All language subtitles for PBS.American.Experience.2008.The.Trials.of.J.Robert.Oppenheimer.1080p.x265.AAC.MVGroup.org.eng
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{\an2}(stenotype clicking)
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{\an2}
GORDON GRAY, US Special Counsel:
The hearing will come to order.
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{\an2}Dr. J.R. Oppenheimer,
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{\an2}the Institute for Advanced Study,
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{\an2}Princeton, New Jersey.
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{\an2}There has developed
considerable question
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{\an2}whether your continued employment
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{\an2}on Atomic Energy Commission work
is consistent
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{\an2}with the interests
of the national security.
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{\an2}In view of your access
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{\an2}to highly sensitive
classified information,
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{\an2}and in view of allegations
which, until disproved,
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{\an2}raise questions
as to your veracity, conduct,
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{\an2}and even your loyalty,
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{\an2}the Commission has
no other recourse
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{\an2}but to suspend your clearance
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{\an2}until the matter
has been resolved.
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NARRATOR: The hearings
were held in a makeshift courtroom
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in a shabby government
office in Washington, D.C.
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{\an2}
GORDON GRAY, US Special Counsel:
It was reported that your wife,
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{\an2}Katherine Puening Oppenheimer,
was a member of the Communist Party.
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{\an2}It was reported that your brother
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{\an2}Frank Friedman Oppenheimer
was a member of the Communist Party.
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NARRATOR: J. Robert Oppenheimer,
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the most eminent
atomic scientist in America,
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stood accused,
a risk to national security.
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It was 1954.
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The cold war with Russia
was fueling fears
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of Communist infiltration
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at the highest levels
of government.
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GORDON GRAY, US Special Counsel:
It was reported that you stated
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that you were not a Communist,
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but had probably belonged
to every Communist front organization
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on the West Coast
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and had signed many petitions
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in which Communists
were interested.
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NARRATOR: The news
shocked Americans everywhere.
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If Robert Oppenheimer
could not be trusted
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with the nation's secrets,
who could be?
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Brilliant, proud, charismatic,
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a poet as well as a physicist,
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Oppenheimer had seemed to enjoy
the full trust and confidence
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of his country's leaders.
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He was a national hero,
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the man who had led
the scientific team
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which devised the atomic bomb...
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(explosion)
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...the ultimate weapon
of mass destruction.
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Oppenheimer came to prominence
through unspeakable violence
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and suffered all the ambiguities
and contradictions
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he had helped to create.
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J. Robert Oppenheimer, (archival):
We knew the world would not be the same.
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A few people laughed.
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A few people cried.
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Most people were silent.
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I remembered the...
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line from the Hindu scripture,
the
Bhagavad Gita.
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Vishnu...
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is trying
to persuade the prince that
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he should do his duty,
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and to impress him,
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takes on his multi-armed form
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and says,
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"Now I am become death,
the destroyer of worlds."
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I suppose we all thought that
one way or another.
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RICHARD RHODES, Writer: What he was
trying to help the world to understand
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is that these are not weapons.
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These are forces of destruction
so great
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that we finally, as a species,
are in a position
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where we can destroy
the entire human world,
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without question.
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NARRATOR: As the nation's
top nuclear weapons advisor,
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Oppenheimer tried to warn his countrymen
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of their dangers,
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but powerful figures
within the government feared
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he was a threat to America's security.
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They determined to destroy him.
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MARVIN L. GOLDBERGER, Physicist:
The country asked him to do something,
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and he did it brilliantly,
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and they repaid him
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for the tremendous job he did
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by breaking him.
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ROGER ROBB, Courtroom Prosecutor:
Doctor, do you think that social contacts
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between a person
employed in secret war work
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and Communists or Communist adherents
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is dangerous?
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Are we talking about today?
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{\an3}Yes.
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Certainly not necessarily so.
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They could conceivably be.
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Was that your view in 1943
and during the war years?
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NARRATOR: The hearings
would go on for nearly a month,
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the story of Oppenheimer's life
laid bare;
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His secrets exposed;
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His brilliance and arrogance,
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naiveté and insecurities
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debated, dissected and judged.
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A special three-man board,
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appointed by the Atomic
Energy Commission,
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would rule on the charges.
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To defend himself,
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the embattled scientist
felt compelled
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to tell his own story
in his own way.
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OPPENHEIMER: The items of
so-called derogatory information
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cannot be fairly understood
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except in the context
of my life and-and work.
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I was born in New York in 1904.
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My father came to this country
at the age of 17
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from Germany.
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NARRATOR: Julius Oppenheimer
was a penniless Jewish immigrant
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who arrived in America in 1888
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unable to speak a word
of English,
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and went to work in his uncle's
textile importing business.
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By the time he was 30,
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he was a partner in the company
and a wealthy man.
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When he fell in love,
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it was with a sensitive,
talented woman
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of exquisite taste
and refinement.
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My mother was born in Baltimore,
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and before her marriage,
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she was an artist
and teacher of art.
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NARRATOR:
Ella Oppenheimer was "very delicate,"
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a friend remembered,
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with an air of sadness about her.
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Robert was
precociously brilliant,
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and both parents were protective
of his uncommon gifts.
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Frail, frequently sick,
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he was attended to by servants,
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driven everywhere.
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He rarely played
with other children.
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PRISCILLA J. McMILLAN, Writer:
He wasn't mischievous.
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He was too brilliant to be
just one of the children.
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00:08:02,100 --> 00:08:04,300
But his parents treasured him,
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00:08:04,480 --> 00:08:06,260
treated him like a little jewel,
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00:08:06,540 --> 00:08:09,100
and he just skipped being a boy.
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NARRATOR: "My childhood
did not prepare me for the fact
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that the world is full
of cruel and bitter things,"
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Oppenheimer said.
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"It gave me no normal, healthy way
to be a bastard."
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Sometime around the age of five,
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Robert's grandfather gave him
a small collection of minerals.
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"From then on," he said,
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"I became,
in a completely childish way,
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"an ardent mineral collector.
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"But it began to be also a bit
of a scientist's interest,
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a fascination with crystals."
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MARTIN SHERWIN, Historian: He wrote
to the New York Mineralogical Society
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on a typewriter.
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They were so impressed
with what he had to say that,
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00:08:58,600 --> 00:09:00,396
of course, thinking he was an adult,
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they invited him to give a lecture,
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00:09:02,280 --> 00:09:05,296
and little Robert,
at age ten or 11,
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00:09:05,320 --> 00:09:07,976
shows up at the New York
Mineralogical Society,
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and has to stand on a box
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in order to see over the lectern
to give this lecture.
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00:09:12,680 --> 00:09:16,020
That is not a normal average childhood.
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NARRATOR: Eight years separated
Robert from his brother Frank,
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too many for companionship.
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Robert was a loner.
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And at New York's
Ethical Culture school,
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he inhabited his own rarefied world,
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more comfortable with his teachers
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than with the other students,
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who nicknamed him
"Booby" Oppenheimer.
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To protect himself,
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he relied on his
preternatural brilliance
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and grew aloof and arrogant.
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PRISCILLA J. McMILLAN, Writer:
He didn't grow up.
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He studied a great deal,
which shielded him from the world,
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and the emotional side of him
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didn't catch up until much later.
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NARRATOR: Oppenheimer
graduated high school valedictorian
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and then conquered Harvard.
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He studied chemistry,
physics, calculus,
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English and French literature,
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Western, Chinese
and Hindu philosophy.
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He even found time
to write stories and poems.
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RICHARD RHODES, Writer:
He described it as being
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RICHARD RHODES, Writer:
like the Huns invading Rome,
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by which he meant he was going
to swallow up every bit
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of culture and art and science
that he could possibly do.
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MARTIN SHERWIN, Historian: Harvard is an
environment in which the intellectual life
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is a rich feast,
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but the social life is a desert.
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NARRATOR: In all his years
at Harvard, he never had a date.
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He remained immature, uncertain,
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easily bewildered
in social situations.
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One friend remembered
"bouts of melancholy
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and deep, deep depressions."
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"In the days of my almost
infinitely prolonged adolescence,"
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he said later,
"I hardly took an action,
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00:11:17,460 --> 00:11:20,536
"hardly did anything
that did not arouse in me
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"a very great sense
of revulsion and of wrong.
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"My feeling about myself
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was always one
of extreme discontent."
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His doubts about himself
came clear in his poems:
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OPPENHEIMER (David Strathairn): The
dawn invests our substance with desire
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And the slow light betrays us,
and our wistfulness...
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We find ourselves again
201
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Each in his separate prison
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Ready, hopeless for negotiation
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With other men.
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00:12:01,140 --> 00:12:04,220
NARRATOR: Oppenheimer
graduated in just three years,
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00:12:04,680 --> 00:12:08,140
and in 1925 headed
for Cambridge, England,
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00:12:08,360 --> 00:12:12,020
and an advanced degree at the
celebrated Cavendish laboratory.
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00:12:13,440 --> 00:12:16,280
Academic success had always come easily.
208
00:12:16,710 --> 00:12:19,320
Ambitious, determined to succeed,
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00:12:19,740 --> 00:12:22,530
in England he would learn
what it was like to struggle
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00:12:22,920 --> 00:12:24,420
and fail.
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00:12:25,880 --> 00:12:28,576
RICHARD RHODES, Writer: Oppenheimer,
like so many theoretical physicists,
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00:12:28,600 --> 00:12:30,256
it turns out that if he
walks through a lab,
213
00:12:30,280 --> 00:12:31,780
the instruments all break.
214
00:12:31,840 --> 00:12:35,296
And he's trying to do
a rather delicate physical experiment
215
00:12:35,320 --> 00:12:36,900
and he's not getting anywhere.
216
00:12:36,970 --> 00:12:38,830
And he's sinking deeper and deeper
217
00:12:38,900 --> 00:12:41,370
into that special despair
218
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that comes along when prodigies grow up
219
00:12:46,020 --> 00:12:48,216
and have... and realize
they can't just do it
220
00:12:48,240 --> 00:12:49,740
by being a prodigy anymore.
221
00:12:50,780 --> 00:12:54,296
MARTIN SHERWIN, Historian:
His eyes and his hands and his mind
222
00:12:54,320 --> 00:12:55,457
are not coordinated.
223
00:12:55,481 --> 00:12:59,176
He's can't do what all
of the other young people
224
00:12:59,200 --> 00:13:00,700
are able to do.
225
00:13:00,860 --> 00:13:04,560
And he finds himself one day
standing at a blackboard,
226
00:13:04,760 --> 00:13:08,016
staring into space, saying,
"The point is...
227
00:13:08,040 --> 00:13:09,736
The point is... The point is..."
228
00:13:09,760 --> 00:13:11,260
There is no point.
229
00:13:17,700 --> 00:13:21,156
RICHARD RHODES, Writer: He fell
into despair. He fell into depression.
230
00:13:21,180 --> 00:13:24,391
Here was a point where he was
suddenly doubting his intellect,
231
00:13:24,880 --> 00:13:26,880
his ability to do science,
232
00:13:27,120 --> 00:13:29,480
so it's not surprising
that at that point,
233
00:13:29,640 --> 00:13:32,167
the whole thing
would go collapsing down for him.
234
00:13:34,200 --> 00:13:37,436
At the same time,
he had never really learned
235
00:13:37,460 --> 00:13:39,340
how to approach women,
236
00:13:39,680 --> 00:13:42,360
how to close the sale,
if I may call it that,
237
00:13:43,020 --> 00:13:44,915
and he was dealing
with that as well.
238
00:13:48,100 --> 00:13:49,736
NARRATOR:
Wrestling with inner demons
239
00:13:49,760 --> 00:13:51,510
that threatened to overwhelm him,
240
00:13:51,700 --> 00:13:56,120
he was, he later said,
"at the point of bumping myself off."
241
00:13:59,640 --> 00:14:03,720
In 1926,
Oppenheimer would save himself.
242
00:14:04,620 --> 00:14:07,640
He cut free from the English
experimental laboratory
243
00:14:07,760 --> 00:14:09,660
and headed for Göttingen,
Germany,
244
00:14:09,980 --> 00:14:11,876
to study theoretical physics
245
00:14:11,900 --> 00:14:14,900
with some of the greatest
scientific minds of the century.
246
00:14:16,280 --> 00:14:20,176
"I had very great misgivings
about myself on all fronts,"
247
00:14:20,200 --> 00:14:20,980
he said.
248
00:14:21,420 --> 00:14:25,160
"I hadn't been good;
I hadn't done anybody any good;
249
00:14:25,660 --> 00:14:28,980
And here was something
I felt just driven to try."
250
00:14:30,620 --> 00:14:34,660
In Göttingen, Oppenheimer would
make his mark in a new science
251
00:14:34,940 --> 00:14:38,760
which explored a world
that ran counter to everyday experience:
252
00:14:39,180 --> 00:14:40,500
Quantum Physics.
253
00:14:40,590 --> 00:14:43,056
HERBERT YORK, Physicist:
Quantum Physics is the basic Physics
254
00:14:43,080 --> 00:14:45,120
behind electrons and atoms.
255
00:14:45,460 --> 00:14:48,300
It turns out that classical ideas about
256
00:14:48,520 --> 00:14:51,956
Newtonian mechanics and
particle motion and so on,
257
00:14:51,980 --> 00:14:56,240
do not apply to things of...
to things of atomic scale.
258
00:14:56,310 --> 00:14:58,060
You needed a new kind of physics.
259
00:14:58,420 --> 00:15:00,947
So if you're going to change
on a different scale
260
00:15:01,220 --> 00:15:03,126
the-the whole structure of the physics,
261
00:15:03,150 --> 00:15:05,810
everything has to be redone,
if you will,
262
00:15:06,180 --> 00:15:09,076
and that means there are
enormous opportunities available
263
00:15:09,100 --> 00:15:11,040
for a young graduate student
264
00:15:11,180 --> 00:15:15,360
with talent to come in and make
various aspects of this his own.
265
00:15:15,940 --> 00:15:17,856
NARRATOR:
Oppenheimer immersed himself
266
00:15:17,880 --> 00:15:20,280
in the mysteries
of the subatomic universe,
267
00:15:20,380 --> 00:15:24,000
where nothing was certain,
and probability the only rule.
268
00:15:24,620 --> 00:15:26,900
He found the work exhilarating.
269
00:15:27,220 --> 00:15:29,280
"There was terror," he wrote,
270
00:15:29,440 --> 00:15:31,020
"as well as exaltation."
271
00:15:33,520 --> 00:15:36,516
FREEMAN DYSON, Physicist:
Oppenheimer really flourished there.
272
00:15:36,540 --> 00:15:38,580
He annoyed everybody, of course, by
273
00:15:38,900 --> 00:15:40,420
talking too much and...
274
00:15:42,580 --> 00:15:44,159
pretending he knew everything.
275
00:15:44,300 --> 00:15:47,576
He always considered
very carefully what he said
276
00:15:47,600 --> 00:15:50,656
as though he was
speaking for the ages.
277
00:15:50,680 --> 00:15:53,476
And he expected everybody
to be seduced
278
00:15:53,500 --> 00:15:56,420
by his Renaissance man knowledge
279
00:15:56,780 --> 00:15:58,280
of everything.
280
00:15:59,620 --> 00:16:02,396
NARRATOR: In Göttingen,
Oppenheimer came into his own
281
00:16:02,420 --> 00:16:03,970
as a theoretical physicist,
282
00:16:04,280 --> 00:16:07,760
publishing 16 papers
in three years.
283
00:16:08,620 --> 00:16:11,080
By the time he was ready
to return to America,
284
00:16:11,260 --> 00:16:13,020
he was focused and confident,
285
00:16:13,380 --> 00:16:16,880
an ambitious young man
with an international reputation.
286
00:16:19,900 --> 00:16:23,376
OPPENHEIMER: In the spring of
1929, I returned to the United States.
287
00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:25,430
I was homesick for this country.
288
00:16:26,160 --> 00:16:27,916
I had learned in my student days
289
00:16:27,940 --> 00:16:30,116
a great deal about the new physics.
290
00:16:30,140 --> 00:16:33,740
I wanted to pursue this myself,
to explain it,
291
00:16:33,980 --> 00:16:35,860
and to foster its cultivation.
292
00:16:37,500 --> 00:16:39,600
NARRATOR: Oppenheimer was just 25
293
00:16:39,840 --> 00:16:42,440
and already knew more
about the Quantum Universe
294
00:16:42,620 --> 00:16:44,320
than nearly any other American.
