All language subtitles for American Genius ~ Oppenheimer vs Heisenberg-eng

A chain reaction, created from uranium.

And you've got an instrument of
unimaginable power.

So, when can we expect
delivery of your first super bomb?

Every age, is defined by its innovations,

the greatest advances are
born out of fear struggles,

between rivals.

Verner Heisenberg,

and Robert Oppenheiner

are on the front lines
of a new battlefield.

We are in war gentlemen.
Everyday men are dying.

Striving to unleash
the destructive power

of the atomic bomb.

The race between
Heisenberg and Oppenheimer,

will take war to a new frontier.

Will have only enough
uranium for a single bomb.

And change the world forever.

For both sides victory is the only option,

No matter what the cost.

OPPENHEIMER VS HEISENBERG

AMERICAN GENIUS

In the years following World War 1,

the German economy is in ruins.

For young Germans, like Verner Heisenberg,

the country's defeat
is shattering.

Heisenberg, like many German
youths it was definitely patriotic.

He really believed, that Germany should be
strong and that Germany needs to recover.

Heisenberg pours himself
into his chosen field,

a new science called quantum physics.

Quantum physics is
the physics of the atom.

Where we have bizarre concepts, like

how can something disappear
and reappear someplace else.

How can you be two
places at the same time.

But that's what
electrons do all the time.

Heisenberg publishes a paper,

that describes the
limitations of what we can know

about how particles
behave at the subatomic level.

It's called the
uncertainty principle.

And it'll forever change

how quantum physics is
understood.

In 1933 Heisenberg
receives the Nobel Prize.

Making him one of the
youngest winners of all time.

He is now one of Germany's
most important scientists,

just as a new party is
coming to power in the country,

the National Socialists.

Consider the physical phenomenon,

on a nanoscopic scale...

5,000 miles away, Heisenberg's work has
captured the attention of another young physicist

Where the action is on the
order of the planck's constant.

J. Robert Oppenheimer is an
ambitious college professor.

Who also dreams of making
his mark on the world.

He was born to a fairly well-to-do
family of Jewish immigrants, from Germany.

Extremely intelligent.
Extremely capable.

He is ambitious and Oppenheimer's

salvation in physics, was being exposed
to quantum mechanics and Heisenberg.

Oppenheimer sees Heisenberg's
subatomic world as a new frontier,

ripe for discovery.

Especially when he gets word
of a singular breakthrough.

A team of Germans, claim they've
turned quantum theory into action,

and they've split the uranium atom.

Oppenheimer doesn't
believe it's possible,

until his team recreates the experiment.

And they see for themselves.

A nuclear reaction releases more
energy than a chemical reaction.

As much, as 50
million times more.

The splitting of the atom, releases
a little tiny bit of energy,

but if you split a huge
number of atoms at the same time,

you release, an unprecedented
amount of energy.

The question on the table,
was could that be done.

The discovery means it could be possible

to create a weapon of unimaginable power.

Oppenheimer sees it
as a heroin revelation

and he's not the only one.

The idea of creating a nuclear
bomb is a theoretical question,

both Oppenheimer and Heisenberg,
know it won't stay that way for long.

Hitler has rebuild Germany
into a fearsome power,

and has begun his conquest of Europe.

Many German scientists have
already left the country,

but Heisenberg stays.

Never before had the honor of
addressing a Nobel Prize winner.

The honor is mine.

My superiors are concerned about
your association with new physics.

You mean Einstein.

Einstein, Bohr, Clark.

Isidor.
- I know the rumors.

That you are a white Jew.

Everything I do is for
the greater good of Germany.

We both want to bring order to the world,

me through science
you through government.

I would speak on Reichsfuehrer
Himmler about your case.

Heisenberg was a patriot,
but he was not a Nazi.

That left him with a serious conflict.

After a year of questioning, the Nazis
finally accept Heisenberg's loyalty.

In 1939. Heisenberg sets
off for the United States,

to meet with some of the
brightest minds in nuclear physics.

He went to discuss
the latest discoveries,

and so, just before the outbreak
of the Second World War in Europe,

we find Heisenberg at a
conference in the United States.

About this brand new and interesting
discovery, called nuclear fission.

It's a gathering of the most
renowned physicists in the world.

