAT REMAINS.
493
00:27:21,533 --> 00:27:26,667
EVERY DAY, NASA'S NEAR-EARTH
OBJECTS PROGRAM SCANS THE SKIES
494
00:27:26,667 --> 00:27:30,067
FOR POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS
ASTEROIDS AND COMETS.
495
00:27:30,067 --> 00:27:35,067
SO FAR,
THEY'VE SPOTTED OVER 10,000.
496
00:27:35,067 --> 00:27:39,567
AND IT ONLY TAKES ONE
TO CAUSE A CATASTROPHE.
497
00:27:39,567 --> 00:27:40,967
JUST THREE MILES WIDE,
498
00:27:40,967 --> 00:27:45,333
THIS SMALL COMET IS BIG ENOUGH
TO WIPE OUT LIFE ON EARTH.
499
00:27:45,333 --> 00:27:48,933
LUCKILY, JUPITER IS IN THE WAY.
500
00:27:48,933 --> 00:27:50,300
Durda:
JUPITER ACTS, IN A LOT OF WAYS,
501
00:27:50,300 --> 00:27:52,533
LIKE THE PROTECTOR
OF THE INNER SOLAR SYSTEM.
502
00:27:52,533 --> 00:27:54,667
BY SHEPHERDING COMETS
IN ITS VICINITY,
503
00:27:54,667 --> 00:27:56,267
EJECTING THEM
FROM THE SOLAR SYSTEM,
504
00:27:56,267 --> 00:27:59,400
JUPITER
HELPS PROTECT THE EARTH ITSELF.
505
00:28:02,267 --> 00:28:04,933
IN A SENSE, THE WAY OBJECTS
MOVE IN A SOLAR SYSTEM
506
00:28:04,933 --> 00:28:07,900
IS A LITTLE BIT
LIKE A ROLLER DERBY.
507
00:28:07,900 --> 00:28:10,267
YOU'VE GOT ALL OF THESE OBJECTS
MOVING AROUND THE SUN
508
00:28:10,267 --> 00:28:12,633
IN THE SAME DIRECTION, GOING
AROUND AND AROUND AND AROUND.
509
00:28:12,633 --> 00:28:16,767
BUT THEY HAVE GRAVITY, AND THEY
CAN INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER.
510
00:28:16,767 --> 00:28:18,433
Narrator:
IMAGINE THIS SKATER IN WHITE
511
00:28:18,433 --> 00:28:23,767
IS AN ICY COMET RACING IN
FROM THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM.
512
00:28:23,767 --> 00:28:27,867
THE SKATERS IN BLACK
ARE THE GAS GIANTS.
513
00:28:27,867 --> 00:28:31,067
THE COMETS VEER
ACROSS THE PLANETS' ORBITS
514
00:28:31,067 --> 00:28:34,700
UNTIL IT ENCOUNTERS JUPITER.
515
00:28:34,700 --> 00:28:37,900
JUPITER MOVES
FASTER THAN THE COMET.
516
00:28:37,900 --> 00:28:40,400
THEN, THE GIANT PLANET'S GRAVITY
517
00:28:40,400 --> 00:28:45,800
GRABS IT AND GIVES IT AN ASSIST
IN A SLINGSHOT MANEUVER.
518
00:28:45,800 --> 00:28:48,733
THE COMET STEALS
SOME OF JUPITER'S MOMENTUM,
519
00:28:48,733 --> 00:28:53,467
ACCELERATES,
AND CHANGES DIRECTION.
520
00:28:53,467 --> 00:28:55,767
JUPITER CAN FLING IT
OUT OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
521
00:28:55,767 --> 00:28:57,467
BY GIVING IT
THAT EXTRA VELOCITY,
522
00:28:57,467 --> 00:28:58,533
AND IT GOES AWAY.
523
00:28:58,533 --> 00:29:00,233
IT'S EJECTED.
524
00:29:00,233 --> 00:29:04,833
Narrator: JUPITER SLINGS OBJECTS
OUT AND STANDS GUARD.
525
00:29:04,833 --> 00:29:08,500
EVERY YEAR, 200 TIMES
MORE COMETS AND ASTEROIDS
526
00:29:08,500 --> 00:29:11,533
SMASH INTO JUPITER
THAN THE EARTH.
527
00:29:11,533 --> 00:29:14,400
Kaku: SOMETHING HAD TO BE THERE
LIKE A SHERIFF
528
00:29:14,400 --> 00:29:17,767
TO CLEAN OUT ALL THE RIFFRAFF
AND CLEAN OUT ALL THE DEBRIS,
529
00:29:17,767 --> 00:29:20,533
AND THAT'S THE PLANET JUPITER.