295
00:16:45,280 --> 00:16:46,780
He settled in California
296
00:16:46,820 --> 00:16:49,420
and began teaching at Cal Tech
in Pasadena
297
00:16:49,660 --> 00:16:52,380
and the University of California
in Berkeley.
298
00:16:53,040 --> 00:16:54,060
But at first,
299
00:16:54,480 --> 00:16:56,680
his lectures were incomprehensible.
300
00:16:57,220 --> 00:17:00,378
ROBERT CHRISTY, Physicist:
It was customary until I got there
301
00:17:00,460 --> 00:17:03,316
for students to take his main
course in Theoretical Physics
302
00:17:03,340 --> 00:17:04,480
twice in a row.
303
00:17:04,800 --> 00:17:07,537
They would take a second year
to fully understand it.
304
00:17:08,240 --> 00:17:10,920
Other students were taking it in pairs.
305
00:17:11,160 --> 00:17:13,336
One would listen,
the other one would write notes
306
00:17:13,360 --> 00:17:15,520
and they'd work out the lecture
afterward.
307
00:17:16,540 --> 00:17:19,296
MARTIN SHERWIN, Historian:
He spoke at a very fast clip,
308
00:17:19,320 --> 00:17:21,596
puffing on his cigarette,
which he always had;
309
00:17:21,620 --> 00:17:24,516
He was writing with his chalk,
and he was moving back and forth
310
00:17:24,540 --> 00:17:26,956
between his left hand
and his right hand so quickly
311
00:17:26,980 --> 00:17:29,236
that people thought
he was going to smoke the chalk,
312
00:17:29,260 --> 00:17:31,256
you know,
and write with the cigarette,
313
00:17:31,280 --> 00:17:34,680
uh... and...
they couldn't follow him.
314
00:17:36,620 --> 00:17:39,316
But he was able
to transform himself
315
00:17:39,340 --> 00:17:42,676
into an excellent lecturer
who was charismatic
316
00:17:42,700 --> 00:17:44,310
and extremely effective.
317
00:17:44,820 --> 00:17:48,080
{\an2}NARRATOR: Oppenheimer
became a magnetic, dazzling teacher,
318
00:17:48,140 --> 00:17:51,840
{\an2}but his arrogance could make
even his colleagues wince.
319
00:17:52,960 --> 00:17:54,456
MARVIN L. GOLDBERGER, Physicist:
He was not likable
320
00:17:54,480 --> 00:17:56,636
MARVIN L. GOLDBERGER, Physicist:
because he wouldn't let you look at him.
321
00:17:56,660 --> 00:17:58,700
He was always on stage.
322
00:17:59,100 --> 00:18:00,600
You never had a feeling
323
00:18:00,840 --> 00:18:03,930
that he was speaking
from the heart somehow.
324
00:18:04,300 --> 00:18:07,300
He never came across
as a real person.
325
00:18:07,800 --> 00:18:10,600
There was always a studied remark
326
00:18:12,200 --> 00:18:14,336
intended to convey some sort of,
327
00:18:14,360 --> 00:18:15,860
I don't know, superiority
328
00:18:16,500 --> 00:18:19,056
or deeper knowledge
than you pos...
329
00:18:19,080 --> 00:18:21,420
you slobs could possibly understand.
330
00:18:22,500 --> 00:18:25,720
He could be devastating,
especially to young people.
331
00:18:26,020 --> 00:18:27,956
He became very impatient
332
00:18:27,980 --> 00:18:30,100
and was always all over them,
333
00:18:30,500 --> 00:18:33,560
and sometimes
reduced them practically to tears.
334
00:18:33,860 --> 00:18:37,096
RICHARD RHODES, Writer:
His sharp remarks were not inadvertent.
335
00:18:37,120 --> 00:18:40,420
They had to do with a kind
of arrogance and contempt.
336
00:18:41,320 --> 00:18:42,996
I take it to be a way
337
00:18:43,020 --> 00:18:45,560
that he disguised his anxieties,
338
00:18:45,760 --> 00:18:48,220
that he disguised
his social insecurities,
339
00:18:48,460 --> 00:18:50,280
but it was immensely cruel.
340
00:18:51,240 --> 00:18:54,560
NARRATOR: Oppenheimer
called his behavior "beastliness."
341
00:18:55,340 --> 00:18:58,280
"It is not easy,"
he wrote in a letter to his brother,
342
00:18:58,840 --> 00:19:01,020
"at least it is not easy for me,
343
00:19:01,320 --> 00:19:04,800
to be quite free of the desire
to browbeat somebody."
344
00:19:11,740 --> 00:19:14,136
Ever since Oppenheimer
had visited New Mexico
345
00:19:14,160 --> 00:19:18,340
as a teenager,
he had been haunted by its wild beauty.
346
00:19:22,820 --> 00:19:26,540
In 1927, his father took
a lease on a rustic cabin
347
00:19:26,680 --> 00:19:30,380
high in the mountains
45 miles northeast of Santa Fe
348
00:19:30,900 --> 00:19:32,910
and gave it to both his sons.
349
00:19:34,100 --> 00:19:37,000
The Oppenheimers called it
Perro Caliente,
350
00:19:37,300 --> 00:19:39,660
Spanish for "hot dog."
351
00:19:40,220 --> 00:19:41,876
RICHARD RHODES, Writer:
He found peace there.
352
00:19:41,900 --> 00:19:44,260
He found a different self there,
353
00:19:44,380 --> 00:19:47,660
one that he liked, a cowboy self.
354
00:19:49,620 --> 00:19:52,756
Friends who went to visit him
later would talk about the fact
355
00:19:52,780 --> 00:19:56,156
that he would go out riding
for three days at a time
356
00:19:56,180 --> 00:19:58,620
up the ridge
of the Rocky Mountains
357
00:19:58,800 --> 00:20:00,556
with a bar of chocolate
358
00:20:00,580 --> 00:20:03,040
and a pint of whiskey
in his hip pocket,
359
00:20:03,220 --> 00:20:05,596
and they would be starving
and terrified
360
00:20:05,620 --> 00:20:07,896
riding through mountain storms
and lightning,
361
00:20:07,920 --> 00:20:10,400
and he would just be having
a wonderful time.
362
00:20:12,620 --> 00:20:14,056
NARRATOR: "My two great loves,"
363
00:20:14,080 --> 00:20:15,580
he once told a friend,
364
00:20:15,620 --> 00:20:18,180
"are physics and desert country.
365
00:20:19,660 --> 00:20:21,600
It's a pity
they can't be combined."
366
00:20:22,700 --> 00:20:25,180
(birds singing)
367
00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:31,240
(loud shouting, whistle blowing)
368
00:20:31,420 --> 00:20:32,540
(gunshots)
369
00:20:32,760 --> 00:20:37,000
In 1934, San Francisco
longshoremen battled police,
370
00:20:37,160 --> 00:20:39,636
shutting down the waterfront
just across the bay
371
00:20:39,660 --> 00:20:41,503
from Oppenheimer's home
in Berkeley.
372
00:20:43,020 --> 00:20:46,440
America itself
seemed on the verge of revolution,
373
00:20:46,680 --> 00:20:48,360
with violence in the streets,
374
00:20:48,720 --> 00:20:51,040
strikes, a failing economy,
375
00:20:51,300 --> 00:20:53,460
a third of the nation unemployed.
376
00:20:54,160 --> 00:20:56,600
But Oppenheimer remained aloof.
377
00:20:57,320 --> 00:20:59,960
{\an2}OPPENHEIMER:
I had no radio, no telephone.
378
00:21:00,360 --> 00:21:03,060
{\an2}I never read a newspaper
or a current magazine.
379
00:21:04,300 --> 00:21:06,256
{\an2}I learned
of the stock market crash
380
00:21:06,280 --> 00:21:09,180
{\an2}in the fall of 1929
only long after the event.
381
00:21:10,240 --> 00:21:12,196
{\an2}I voted for the first time
382
00:21:12,220 --> 00:21:14,920
{\an2}in a presidential election
in 1936.
383
00:21:16,300 --> 00:21:18,640
{\an2}I was deeply interested in my science,
384
00:21:18,900 --> 00:21:20,536
{\an2}but I had no understanding
385
00:21:20,560 --> 00:21:23,400
{\an2}of the relations of man to his society.
386
00:21:23,960 --> 00:21:25,996
MARTIN SHERWIN, Historian: The
Depression didn't affect him personally.
387
00:21:26,020 --> 00:21:28,556
He had an income from his father,
388
00:21:28,580 --> 00:21:29,617
who was wealthy.
389
00:21:29,641 --> 00:21:31,800
And politics
390
00:21:32,140 --> 00:21:34,220
seemed gross to him.
391
00:21:35,460 --> 00:21:37,940
OPPENHEIMER:
Beginning late in 1936,
392
00:21:38,200 --> 00:21:40,280
my interests began to change.
393
00:21:40,680 --> 00:21:43,780
I saw what the Depression
was doing to my students.
394
00:21:44,140 --> 00:21:45,880
Often, they could get no jobs.
395
00:21:46,340 --> 00:21:47,856
But I had no framework
396
00:21:47,880 --> 00:21:50,636
of political conviction
or experience
397
00:21:50,660 --> 00:21:52,713
to give me perspective
in these matters.
398
00:21:53,480 --> 00:21:55,176
In the spring of 1936,
399
00:21:55,200 --> 00:21:58,000
I was introduced by friends
to Jean Tatlock.
400
00:21:58,720 --> 00:22:01,300
In the autumn,
I began to court her.
401
00:22:04,060 --> 00:22:06,936
We were at least twice
close enough to marriage
402
00:22:06,960 --> 00:22:09,040
to think of ourselves as engaged.
403
00:22:10,680 --> 00:22:14,920
NARRATOR: Jean Tatlock
was Oppenheimer's first real love.
404
00:22:15,540 --> 00:22:18,320
She was 22,
studying to be a doctor,
405
00:22:18,640 --> 00:22:20,117
and passionately involved
406
00:22:20,141 --> 00:22:22,220
with the contentious issues
of her day:
407
00:22:22,820 --> 00:22:24,480
The civil war in Spain,
408
00:22:24,720 --> 00:22:26,280
organizing workers,
409
00:22:26,500 --> 00:22:28,060
racial discrimination.
410
00:22:28,800 --> 00:22:31,120
She was also a member
of the Communist Party
411
00:22:31,400 --> 00:22:34,360
and introduced Oppenheimer
into her political circle.
412
00:22:35,000 --> 00:22:36,760
{\an2}I made left-wing friends,
413
00:22:37,020 --> 00:22:39,296
{\an2}and felt sympathy for causes
414
00:22:39,320 --> 00:22:41,936
{\an2}which hitherto would have seemed
so remote from me,
415
00:22:41,960 --> 00:22:44,020
{\an2}like the Loyalist cause in Spain
416
00:22:44,100 --> 00:22:46,540
{\an2}and the organization
of migratory workers.
417
00:22:47,740 --> 00:22:49,920
{\an2}I liked the new sense of companionship
418
00:22:50,080 --> 00:22:52,976
{\an2}and, at the time,
felt that I was coming to be part
419
00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:55,160
{\an2}of the life of my time and country.
420
00:22:56,240 --> 00:22:59,320
{\an2}I did not then regard Communists
as dangerous,
421
00:23:00,100 --> 00:23:01,816
{\an2}and some of their declared objectives
422
00:23:01,840 --> 00:23:03,340
{\an2}seemed to me desirable.
423
00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:05,336
RICHARD RHODES, Writer:
In the 1930s,
424
00:23:05,360 --> 00:23:06,677
RICHARD RHODES, Writer:
in the bottom of the Depression,
425
00:23:06,701 --> 00:23:09,776
there was a deep
and fundamental concern
426
00:23:09,800 --> 00:23:11,820
about the future of this country,
427
00:23:11,980 --> 00:23:13,596
whether its economic
428
00:23:13,620 --> 00:23:17,240
and, to some degree,
political system was adequate.
429
00:23:17,720 --> 00:23:20,576
We came later in America
to demonize people
430
00:23:20,600 --> 00:23:22,495
who belonged to the Communist Party,
431
00:23:22,580 --> 00:23:25,380
but it was a very common
business in the '30s.
432
00:23:26,180 --> 00:23:29,880
NARRATOR: Workers,
teachers, doctors, writers.
433
00:23:30,360 --> 00:23:33,860
Americans of every stripe
and color were party members,
434
00:23:34,360 --> 00:23:37,320
but although he shared many
of their political concerns,
435
00:23:37,620 --> 00:23:38,757
there is nothing to prove
436
00:23:38,781 --> 00:23:41,300
that Oppenheimer himself
was a Communist.
437
00:23:41,480 --> 00:23:43,500
Oppenheimer never joined the party.
438
00:23:43,920 --> 00:23:46,116
The FBI spent 30 years
439
00:23:46,140 --> 00:23:48,877
trying to prove
that Oppenheimer had been a Communist
440
00:23:49,000 --> 00:23:50,860
and was never able to do so.
441
00:23:51,140 --> 00:23:54,298
That's probably good evidence
that he never joined the party.
442
00:23:56,720 --> 00:23:59,299
NARRATOR: Oppenheimer
was deeply bound to Tatlock,
443
00:23:59,720 --> 00:24:01,800
but she was volatile, moody,
444
00:24:02,160 --> 00:24:03,660
sometimes distraught.
445
00:24:05,200 --> 00:24:08,140
After three years,
she broke off their relationship.
446
00:24:09,440 --> 00:24:11,156
PRISCILLA J. McMILLAN, Writer:
Their relationship appears to have been
447
00:24:11,180 --> 00:24:12,766
PRISCILLA J. McMILLAN, Writer:
quite a stormy one,
448
00:24:12,790 --> 00:24:14,800
and Jean Tatlock,
449
00:24:15,120 --> 00:24:19,960
although for many years
people who knew her didn't say this,
450
00:24:20,120 --> 00:24:22,460
was uncertain whether she...
451
00:24:22,970 --> 00:24:26,896
wanted to be with men or women,
452
00:24:26,920 --> 00:24:30,020
whether she was lesbian
or heterosexual,
453
00:24:30,320 --> 00:24:33,140
and, I believe,
that must have been at the bottom
454
00:24:33,420 --> 00:24:35,580
of her crises with Oppenheimer.
455
00:24:35,940 --> 00:24:39,200
And how that fed into his own
456
00:24:39,520 --> 00:24:44,180
sexual certainties and uncertainties,
457
00:24:44,460 --> 00:24:46,260
one can only imagine.
458
00:24:47,780 --> 00:24:49,280
He was troubled.
459
00:24:50,060 --> 00:24:52,960
That's why he was attracted
to troubled women.
460
00:24:53,220 --> 00:24:54,197
He was troubled.
461
00:24:54,221 --> 00:24:55,800
He didn't know who he was.
462
00:24:58,600 --> 00:25:02,127
NARRATOR: Oppenheimer would
always feel a tender attachment to Jean,
463
00:25:02,200 --> 00:25:04,148
but they had gone
their separate ways.
464
00:25:04,300 --> 00:25:06,880
When Kitty Harrison set her cap
for him.
465
00:25:08,200 --> 00:25:09,700
Kitty was 29
466
00:25:09,920 --> 00:25:12,400
and also a former
Communist Party member.
467
00:25:12,740 --> 00:25:14,240
She was married to a doctor,
468
00:25:14,760 --> 00:25:15,897
but that didn't stop her
469
00:25:15,921 --> 00:25:18,260
from going after
the well-known scientist.
470
00:25:18,920 --> 00:25:21,416
RICHARD RHODES, Writer: When
she saw Oppenheimer, she grabbed him.
471
00:25:21,440 --> 00:25:24,436
They were together, of course,
for the rest of their lives,
472
00:25:24,460 --> 00:25:25,740
but it was...
473
00:25:25,920 --> 00:25:28,420
God knows, a tumultuous relationship
474
00:25:29,360 --> 00:25:31,556
with a lot of bickering
and a lot of fighting
475
00:25:31,580 --> 00:25:33,080
and a lot of drinking.
476
00:25:33,140 --> 00:25:36,676
You know, Kitty and Jean
were both dominant women.
477
00:25:36,700 --> 00:25:38,580
They were passionate women,
478
00:25:38,680 --> 00:25:41,100
and in some way,
he could comfort them.
479
00:25:41,320 --> 00:25:43,020
He could save them, or try to.
480
00:25:43,600 --> 00:25:46,736
Here were two women
who both presented themselves
481
00:25:46,760 --> 00:25:48,340
as people who needed saving,
482
00:25:48,720 --> 00:25:50,276
and Robert jumped in like the...