But with the Nazis aggressively
marching through Europe,

their meeting is no
longer just about science.

Can i have a moment, professor?

Of course.

Your paper in 27, on uncertainty.

That made me a theoretical physicist.

You agreed even when
Einstein questioned my work?

Unpredictable, unknowable
universe. I couldn't agree more.

I hope America will
be seeing more of you.

Nowadays it seems very unlikely.

Well you know of course you'd
be welcomed with open arms.

Welcome to look against my homeland.

To save the world from Hitler.

I have seen what the
world can do to Germany.

Thank you, Herr doctor,
for your hospitality.

The Heisenberg, said basically
no, no, I'm not going to defect.

He wasn't ready, in fact he never was ready
to throw over his patriotism for Germany.

By pledging his
allegiance to Adolf Hitler,

Verner Heisenberg, has just become
one of the most dangerous men on earth.

Atomic physicists, Verner Heisenberg,

will stay in Nazi Germany,

as Europe now erupts.

Hitler takes Poland.

France and England declare war.

Within months the Nazis are planning
invasions across the continent,

and exploring the
possibility of a nuclear bomb.

A chain-reaction, created from uranium.

And you've got an instrument
of unimaginable power.

Once, you knew you could
get all this energy

out of the nucleus, you
could imagine building

a nuclear bomb of unbelievable
destructive force.

So, that high government response
is basically, this looks really like

something important let's move on it.

So, when can we expect delivery
of your first super bomb?

As a principle is simple.

The process is not.

As there are a thousand
problems, that have to be answered.

Thousand questions
we just began to see.

I'm sure your next report
will be more optimistic.

The Nazis order
Heisenberg to get to work.

Heisenberg wastes no time.

In America the nuclear
effort has barely begun,

until Albert Einstein the most
famous physicist in the world,

writes a letter to
President Roosevelt.

Albert Einstein changed
the course of history.

He talked about a superweapon, being
created by Germany's finest physicists,

a device which will wipe
out an entire city Harbor.

Franklin Roosevelt, took this seriously.

In October 1941,

Roosevelt initiates a top-secret plan,

1,250 tonnes of uranium ore have been
shipped from the Belgian Congo,

to New York City.

Where nuclear scientists
are already based to test it.

The operation is dubbed,
the Manhattan Project.

A lot of people. Don't be afraid.

All that's missing is a star
scientist to leave the effort,

as a well-paid professor at the
University of California Berkeley.

Robert Oppenheimer's enjoying
the perks of academics.

But despite his carefree lifestyle,

Oppenheimer wants more.

Oppenheimer is ambitious and he's always
wanted to be seen, as this real genius,

as a guy who could
accomplish great things.

Oppenheimer really wants that.
He really wants that accomplishment.

Science and knowledge.

So, the energy of a
charged atomic oscillator,

theoretically associated with
the electromagnetic wave itself,

represents the minimum amount of energy
required to form an electromagnetic field.

Army Cournal, Leslie Groves is in
search of a scientific leader

for the Manhattan Project.

Chapters 19 and 20.
Thank you.

Doctor?
- Leslie Groves. Can I have a moment of your time?

Yes.

Groves didn't get along with most scientists.

Groves is very gruff and he has a
very hard time imagining how he's

going to wrangle a bunch
of theoretical physicists.

They can't just order
these people around.

So, when Groves is looking
for the chief scientist,

the person who's going to be in
charge, he's looking for someone

scientists will listen to.

Doctor, if the president would ask you,

what are the three greatest challenges to
producing a nuclear device what would you say?

Mr. President,

number one, unknown amounts of
uranium ore have to be mined,

then processed in factories.
Production on an industrial scale.

In the end we need the
uranium highly refined.

Number two, we need to figure out
how to pull off a chain reaction,

and then how to control it.

In a self-sustained chain
reaction, we need to go critical.

Oppenheimer had never run anything, more
complex, than a seminar, but Groves left

that interview believing that nobody

understood, as clearly as Oppenheimer, what
had to be done to produce an atomic bomb.

Now J. Robert Oppenheimer is
in charge of an undertaking.

That is among the most ambitious
and fateful of the 20th century.

But he's already years behind his rival.

Verner Heisenberg has the lab.