530
00:29:20,533 --> 00:29:23,900
IF IT WASN'T FOR JUPITER,
RIGHT WHERE I'M STANDING,
531
00:29:23,900 --> 00:29:27,633
THERE MIGHT BE
GIGANTIC METEOR IMPACT CRATER.
532
00:29:27,633 --> 00:29:30,200
WITHOUT JUPITER, MOST CERTAINLY,
533
00:29:30,200 --> 00:29:31,967
WE WOULDN'T BE HERE
TO TALK ABOUT IT.
534
00:29:34,067 --> 00:29:37,967
Narrator:
OUR LIVES DEPEND ON JUPITER.
535
00:29:37,967 --> 00:29:40,500
Krauss: BECAUSE OF
THE INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT ROLE
536
00:29:40,500 --> 00:29:43,700
THAT JUPITER'S PLAYED IN
THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE ON EARTH,
537
00:29:43,700 --> 00:29:45,200
WHEN WE LOOK AT EXOPLANETS,
538
00:29:45,200 --> 00:29:47,500
WHEN WE LOOK FOR LIFE
ELSEWHERE IN THE UNIVERSE,
539
00:29:47,500 --> 00:29:51,067
WE MAY NOT NEED TO LOOK JUST
FOR THOSE HABITABLE PLANETS.
540
00:29:51,067 --> 00:29:53,500
WE MAY NEED TO LOOK
FOR JUPITERS OR OBJECTS
541
00:29:53,500 --> 00:29:57,500
LIKE THEM THAT HAVE SAVED THEM,
AS JUPITER SAVED US.
542
00:30:00,033 --> 00:30:04,533
Narrator:
JUPITER IS THE SECRET BEHIND
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM'S SUCCESS.
543
00:30:07,700 --> 00:30:13,567
IT MAKES LIFE ON EARTH POSSIBLE
AND HELPS PROTECT THAT LIFE.
544
00:30:13,567 --> 00:30:18,800
IT MAY EVEN NURTURE LIFE,
ALIEN LIFE.
545
00:30:30,667 --> 00:30:32,600
Narrator: JUPITER DOMINATES
ITS NEIGHBORHOOD
546
00:30:32,600 --> 00:30:38,433
FOR MILLIONS OF MILES, LOOMING
OVER AT LEAST 67 MOONS,
547
00:30:38,433 --> 00:30:39,567
FROM GANYMEDE,
548
00:30:39,567 --> 00:30:41,833
WHICH IS LARGER
THAN THE PLANET MERCURY,
549
00:30:41,833 --> 00:30:44,567
TO A ROCK BARELY A MILE ACROSS.
550
00:30:44,567 --> 00:30:46,767
Durda: THE INNERMOST MOONS
ARE MORE ROCKY RICH.
551
00:30:46,767 --> 00:30:48,833
THE OUTERMOST MOONS
ARE MORE ICE RICH.
552
00:30:48,833 --> 00:30:50,333
SO, IN A LOT OF WAYS,
553
00:30:50,333 --> 00:30:52,267
A LITTLE MINIATURE SOLAR SYSTEM.
554
00:30:55,300 --> 00:30:58,233
Narrator: JUPITER
IS A COSMIC PUPPET MASTER,
555
00:30:58,233 --> 00:31:01,967
CONTROLLING
AND MANIPULATING ITS MOONS
556
00:31:01,967 --> 00:31:06,900
AND PERHAPS MAKING
ONE OF THEM HOME TO LIFE.
557
00:31:06,900 --> 00:31:09,167
MARCH 1ST, 2007,
558
00:31:09,167 --> 00:31:14,600
NASA'S NEW HORIZONS PROBE
FLIES PAST Io,
559
00:31:14,600 --> 00:31:18,767
A MOON ROUGHLY
THE SAME SIZE AS OUR OWN.
560
00:31:18,767 --> 00:31:20,400
Plait: Io IS ONE
OF THE MOST INTERESTING MOONS
561
00:31:20,400 --> 00:31:21,567
IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM,
562
00:31:21,567 --> 00:31:23,867
AND NOT JUST BECAUSE
IT LOOKS LIKE A PIZZA.
563
00:31:23,867 --> 00:31:25,800
IT'S COVERED WITH VOLCANOES.