483
00:25:50,300 --> 00:25:53,143
like the white knight that he...
I think, wanted to be.
484
00:25:53,740 --> 00:25:54,977
NARRATOR: In 1940,
485
00:25:55,001 --> 00:25:57,740
NARRATOR: Oppenheimer
became Kitty's fourth husband.
486
00:25:58,320 --> 00:25:59,856
Less than seven months later,
487
00:25:59,880 --> 00:26:02,200
their first child,
Peter, was born.
488
00:26:03,340 --> 00:26:06,576
Although they continued to see
some of their left-wing friends,
489
00:26:06,600 --> 00:26:08,400
the Oppenheimers were, by now,
490
00:26:08,500 --> 00:26:11,640
detaching themselves
from Communist Party politics.
491
00:26:11,920 --> 00:26:13,763
{\an2}OPPENHEIMER:
My views were evolving.
492
00:26:14,280 --> 00:26:16,636
{\an2}At that time,
I did not fully understand,
493
00:26:16,660 --> 00:26:18,680
{\an2}as in time I came to understand,
494
00:26:19,520 --> 00:26:22,320
{\an2}how completely the
Communist Party in this country
495
00:26:22,520 --> 00:26:24,205
{\an2}was under the control of Russia.
496
00:26:27,060 --> 00:26:30,756
{\an2}Many of its declared objectives
seemed desirable to me,
497
00:26:30,780 --> 00:26:34,620
{\an2}but I never accepted
Communist dogma or theory.
498
00:26:35,060 --> 00:26:37,060
{\an2}In fact,
it never made any sense to me.
499
00:26:39,640 --> 00:26:41,800
NARRATOR:
What did make sense was science.
500
00:26:42,500 --> 00:26:45,420
He would never let politics interfere
with his teaching
501
00:26:45,840 --> 00:26:47,340
or his physics.
502
00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:52,836
ROY J. GLAUBER, Physicist: Of
course, he paid attention to experiment,
503
00:26:52,860 --> 00:26:54,360
but he was a theorist.
504
00:26:54,580 --> 00:26:56,840
He probed very deeply.
505
00:26:57,460 --> 00:27:00,520
He was interested
in the deepest ideas,
506
00:27:00,740 --> 00:27:03,180
and he did contribute
to some of them.
507
00:27:04,460 --> 00:27:05,817
FREEMAN DYSON, Physicist:
In 1939,
508
00:27:05,841 --> 00:27:08,276
he published with his student
Hartland Snyder,
509
00:27:08,300 --> 00:27:10,056
really a great piece of work,
510
00:27:10,080 --> 00:27:12,200
explaining how stars collapse,
511
00:27:12,560 --> 00:27:15,096
how they can actually
end up as black holes,
512
00:27:15,120 --> 00:27:17,173
which had never been understood before.
513
00:27:18,120 --> 00:27:20,696
NARRATOR:
That same year, a startling dispatch
514
00:27:20,720 --> 00:27:23,256
from the abstruse
world of nuclear physics
515
00:27:23,280 --> 00:27:25,120
changed the course of history
516
00:27:25,460 --> 00:27:27,000
and Oppenheimer's life.
517
00:27:28,920 --> 00:27:30,297
Two German chemists
518
00:27:30,321 --> 00:27:32,520
reported that the uranium nucleus
519
00:27:32,640 --> 00:27:34,140
could be split.
520
00:27:34,500 --> 00:27:36,360
The discovery soon had a name:
521
00:27:36,920 --> 00:27:38,420
Nuclear Fission.
522
00:27:39,860 --> 00:27:41,976
"The U-business is unbelievable,"
523
00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:43,500
Oppenheimer wrote.
524
00:27:43,800 --> 00:27:45,780
"Many points are still unclear.
525
00:27:46,540 --> 00:27:48,676
"I think it really not too improbable
526
00:27:48,700 --> 00:27:51,820
"that a ten-centimeter cube
of Uranium deuteride
527
00:27:52,320 --> 00:27:54,580
might very well blow itself to hell."
528
00:27:56,560 --> 00:28:00,200
The discovery of Nuclear Fission
began a race that would end
529
00:28:00,600 --> 00:28:02,100
with the atomic bomb.
530
00:28:02,640 --> 00:28:04,236
RICHARD RHODES, Writer:
He saw already
531
00:28:04,260 --> 00:28:05,896
at the beginning, as, I think,
532
00:28:05,920 --> 00:28:07,716
any really good physicist did,
533
00:28:07,740 --> 00:28:08,816
just by doing the numbers,
534
00:28:08,840 --> 00:28:09,737
about the
535
00:28:09,761 --> 00:28:12,000
amount of energy
released in this reaction,
536
00:28:12,840 --> 00:28:14,893
that this was going
to change the world.
537
00:28:17,500 --> 00:28:20,516
With that discovery came a change
538
00:28:20,540 --> 00:28:22,936
in the relationship between science
539
00:28:22,960 --> 00:28:24,540
and the nation state.
540
00:28:25,660 --> 00:28:27,420
Every country in the world
541
00:28:27,700 --> 00:28:31,776
in 1939 and 1940
that had the capability
542
00:28:31,800 --> 00:28:33,940
of even beginning
to work on a bomb
543
00:28:34,320 --> 00:28:35,480
began that work,
544
00:28:35,760 --> 00:28:39,280
not only England and Germany
and the United States,
545
00:28:39,660 --> 00:28:43,980
but also France, Japan
and the Soviet Union.
546
00:28:46,530 --> 00:28:49,870
NARRATOR:
But the only threat came from Germany.
547
00:28:50,860 --> 00:28:52,556
{\an2}
OPPENHEIMER:
We had information in those days
548
00:28:52,580 --> 00:28:55,380
of German activity in
the field of nuclear fission.
549
00:28:55,960 --> 00:28:57,876
We were aware
of what it might mean
550
00:28:57,900 --> 00:28:59,936
if they beat us to the draw
551
00:28:59,960 --> 00:29:01,920
in the development of atomic bombs.
552
00:29:02,480 --> 00:29:03,980
I had relatives there,
553
00:29:04,320 --> 00:29:06,456
and was later
to help in extricating them
554
00:29:06,480 --> 00:29:08,236
and bringing them to this country.
555
00:29:08,260 --> 00:29:09,760
{\an2}(weapons firing)
556
00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:13,136
NARRATOR: Nine months after
the discovery of nuclear fission,
557
00:29:13,160 --> 00:29:14,880
Germany invaded Poland.
558
00:29:15,540 --> 00:29:17,860
World War II had begun.
559
00:29:18,720 --> 00:29:21,640
When the United States
entered the war two years later,
560
00:29:21,800 --> 00:29:23,476
American scientists feared
561
00:29:23,500 --> 00:29:25,620
that Germany was already well ahead
562
00:29:25,680 --> 00:29:27,840
in the race to build an atomic bomb.
563
00:29:28,920 --> 00:29:31,820
If America was going
to develop a bomb first,
564
00:29:32,100 --> 00:29:33,680
they would have to work fast.
565
00:29:33,750 --> 00:29:37,020
{\an2}(train whistle blowing)
566
00:29:37,760 --> 00:29:39,860
In October 1942,
567
00:29:40,020 --> 00:29:43,240
the 20th Century Limited
was speeding toward New York City.
568
00:29:44,200 --> 00:29:47,500
Sharing a private Pullman car
were Robert Oppenheimer
569
00:29:47,760 --> 00:29:50,700
and a 46-year-old career Army officer,
570
00:29:51,240 --> 00:29:53,000
General Leslie Groves.
571
00:29:55,080 --> 00:29:57,096
Groves had been placed in command
572
00:29:57,120 --> 00:29:58,810
of the Manhattan Project,
573
00:29:59,400 --> 00:30:00,976
the staggering enterprise
574
00:30:01,000 --> 00:30:04,416
to marshal the vast technical
and industrial resources
575
00:30:04,440 --> 00:30:06,260
to develop an atomic bomb.
576
00:30:07,220 --> 00:30:09,536
Now, he was looking over the man
577
00:30:09,560 --> 00:30:11,960
he hoped might head up
the secret laboratory
578
00:30:12,180 --> 00:30:14,890
where the bomb would
be designed and built.
579
00:30:15,280 --> 00:30:19,280
RICHARD RHODES, Writer: Groves's way
of operating was to be blunt and brutal.
580
00:30:19,420 --> 00:30:22,200
He knew, as they said
during the First World War,
581
00:30:22,360 --> 00:30:24,696
how to get the Spam to the front lines.
582
00:30:24,720 --> 00:30:26,600
He knew how to get the job done.
583
00:30:27,620 --> 00:30:29,640
NARRATOR:
The two men talked for hours.
584
00:30:30,200 --> 00:30:31,360
When they were done,
585
00:30:31,720 --> 00:30:33,360
Groves had made up his mind.
586
00:30:34,740 --> 00:30:36,240
Oppenheimer, he believed,
587
00:30:36,400 --> 00:30:39,416
had the ambition,
discipline and brilliance
588
00:30:39,440 --> 00:30:42,236
to lead the most
complex scientific effort
589
00:30:42,260 --> 00:30:44,260
America had ever undertaken.
590
00:30:45,420 --> 00:30:47,760
"He's a genius,"
Groves said later.
591
00:30:47,860 --> 00:30:49,060
"A real genius.
592
00:30:49,380 --> 00:30:51,854
"He can talk to you
about anything you bring up.
593
00:30:52,220 --> 00:30:54,060
"Well, not exactly.
594
00:30:54,820 --> 00:30:56,873
He doesn't know anything about sports."
595
00:30:57,620 --> 00:30:59,256
ROBERT CHRISTY, Physicist:
Groves went a way out on a limb
596
00:30:59,280 --> 00:31:01,096
ROBERT CHRISTY, Physicist:
in choosing Oppenheimer.
597
00:31:01,120 --> 00:31:02,160
No one would have
598
00:31:02,380 --> 00:31:04,840
would have supposed
that this esoteric person,
599
00:31:05,000 --> 00:31:07,656
with an interest in French poetry
600
00:31:07,680 --> 00:31:08,940
and Hindu mysticism,
601
00:31:09,200 --> 00:31:12,280
would be a practical person
to lead a laboratory.
602
00:31:12,460 --> 00:31:14,720
He'd never directed anything really,
603
00:31:15,120 --> 00:31:16,137
to speak of.
604
00:31:16,161 --> 00:31:18,420
He hadn't even been
a department chairman.
605
00:31:18,540 --> 00:31:20,596
Most of his friends think
606
00:31:20,620 --> 00:31:23,199
that Oppenheimer could
not run a hamburger stand.
607
00:31:24,340 --> 00:31:26,551
NARRATOR:
Groves wanted Oppenheimer anyway,
608
00:31:26,940 --> 00:31:28,796
but the United States Army refused
609
00:31:28,820 --> 00:31:31,140
to give the scientist
a security clearance.
610
00:31:32,380 --> 00:31:33,880
The country was at war.
611
00:31:34,720 --> 00:31:37,120
Even though Russia was America's ally,
612
00:31:37,260 --> 00:31:39,520
anyone with Communist associations
613
00:31:39,740 --> 00:31:41,940
was considered a possible spy.
614
00:31:43,060 --> 00:31:44,317
It was the first time
615
00:31:44,341 --> 00:31:46,276
Oppenheimer's loyalty to America
616
00:31:46,300 --> 00:31:47,800
would be questioned.
617
00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:50,216
MARTIN SHERWIN, Historian:
The security people are appalled.
618
00:31:50,240 --> 00:31:53,676
Oppenheimer is the last person
they would want as director,
619
00:31:53,700 --> 00:31:55,376
and he's the next to the last person
620
00:31:55,400 --> 00:31:57,756
they'd even want
involved in the project at all
621
00:31:57,780 --> 00:31:59,900
as a... uh... as a janitor.
622
00:32:00,180 --> 00:32:01,836
Groves is very conservative.
623
00:32:01,860 --> 00:32:03,057
He hates Communists.
624
00:32:03,081 --> 00:32:06,196
But Groves does not allow
625
00:32:06,220 --> 00:32:10,180
Oppenheimer's left-wing
activities during the 1930s
626
00:32:10,320 --> 00:32:11,856
to trump his belief
627
00:32:11,880 --> 00:32:15,540
that Oppenheimer will be
just the right person.
628
00:32:16,400 --> 00:32:18,920
{\an2}OPPENHEIMER: In early
1943, I received a letter,
629
00:32:19,340 --> 00:32:21,498
{\an2}appointing me director
of the laboratory.
630
00:32:21,740 --> 00:32:24,360
{\an2}Almost everyone knew
this was a great undertaking.
631
00:32:24,880 --> 00:32:27,100
{\an2}It might determine
the outcome of the war.
632
00:32:27,880 --> 00:32:30,296
{\an2}It was an unparalleled opportunity
633
00:32:30,320 --> 00:32:34,080
{\an2}to bring to bear the
knowledge and art of science
634
00:32:34,260 --> 00:32:35,892
{\an2}for the benefit of the country.
635
00:32:36,060 --> 00:32:38,140
{\an2}This job, if it were achieved,
636
00:32:38,420 --> 00:32:39,920
{\an2}would be part of history.
637
00:32:46,340 --> 00:32:48,276
NARRATOR:
Oppenheimer had once fantasized
638
00:32:48,300 --> 00:32:50,480
combining his passion for physics
639
00:32:50,700 --> 00:32:53,760
with his love of the desert
and mountains of New Mexico.
640
00:32:56,740 --> 00:32:59,536
Now, he suggested a remote wilderness
641
00:32:59,560 --> 00:33:02,720
near the Los Alamos Canyon,
northeast of Santa Fe,
642
00:33:02,900 --> 00:33:05,280
as the site for the
atomic bomb laboratory.
643
00:33:06,240 --> 00:33:08,100
General Groves quickly agreed.
644
00:33:09,260 --> 00:33:11,900
Oppenheimer's fantasy had come true.
645
00:33:14,460 --> 00:33:16,280
Before leaving for Los Alamos,
646
00:33:16,540 --> 00:33:19,260
Oppenheimer entertained
an old friend for dinner,
647
00:33:19,460 --> 00:33:20,960
Haakon Chevalier,
648
00:33:21,400 --> 00:33:23,640
a French professor teaching at Berkeley
649
00:33:24,000 --> 00:33:25,600
and a dedicated Communist.
650
00:33:25,980 --> 00:33:28,696
RICHARD RHODES, Writer: Oppenheimer
had known Chevalier for years.
651
00:33:28,720 --> 00:33:31,299
He was...
Chevalier was one of his closet friends.
652
00:33:31,880 --> 00:33:33,796
He knew Chevalier was a Communist.
653
00:33:33,820 --> 00:33:35,360
It didn't really worry him.
654
00:33:36,100 --> 00:33:39,356
He judged that Chevalier
wouldn't do anything
655
00:33:39,380 --> 00:33:42,240
that would compromise
Robert Oppenheimer.
656
00:33:42,940 --> 00:33:45,414
NARRATOR:
But Chevalier put Oppenheimer at risk.
657
00:33:45,600 --> 00:33:48,136
He told his friend
that a British engineer
658
00:33:48,160 --> 00:33:49,340
named Eltenton
659
00:33:49,520 --> 00:33:52,760
wanted information about
Oppenheimer's scientific work
660
00:33:52,980 --> 00:33:56,020
to pass on to a diplomat
at the Soviet Embassy.
661
00:33:57,120 --> 00:33:59,080
Oppenheimer dismissed the idea.
662
00:33:59,840 --> 00:34:01,580
"That would be treason," he said.
663
00:34:02,360 --> 00:34:04,196
RICHARD RHODES, Writer:
Oppenheimer did not, at the time,
664
00:34:04,220 --> 00:34:07,000
take this approach as something serious.
665
00:34:07,260 --> 00:34:09,536
It was only later
that it came to be a problem
666
00:34:09,560 --> 00:34:12,896
because it was useful
to people who wanted to destroy him
667
00:34:12,920 --> 00:34:14,420
to make it a problem.
668
00:34:14,460 --> 00:34:16,196
{\an3}
ROGER ROBB, Courtroom Prosecutor:
Doctor, do you think that social contacts
669
00:34:16,220 --> 00:34:19,240
{\an3}between a person
employed in secret war work
670
00:34:19,520 --> 00:34:22,100
{\an3}and Communists or Communist adherents
671
00:34:22,440 --> 00:34:23,940
{\an3}is dangerous?
672
00:34:24,060 --> 00:34:25,800
Certainly not necessarily so.
673
00:34:25,980 --> 00:34:27,540
They could conceivably be.