The uranium and the determination,

to build the Nazis an atomic bomb.

In 1942, as war spreads
across Europe and the Pacific,

Robert Oppenheimer and Verner Heisenberg
are fighting on a new kind of battlefield.

Now that the uranium atom has been split,

the nuclear age has begun.

And the United States and Germany
are in a race to build an atomic bomb.

The Americans are really afraid that
the Germans will get a bomb first.

They know the Germans have uranium. They
also know the Germans have Heisenberg.

The Nazis have already captured
1200 tons of uranium from Belgium.

The key to the bomb is to
split those uranium atoms,

and create an
uncontrolled chain reaction.

It's not that each little reaction
releases very much energy. It's that

if you chain them together,
it has exponential growth.

If you could make a lot of uranium
atoms split at the same time,

it would release a tremendous amount
of energy, enough to destroy an entire city.

For now it's just a theory,

unless Verner Heisenberg can prove it.

They didn't know whether you
could produce a chain reaction.

They had to measure them and
to show that with an experiment.

Heisenberg builds a small
nuclear reactor, called a pile.

A neutron source is placed in the center.

Surrounded by layers of
heavy water and uranium.

If he can detect more neutrons
than he started with it,

will be proof that he split
the nucleus of multiple atoms.

The first step in creating
an atomic chain reaction.

I have an excess of of the 10%.
We have an access of over 10%.

This was a crucial experiment.

You needed to prove that a chain
reaction was possible, before you went

through the truly enormous industrial
process of pulling out of natural

uranium, the very rare part
of it, that will blow up.

Heisenberg's experiment is a beginning.

And for now, only one thing is certain,

the Nazis are on the path
towards an atomic bomb,

while the Americans
are just getting started.

By late 1942 as Europe suffocates
under the crushing grip of the Nazis,

the Americans can only speculate about
Germany's nuclear ambitions.

But they are determined
to beat the Germans to the bomb.

This is a spot, in my opinion.

Well, is there enough area?
- You tell me.

General, Leslie Groves and his
new recruit, Robert Oppenheimer,

need a better base of
operations than Manhattan's.

Whole stuff here.

They need somewhere isolated,

and away from prying eyes.

Oppenheimer wanted a place,

that was private, General
Groves wanted a place

where he can put up a bunch of barbed wire
fences and keep everybody locked away,

from the rest of the world,
to keep this program secret.

Oppenheimer convinces
Groves he has the answer.

An isolated town, in New Mexico,
he's known since, he was a boy.

Is 30 miles northwest of Santa Fe,

and it's called Los Alamos.

They both went out and
surveyed the area around Los Alamos,

where there was a building, that
they could use as a base of operations.

Welcome.

I know you're all wondering why we brought
you here to the middle of the desert.

Gentlemen, the goal of this project is
to produce a practical military weapon.

In the form of a bomb.

In which the energy is released by a fast
neutron chain reaction.

In this tent we have some of
the smartest men in the world.

We're in war, Gentlemen.
Everyday, men are dying.

Hundreds, thousands soldiers, civilians.

And that is why I'm calling
on you, to end this war.

Thank you.

Oppenheimer will lead the
country's greatest minds,

in the attempt to build an atomic bomb,

but the clock is ticking fast.

This is the ultimate race and everyone
understands,

if Germany gets the atomic bomb
first, all bets are off.

As America fights bloody battles
on the opposite sides of the globe,

Robert Oppenheimer, seeks
to bring the war to an end,

by unleashing the power of the atom.

At our current rate, we'll have only
enriched enough uranium for a single bomb.

One is not enough.

Oppenheimer realizes
uranium alone won't be enough,

so, he focuses his attention
on another radioactive element,

plutonium.

Unlike uranium, plutonium can
be created in a nuclear reactor,

but it is far more difficult to detonate.

If you put a target of plutonium here,
and a bullet of plutonium here, no matter

how fast you push them together, they
will begin to fizzle, as they call it,

before it hits the target.

Unless they can solve the problem,
their plutonium bomb will never work.

In 1942 Verner Heisenberg, became the first scientist
to produce excess neutrons in a nuclear reactor,

but that was with only
a small number of atoms.

His goal now, is to create
a massive chain reaction.