564
00:31:25,800 --> 00:31:27,900
IN FACT, THESE VOLCANOES,
ONE WAY OR ANOTHER,
565
00:31:27,900 --> 00:31:29,700
HAVE BEEN CONTINUOUSLY ERUPTING
566
00:31:29,700 --> 00:31:32,600
SINCE WE'VE BEEN OBSERVING Io
WITH SPACE PROBES,
567
00:31:32,600 --> 00:31:34,300
FOR THE PAST 20 YEARS.
568
00:31:39,567 --> 00:31:40,767
Narrator: THIS SMALL MOON
569
00:31:40,767 --> 00:31:44,800
IS THE SOLAR SYSTEM'S
MOST VOLCANIC BODY,
570
00:31:44,800 --> 00:31:49,767
WITH AT LEAST 400
ACTIVE VOLCANOES.
571
00:31:49,767 --> 00:31:53,200
TOGETHER, THEY PUMP OUT
100 TIMES MORE HEAT
572
00:31:53,200 --> 00:31:54,967
THAN VOLCANOES ON EARTH.
573
00:31:57,667 --> 00:32:00,833
Durda:
Io'S ORBIT IS ACTUALLY SLIGHTLY
ECCENTRIC AROUND JUPITER.
574
00:32:00,833 --> 00:32:02,500
SOMETIMES,
IT'S A LITTLE CLOSER TO JUPITER;
575
00:32:02,500 --> 00:32:05,933
SOMETIMES,
A LITTLE FARTHER AWAY.
576
00:32:05,933 --> 00:32:08,067
AS THE GRAVITATIONAL
FIELD CHANGES,
577
00:32:08,067 --> 00:32:10,367
Io'S BODY, THE STRUCTURE
OF THE MOON ITSELF,
578
00:32:10,367 --> 00:32:13,533
IS TWISTED
AND PULLED BACK AND FORTH.
579
00:32:13,533 --> 00:32:17,567
AND THAT HEAT THROUGH FRICTION,
THE INTERIOR OF THE MOON,
580
00:32:17,567 --> 00:32:19,433
THAT HEAT BASICALLY MELTS IT,
581
00:32:19,433 --> 00:32:22,300
AND THAT ERUPTS THROUGH
THE SURFACE AS VOLCANOES.
582
00:32:25,400 --> 00:32:28,467
THE VOLCANOES ON Io
ARE REALLY FASCINATING.
583
00:32:28,467 --> 00:32:30,133
THEY'RE EJECTING VAST QUANTITIES
584
00:32:30,133 --> 00:32:34,900
OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
ABOVE THE SURFACE OF Io.
585
00:32:34,900 --> 00:32:37,333
IT'S SPLIT APART
BY THE ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
586
00:32:37,333 --> 00:32:39,867
FROM THE SUN
INTO SULFUR IONS, OXYGEN IONS,
587
00:32:39,867 --> 00:32:41,100
AND THOSE IONS INTERACT
588
00:32:41,100 --> 00:32:45,667
WITH THE MAGNETIC FIELD
OF THE PLANET JUPITER.
589
00:32:45,667 --> 00:32:48,533
Narrator:
JUPITER'S MAGNETIC FIELD
CARRIES CHEMICALS
590
00:32:48,533 --> 00:32:52,633
AND CHARGED PARTICLES
AWAY FROM Io
591
00:32:52,633 --> 00:32:55,133
AND ONTO ITS NEIGHBORING MOON,
EUROPA,
592
00:32:57,100 --> 00:32:59,900
MAKING THIS DISTANT,
FROZEN WORLD
593
00:32:59,900 --> 00:33:03,167
ONE OF OUR BEST HOPES
OF FINDING ALIEN LIFE.
594
00:33:05,633 --> 00:33:07,567
Plait: WHEN WE GOT UP CLOSE
TO EUROPA WITH SPACECRAFT,
595
00:33:07,567 --> 00:33:09,867
WE SAW IT WAS COVERED
IN CRACKS AND RIDGES,
596
00:33:09,867 --> 00:33:11,067
WHICH LOOKED VERY MUCH
597
00:33:11,067 --> 00:33:13,400
LIKE THE WAY
ICE FLOES LOOK HERE ON EARTH.
598
00:33:13,400 --> 00:33:15,800
AND IT TURNS OUT
THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT'S GOING ON.