674
00:34:28,260 --> 00:34:30,980
My awareness of the danger
would be greater today.
675
00:34:31,420 --> 00:34:32,920
{\an3}Doctor, in your opinion,
676
00:34:33,640 --> 00:34:35,676
{\an3}is association with the
Communist movement
677
00:34:35,700 --> 00:34:38,680
{\an3}compatible with a job
on a secret war project?
678
00:34:39,340 --> 00:34:41,900
I was associated with
the Communist movement,
679
00:34:42,600 --> 00:34:44,956
and I did not regard it as inappropriate
680
00:34:44,980 --> 00:34:46,760
to take the job at Los Alamos.
681
00:34:47,280 --> 00:34:49,580
{\an3}Doctor, let me ask you a blunt question.
682
00:34:51,100 --> 00:34:54,136
{\an3}Don't you know,
and didn't you know certainly by 1943,
683
00:34:54,160 --> 00:34:56,276
{\an3}that the Communist
Party was an instrument
684
00:34:56,300 --> 00:34:59,460
{\an3}or a vehicle of
espionage in this country?
685
00:35:00,780 --> 00:35:02,280
I was not clear about it.
686
00:35:03,680 --> 00:35:05,180
{\an3}I am asking you now...
687
00:35:07,740 --> 00:35:09,600
{\an3}if fear of espionage
688
00:35:10,280 --> 00:35:11,617
{\an3}wasn't one of the reasons
689
00:35:11,641 --> 00:35:14,376
{\an3}why you felt that association
with the Communist Party
690
00:35:14,400 --> 00:35:17,740
{\an3}was inconsistent with work
on a secret war project?
691
00:35:18,420 --> 00:35:19,920
Yes.
692
00:35:20,440 --> 00:35:22,116
{\an3}Your answer is that it was?
693
00:35:22,140 --> 00:35:23,640
Yes.
694
00:35:23,760 --> 00:35:26,180
{\an3}You would have felt then,
I assume,
695
00:35:26,960 --> 00:35:31,156
{\an3}that a rather continued
or constant association
696
00:35:31,180 --> 00:35:34,960
{\an3}between a person employed
on the atomic bomb project
697
00:35:35,560 --> 00:35:38,060
{\an3}and Communists or Communist adherents
698
00:35:39,240 --> 00:35:40,740
{\an3}was dangerous?
699
00:35:41,280 --> 00:35:44,420
Potentially dangerous,
conceivably dangerous.
700
00:35:45,580 --> 00:35:48,740
Look, I have had a lot of
secrets in my head a long time.
701
00:35:49,520 --> 00:35:51,316
It does not matter who I associate with.
702
00:35:51,340 --> 00:35:53,120
I don't talk about those secrets.
703
00:35:57,180 --> 00:35:59,220
NARRATOR:
In times of spiritual trial,
704
00:35:59,420 --> 00:36:02,200
Oppenheimer would
search the
Bhagavad Gita,
705
00:36:02,460 --> 00:36:04,280
a sacred Hindu text,
706
00:36:04,500 --> 00:36:06,180
for meaning and comfort.
707
00:36:06,900 --> 00:36:10,280
He often turned to the story
of the warrior Prince Arjuna,
708
00:36:10,780 --> 00:36:14,840
who, to fulfill his destiny,
must fight and kill.
709
00:36:17,660 --> 00:36:20,320
OPPENHEIMER:
"In battle, in forest,
710
00:36:20,840 --> 00:36:22,700
"at the precipice in the mountains,
711
00:36:23,700 --> 00:36:25,400
"on the dark great sea,
712
00:36:25,980 --> 00:36:28,330
"in the midst of javelins and arrows,
713
00:36:29,500 --> 00:36:32,280
"in sleep, in confusion,
714
00:36:32,980 --> 00:36:34,520
in the depths of shame,
715
00:36:35,540 --> 00:36:37,840
the good deeds a man has done before
716
00:36:38,480 --> 00:36:39,980
"defend him."
717
00:36:42,540 --> 00:36:47,220
NARRATOR: In April 1943,
Oppenheimer was 38 years old,
718
00:36:47,420 --> 00:36:48,956
about to take on a task
719
00:36:48,980 --> 00:36:51,140
for which few people
thought him capable:
720
00:36:51,620 --> 00:36:53,640
Harnessing the forces of the atom
721
00:36:54,000 --> 00:36:57,140
to build a bomb
of awesome destructive power.
722
00:36:57,680 --> 00:36:58,737
{\an2}There was little doubt
723
00:36:58,761 --> 00:37:02,020
{\an2}that a potentially world-shattering
undertaking lay ahead.
724
00:37:03,500 --> 00:37:06,020
{\an2}We began to see
the great explosion.
725
00:37:06,620 --> 00:37:10,376
{\an2}We also began to see
how rough, difficult, challenging
726
00:37:10,400 --> 00:37:13,340
{\an2}and unpredictable
this job might turn out to be.
727
00:37:21,600 --> 00:37:24,811
ROBERT CHRISTY, Physicist: A
whole town was being constructed,
728
00:37:25,900 --> 00:37:28,532
and Oppenheimer
was trying to organize the science.
729
00:37:28,820 --> 00:37:31,740
But in addition,
they were constructing roads,
730
00:37:32,260 --> 00:37:34,120
laboratory buildings and homes.
731
00:37:34,200 --> 00:37:36,280
We had no sidewalks anywhere,
732
00:37:36,480 --> 00:37:37,976
and in one season of the year,
733
00:37:38,000 --> 00:37:40,380
walked around
in mud up to our ankles.
734
00:37:41,440 --> 00:37:44,876
RICHARD RHODES, Writer: They were trying
to build a first-class physics laboratory
735
00:37:44,900 --> 00:37:46,936
out in the middle of
a howling wilderness.
736
00:37:46,960 --> 00:37:50,696
It was a hell of a place
to try to move a linear accelerator
737
00:37:50,720 --> 00:37:53,400
up the narrow switchback mountain roads
738
00:37:53,620 --> 00:37:55,260
to install it at the top.
739
00:37:57,500 --> 00:38:01,240
NARRATOR: The laboratory at Los
Alamos was a closely guarded secret.
740
00:38:02,120 --> 00:38:05,600
From its beginnings,
security had the highest priority.
741
00:38:06,200 --> 00:38:09,720
Army intelligence watched over
everything and everybody,
742
00:38:10,300 --> 00:38:13,580
especially the laboratory director
with the left-wing past.
743
00:38:15,180 --> 00:38:17,140
Oppenheimer's phones were tapped,
744
00:38:17,480 --> 00:38:18,680
his mail opened,
745
00:38:19,000 --> 00:38:20,320
his office wired,
746
00:38:20,480 --> 00:38:22,980
his comings and goings
closely monitored.
747
00:38:23,860 --> 00:38:26,940
His driver and bodyguard
was an undercover agent.
748
00:38:28,500 --> 00:38:31,776
Oppenheimer, who knew everything
that was going on at Los Alamos,
749
00:38:31,800 --> 00:38:34,720
was still waiting
for his security clearance.
750
00:38:35,360 --> 00:38:39,196
MARTIN SHERWIN, Historian: Oppenheimer goes
about doing the job as best he can do it,
751
00:38:39,220 --> 00:38:43,880
but the security people
are like flies on a hot summer day.
752
00:38:44,020 --> 00:38:46,436
They're constantly buzzing
around him.
753
00:38:46,460 --> 00:38:48,620
They're constantly annoying him.
754
00:38:48,780 --> 00:38:52,060
He does his best to shoo them,
you know, away,
755
00:38:52,180 --> 00:38:53,900
but there's one instance
756
00:38:54,180 --> 00:38:57,940
where he makes a terrible,
terrible mistake.
757
00:39:00,060 --> 00:39:03,500
{\an2}OPPENHEIMER: I had visited
Jean Tatlock in the spring of 1943.
758
00:39:04,080 --> 00:39:05,700
{\an2}I almost had to.
759
00:39:06,060 --> 00:39:07,760
{\an2}She was not much of a Communist,
760
00:39:07,790 --> 00:39:10,054
{\an2}but she was certainly
a member of the party.
761
00:39:10,320 --> 00:39:12,276
{\an2}There was nothing
dangerous about that.
762
00:39:12,300 --> 00:39:14,932
{\an2}There was nothing
potentially dangerous about that.
763
00:39:15,680 --> 00:39:18,786
NARRATOR: The government
knew all about Oppenheimer's visit.
764
00:39:19,160 --> 00:39:20,836
Agents from Army intelligence
765
00:39:20,860 --> 00:39:22,880
waited outside Tatlock's apartment,
766
00:39:23,020 --> 00:39:24,820
while Oppenheimer spent the night,
767
00:39:24,960 --> 00:39:27,856
and reported the details
to the FBI.
768
00:39:27,880 --> 00:39:30,876
ROGER ROBB, Courtroom Prosecutor:
Why did you have to see her?
769
00:39:30,900 --> 00:39:33,736
She had indicated a
great desire to see me
770
00:39:33,760 --> 00:39:36,400
before we left for Los Alamos.
771
00:39:36,740 --> 00:39:38,560
At that time, I couldn't go.
772
00:39:39,080 --> 00:39:40,976
For one thing,
I wasn't supposed to say
773
00:39:41,000 --> 00:39:42,920
where we were going or anything.
774
00:39:43,800 --> 00:39:46,256
I felt that she had to see me.
775
00:39:46,280 --> 00:39:47,976
She was undergoing
psychiatric treatment.
776
00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:49,540
She was extremely unhappy.
777
00:39:50,740 --> 00:39:52,846
Did you find out why she had to see you?
778
00:39:57,040 --> 00:39:59,440
Because she was still in love with me.
779
00:40:01,900 --> 00:40:04,760
When did you see her after that?
780
00:40:06,660 --> 00:40:10,260
She took me to the airport,
and I never saw her again.
781
00:40:10,820 --> 00:40:13,516
RICHARD RHODES, Writer: Jean
Tatlock was a wounded, lonely woman,
782
00:40:13,540 --> 00:40:14,957
who was at wit's end,
783
00:40:14,981 --> 00:40:16,996
and she wanted this man whom she loved
784
00:40:17,020 --> 00:40:18,700
to come to her and he did.
785
00:40:19,280 --> 00:40:21,856
From the point of view
of the gumshoes who sat outside
786
00:40:21,880 --> 00:40:24,776
Jean Tatlock's apartment
all night in their car,
787
00:40:24,800 --> 00:40:27,376
writing down who came
and who went and at what hour,
788
00:40:27,400 --> 00:40:29,956
and when the lights were on
and when the lights were off,
789
00:40:29,980 --> 00:40:32,033
there may have been a security problem.
790
00:40:32,440 --> 00:40:33,940
But for him,
791
00:40:34,180 --> 00:40:36,740
human need, human compassion,
792
00:40:37,220 --> 00:40:39,116
caring for someone you love
793
00:40:39,140 --> 00:40:41,060
trumped the security system.
794
00:40:42,800 --> 00:40:44,916
NARRATOR:
The FBI feared that Tatlock
795
00:40:44,940 --> 00:40:47,780
might be passing atomic secrets
to the Russians.
796
00:40:48,700 --> 00:40:50,200
They tapped her phone,
797
00:40:50,380 --> 00:40:53,090
but persistent eavesdropping
revealed nothing.
798
00:40:54,560 --> 00:40:57,100
Six months
after Oppenheimer's visit,
799
00:40:57,520 --> 00:40:59,780
Jean Tatlock killed herself.
800
00:41:01,700 --> 00:41:03,840
"I am disgusted with everything,"
801
00:41:04,040 --> 00:41:06,300
she wrote in an unsigned note.
802
00:41:07,100 --> 00:41:09,200
"To those who loved me and helped me,
803
00:41:09,480 --> 00:41:11,060
all love and courage.
804
00:41:12,080 --> 00:41:14,160
"I wanted to live and to give,
805
00:41:14,440 --> 00:41:15,940
and I got paralyzed.
806
00:41:16,580 --> 00:41:18,700
"I tried like hell to understand
807
00:41:18,980 --> 00:41:20,480
and couldn't.
808
00:41:20,780 --> 00:41:23,412
"I think I would have
been a liability all my life.
809
00:41:24,260 --> 00:41:27,560
"At least I could take away
the burden of a paralyzed soul
810
00:41:27,940 --> 00:41:29,440
from a fighting world."
811
00:41:30,260 --> 00:41:34,430
You have said that you knew
she had been a Communist?
812
00:41:35,380 --> 00:41:38,240
Yes. I knew that
in the fall of 1937.
813
00:41:38,400 --> 00:41:39,936
Was there any reason for you to believe
814
00:41:39,960 --> 00:41:42,456
that she wasn't still a
Communist in 1943?
815
00:41:42,480 --> 00:41:42,816
{\an2}No.
816
00:41:42,840 --> 00:41:43,580
{\an3}Pardon?
817
00:41:44,320 --> 00:41:48,100
{\an2}There wasn't. I do not know
what she was doing in 1943.
818
00:41:48,200 --> 00:41:51,056
You had no reason to believe
she wasn't a Communist, did you?
819
00:41:51,080 --> 00:41:52,580
{\an2}No.
820
00:41:58,000 --> 00:41:59,576
You spent the night with her,
821
00:41:59,600 --> 00:42:01,100
didn't you?
822
00:42:03,620 --> 00:42:04,420
Yes.
823
00:42:04,720 --> 00:42:07,780
That is when you were working
on a secret war project?
824
00:42:09,300 --> 00:42:10,800
Yes.
825
00:42:11,620 --> 00:42:13,840
You have told us, this morning,
826
00:42:14,880 --> 00:42:17,376
that you thought that at times
827
00:42:17,400 --> 00:42:19,516
{\an3}social contacts with Communists
828
00:42:19,540 --> 00:42:23,360
{\an3}on the part of one working
on a secret war project
829
00:42:23,600 --> 00:42:25,100
was dangerous.
830
00:42:25,380 --> 00:42:27,220
{\an1}Could conceivably be.
831
00:42:28,020 --> 00:42:30,156
You didn't think spending a night
832
00:42:30,180 --> 00:42:31,996
with a dedicated Communist...
833
00:42:32,020 --> 00:42:34,590
I don't believe
she was a dedicated Communist.
834
00:42:35,680 --> 00:42:36,436
You don't?
835
00:42:36,460 --> 00:42:37,960
No.
836
00:42:55,660 --> 00:42:58,660
NARRATOR: Five weeks after
Oppenheimer's visit to Tatlock,
837
00:42:58,740 --> 00:43:02,080
General Groves rammed through
his security clearance.
838
00:43:02,820 --> 00:43:04,816
But Oppenheimer continued to operate
839
00:43:04,840 --> 00:43:06,560
under a shadow of suspicion,
840
00:43:06,980 --> 00:43:11,260
and by the summer of 1943,
the pressure began to tell.
841
00:43:11,940 --> 00:43:14,786
That August,
Oppenheimer volunteered to talk
842
00:43:14,810 --> 00:43:16,630
with Colonel Boris Pash,
843
00:43:16,830 --> 00:43:19,710
chief of Army counterintelligence
for the West Coast.
844
00:43:20,510 --> 00:43:22,896
He had begun to worry
about his conversation
845
00:43:22,920 --> 00:43:25,140
with his friend Haakon Chevalier.
846
00:43:25,910 --> 00:43:28,700
He realized
that he should have reported it at once,
847
00:43:29,440 --> 00:43:32,440
but he still didn't want to get
his old friend in trouble.
848
00:43:32,800 --> 00:43:34,956
BORIS PASH, Colonel US MI: General
Groves has, more or less, I feel,
849
00:43:34,980 --> 00:43:36,417
BORIS PASH, Colonel US MI:
placed a certain responsibility in me.
850
00:43:36,441 --> 00:43:38,810
I don't mean to take up
too much of your time.
851
00:43:38,860 --> 00:43:40,110
OPPENHEIMER:
That's perfectly all right.
852
00:43:40,220 --> 00:43:41,760
Whatever time you choose.
853
00:43:43,530 --> 00:43:45,220
I have no firsthand knowledge,
854
00:43:45,820 --> 00:43:48,020
but a man attached to the Soviet Consul
855
00:43:48,220 --> 00:43:52,290
has indicated
indirectly through an intermediary
856
00:43:52,470 --> 00:43:55,102
that he was in a position
to transmit information.
857
00:43:55,760 --> 00:43:59,220
I think it might not hurt
to be on the lookout for it.