1 becomes 2. Two becomes 4.
4 becomes 8. And within about 80

generations, you get enough energy out of
enough uranium atoms, to blow up the city.

Oxygen is a quarter low. Quickly.

But that next step, is not only difficult,

it's dangerous.

Everybody out now.

Heisenberg and his scientists,
narrowly escaped death,

and his laboratory is destroyed.

But when rumors about the incident
spread to the United States,

there is a new fear that the Nazis are closer
to making an atomic bomb, than ever before.

Are you sure? Is it confirmed?
- Yes.

There were no satellites in those days.

We didn't really have any spies in
Germany either. It was one of the few

clips, but it was enough to
make everyone very nervous.

The pressure on
Oppenheimer is increasing.

The Americans have discovered a way to
manufacture plutonium for the bomb,

but he still needs to
find a trigger to detonate.

It was a disaster at Los Alamos.
Oppenheimer, seriously considered

resigning as director.
He was so depressed,

because he did not see how they were
going to be able to use plutonium.

I think behind every great genius, you have
that vision that picture, that sends you forward.

For Oppenheimer, he had a picture.

Before the war, he was working on black
holes and he realized, that when a star

suddenly collapses under gravity, it can burst
into a gigantic supernova and a black hole.

So, why not squeeze it, imploded, reach
critical mass and then it would explode.

That is the secret of the plutonium bomb.

Implosion it's the answer, Oppenheimer
and his team, have been waiting for.

Implosion is the idea, where you have a solid
ball of plutonium and you put high

explosives TNT, all around it.

And what you want to do, is have all those explosives
go off at exactly the same time, which is really difficult.

The scientists at Los Alamos,
reach a monumental breakthrough.

But Oppenheimer and his team can
only hope they're not too late.

This was everyone's night
terror. Germany could be close to

losing the war and with a couple of atomic
bombs, could turn a loss into a victory.

In the secret desert lives
of the Manhattan Project.

Robert Oppenheimer, and his team discovered
that implosion is the key to a plutonium bomb.

Is not enough.

It's a revelation, that could
change the race against the Nazis.

Now they need to make it work.

They reorganized the entire Los
Alamos lab around the implosion problem.

They pull in experts from
other wartime projects.

They develop new calculational methods.

This becomes the major
problem for Los Alamos to solve.

The Americans are feeling the pressure.

Reports of Heisenberg's explosion,
have trickled into Los Alamos.

There was no way of knowing
what the Germans were doing.

And therefore you had to do the next
best thing, which was to extrapolate,

from where they were,
the last time we looked.

And there was that pressure, that urgency
with the just a few pieces of information.

With his lab in ruins,

Heisenberg is summoned to Berlin.

In my report I've highlines of the steps, I
feel we have to take in order to... - Your plans?

...have been a complete
waste of our time and money.

I personally debriefed the
Fuehrer, on your progress.

What should I tell him now?

With the war going badly for the Germans,

the pressure on Heisenberg,
is more intense than ever.

In December 1944 Heisenberg
travels to neutral Switzerland,

to lecture a small group of
colleagues, at a physics seminar.

And the Americans see an opportunity,
to ensure the Nazis never get the bomb.

There was no CIA during the Second
World War, but there was its predecessor.

And by that, I mean...
- An early organization, that

was primarily military and one of its

operatives, was a very
curious man named Moe Berg.

Moe Berg is a former major league
baseball player for the Boston Red Sox.

And that leads us, to a same direction...

And he's also a spy,
who speaks fluent German.

Hazy interactions, that's distant
dependent, which needs to finite cost...

His assignment, determine whether
Heisenberg is making progress on a bomb,

and if he is,

kill him.

What he's listening for, is less about the
science, he's looking for a loose comment,

where Heisenberg says, will win the war soon, or we've
got a secret that you guys will soon learn and understand.

Berg was thinking of Heisenberg gives
me any hint, that he's working on Bomb program,

I could just shoot him right here.

Thank you for coming Ladies
and Gentlemen. That would be all.

From SS are you?

Tell your superiors, if's the Fuehrer wants
the bomb, I need men to not follow me.

Berg left thinking they must not have
anything up their sleeve.

He doesn't shoot him.
Ge doesn't feel the need.

Moe Berg's instincts are right.