599
00:33:15,800 --> 00:33:18,633
WE KNOW, BECAUSE OF SEEING
THE FLEXURE OF THE ICE
600
00:33:18,633 --> 00:33:21,267
AND THE CRACKS IN THE ICE
ON THE SURFACE OF EUROPA
601
00:33:21,267 --> 00:33:23,600
THAT THERE'S PROBABLY
A SUB-SURFACE OCEAN
602
00:33:23,600 --> 00:33:26,300
DEEPER THAN THE DEEPEST
OF EARTH'S OCEANS THERE
603
00:33:26,300 --> 00:33:28,067
ON THAT LITTLE ICY MOON.
604
00:33:33,733 --> 00:33:38,233
Narrator: JUPITER'S GRAVITY
PUSHES AND PULLS EUROPA,
605
00:33:38,233 --> 00:33:40,933
CREATING FRICTION,
606
00:33:40,933 --> 00:33:45,800
GENERATING HEAT
AND MELTING EUROPA FROM WITHIN.
607
00:33:48,067 --> 00:33:50,500
JUPITER IS SO FAR AWAY
FROM THE SUN THAT IT'S NATURAL
608
00:33:50,500 --> 00:33:53,067
TO ASSUME THAT ANYTHING
AROUND IT IS FROZEN.
609
00:33:53,067 --> 00:33:56,367
THE FACT THAT GRAVITY
CAN HEAT SOMETHING UP ENOUGH
610
00:33:56,367 --> 00:33:59,233
TO PRODUCE LIQUID WATER
IS PROFOUNDLY IMPORTANT.
611
00:33:59,233 --> 00:34:02,833
Plait:
ALL OF THE INDICATIONS OF LIQUID
WATER UNDER THE SURFACE
612
00:34:02,833 --> 00:34:04,100
HAVE BEEN INDIRECT --
613
00:34:04,100 --> 00:34:06,900
THE WAY THE SURFACE LOOKS,
THE RESURFACING OF IT.
614
00:34:06,900 --> 00:34:10,933
BUT VERY RECENTLY,
WE GOT DIRECT EVIDENCE OF WATER
615
00:34:10,933 --> 00:34:14,367
UNDER THE SURFACE OF EUROPA
IN THE FORM OF A GEYSER --
616
00:34:14,367 --> 00:34:20,533
A PLUME OF WATER BEING EJECTED
FROM THE SOUTH POLE OF THE MOON.
617
00:34:20,533 --> 00:34:22,767
Narrator: NOVEMBER 2013,
618
00:34:22,767 --> 00:34:26,067
ANALYZING PHOTOGRAPHS
FROM THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE,
619
00:34:26,067 --> 00:34:31,767
SCIENTISTS SPOT TWO GIANT
GEYSERS SPEWING WATER 124 MILES
620
00:34:31,767 --> 00:34:35,433
INTO THE ATMOSPHERE
ABOVE EUROPA'S SOUTH POLE.
621
00:34:35,433 --> 00:34:37,100
IT'S THE BEST EVIDENCE YET
622
00:34:37,100 --> 00:34:41,567
OF LIQUID WATER
BENEATH EUROPA'S FROZEN CRUST.
623
00:34:41,567 --> 00:34:44,800
Plait: SEEING DIRECT EVIDENCE
OF LIQUID WATER ON EUROPA
624
00:34:44,800 --> 00:34:46,567
IS TERRIBLY EXCITING.
625
00:34:46,567 --> 00:34:50,133
FINDING LIQUID WATER IS VERY
IMPORTANT FOR FINDING BIOLOGY.
626
00:34:50,133 --> 00:34:52,967
WE DON'T KNOW THAT WHEREVER
THERE'S WATER, THERE'S BIOLOGY,
627
00:34:52,967 --> 00:34:54,300
BUT WE'RE PRETTY SURE
THAT WITHOUT IT,
628
00:34:54,300 --> 00:34:55,833
IT WOULD BE A LOT TOUGHER.
629
00:34:57,833 --> 00:34:59,067
Narrator:
FOR LIFE TO EVOLVE,
630
00:34:59,067 --> 00:35:02,767
IT NEEDS WATER
AND OTHER CHEMICALS.
631
00:35:02,767 --> 00:35:06,100
AND THAT'S WHERE JUPITER'S
MAGNETOSPHERE COMES IN,
632
00:35:06,100 --> 00:35:08,733
THE NETWORK
THAT TRANSPORTS CHEMICALS
633
00:35:08,733 --> 00:35:12,800
FROM VOLCANIC MOON Io TO EUROPA.