858
00:43:59,870 --> 00:44:01,840
If you wanted to watch him,
859
00:44:02,380 --> 00:44:04,416
I think it would be the
appropriate thing to do.
860
00:44:04,440 --> 00:44:06,130
His name is Eltenton.
861
00:44:07,340 --> 00:44:10,536
NARRATOR: Oppenheimer had
simply wanted to alert Army intelligence
862
00:44:10,560 --> 00:44:12,245
that Eltenton might be a threat,
863
00:44:13,040 --> 00:44:15,020
but Pash did not trust Oppenheimer
864
00:44:15,420 --> 00:44:17,060
and his left-wing past.
865
00:44:19,260 --> 00:44:21,960
He hid a microphone
in the telephone receiver
866
00:44:22,260 --> 00:44:24,700
and recorded their entire conversation.
867
00:44:26,400 --> 00:44:30,080
Oppenheimer had no idea
that everything he said was set down,
868
00:44:30,160 --> 00:44:33,580
transcribed
and added to his security file,
869
00:44:34,200 --> 00:44:36,220
where it would be unearthed
years later
870
00:44:36,520 --> 00:44:38,420
with disastrous consequences.
871
00:44:39,420 --> 00:44:41,876
OPPENHEIMER:
There were approaches to other people
872
00:44:41,900 --> 00:44:43,456
who were troubled by them
873
00:44:43,480 --> 00:44:46,112
and sometimes they came
and discussed them with me.
874
00:44:46,520 --> 00:44:48,780
And that's as far as I can go on that.
875
00:44:49,440 --> 00:44:52,016
BORIS PASH, Colonel US MI: These people,
were they contacted directly by Eltenton?
876
00:44:52,040 --> 00:44:52,720
OPPENHEIMER: No.
877
00:44:53,240 --> 00:44:55,977
BORIS PASH, Colonel US MI:
Oh, through another party?
878
00:44:56,500 --> 00:44:58,000
Yes.
879
00:44:58,980 --> 00:44:59,777
Well, now,
880
00:44:59,801 --> 00:45:02,296
could we know through whom
that contact was made?
881
00:45:02,320 --> 00:45:03,899
I think it would be a mistake.
882
00:45:04,100 --> 00:45:06,556
Oppenheimer makes up
this complicated story
883
00:45:06,580 --> 00:45:11,160
so that the security people
are looking all over the place,
884
00:45:11,520 --> 00:45:15,340
and they won't finger Robert
and they won't finger Chevalier.
885
00:45:15,480 --> 00:45:17,156
He evidently hadn't learned to think
886
00:45:17,180 --> 00:45:18,759
the way security people think.
887
00:45:19,900 --> 00:45:23,096
RICHARD RHODES, Writer: Every time he said
something else, he just made it worse.
888
00:45:23,120 --> 00:45:24,477
Pash ended up, of course,
889
00:45:24,501 --> 00:45:26,760
believing Oppenheimer
was a Communist spy.
890
00:45:26,860 --> 00:45:29,116
OPPENHEIMER: But I think
in mentioning Eltenton's name,
891
00:45:29,140 --> 00:45:32,040
I essentially said that
he may be acting in a way
892
00:45:32,110 --> 00:45:33,470
which is dangerous to the country
893
00:45:33,540 --> 00:45:35,140
and which should be watched.
894
00:45:35,740 --> 00:45:39,004
I'm not going to mention
anyone else's name in the same breath.
895
00:45:39,920 --> 00:45:41,420
I just can't do that.
896
00:45:47,660 --> 00:45:50,976
NARRATOR: Oppenheimer quickly
put the whole incident behind him.
897
00:45:51,300 --> 00:45:52,879
There was too much work to do.
898
00:45:54,780 --> 00:45:57,620
Los Alamos was growing
into a bustling town
899
00:45:57,740 --> 00:45:59,240
with thousands of people.
900
00:46:03,520 --> 00:46:06,560
He had wildly underestimated
the magnitude of the job.
901
00:46:07,060 --> 00:46:08,560
But he was thriving.
902
00:46:08,920 --> 00:46:12,080
In spite of the initial doubts
of his scientific colleagues,
903
00:46:12,300 --> 00:46:14,396
he was proving that he was more than up
904
00:46:14,420 --> 00:46:16,060
to the enormous task.
905
00:46:17,200 --> 00:46:20,996
MARVIN L. GOLDBERGER, Physicist: He
showed an ability to motivate and inspire
906
00:46:21,020 --> 00:46:22,810
that, I think, surprised everyone.
907
00:46:23,180 --> 00:46:26,716
ROY J. GLAUBER, Physicist: Everyone
loved him because he was everywhere.
908
00:46:26,740 --> 00:46:29,260
He understood all of these
909
00:46:29,880 --> 00:46:31,380
absurdly
910
00:46:31,620 --> 00:46:34,120
difficult and intractable problems,
911
00:46:34,720 --> 00:46:37,700
and he often had witty things to say
about them.
912
00:46:38,300 --> 00:46:41,316
HAROLD AGNEW, Physicist: He
had a certain charisma, a certain charm,
913
00:46:41,340 --> 00:46:43,000
a certain flair.
914
00:46:43,440 --> 00:46:46,776
He had a robin's egg blue
convertible Cadillac, you know.
915
00:46:46,800 --> 00:46:49,576
And if you're a young kid,
and here's the boss,
916
00:46:49,600 --> 00:46:52,396
and he's driving around
with his porkpie hat
917
00:46:52,420 --> 00:46:56,056
and his tweed jacket
and cigarette always,
918
00:46:56,080 --> 00:46:57,256
you know, like in the movies.
919
00:46:57,280 --> 00:46:58,780
You know, you're impressed.
920
00:46:59,300 --> 00:47:01,976
ROY J. GLAUBER, Physicist:
Oppenheimer inspired everyone.
921
00:47:02,000 --> 00:47:04,596
He expressed the intellectual essence
922
00:47:04,620 --> 00:47:06,130
of what we were doing,
923
00:47:07,020 --> 00:47:09,200
the deepest sense of what it was.
924
00:47:09,640 --> 00:47:13,196
MARVIN L. GOLDBERGER, Physicist: I don't know
in retrospect who could have done it better;
925
00:47:13,220 --> 00:47:15,010
Who could have pulled that gang...
926
00:47:15,180 --> 00:47:17,710
80% of which were
prima Donnas of their own.
927
00:47:18,180 --> 00:47:20,016
Could have pulled that gang together and
928
00:47:20,040 --> 00:47:21,935
and made them work
as a... as a unit.
929
00:47:28,080 --> 00:47:31,923
RICHARD RHODES, Writer: In being the
director of this historic laboratory,
930
00:47:32,040 --> 00:47:36,600
Oppenheimer found his greatest
and most natural role.
931
00:47:37,530 --> 00:47:40,200
He was cruel to people
before the war.
932
00:47:40,960 --> 00:47:43,400
He was cruel to people
after the war,
933
00:47:43,720 --> 00:47:46,036
but he wasn't cruel to people
during the war.
934
00:47:46,140 --> 00:47:49,800
The period at Los Alamos
was the only time in his life
935
00:47:49,920 --> 00:47:52,640
when he wasn't plagued
by existential doubt,
936
00:47:52,820 --> 00:47:56,400
when all the parts came together
and worked together.
937
00:47:57,580 --> 00:47:59,896
It was the first chance
he'd ever had
938
00:47:59,920 --> 00:48:02,940
to serve the country
and forget himself.
939
00:48:05,480 --> 00:48:08,176
NARRATOR: Oppenheimer
shaped an array of brilliant,
940
00:48:08,200 --> 00:48:10,940
eccentric scientists into a team.
941
00:48:11,680 --> 00:48:16,040
The Hungarian refugee
Edward Teller was his biggest problem.
942
00:48:19,240 --> 00:48:22,676
ROY J. GLAUBER, Physicist: Teller
was always an ebullient scientist.
943
00:48:22,700 --> 00:48:25,200
Very bright, quite impatient.
944
00:48:25,880 --> 00:48:28,140
When I showed up at Los Alamos,
945
00:48:29,920 --> 00:48:33,600
I saw this name
chalked next to the door:
946
00:48:34,340 --> 00:48:35,960
E. Teller,
947
00:48:36,040 --> 00:48:37,883
but there was no one in the office.
948
00:48:39,040 --> 00:48:42,076
I learned that
he was rather unhappy
949
00:48:42,100 --> 00:48:45,756
that he had not been chosen
as leader of the theory division
950
00:48:45,780 --> 00:48:48,200
and had gone off in a huff.
951
00:48:49,340 --> 00:48:54,140
His passion from the very first
was to create
952
00:48:54,340 --> 00:48:57,060
what he called "the Zupa,"
the super-bomb.
953
00:48:57,580 --> 00:49:00,400
NARRATOR:
The "super" was a hydrogen bomb,
954
00:49:00,760 --> 00:49:03,960
a weapon with nearly
unlimited destructive power.
955
00:49:04,120 --> 00:49:05,936
But since a hydrogen bomb would need
956
00:49:05,960 --> 00:49:08,020
an atomic bomb to set it off,
957
00:49:08,260 --> 00:49:11,660
Oppenheimer gave
Teller's super a low priority.
958
00:49:11,840 --> 00:49:14,800
Oppenheimer, said,
"No, no, we got enough on our hands.
959
00:49:15,020 --> 00:49:16,696
"We're not going to,
we're not going to...
960
00:49:16,720 --> 00:49:19,096
"we got to make the hy...
we got to make the atomic bomb.
961
00:49:19,120 --> 00:49:20,076
"That's what we're going to do.
962
00:49:20,100 --> 00:49:21,170
"That's our job
963
00:49:21,380 --> 00:49:23,216
and that's what
we're going to focus on."
964
00:49:23,240 --> 00:49:24,746
NARRATOR:
Teller threatened to quit
965
00:49:24,770 --> 00:49:28,576
until Oppenheimer relented
and let him work independently
966
00:49:28,600 --> 00:49:31,520
to try and design his super-bomb,
967
00:49:32,300 --> 00:49:35,060
but there would always be
bad blood between them.
968
00:49:35,360 --> 00:49:36,936
MARVIN L. GOLDBERGER, Physicist:
Teller was obsessive.
969
00:49:36,960 --> 00:49:39,536
MARVIN L. GOLDBERGER, Physicist: He
would not accept Oppenheimer's judgment
970
00:49:39,560 --> 00:49:41,560
about the feasibility of this project.
971
00:49:41,740 --> 00:49:44,004
He was not a crackpot
or anything like that.
972
00:49:44,520 --> 00:49:46,560
He was an excellent physicist,
973
00:49:47,480 --> 00:49:51,100
but he got off on something
that was simply wrong,
974
00:49:51,480 --> 00:49:53,000
and he couldn't let it go.
975
00:49:53,400 --> 00:49:55,276
Teller never forgave Oppenheimer,
976
00:49:55,300 --> 00:49:56,800
and, uh...
977
00:49:57,880 --> 00:49:59,380
he paid him back...
978
00:50:01,380 --> 00:50:02,880
unfortunately.
979
00:50:05,860 --> 00:50:07,840
NARRATOR: By summer of 1944,
980
00:50:07,980 --> 00:50:10,280
the enormous burden of responsibility
981
00:50:10,460 --> 00:50:12,160
had begun to take its toll.
982
00:50:13,040 --> 00:50:16,280
Losing weight,
afflicted with a rasping cough,
983
00:50:16,640 --> 00:50:18,736
Oppenheimer chain-smoked his way
984
00:50:18,760 --> 00:50:21,080
through increasingly demanding months.
985
00:50:22,660 --> 00:50:24,780
Kitty was an additional burden.
986
00:50:25,500 --> 00:50:28,660
She refused to take on the role
of the director's wife
987
00:50:29,100 --> 00:50:31,500
and found herself at loose ends.
988
00:50:32,520 --> 00:50:34,476
After their second child was born
989
00:50:34,500 --> 00:50:37,900
in the Los Alamos Hospital,
a girl they named Toni,
990
00:50:38,680 --> 00:50:40,780
she became even more distracted.
991
00:50:41,840 --> 00:50:43,340
She was drinking hard,
992
00:50:43,520 --> 00:50:45,480
on the verge of emotional collapse
993
00:50:45,560 --> 00:50:47,790
while Oppenheimer was preoccupied,
994
00:50:48,240 --> 00:50:50,420
desperately pushing the project forward.
995
00:50:51,340 --> 00:50:53,930
{\an2}For me it was a time
so filled with work,
996
00:50:54,160 --> 00:50:58,100
{\an2}with the need for decision
and action and consultation,
997
00:50:58,320 --> 00:51:00,120
{\an2}there was room for little else.
998
00:51:00,580 --> 00:51:03,896
RICHARD RHODES, Writer: They
had to invent all these new technologies
999
00:51:03,920 --> 00:51:05,436
in these very short months
1000
00:51:05,460 --> 00:51:08,340
from the summer of '44
to the summer of '45.
1001
00:51:08,620 --> 00:51:10,520
Oppenheimer nearly broke down.
1002
00:51:11,060 --> 00:51:12,856
He was really depressed.
1003
00:51:12,880 --> 00:51:14,040
He thought he'd blown it.
1004
00:51:14,300 --> 00:51:17,380
He thought they had found
themselves at a dead end.
1005
00:51:17,800 --> 00:51:19,396
ROY J. GLAUBER, Physicist:
It was devilishly difficult
1006
00:51:19,420 --> 00:51:20,857
ROY J. GLAUBER, Physicist:
grappling with problems
1007
00:51:20,881 --> 00:51:23,080
which were on the edge of absurdity.
1008
00:51:23,560 --> 00:51:25,416
Just imagine trying to find out
1009
00:51:25,440 --> 00:51:27,776
what's going on within an explosion
1010
00:51:27,800 --> 00:51:30,980
all of which is over in less
than a thousandth of a second.
1011
00:51:31,260 --> 00:51:33,570
He seriously considered
leaving the project,
1012
00:51:33,980 --> 00:51:36,116
and one of his friends
finally took him aside
1013
00:51:36,140 --> 00:51:37,277
and said, "Robert, you can't leave."
1014
00:51:37,301 --> 00:51:39,096
"You're the only person
who can make this happen.
1015
00:51:39,120 --> 00:51:41,416
You have to stay.
I don't care what you think."
1016
00:51:41,440 --> 00:51:42,400
And he did stay.
1017
00:51:42,900 --> 00:51:45,100
{\an2}The consensus of all our opinions
1018
00:51:45,620 --> 00:51:47,097
{\an2}and every directive I had
1019
00:51:47,121 --> 00:51:49,980
{\an2}stressed the extreme urgency
of the work.
1020
00:51:50,540 --> 00:51:53,936
{\an2}Time and time again
we had in the technical work
1021
00:51:53,960 --> 00:51:55,960
{\an2}almost paralyzing crises.
1022
00:51:56,920 --> 00:51:59,720
{\an2}Time and again
the laboratory drew itself together
1023
00:51:59,960 --> 00:52:02,860
{\an2}and we faced the new problems
and got on with the work.
1024
00:52:03,300 --> 00:52:05,280
{\an2}We worked by night and by day.
1025
00:52:07,760 --> 00:52:10,440
NARRATOR:
While Oppenheimer and his team raced on,
1026
00:52:10,880 --> 00:52:13,140
the war against Japan and Germany
1027
00:52:13,300 --> 00:52:15,220
was reaching a bloody climax.
1028
00:52:16,040 --> 00:52:18,580
On May 7, 1945,
1029
00:52:19,080 --> 00:52:20,580
the Nazis surrendered.
1030
00:52:21,280 --> 00:52:24,800
The race with Germany
to build the bomb was over.
1031
00:52:33,280 --> 00:52:37,176
ROY J. GLAUBER, Physicist: We had joined
this project fearing that the Germans
1032
00:52:37,200 --> 00:52:39,776
were working on trying to produce a bomb
1033
00:52:39,800 --> 00:52:43,176
and if they succeeded
in reaching it before we did,
1034
00:52:43,200 --> 00:52:45,727
they wouldn't be
very sentimental about using it.
1035
00:52:47,420 --> 00:52:49,256
MARTIN SHERWIN, Historian:
When Germany surrenders,
1036
00:52:49,280 --> 00:52:52,460
the bomb is several months away
from being built.
1037
00:52:52,580 --> 00:52:54,840
And the question is,
should we continue?
1038
00:52:55,280 --> 00:52:56,756
Is it the right thing to do?
1039
00:52:56,780 --> 00:52:58,280
Is it ethical?
1040
00:52:59,340 --> 00:53:04,380
We never heard any suggestion
from Oppenheimer that uh...