Despite his initial success
in splitting uranium atoms,

the accident at his
lab was a major setback.

And Heisenberg has made
little progress since.

In the spring of 1945, things start to go
very poorly for Nazi Germany, in the war.

Berlin is being bombed.
Soviets are on the horizon.

Heisenberg continues his experiments in
southern Germany,

but the Nazis never invest the massive

resources needed to bring
the atom bomb to life.

Hitler didn't trust his scientists.

He didn't take them seriously
so, he didn't get about.

The German program, was behind the
eight-ball, if you will, from the beginning.

On May 3rd, 1945,

Heisenberg along with
Germany's top scientists,

are captured by the Allies.

His work for the Nazis is over.

But is one of the world's top physicists.

Heisenberg is considered
a valuable asset.

They eventually send him and a number of
other German scientists to a manor house

in England, to be detained and monitored.

To find out whether, they know
much about making nuclear weapons.

The Allies are relieved to learn that the Nazis
were still years away from making an atomic bomb.

The Americans took a look and thought,

oh my God, this is all the farther they got.
We got this far, in the summer of 1942.

After two years of toil,
in the New Mexico desert,

Robert Oppenheimer's only hours away,

from the most important
moment in his life.

By July 1945, they eventually
have enough material to make

one uranium bomb and two plutonium bombs.

But they're so uncertain, about whether

the plutonium bombs will work.
That they have to test one first.

The nuclear device is
nicknamed the gadget.

A massive dark gray sphere with 5,000 pounds
of explosives surrounding the plutonium,

and wired with precision detonators.

What's this room?

To simulate the weapon
being dropped from a bomber,

the gadget will be lifted
onto a 100-foot steel tower.

The stress is enormous.

They feel, that they have theoretically
designed, that exactly right,

but what about one little
connection, and one of the hundreds, of

wires, that are connected to this
spherical monster, are they gonna work?

But Oppenheimer, and his team , may have
a bigger worry than the bomb not working.

What happens if it does?

They realized that there
was a possibility. That they

hadn't figured out all the consequences,
of basically igniting a small star on

the surface of the earth.

After spending three years,
and over two billion dollars,

Robert Oppenheimer has
built an atomic bomb.

And is now ready to test it.

Oppenheimer's great worried that
night, was that the implosion would

work, and the bomb would fizzle. You'd
never quite know what the physical world

is going to teach you, when you do
something, that's never been done before.

The explosion is ten thousand times
hotter, than the surface of the Sun.

And equal to 20,000 tons of TNT.

Oppenheimer has built the
most destructive weapon,

the world has ever known.

Just three weeks after the test,

an American plane carries
an atomic bomb into Japan.

In an effort to end
the war, once and for all.

The world, will note that the first
atomic bomb, was dropped on Hiroshima.

A military bitch. We run the race
of discovery, against the German.

We have used it, in order
to shorten the agony of war,

in order to save the lives of thousands,
and thousands of young Americans.

It's amazing. Heisenberg
says they have to just be lying,

there's no way they
could have pulled this off.

There's no way they could have built a bomb.
It's too hard. We already did all math on that.

And we concluded that nobody,
not even the United States,

could make, an atomic bomb, during World War 2.

Three days later, a second
bomb is dropped on Nagasaki.

Effectively, ending the Second World War.

Heisenberg is never held responsible
for his actions during the war.

And has returned to Germany
to help rebuild the country.

Even though Heisenberg, had
obviously collaborated with the Nazis,

during the war. People decided that
science in Europe, needed to be restored.

And Heisenberg becomes this
international figure of peaceful science.

For the rest of his life.

Heisenberg will claim that he intentionally
hindered his work for the Nazis,

and will go on to enjoy a
celebrated career in academia.

I have one question to you. Why do
you want to study quantum physics?

Oppenheimer is dubbed the
father of the atomic bomb.

But he's haunted by the visions of
the devastation, the bomb has wrought.

And worse, the threaded
now poses to the world.

So, Heisenberg, becomes this international
figure of peaceful science.

And Oppenheimer is kind of a pariah.

That's the dilemma of the atomic bomb.
It killed an enormous number of human beings,

and yet, somehow and
this is true,

it put an end to world
scale war, probably forever.

It is a peril and a hope.

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