634
00:35:12,800 --> 00:35:15,733
SCIENTISTS THINK THE
MAGNETOSPHERE DELIVERS SULFUR,
635
00:35:15,733 --> 00:35:18,500
CARBON AND OTHER MINERALS,
636
00:35:18,500 --> 00:35:19,900
AND THAT ITS RADIATION
637
00:35:19,900 --> 00:35:24,067
SPLITS APART FROZEN WATER
MOLECULES ON EUROPA'S SURFACE
638
00:35:24,067 --> 00:35:26,767
INTO HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN.
639
00:35:29,300 --> 00:35:32,067
FROM A BIOLOGY POINT OF VIEW,
WHAT'S IMPORTANT IS
640
00:35:32,067 --> 00:35:34,767
THAT THERE'S INTERESTING STUFF
BEING MADE ON THE SURFACE,
641
00:35:34,767 --> 00:35:37,967
AND IF THAT STUFF COULD
GET CARRIED INTO THE OCEAN,
642
00:35:37,967 --> 00:35:39,567
ORGANISMS MIGHT APPRECIATE.
643
00:35:40,833 --> 00:35:44,167
Narrator: SO, EUROPA'S GEYSERS
ARE A MAJOR DISCOVERY.
644
00:35:44,167 --> 00:35:47,700
Plait:
ONE OF THE MORE EXCITING ASPECTS
OF SEEING THIS GEYSER ON EUROPA
645
00:35:47,700 --> 00:35:49,633
IS IT MEANS
THAT THE LIQUID OCEAN
646
00:35:49,633 --> 00:35:51,900
UNDERNEATH THE SURFACE
HAS A WAY OF GETTING OUT,
647
00:35:51,900 --> 00:35:53,867
WHICH MEANS MAYBE THERE'S A WAY
OF STUFF
648
00:35:53,867 --> 00:35:57,500
FROM THE SURFACE
GETTING INTO THE OCEAN ITSELF.
649
00:35:57,500 --> 00:35:59,733
IT COULD BE THAT IN THIS OCEAN,
650
00:35:59,733 --> 00:36:05,867
THERE'S A NUTRIENT-RICH SUPPLY
OF FOOD.
651
00:36:05,867 --> 00:36:07,300
Narrator:
LIFE NEEDS WATER.
652
00:36:07,300 --> 00:36:11,800
IT NEEDS FOOD
AND SOMETHING ELSE.
653
00:36:11,800 --> 00:36:13,667
Plait:
YOU ALSO NEED AN ENERGY SOURCE.
654
00:36:13,667 --> 00:36:15,300
ON THE EARTH, MOSTLY,
THAT'S THE SUN.
655
00:36:15,300 --> 00:36:17,667
IT'S LIGHT COMING DOWN
AND WARMING THE SURFACE.
656
00:36:17,667 --> 00:36:19,833
ON EUROPA, THOUGH,
IF YOU'RE DEEP IN THAT OCEAN,
657
00:36:19,833 --> 00:36:21,833
IT'S PROBABLY PITCH BLACK.
658
00:36:24,533 --> 00:36:27,333
Narrator: BUT LIFE CAN EXIST
WITHOUT THE SUN.
659
00:36:29,867 --> 00:36:31,500
Plait: IF YOU GO
TO THE OCEAN FLOORS ON EARTH,
660
00:36:31,500 --> 00:36:34,467
THERE ARE PLACES WHERE THERE ARE
VENTS, CRACKS IN THE CRUST,
661
00:36:34,467 --> 00:36:37,067
AND GASSES AND ALL SORTS
OF NOXIOUS CHEMICALS
662
00:36:37,067 --> 00:36:40,667
ARE COMING UP,
BUT THERE'S LIFE THERE.
663
00:36:40,667 --> 00:36:43,833
McKay:
AN OCEAN THAT THERE COULD BE
THIS FLOW OF NUTRIENTS
664
00:36:43,833 --> 00:36:47,467
FROM THE SUB-SURFACE
INTO AN OXYGEN-RICH WATER
665
00:36:47,467 --> 00:36:50,433
AND LIFE LIVING
AT THIS BOUNDARY BETWEEN THEM,
666
00:36:50,433 --> 00:36:52,767
THAT'S AN EXAMPLE
RIGHT IN FRONT OF US
667
00:36:52,767 --> 00:36:57,067
OF HOW AN ECOSYSTEM
COULD BE SHAPED THAT WAY.
668
00:36:57,067 --> 00:36:59,433
Plait: LIFE EVOLVES
TO MATCH THE CONDITIONS
669
00:36:59,433 --> 00:37:01,200
IN WHICH IT FINDS ITSELF.