1041
00:53:05,160 --> 00:53:07,880
there was any course other
than continuing.
1042
00:53:08,500 --> 00:53:10,920
There was a kind of momentum involved
1043
00:53:11,000 --> 00:53:14,616
in our efforts in this direction.
1044
00:53:14,640 --> 00:53:16,336
It was an enormous project.
1045
00:53:16,360 --> 00:53:18,920
We were all deeply involved in
1046
00:53:19,640 --> 00:53:22,260
finding out whether the
darn thing would work.
1047
00:53:22,740 --> 00:53:25,267
{\an2}When you see something
that is technically sweet,
1048
00:53:25,320 --> 00:53:26,820
{\an2}you go ahead and do it
1049
00:53:27,440 --> 00:53:29,576
{\an2}and you argue about
what to do about it
1050
00:53:29,600 --> 00:53:32,100
{\an2}only after you have had
your technical success.
1051
00:53:34,240 --> 00:53:36,736
NARRATOR: Caught up in
the momentum of the project,
1052
00:53:36,760 --> 00:53:40,020
driven by the desire
to finish the job he had begun,
1053
00:53:40,560 --> 00:53:42,980
Oppenheimer was
determined to see it through.
1054
00:53:44,420 --> 00:53:47,260
"This might help to convince everybody,"
he argued,
1055
00:53:47,440 --> 00:53:49,580
"that the next war would be fatal.
1056
00:53:50,440 --> 00:53:51,437
"For this purpose,
1057
00:53:51,461 --> 00:53:53,040
actual combat use
1058
00:53:53,420 --> 00:53:54,999
might even be the best thing."
1059
00:53:56,080 --> 00:53:59,440
He rejected the idea
of demonstrating the bomb first.
1060
00:54:01,660 --> 00:54:03,456
HERBERT YORK, Physicist:
If you have a demonstration,
1061
00:54:03,480 --> 00:54:06,220
what it is
is a fantastic firework
1062
00:54:06,660 --> 00:54:08,160
with nobody getting hurt.
1063
00:54:08,540 --> 00:54:10,356
What's important about nuclear weapons
1064
00:54:10,380 --> 00:54:12,840
is not that it's fantastic fireworks.
1065
00:54:13,180 --> 00:54:14,836
What's important about nuclear weapons
1066
00:54:14,860 --> 00:54:16,387
is the fact they kill people.
1067
00:54:18,700 --> 00:54:21,260
NARRATOR: On May 31, 1945,
1068
00:54:21,380 --> 00:54:22,956
Oppenheimer joined a meeting
1069
00:54:22,980 --> 00:54:24,816
of high-ranking government officials,
1070
00:54:24,840 --> 00:54:27,120
scientists and military men.
1071
00:54:29,520 --> 00:54:30,920
It was agreed that
1072
00:54:31,040 --> 00:54:32,856
"the most desirable target
1073
00:54:32,880 --> 00:54:34,510
"was a vital war plant
1074
00:54:34,840 --> 00:54:37,256
"employing a large number of workers
1075
00:54:37,280 --> 00:54:39,890
and closely surrounded
by workers' houses."
1076
00:54:41,600 --> 00:54:43,500
Oppenheimer made no objection.
1077
00:54:44,560 --> 00:54:47,840
What worried him
was whether the bomb would work.
1078
00:54:53,220 --> 00:54:56,700
The answer would come
in New Mexico's Alamogordo desert,
1079
00:54:57,060 --> 00:55:00,700
the place the Spanish had called
the
Jornada del Muerto,
1080
00:55:01,560 --> 00:55:03,060
"The Journey of Death."
1081
00:55:29,400 --> 00:55:30,900
On July 15,
1082
00:55:31,040 --> 00:55:33,896
Oppenheimer climbed
a 110-foot tower
1083
00:55:33,920 --> 00:55:35,620
for one last look at the bomb.
1084
00:55:36,760 --> 00:55:38,620
It would be tested the next day.
1085
00:55:40,200 --> 00:55:43,100
He was down to 115 pounds,
1086
00:55:43,260 --> 00:55:45,180
tense, on edge.
1087
00:55:46,260 --> 00:55:48,976
ROY J. GLAUBER, Physicist:
There was great tension about the test,
1088
00:55:49,000 --> 00:55:51,906
great uncertainty
whether it would work
1089
00:55:51,930 --> 00:55:54,560
or produce a pathetic fizzle.
1090
00:55:54,860 --> 00:55:57,780
This had never been done before,
and it was a...
1091
00:55:57,940 --> 00:56:01,080
no one had a clear picture at all
of what to expect.
1092
00:56:04,640 --> 00:56:07,436
NARRATOR: The evening
before the test, someone recalled,
1093
00:56:07,460 --> 00:56:10,600
"The frogs had gathered
in a little pond by the camp
1094
00:56:10,780 --> 00:56:13,820
and copulated and squawked
all night long."
1095
00:56:15,940 --> 00:56:18,140
Oppenheimer chain-smoked nervously
1096
00:56:18,640 --> 00:56:22,120
and sat quietly
reading the French poet Baudelaire.
1097
00:56:23,540 --> 00:56:25,225
OPPENHEIMER: Seductive twilight,
1098
00:56:25,760 --> 00:56:27,260
the criminal's friend.
1099
00:56:27,900 --> 00:56:29,400
Silent like a wolf.
1100
00:56:30,140 --> 00:56:32,020
The sky is closing down.
1101
00:56:32,800 --> 00:56:36,500
A dark cloth drawn
across an alcove.
1102
00:56:37,060 --> 00:56:40,256
Where the impatient man changes
1103
00:56:40,280 --> 00:56:42,320
into a beast of prey.
1104
00:56:45,420 --> 00:56:48,400
NARRATOR:
At 5:10, the countdown began
1105
00:56:48,920 --> 00:56:50,950
at zero minus 20 minutes.
1106
00:56:55,380 --> 00:56:58,980
As loudspeakers ticked off the time
at five-minute intervals,
1107
00:56:59,200 --> 00:57:02,080
Oppenheimer wandered
in and out of the control bunker,
1108
00:57:02,200 --> 00:57:03,700
glancing up at the sky.
1109
00:57:05,180 --> 00:57:06,520
At the two-minute mark,
1110
00:57:06,700 --> 00:57:08,420
he was heard to say to himself,
1111
00:57:09,300 --> 00:57:12,260
"Lord,
these affairs are hard on the heart."
1112
00:57:14,760 --> 00:57:16,260
Minus one minute.
1113
00:57:17,700 --> 00:57:19,500
Minus 55 seconds.
1114
00:57:20,680 --> 00:57:23,196
ROBERT CHRISTY, Physicist:
We were given a piece of welder's glass
1115
00:57:23,220 --> 00:57:24,657
to hold in front of our eyes,
1116
00:57:24,681 --> 00:57:27,760
so that we could look at it
without being blinded.
1117
00:57:29,100 --> 00:57:31,680
It was pitch-dark outside,
just before dawn.
1118
00:57:32,060 --> 00:57:33,560
A lot of tension.
1119
00:57:36,680 --> 00:57:41,420
NARRATOR: Oppenheimer lay on his
stomach, his face dreamy, withdrawn.
1120
00:57:42,660 --> 00:57:45,360
"He grew tenser
as the last seconds ticked off,"
1121
00:57:45,540 --> 00:57:47,180
an Army general remembered.
1122
00:57:47,520 --> 00:57:49,020
"He scarcely breathed.
1123
00:57:49,840 --> 00:57:51,340
"For the last few seconds,
1124
00:57:51,620 --> 00:57:53,200
he stared directly ahead."
1125
00:57:58,220 --> 00:58:02,260
(explosion)
1126
00:58:08,900 --> 00:58:11,896
ROBERT CHRISTY, Physicist: There was
a brilliant flash like daylight outside.
1127
00:58:11,920 --> 00:58:15,320
Suddenly, from pitch-dark
to daylight over a huge area.
1128
00:58:16,020 --> 00:58:18,976
There was this rapidly expanding
glowing sphere
1129
00:58:19,000 --> 00:58:21,720
with swirling, dark clouds in it.
1130
00:58:22,040 --> 00:58:26,300
And finally as it dimmed,
you could see on the outside
1131
00:58:26,640 --> 00:58:28,450
a faint blue glow.
1132
00:58:29,020 --> 00:58:30,700
It was simply fantastic.
1133
00:58:34,440 --> 00:58:37,580
NARRATOR: "It worked,"
was all that Oppenheimer said.
1134
00:58:38,800 --> 00:58:40,300
"It worked."
1135
00:58:40,540 --> 00:58:42,316
ROY J. GLAUBER, Physicist:
We were just awestruck.
1136
00:58:42,340 --> 00:58:44,160
There it was. It had happened.
1137
00:58:44,700 --> 00:58:47,080
The test was evidently a success.
1138
00:58:47,540 --> 00:58:51,880
But we had no idea
when the next thing would happen.
1139
00:58:52,940 --> 00:58:55,196
Nobody had said to us
1140
00:58:55,220 --> 00:58:57,880
that a bomb had
already been shipped out.
1141
00:58:59,320 --> 00:59:01,016
There was total silence,
1142
00:59:01,040 --> 00:59:02,276
fear and tension.
1143
00:59:02,300 --> 00:59:03,557
Now we're into something.
1144
00:59:03,581 --> 00:59:06,780
Now
who knows what's going to ensue?
1145
00:59:07,640 --> 00:59:09,980
We heard not a single word
1146
00:59:10,860 --> 00:59:12,460
until the sixth of August.
1147
00:59:12,980 --> 00:59:18,480
(explosion)
1148
00:59:22,320 --> 00:59:24,800
NARRATOR: On August 6, 1945,
1149
00:59:25,220 --> 00:59:28,960
the United States
exploded an atomic bomb over Hiroshima,
1150
00:59:29,540 --> 00:59:32,560
a city with a population of 350,000.
1151
00:59:34,820 --> 00:59:36,320
Even before the blast,
1152
00:59:36,460 --> 00:59:38,640
Oppenheimer had been darkly mourning.
1153
00:59:39,380 --> 00:59:41,740
"Those poor little people,"
he said.
1154
00:59:42,660 --> 00:59:44,160
"Those poor little people."
1155
00:59:46,220 --> 00:59:49,056
Yet, he had given the military
precise instructions
1156
00:59:49,080 --> 00:59:52,260
to ensure that the weapon
would be delivered on target.
1157
00:59:53,780 --> 00:59:55,880
"No radar bombing," he wrote.
1158
00:59:56,000 --> 00:59:57,700
"It must be dropped visually.
1159
00:59:58,100 --> 01:00:00,276
"Don't let them detonate it too high
1160
01:00:00,300 --> 01:00:02,820
or the target won't get as much damage."
1161
01:00:08,700 --> 01:00:10,780
Oppenheimer was of two minds.
1162
01:00:11,960 --> 01:00:13,960
His success had been exhilarating,
1163
01:00:14,380 --> 01:00:17,180
but he was in anguish
over the human costs.
1164
01:00:19,580 --> 01:00:22,816
RICHARD RHODES, Writer: There's no doubt
that there was ambivalence about it.
1165
01:00:22,840 --> 01:00:27,260
I think Oppenheimer saw the question
in all its complexity.
1166
01:00:28,080 --> 01:00:29,576
It wasn't so simple as,
1167
01:00:29,600 --> 01:00:32,100
"Was he guilty about
building such a weapon?"
1168
01:00:33,820 --> 01:00:37,020
He understood that
the bomb was going to change history.
1169
01:00:37,320 --> 01:00:40,016
He might have hoped
that there was some other way
1170
01:00:40,040 --> 01:00:42,900
to demonstrate its effectiveness.
1171
01:00:43,740 --> 01:00:45,036
They knew what they were making.
1172
01:00:45,060 --> 01:00:46,537
They knew it was going
to kill a lot of people.
1173
01:00:46,561 --> 01:00:48,404
They didn't like that aspect of it,
1174
01:00:48,700 --> 01:00:50,200
but there you were.
1175
01:00:50,260 --> 01:00:52,680
(explosion)
1176
01:00:56,640 --> 01:00:58,236
NARRATOR: The second atomic bomb,
1177
01:00:58,260 --> 01:01:01,220
exploded over Nagasaki
on August 9,
1178
01:01:01,520 --> 01:01:04,940
left him morose,
consumed by doubts,
1179
01:01:05,360 --> 01:01:07,320
fast sinking into depression.
1180
01:01:09,220 --> 01:01:11,520
"This undertaking,"
he wrote a friend,
1181
01:01:11,720 --> 01:01:13,920
"has not been without its misgivings.
1182
01:01:14,640 --> 01:01:16,360
"They are heavy on us today,
1183
01:01:17,260 --> 01:01:18,760
"when the future,
1184
01:01:18,800 --> 01:01:21,590
"which has so many
elements of high promise,
1185
01:01:22,140 --> 01:01:25,040
is yet only a stone's
throw from despair."
1186
01:01:37,760 --> 01:01:40,356
"Some of you will have seen photographs
1187
01:01:40,380 --> 01:01:41,996
of the Nagasaki strike,"
1188
01:01:42,020 --> 01:01:44,616
he told the American
Philosophical Society
1189
01:01:44,640 --> 01:01:46,280
three months after the blast.
1190
01:01:47,000 --> 01:01:49,896
"Seen the great steel
girders of factories
1191
01:01:49,920 --> 01:01:51,980
twisted and wrecked."
1192
01:01:54,220 --> 01:01:56,840
"Atomic weapons are
weapons of aggression,
1193
01:01:57,080 --> 01:01:59,640
"of surprise, and of terror.
1194
01:02:00,640 --> 01:02:02,460
"If they are ever used again,
1195
01:02:02,660 --> 01:02:04,700
"it may well be by the thousands,
1196
01:02:05,440 --> 01:02:08,480
or perhaps by the tens of thousands."
1197
01:02:11,860 --> 01:02:16,260
MARTIN SHERWIN, Historian: He
was a great supporter of using the bomb,
1198
01:02:16,620 --> 01:02:19,280
but he understood all along
1199
01:02:19,620 --> 01:02:25,500
that he was on the cusp
of a new terror...
1200
01:02:26,760 --> 01:02:28,850
...even at the moment
1201
01:02:29,200 --> 01:02:32,736
when the scientists believed
1202
01:02:32,760 --> 01:02:34,500
that there was no other choice.
1203
01:02:37,520 --> 01:02:40,916
They knew that most of the
people killed were civilians.
1204
01:02:40,940 --> 01:02:43,456
They knew that the targets
1205
01:02:43,480 --> 01:02:46,240
for these bombs were
the centers of cities.
1206
01:02:47,580 --> 01:02:50,960
It's a very heavy burden
1207
01:02:51,140 --> 01:02:53,840
that he carries into the postwar period,
1208
01:02:53,980 --> 01:02:56,760
after Hiroshima and
Nagasaki are destroyed.
1209
01:02:58,740 --> 01:03:01,596
{\an2}I have been asked
whether in the years to come,
1210
01:03:01,620 --> 01:03:05,740
{\an2}it will be possible to kill
40 million American people
1211
01:03:05,940 --> 01:03:08,580
{\an2}in the 20 largest American towns
1212
01:03:09,500 --> 01:03:12,800
{\an2}by the use of atomic bombs
in a single night.
1213
01:03:13,520 --> 01:03:16,420
{\an2}I am afraid that
the answer to that question is yes.
1214
01:03:19,780 --> 01:03:21,100
{\an2}NARRATOR: In 1945,
1215
01:03:21,300 --> 01:03:23,596
{\an2}America was the only
country in the world
1216
01:03:23,620 --> 01:03:25,120
{\an2}with the atomic bomb.
1217
01:03:25,720 --> 01:03:29,076
{\an2}President Harry Truman believed
that national security
1218
01:03:29,100 --> 01:03:32,520
{\an2}depended on keeping
nuclear technology secret.
1219
01:03:37,980 --> 01:03:41,820
{\an2}Oppenheimer, along with nearly
every other nuclear scientist,
1220
01:03:42,000 --> 01:03:43,500
{\an2}disagreed.
1221
01:03:44,060 --> 01:03:48,496
{\an2}OPPENHEIMER, (TV Archive): I have been asked
whether there is hope for the nation's security
1222
01:03:48,520 --> 01:03:50,876
{\an2}in keeping secret some of the knowledge
1223
01:03:50,900 --> 01:03:53,320
{\an2}which has gone
into the making of the bombs.
1224
01:03:54,380 --> 01:03:56,360
{\an2}I am afraid
there is no such hope.