670
00:37:01,200 --> 00:37:03,533
THE CONDITIONS
UNDER THE SURFACE OF EUROPA
671
00:37:03,533 --> 00:37:05,433
ARE VERY SIMILAR
TO THE CONDITIONS
672
00:37:05,433 --> 00:37:07,200
AT THE BOTTOM
OF THE OCEAN HERE ON EARTH.
673
00:37:07,200 --> 00:37:09,667
WE MAY FIND LIFE THERE,
674
00:37:09,667 --> 00:37:12,267
AND IF WE DO, IT MAY LOOK
QUITE A BIT LIKE
675
00:37:12,267 --> 00:37:14,833
LIFE UNDER THE OCEAN
HERE ON EARTH.
676
00:37:18,733 --> 00:37:21,567
Narrator: IF THERE IS LIFE
BENEATH EUROPA'S SURFACE,
677
00:37:21,567 --> 00:37:23,467
IT MAY OUTLIVE US ALL.
678
00:37:25,433 --> 00:37:29,667
THIS INHOSPITABLE WORLD
COULD BECOME A LAST REFUGE
679
00:37:29,667 --> 00:37:32,500
FOR LIFE IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM,
680
00:37:32,500 --> 00:37:35,333
BECAUSE 5 BILLION YEARS
FROM NOW,
681
00:37:35,333 --> 00:37:38,667
THE SUN IS DESTINED TO DIE.
682
00:37:51,633 --> 00:37:54,433
Narrator: JUPITER,
MORE THAN ANY OTHER PLANET,
683
00:37:54,433 --> 00:37:56,900
HAS LEFT ITS MARK
ON OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
684
00:37:56,900 --> 00:38:00,300
THE LARGEST PLANET
WITH THE STRONGEST GRAVITY,
685
00:38:00,300 --> 00:38:05,100
IT SHAPED OUR PAST
AND INFLUENCES OUR PRESENT.
686
00:38:05,100 --> 00:38:08,733
BUT THE PLANET'S FUTURE
HANGS IN THE BALANCE.
687
00:38:08,733 --> 00:38:13,133
THE ULTIMATE FATE OF JUPITER
MAY REST ON THE FATE OF THE SUN.
688
00:38:13,133 --> 00:38:15,233
AND IN 4 TO 5 BILLION YEARS,
689
00:38:15,233 --> 00:38:18,267
THE SUN WILL EXPAND
TO BECOME A RED GIANT,
690
00:38:18,267 --> 00:38:22,267
PERHAPS EATING UP THE EARTH
IN THE PROCESS.
691
00:38:22,267 --> 00:38:24,333
Mainzer: WE THINK THAT THE SUN'S
OUTER LAYERS ARE GONNA
692
00:38:24,333 --> 00:38:27,267
EXPAND POSSIBLY
EVEN TO THE ORBIT OF MARS.
693
00:38:27,267 --> 00:38:29,700
THE EARTH IS POSSIBLY
GOING TO BE ENGULFED
694
00:38:29,700 --> 00:38:32,467
AND COMPLETELY DEVOURED
BY THE EXPANDING SUN.
695
00:38:32,467 --> 00:38:34,133
AND WHEN THAT HAPPENS,
OF COURSE,
696
00:38:34,133 --> 00:38:35,767
IT'S GAME OVER FOR EARTH.
697
00:38:38,200 --> 00:38:40,233
Narrator:
FIVE BILLION YEARS FROM NOW,
698
00:38:40,233 --> 00:38:44,167
THE INNER ROCKY PLANETS
WILL BURN UP.
699
00:38:44,167 --> 00:38:46,267
WILL JUPITER BE NEXT?
700
00:38:46,267 --> 00:38:48,767
Mainzer:
FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SOMEBODY
ORBITING AROUND JUPITER,
701
00:38:48,767 --> 00:38:51,867
THE SUN IS GOING TO TURN
INTO THIS ANGRY, FIERY THING.
702
00:38:51,867 --> 00:38:53,167
AND YET,
703
00:38:53,167 --> 00:38:57,067
JUPITER ITSELF IS PROBABLY GOING
TO BE RELATIVELY SAFE.
704
00:38:57,067 --> 00:38:58,600
IT MAY LOSE
SOME OF ITS ATMOSPHERE,
705
00:38:58,600 --> 00:39:00,067
BUT JUPITER'S A BIG PLANET.
706
00:39:00,067 --> 00:39:01,400
IT HAS PLENTY TO SPARE.