1225
01:03:57,780 --> 01:03:59,676
RICHARD RHODES, Writer:
President Truman really did seem to feel
1226
01:03:59,700 --> 01:04:01,676
that if you just
kept the lid on enough,
1227
01:04:01,700 --> 01:04:02,976
we'd always have the secret
1228
01:04:03,000 --> 01:04:04,790
and no one else would ever get it.
1229
01:04:05,120 --> 01:04:06,136
There wasn't any secret.
1230
01:04:06,160 --> 01:04:07,660
The secret was it worked.
1231
01:04:13,760 --> 01:04:16,480
NARRATOR: On October 25, 1945,
1232
01:04:16,940 --> 01:04:18,920
Oppenheimer met
with President Truman
1233
01:04:19,120 --> 01:04:20,620
to share his concerns.
1234
01:04:24,820 --> 01:04:26,796
When the president assured his visitor
1235
01:04:26,820 --> 01:04:29,210
that the Soviets
would never get the bomb,
1236
01:04:29,680 --> 01:04:31,600
Oppenheimer became frustrated.
1237
01:04:33,000 --> 01:04:34,680
"Mr. President," he said,
1238
01:04:35,240 --> 01:04:37,440
"I feel I have blood on my hands."
1239
01:04:38,160 --> 01:04:40,920
"Blood on his hands,"
Truman complained later.
1240
01:04:41,640 --> 01:04:44,940
"Damn it, he hasn't half as much
blood on his hands as I have.
1241
01:04:45,280 --> 01:04:47,702
You just don't go around
bellyaching about it."
1242
01:04:50,200 --> 01:04:51,217
RICHARD RHODES, Writer:
It's not surprising
1243
01:04:51,241 --> 01:04:53,720
Truman just about
threw him out of his office.
1244
01:04:53,840 --> 01:04:55,157
It was the president's decision.
1245
01:04:55,181 --> 01:04:56,918
It wasn't Oppenheimer's decision.
1246
01:04:57,780 --> 01:05:00,680
NARRATOR: Later, Truman
told his secretary of state,
1247
01:05:01,460 --> 01:05:04,724
"I don't want to see that son of a bitch
in this office again."
1248
01:05:09,380 --> 01:05:10,980
In the years after the war,
1249
01:05:11,260 --> 01:05:13,440
Robert Oppenheimer's fame grew.
1250
01:05:14,160 --> 01:05:16,280
His name became a household word.
1251
01:05:17,060 --> 01:05:19,500
He was "the father of the A-bomb,"
1252
01:05:19,680 --> 01:05:22,796
the government's top advisor
on atomic weapons,
1253
01:05:22,820 --> 01:05:25,740
privy to all the
nation's atomic secrets.
1254
01:05:26,940 --> 01:05:29,456
HERBERT YORK, Physicist:
He was instantly famous.
1255
01:05:29,480 --> 01:05:31,296
Nuclear weapons, nuclear energy
1256
01:05:33,921 --> 01:05:37,116
such a surprise to nearly everyone,
that it was very widespread
1257
01:05:38,420 --> 01:05:40,396
to ask your local physicists,
1258
01:05:40,420 --> 01:05:43,180
"What does this all mean
and what should we do?"
1259
01:05:43,340 --> 01:05:45,340
You know the Rotary clubs did it,
1260
01:05:45,740 --> 01:05:49,280
the Kiwanis did it,
the PTAs, I mean, everybody.
1261
01:05:49,500 --> 01:05:51,916
And not only that,
whenever there was a...
1262
01:05:51,940 --> 01:05:53,616
anything in the papers about it,
1263
01:05:53,640 --> 01:05:55,916
it was always a "brilliant
nuclear physicist."
1264
01:05:55,940 --> 01:05:57,440
There was no other kind.
1265
01:05:58,160 --> 01:06:00,560
Now,
Oppenheimer was right at the top of it,
1266
01:06:00,860 --> 01:06:03,036
so it was the president
or the Congress
1267
01:06:03,060 --> 01:06:05,180
or the senators or the UN,
1268
01:06:05,440 --> 01:06:06,477
you know, who asked him,
1269
01:06:06,501 --> 01:06:08,300
and for whom he gave his advice.
1270
01:06:08,940 --> 01:06:10,496
PRISCILLA J. McMILLAN, Writer:
He was interested in power.
1271
01:06:10,520 --> 01:06:12,040
He was drawn to it.
1272
01:06:12,360 --> 01:06:16,460
He wanted to have a say
in what became of those weapons.
1273
01:06:17,260 --> 01:06:19,880
He wasn't going
to go back down on the farm
1274
01:06:20,200 --> 01:06:21,880
after he'd seen Paris.
1275
01:06:22,520 --> 01:06:25,756
RICHARD RHODES, Writer: He realized
that he might turn this fame and power
1276
01:06:25,780 --> 01:06:27,740
into statesmanship.
1277
01:06:28,280 --> 01:06:31,436
That he might become
the sort of philosopher-scientist,
1278
01:06:31,460 --> 01:06:33,116
and philosopher-statesman,
1279
01:06:33,140 --> 01:06:36,460
who could bring
the rest of the message to government
1280
01:06:36,600 --> 01:06:38,856
about how you go about eliminating
1281
01:06:38,880 --> 01:06:40,407
nuclear weapons in the world.
1282
01:06:40,860 --> 01:06:42,740
Oppenheimer was naive in that.
1283
01:06:42,840 --> 01:06:45,300
He really thought that if he got inside,
1284
01:06:45,800 --> 01:06:47,320
he could change things.
1285
01:06:47,800 --> 01:06:49,480
{\an2}Immediately after the war,
1286
01:06:49,820 --> 01:06:52,520
{\an2}I was deeply involved in the effort
1287
01:06:52,620 --> 01:06:54,456
{\an2}to devise effective means
1288
01:06:54,480 --> 01:06:57,160
{\an2}for the international control
of atomic weapons.
1289
01:06:57,700 --> 01:07:01,436
NARRATOR: In 1946, Oppenheimer
hammered out the details
1290
01:07:01,460 --> 01:07:03,000
of a visionary proposal
1291
01:07:03,120 --> 01:07:06,290
with some of America's most
distinguished statesmen.
1292
01:07:06,940 --> 01:07:09,456
The plan was designed
to put atomic energy
1293
01:07:09,480 --> 01:07:12,200
into the hands of an
international agency,
1294
01:07:12,420 --> 01:07:15,920
controlling uranium mines,
atomic power plants
1295
01:07:16,100 --> 01:07:17,760
and atomic laboratories.
1296
01:07:17,940 --> 01:07:20,376
HERBERT YORK, Physicist:
It involved giving up nuclear weapons
1297
01:07:20,400 --> 01:07:23,980
and internationalizing
the entire nuclear enterprise.
1298
01:07:24,440 --> 01:07:26,076
And Oppenheimer writes,
1299
01:07:26,100 --> 01:07:29,576
"We know that people will say,
'This is impossible.
1300
01:07:29,600 --> 01:07:31,100
You can't do this.'
1301
01:07:31,480 --> 01:07:33,720
Our answer is, 'We must.'"
1302
01:07:36,760 --> 01:07:40,120
NARRATOR: But Oppenheimer's
hope for an international accord
1303
01:07:40,280 --> 01:07:43,336
that would lead
to the elimination of nuclear weapons
1304
01:07:43,360 --> 01:07:45,280
was facing fierce resistance,
1305
01:07:45,840 --> 01:07:48,196
foundering on the deepening antagonisms
1306
01:07:48,220 --> 01:07:50,040
between two former allies:
1307
01:07:50,460 --> 01:07:53,360
The Soviet Union
and the United States.
1308
01:07:59,400 --> 01:08:01,256
MARTIN SHERWIN, Historian:
Oppenheimer believed that
1309
01:08:01,280 --> 01:08:03,000
if we could figure out
1310
01:08:03,660 --> 01:08:06,736
how to create a postwar period
1311
01:08:06,760 --> 01:08:10,260
in which the foundation
of international affairs
1312
01:08:10,560 --> 01:08:12,940
- was U.S.
- Soviet cooperation,
1313
01:08:13,140 --> 01:08:15,351
the world would be
a very different place.
1314
01:08:17,620 --> 01:08:21,260
NARRATOR: But the Soviet Army
already occupied much of Eastern Europe.
1315
01:08:22,320 --> 01:08:25,620
Americans feared that Western Europe
might be overrun.
1316
01:08:27,120 --> 01:08:30,420
Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin
had fears of his own.
1317
01:08:31,000 --> 01:08:34,116
RICHARD RHODES, Writer: The Soviet Union
was not about to let the United States
1318
01:08:34,140 --> 01:08:36,100
have a monopoly on these weapons.
1319
01:08:36,340 --> 01:08:37,840
They didn't trust us,
1320
01:08:38,200 --> 01:08:40,160
with reason. We had, after all,
1321
01:08:40,280 --> 01:08:41,980
built a weapon in secret,
1322
01:08:42,080 --> 01:08:46,186
telling our allies, Great Britain, but
not telling our allies, the Soviet Union
1323
01:08:46,280 --> 01:08:47,980
and actually used the thing
1324
01:08:48,740 --> 01:08:50,760
on an enemy population.
1325
01:08:51,200 --> 01:08:52,956
Stalin had every reason to believe
1326
01:08:52,980 --> 01:08:54,660
that we would use it on him.
1327
01:08:56,920 --> 01:08:58,337
NARRATOR:
In the face of opposition
1328
01:08:58,361 --> 01:09:00,920
from both the Soviets and the Americans,
1329
01:09:01,220 --> 01:09:04,660
Oppenheimer's plan
to internationalize nuclear energy
1330
01:09:05,020 --> 01:09:06,520
went nowhere.
1331
01:09:06,880 --> 01:09:09,876
RICHARD RHODES, Writer:
So, it was a brilliant and radical
1332
01:09:09,900 --> 01:09:12,760
and evidently premature idea.
1333
01:09:12,880 --> 01:09:15,354
Because national sovereignty
trumped everything.
1334
01:09:16,100 --> 01:09:22,900
(explosion)
1335
01:09:23,740 --> 01:09:26,400
NARRATOR: On July 1, 1946,
1336
01:09:26,680 --> 01:09:30,700
the United States
tested a 21,000-ton atomic bomb,
1337
01:09:31,100 --> 01:09:34,820
exploding it in Bikini Atoll
in the Pacific Ocean.
1338
01:09:35,680 --> 01:09:39,156
Two months before,
Oppenheimer had written President Truman
1339
01:09:39,180 --> 01:09:41,100
a letter opposing the tests.
1340
01:09:42,060 --> 01:09:43,560
Truman paid no attention,
1341
01:09:43,800 --> 01:09:47,160
calling Oppenheimer
"that crybaby scientist."
1342
01:09:48,860 --> 01:09:51,656
By now,
Oppenheimer was disillusioned
1343
01:09:51,680 --> 01:09:53,157
with America's efforts
1344
01:09:53,181 --> 01:09:55,560
to eliminate the threat
of nuclear weapons,
1345
01:09:55,700 --> 01:09:58,640
but he was even
more disillusioned with the Russians.
1346
01:09:58,980 --> 01:10:03,440
PRISCILLA J. McMILLAN, Writer: He saw how
intransigent the Russians were going to be,
1347
01:10:03,520 --> 01:10:05,620
and he went into another mode
1348
01:10:06,020 --> 01:10:09,120
in his thinking about
what should be done about the bomb.
1349
01:10:09,280 --> 01:10:12,396
He felt that what you had to do...
1350
01:10:12,420 --> 01:10:15,160
instead of you had to
accomplish the impossible,
1351
01:10:15,260 --> 01:10:18,460
what you had to do
was accomplish another impossibility,
1352
01:10:18,620 --> 01:10:21,356
and that is live
successfully and peacefully
1353
01:10:21,380 --> 01:10:22,880
with nuclear weapons.
1354
01:10:26,520 --> 01:10:29,776
NARRATOR: That fall,
Oppenheimer was made a key advisor
1355
01:10:29,800 --> 01:10:32,500
to the newly created
Atomic Energy Commission.
1356
01:10:33,220 --> 01:10:35,940
As chairman of its
General Advisory Committee,
1357
01:10:36,300 --> 01:10:40,180
he reached what he described
as a "melancholy" conclusion.
1358
01:10:43,320 --> 01:10:46,140
OPPENHEIMER:
As the prospects of success receded
1359
01:10:46,300 --> 01:10:48,736
and as the evidence of Soviet hostility
1360
01:10:48,760 --> 01:10:51,140
and growing military power accumulated,
1361
01:10:51,400 --> 01:10:53,636
we were more and
more to devote ourselves
1362
01:10:53,660 --> 01:10:58,300
to finding ways of adapting our atomic
potential to offset the Soviet threat.
1363
01:10:59,120 --> 01:11:02,256
We concluded
that the principal job of the Commission
1364
01:11:02,280 --> 01:11:04,440
was to provide atomic weapons
1365
01:11:04,540 --> 01:11:06,556
and good atomic weapons
1366
01:11:06,580 --> 01:11:08,530
and many atomic weapons.
1367
01:11:12,700 --> 01:11:15,520
NARRATOR: Oppenheimer
was now a scientific statesman.
1368
01:11:16,480 --> 01:11:18,840
He had little time
to be a scientist.
1369
01:11:21,200 --> 01:11:23,556
After the war,
he had given up teaching
1370
01:11:23,580 --> 01:11:28,080
to become the director of the Institute
for Advanced Study at Princeton,
1371
01:11:28,740 --> 01:11:31,160
a center for theoretical research,
1372
01:11:31,240 --> 01:11:34,660
renowned as the home of the
most famous scientist in the world,
1373
01:11:34,940 --> 01:11:36,440
Albert Einstein.
1374
01:11:38,000 --> 01:11:41,520
But Oppenheimer rarely did
any research himself anymore.
1375
01:11:42,200 --> 01:11:44,720
He published only a
few scientific papers,
1376
01:11:44,960 --> 01:11:48,260
and after 1950,
never published one again.
1377
01:11:49,400 --> 01:11:52,016
FREEMAN DYSON, Physicist:
And that was a great grief to him.
1378
01:11:52,040 --> 01:11:55,976
He had had dreams
of getting back into science and
1379
01:11:56,000 --> 01:11:58,160
doing something great
while he was here.
1380
01:11:58,980 --> 01:12:03,340
His wife, Kitty, begged me if I
couldn't actually work with Robert and
1381
01:12:03,840 --> 01:12:05,900
actually do some science with him,
1382
01:12:06,480 --> 01:12:07,720
and I never could.
1383
01:12:07,920 --> 01:12:09,540
Some... you know, it was...
1384
01:12:09,640 --> 01:12:11,880
he never got down to the nitty-gritty.
1385
01:12:12,160 --> 01:12:13,660
He was older.
1386
01:12:13,780 --> 01:12:15,280
What, he was 40?
1387
01:12:15,520 --> 01:12:19,600
He was past the age when
people do their best scientific work.
1388
01:12:21,680 --> 01:12:24,236
NARRATOR: The popular
press continued to depict him
1389
01:12:24,260 --> 01:12:26,720
as a scientist on the cutting edge
1390
01:12:26,900 --> 01:12:28,400
and a model American,
1391
01:12:29,260 --> 01:12:31,976
a happily married man
with two small children
1392
01:12:32,000 --> 01:12:34,320
and a German shepherd
called Buddy.
1393
01:12:37,080 --> 01:12:40,556
No one knew that he was under
close surveillance by the FBI
1394
01:12:40,580 --> 01:12:43,280
because of his past ties
to the Communist Party.
1395
01:12:43,920 --> 01:12:45,280
J. EDGAR HOOVER, (Archive):
Communists have been,
1396
01:12:45,420 --> 01:12:47,776
still are, and always will be
1397
01:12:47,800 --> 01:12:50,940
a menace to freedom,
to democratic ideals,
1398
01:12:51,180 --> 01:12:53,940
to the worship of God,
and to America's way of life.
1399
01:12:54,660 --> 01:12:57,696
NARRATOR: With America's
relationship with Russia deteriorating,
1400
01:12:57,720 --> 01:13:00,800
the fear of Communism seemed
to be spreading everywhere,
1401
01:13:01,320 --> 01:13:03,660
and FBI director J. Edgar Hoover
1402
01:13:03,800 --> 01:13:06,480
continued to find
Oppenheimer suspicious,
1403
01:13:06,900 --> 01:13:09,860
in spite of Oppenheimer's
leadership at Los Alamos
1404
01:13:10,120 --> 01:13:11,760
and his immense reputation.