707
00:39:01,400 --> 00:39:06,067
CLEARLY, THE REGION OF THE EARTH
WILL BECOME UNINHABITABLE.
708
00:39:06,067 --> 00:39:08,167
BUT WHAT'S ALSO EQUALLY CLEAR IS
709
00:39:08,167 --> 00:39:10,567
THE REGIONS
WE NOW THINK OF AS REMOTE,
710
00:39:10,567 --> 00:39:14,633
FAR AWAY, FROZEN,
BECOME MUCH MORE ATTRACTIVE.
711
00:39:17,100 --> 00:39:18,600
Plait: IT'LL BE WARMER,
712
00:39:18,600 --> 00:39:20,467
SO ITS MOONS
MIGHT ACTUALLY WARM UP.
713
00:39:20,467 --> 00:39:22,133
AND IT HAS ICY MOONS.
714
00:39:22,133 --> 00:39:25,600
RIGHT NOW, THEY'RE FROZEN WATER,
BUT WITH THE WARM SUN
715
00:39:25,600 --> 00:39:28,067
FOR MILLIONS OR TENS
OF MILLIONS OF YEARS,
716
00:39:28,067 --> 00:39:30,067
THEY MAY ACTUALLY LIQUEFY.
717
00:39:30,067 --> 00:39:33,967
AND EUROPA MAY BECOME BASICALLY
A GIGANTIC WATER DROPLET,
718
00:39:33,967 --> 00:39:37,600
A SELF-CONTAINED OCEAN
ORBITING JUPITER.
719
00:39:37,600 --> 00:39:39,333
IT'S AN AMAZING THOUGHT.
720
00:39:41,900 --> 00:39:44,667
Narrator: PERHAPS
EUROPA WILL BE LIFE'S LAST,
721
00:39:44,667 --> 00:39:48,133
BEST REFUGE AS THE SUN DIES.
722
00:39:48,133 --> 00:39:51,133
Krauss:
AS THE SUN EVOLVES,
723
00:39:51,133 --> 00:39:54,500
WILL THE MOONS OF JUPITER --
COULD IT BE
724
00:39:54,500 --> 00:39:58,367
THAT THEY BECOME
THE PRIME PLACES
725
00:39:58,367 --> 00:40:02,133
THAT WE EITHER TRAVEL TO,
OR PERHAPS,
726
00:40:02,133 --> 00:40:04,433
LIFE ONCE AGAIN BEGINS?
727
00:40:04,433 --> 00:40:07,900
Narrator:
IN OUR DYING SOLAR SYSTEM,
728
00:40:07,900 --> 00:40:12,833
JUPITER'S MOONS
MAY OFFER A SAFE HAVEN FOR LIFE.
729
00:40:12,833 --> 00:40:16,000
BUT JUPITER'S TIME
IN THE SUN IS LIMITED.
730
00:40:23,433 --> 00:40:26,200
Mainzer: AFTER THE SUN UNDERGOES
ITS DRAMATIC RED GIANT PHASE,
731
00:40:26,200 --> 00:40:28,800
IT'S GOING TO COLLAPSE DOWN
AND END ITS LIFE
732
00:40:28,800 --> 00:40:30,033
ALMOST WITH A WHIMPER.
733
00:40:30,033 --> 00:40:31,833
IT WILL BECOME A WHITE DWARF.
734
00:40:35,300 --> 00:40:37,267
Kaku: YOU WOULDN'T EVEN BE ABLE
TO SEE THE SUN
735
00:40:37,267 --> 00:40:39,100
FROM THE SURFACE OF JUPITER
736
00:40:39,100 --> 00:40:41,800
WHEN THE SUN
UNDERGOES ITS FINAL STAGE
737
00:40:41,800 --> 00:40:44,267
TO BECOME A PIECE
OF NUCLEAR WASTE
738
00:40:44,267 --> 00:40:47,000
DRIFTING IN OUTER SPACE.
739
00:40:47,000 --> 00:40:52,733
Narrator: JUPITER AND ITS MOONS
WILL BECOME DARK ONCE MORE.
740
00:40:52,733 --> 00:40:54,667
Walsh: AS THE SUN
EVOLVES INTO A WHITE DWARF,
741
00:40:54,667 --> 00:40:58,133
JUPITER WILL PROBABLY
GO LARGELY UNAFFECTED.
742
00:40:58,133 --> 00:41:00,067
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE SUN
743
00:41:00,067 --> 00:41:01,800
WON'T CHANGE ITS ORBIT
VERY MUCH.
744
00:41:01,800 --> 00:41:04,167
AND IT'S JUST GONNA
KEEP TRUCKING ALONG AND CONTINUE
745
00:41:04,167 --> 00:41:08,133
TO ORBIT THAT OLD WHITE DWARF
FOR BILLIONS OF YEARS.
746
00:41:08,133 --> 00:41:09,867
Narrator:
JUPITER WILL LIVE ON,
747
00:41:09,867 --> 00:41:13,600
AND WITH IT, THE HOPE OF LIFE.
748
00:41:13,600 --> 00:41:16,067
Mainzer: IF THERE'S LIFE
UNDERNEATH THE ICE ON EUROPA
749
00:41:16,067 --> 00:41:18,733
SOMEWHERE IN THE OCEAN
BENEATH THE SURFACE,
750
00:41:18,733 --> 00:41:22,067
IT'S POSSIBLE
THAT IT COULD STILL CONTINUE,
751
00:41:22,067 --> 00:41:24,300
WARMED BY THE TIDAL FORCES
FROM JUPITER
752
00:41:24,300 --> 00:41:28,933
EVEN AFTER THE SUN HAS MET
ITS END AS A WHITE DWARF.
753
00:41:28,933 --> 00:41:30,900
Plait: THE THING IS
EUROPA IS ALREADY
754
00:41:30,900 --> 00:41:32,567
A SHELL OF ICE WITH LIQUID WATER
755
00:41:32,567 --> 00:41:35,367
THAT DOESN'T REALLY
NEED THE ENERGY FROM THE SUN.
756
00:41:35,367 --> 00:41:37,633
SO, IF THERE'S LIFE THERE,
757
00:41:37,633 --> 00:41:40,200
IT'S NOT GONNA CARE
WHETHER THE SUN'S ALIVE OR DEAD.
758
00:41:40,200 --> 00:41:44,467
THEY ACTUALLY MIGHT OUTLIVE
THE SUN ITSELF.
759
00:41:44,467 --> 00:41:46,767
Narrator:
FIVE BILLION YEARS FROM NOW,
760
00:41:46,767 --> 00:41:49,767
JUPITER WILL TAKE CENTER STAGE.
761
00:41:53,800 --> 00:41:56,733
Krauss: JUPITER DETERMINES
MORE THAN ANY OTHER PLANET,
762
00:41:56,733 --> 00:41:58,933
HOW OUR SOLAR SYSTEM WORKS,
763
00:41:58,933 --> 00:42:03,500
MUCH AS A CONDUCTOR GOVERNS
THE DYNAMICS OF AN ORCHESTRA.
764
00:42:03,500 --> 00:42:05,433
Narrator: AS WE UNLOCK
THE PLANET'S SECRETS,
765
00:42:05,433 --> 00:42:07,133
WE'RE DISCOVERING JUPITER
766
00:42:07,133 --> 00:42:10,400
IS THE KEY
TO OUR SOLAR SYSTEM'S SUCCESS.
767
00:42:10,400 --> 00:42:11,700
WE'RE TALKING ABOUT A PLANET
768
00:42:11,700 --> 00:42:15,267
THAT DOMINATES
THE ENTIRE SOLAR SYSTEM,
769
00:42:15,267 --> 00:42:17,867
WHOSE GRAVITY
DETERMINES THE VERY STRUCTURE
770
00:42:17,867 --> 00:42:21,300
OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM ITSELF,
771
00:42:21,300 --> 00:42:26,600
A PLANET WHOSE EVOLUTION HELPED
TO CLEAN OUT THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
772
00:42:26,600 --> 00:42:28,067
SO, WE SEE THAT THE PAST
773
00:42:28,067 --> 00:42:31,300
AND THE FUTURE
DEPENDS ON JUPITER.
774
00:42:33,967 --> 00:42:35,333
Narrator:
JUPITER HAS BEEN HERE
775
00:42:35,333 --> 00:42:38,267
SINCE THE SOLAR SYSTEM'S
EARLIEST DAYS,
776
00:42:38,267 --> 00:42:42,867
AND IT'LL BE HERE AT THE END.
777
00:42:42,867 --> 00:42:48,567
CREATOR, PROTECTOR,
NURTURER, AND SURVIVOR,
778
00:42:48,567 --> 00:42:52,267
JUPITER SHAPED THE SOLAR SYSTEM
THAT WE SEE TODAY
779
00:42:52,267 --> 00:42:58,300
AND MAKES LIFE POSSIBLE
ON EARTH AND PERHAPS BEYOND.
63100
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