1405
01:13:12,080 --> 01:13:15,476
MARTIN SHERWIN, Historian: There
were periods in which there was a letup,
1406
01:13:15,500 --> 01:13:18,996
but the FBI started to follow
1407
01:13:19,020 --> 01:13:24,480
and surveil Oppenheimer
in about 1940, 1941,
1408
01:13:25,040 --> 01:13:26,540
and never stopped.
1409
01:13:26,820 --> 01:13:28,320
Never stopped.
1410
01:13:34,700 --> 01:13:37,976
NARRATOR: As the Soviets
tightened their grip on Eastern Europe,
1411
01:13:38,000 --> 01:13:39,796
the hunt for Communist spies
1412
01:13:39,820 --> 01:13:42,250
was becoming a national obsession.
1413
01:13:45,660 --> 01:13:47,156
PRISCILLA J. McMILLAN, Writer:
Looked at from outside,
1414
01:13:47,180 --> 01:13:50,276
the United States was the most
powerful country in the world,
1415
01:13:50,300 --> 01:13:51,900
but in the U.S.,
1416
01:13:52,320 --> 01:13:57,980
there was this awareness that the Russians
had walked all over Eastern Europe
1417
01:13:58,280 --> 01:14:00,876
and that Communism was being foisted
1418
01:14:00,900 --> 01:14:02,840
on the peoples of those countries,
1419
01:14:04,100 --> 01:14:07,320
and that was terrifying
to the American public.
1420
01:14:07,660 --> 01:14:10,900
And it wasn't long
before there were politicians
1421
01:14:11,240 --> 01:14:13,560
who learned to exploit that fear.
1422
01:14:15,280 --> 01:14:17,596
NARRATOR: The House
Un-American Activities Committee
1423
01:14:17,620 --> 01:14:19,840
had begun investigating
what they called
1424
01:14:20,120 --> 01:14:23,400
the Communist threat
to the American way of life.
1425
01:14:24,500 --> 01:14:27,880
In June 1949,
it subpoenaed Oppenheimer.
1426
01:14:29,400 --> 01:14:32,160
The famous scientist
tried to charm the congressmen.
1427
01:14:33,340 --> 01:14:37,300
When they asked, he confirmed the
names of Communist Party members.
1428
01:14:38,040 --> 01:14:39,800
Some had been his students.
1429
01:14:42,320 --> 01:14:46,180
Later, he said
that his nerve just gave way.
1430
01:14:47,120 --> 01:14:49,916
FREEMAN DYSON, Physicist: It looked as though
he was just trying to save his own skin by
1431
01:14:49,940 --> 01:14:51,740
incriminating the students.
1432
01:14:52,060 --> 01:14:53,720
To me, it was horrible.
1433
01:14:55,500 --> 01:14:59,520
PRISCILLA J. McMILLAN, Writer: He
must have sensed that the flames could
1434
01:14:59,840 --> 01:15:01,700
get to him sometime.
1435
01:15:02,040 --> 01:15:04,520
And it wasn't clear to him
what he should do.
1436
01:15:05,680 --> 01:15:09,460
NARRATOR: That same June, Oppenheimer
appeared before Congress again,
1437
01:15:09,720 --> 01:15:12,320
but this time,
made a formidable enemy.
1438
01:15:14,500 --> 01:15:15,977
Lewis Strauss
1439
01:15:16,001 --> 01:15:18,880
was the president
of the Institute for Advanced Study.
1440
01:15:19,320 --> 01:15:22,000
He had hired
Oppenheimer as its director.
1441
01:15:22,760 --> 01:15:25,820
Strauss was also a member
of the Atomic Energy Commission.
1442
01:15:26,420 --> 01:15:30,360
A self-made millionaire,
ambitious, proud,
1443
01:15:30,960 --> 01:15:34,730
fiercely anti-Communist,
he did not like to be crossed.
1444
01:15:35,800 --> 01:15:38,160
"If you disagree with
Lewis about anything,"
1445
01:15:38,420 --> 01:15:40,580
a fellow atomic energy
commissioner said,
1446
01:15:40,780 --> 01:15:43,400
"he assumes you're just a fool at first,
1447
01:15:44,160 --> 01:15:46,213
"but if you go on disagreeing with him,
1448
01:15:46,540 --> 01:15:49,300
he concludes
you must be a traitor."
1449
01:15:50,900 --> 01:15:54,176
Oppenheimer and Strauss
clashed over a minor issue
1450
01:15:54,200 --> 01:15:55,700
at a congressional hearing,
1451
01:15:56,140 --> 01:15:57,940
and Strauss never forgave him.
1452
01:15:58,520 --> 01:16:02,116
OPPENHEIMER, (Archival): My opinion
is that if the determination were made
1453
01:16:02,140 --> 01:16:04,596
that isotopes should
not be shipped abroad,
1454
01:16:04,620 --> 01:16:08,060
the Congress will be making
a profound mistake.
1455
01:16:08,340 --> 01:16:10,876
NARRATOR:
Oppenheimer was testifying in support
1456
01:16:10,900 --> 01:16:13,520
of exporting radioisotopes to Europe
1457
01:16:13,800 --> 01:16:15,960
while Strauss looked on, seething.
1458
01:16:17,080 --> 01:16:18,980
Strauss violently disagreed,
1459
01:16:19,160 --> 01:16:22,380
fearing that the isotopes
might fall into the hands of Russia.
1460
01:16:23,400 --> 01:16:25,520
In a reckless display of arrogance,
1461
01:16:25,800 --> 01:16:29,100
Oppenheimer aimed a jibe
directly at Strauss,
1462
01:16:29,440 --> 01:16:31,756
telling the congressmen
that radioisotopes
1463
01:16:31,780 --> 01:16:35,520
were no more dangerous
than a shovel or a bottle of beer.
1464
01:16:36,260 --> 01:16:37,796
MARTIN SHERWIN, Historian:
And everybody laughed,
1465
01:16:37,820 --> 01:16:40,876
and a journalist said
he looked over at Lewis Strauss,
1466
01:16:40,900 --> 01:16:42,660
who had turned beet red.
1467
01:16:43,280 --> 01:16:47,020
He had never seen so much hate and anger
1468
01:16:47,200 --> 01:16:51,020
on anyone's face as he saw
on Strauss's face at that moment.
1469
01:16:52,060 --> 01:16:55,745
PRISCILLA J. McMILLAN, Writer:
Strauss was very sensitive to criticism.
1470
01:16:55,900 --> 01:16:57,540
If he didn't like people,
1471
01:16:58,400 --> 01:16:59,900
he dealt with them.
1472
01:17:00,580 --> 01:17:01,957
And he had a long memory.
1473
01:17:01,981 --> 01:17:04,400
He could deal with them
a long time afterward,
1474
01:17:04,840 --> 01:17:07,140
um, if he wanted to.
1475
01:17:07,900 --> 01:17:10,720
(explosion)
1476
01:17:11,720 --> 01:17:14,100
NARRATOR: On August 29, 1949,
1477
01:17:14,300 --> 01:17:17,420
the Soviet Union tested
its first atomic bomb.
1478
01:17:18,460 --> 01:17:21,470
America was still the most
powerful nation on earth,
1479
01:17:22,040 --> 01:17:25,500
but the confidence of many
of its citizens was shattered.
1480
01:17:28,560 --> 01:17:31,771
RICHARD RHODES, Writer:
There was near-hysteria in Washington.
1481
01:17:32,800 --> 01:17:35,836
People were running around screaming,
"The sky is falling."
1482
01:17:35,860 --> 01:17:37,520
Now, why would they do that?
1483
01:17:38,380 --> 01:17:41,700
If you've got all of your eggs
in the basket that it's a secret,
1484
01:17:42,040 --> 01:17:43,656
and then the secret is lost,
1485
01:17:43,680 --> 01:17:46,154
then of course you think
you've lost everything.
1486
01:17:46,720 --> 01:17:48,676
NARRATOR:
The day the test made headlines,
1487
01:17:48,700 --> 01:17:52,260
Oppenheimer received a call
from an agitated Edward Teller.
1488
01:17:53,660 --> 01:17:56,029
"What should I do now?"
Teller wanted to know.
1489
01:17:57,020 --> 01:17:59,720
"Keep your shirt on,"
Oppenheimer told him.
1490
01:18:01,160 --> 01:18:04,216
RICHARD RHODES, Writer: From Teller's point
of view, there was a balance of forces
1491
01:18:04,240 --> 01:18:06,451
between us and the
Soviet Union in Europe.
1492
01:18:07,300 --> 01:18:09,756
They had four million men on the ground
in Eastern Europe,
1493
01:18:09,780 --> 01:18:11,280
and we had the bomb.
1494
01:18:11,340 --> 01:18:14,656
Now, suddenly, they had four
million men on the ground in Europe,
1495
01:18:14,680 --> 01:18:16,576
we had the bomb,
and they had the bomb,
1496
01:18:16,600 --> 01:18:18,780
so the balance of forces was upset.
1497
01:18:19,680 --> 01:18:21,516
MARVIN L. GOLDBERGER, Physicist:
He hated the Soviet Union.
1498
01:18:21,540 --> 01:18:23,060
He grew up in Hungary,
1499
01:18:23,140 --> 01:18:26,040
and Communism was a four-letter word,
1500
01:18:26,720 --> 01:18:30,740
so he thought the only way
you could deal with the Soviet Union was
1501
01:18:31,140 --> 01:18:32,877
to have more bombs than they did,
1502
01:18:33,580 --> 01:18:36,380
that they would be influenced by force
1503
01:18:36,600 --> 01:18:38,100
and by nothing else.
1504
01:18:38,600 --> 01:18:41,969
NARRATOR: Teller believed he
had the answer to the Soviet threat:
1505
01:18:42,140 --> 01:18:44,536
The Super, the hydrogen bomb,
1506
01:18:44,560 --> 01:18:47,920
which had remained
his pet project ever since Los Alamos.
1507
01:18:48,840 --> 01:18:52,356
It was up to Oppenheimer
and his General Advisory Committee
1508
01:18:52,380 --> 01:18:54,936
to recommend
to the Atomic Energy Commission
1509
01:18:54,960 --> 01:18:56,816
whether or not to try and create
1510
01:18:56,840 --> 01:19:00,620
the most awesome weapon of
mass destruction ever devised.
1511
01:19:01,180 --> 01:19:02,776
{\an2}
OPPENHEIMER:
A good many people came to me
1512
01:19:02,800 --> 01:19:06,000
{\an2}or called me or wrote me letters
about the Super program.
1513
01:19:06,820 --> 01:19:09,610
{\an2}It was not clear to me
what the right thing to do was.
1514
01:19:10,020 --> 01:19:13,256
{\an2}Was it crash development,
the most rapid possible
1515
01:19:13,280 --> 01:19:15,438
{\an2}development and construction
of the Super?
1516
01:19:16,380 --> 01:19:19,516
NARRATOR: The debate over
the H-bomb sparked a controversy
1517
01:19:19,540 --> 01:19:22,540
fraught with danger
for the unsuspecting scientist.
1518
01:19:23,240 --> 01:19:25,020
Ever since he war had ended,
1519
01:19:25,300 --> 01:19:27,136
Teller had been trying
to convince
1520
01:19:27,160 --> 01:19:29,040
any high official
who would listen
1521
01:19:29,140 --> 01:19:32,120
that the Super
would keep Americans safe.
1522
01:19:32,400 --> 01:19:34,236
MARVIN L. GOLDBERGER, Physicist:
He thought that if we didn't develop it,
1523
01:19:34,260 --> 01:19:35,620
the Russians surely would,
1524
01:19:35,760 --> 01:19:37,760
and we would be at their mercy.
1525
01:19:38,280 --> 01:19:42,116
PRISCILLA J. McMILLAN, Writer: He thought
that it would be crazy not to develop it
1526
01:19:42,140 --> 01:19:45,700
and then those who opposed it
might possibly be unpatriotic.
1527
01:19:46,720 --> 01:19:50,036
NARRATOR: But Oppenheimer and the
General Advisory Committee worried more
1528
01:19:50,060 --> 01:19:52,620
about the destructive power
of the H-bomb
1529
01:19:52,960 --> 01:19:54,697
than they did about the Russians.
1530
01:19:55,000 --> 01:19:57,760
They voted eight to zero
against it.
1531
01:19:58,020 --> 01:19:59,820
{\an2}There was a surprising unanimity,
1532
01:20:00,100 --> 01:20:01,720
{\an2}to me, very surprising,
1533
01:20:02,000 --> 01:20:04,916
{\an2}that the United States ought not
to take the initiative
1534
01:20:04,940 --> 01:20:06,636
{\an2}in an all-out program
1535
01:20:06,660 --> 01:20:09,270
{\an2}for the development
of thermonuclear weapons.
1536
01:20:09,840 --> 01:20:11,956
MARTIN SHERWIN, Historian:
The committee concluded
1537
01:20:11,980 --> 01:20:13,457
that it shouldn't be built,
1538
01:20:13,481 --> 01:20:15,896
because this was a weapon
of genocide
1539
01:20:15,920 --> 01:20:19,980
that had absolutely
no military necessity,
1540
01:20:20,320 --> 01:20:22,976
and that our stockpile
of atomic bombs
1541
01:20:23,000 --> 01:20:24,800
was a sufficient deterrent.
1542
01:20:25,480 --> 01:20:27,480
NARRATOR:
The debate seemed to be over.
1543
01:20:27,880 --> 01:20:30,156
Oppenheimer,
along with some of the country's
1544
01:20:30,180 --> 01:20:32,376
most experienced nuclear scientists,
1545
01:20:32,400 --> 01:20:34,000
had rendered their opinion,
1546
01:20:34,380 --> 01:20:35,700
but President Truman,
1547
01:20:35,900 --> 01:20:38,740
fearing the Russians
would develop an H-bomb first,
1548
01:20:38,980 --> 01:20:40,480
dismissed it.
1549
01:20:41,480 --> 01:20:44,420
{\an2}(explosion)
1550
01:20:45,530 --> 01:20:47,540
{\an2}On November 1, 1952,
1551
01:20:47,900 --> 01:20:50,660
{\an2}the world's first
hydrogen bomb explosion
1552
01:20:50,760 --> 01:20:54,460
{\an2}vaporized the tiny island
of Elugelab in the Pacific.
1553
01:20:59,380 --> 01:21:01,236
{\an2}
HAROLD AGNEW, Physicist:
It became a great big lagoon.
1554
01:21:01,260 --> 01:21:02,760
{\an2}It just went away.
1555
01:21:03,200 --> 01:21:06,190
{\an2}And the whole water
around it was milky white.
1556
01:21:10,140 --> 01:21:11,640
{\an2}It was scary.
1557
01:21:13,840 --> 01:21:17,040
{\an2}The heat from this thing
was really very frightening.
1558
01:21:17,200 --> 01:21:20,420
{\an2}It started getting hotter
and hotter and hotter and hotter.
1559
01:21:21,360 --> 01:21:23,820
{\an2}This is almost 30 miles away.
1560
01:21:28,980 --> 01:21:33,760
RICHARD RHODES, Writer: These were no
longer weapons that were military devices.
1561
01:21:34,140 --> 01:21:36,696
They were simply
weapons of mass destruction
1562
01:21:36,720 --> 01:21:38,300
on the most terrible scale.
1563
01:21:40,140 --> 01:21:41,400
Well, let's take New York.
1564
01:21:41,660 --> 01:21:45,060
The blast would destroy
the entire greater New York area.
1565
01:21:45,280 --> 01:21:47,896
The fallout would take out
the rest of the East Coast.
1566
01:21:47,920 --> 01:21:49,420
One bomb.
1567
01:21:52,440 --> 01:21:56,520
PRISCILLA J. McMILLAN, Writer: It meant
that a new era of warfare was upon us.
1568
01:21:58,400 --> 01:22:00,900
We now had in our possession
1569
01:22:01,140 --> 01:22:04,860
a weapon of genocide,
not just warfare.
1570
01:22:07,500 --> 01:22:09,256
The modern arms race started
1571
01:22:09,280 --> 01:22:12,140
with the invention of the hydrogen bomb,
1572
01:22:12,720 --> 01:22:16,160
and after which,
it was escalation all the way.
1573
01:22:19,540 --> 01:22:21,376
OPPENHEIMER:
If the development by the enemy,
1574
01:22:21,400 --> 01:22:24,276
as well as by us,
of thermonuclear weapons
1575
01:22:24,300 --> 01:22:25,800
could have been averted,
1576
01:22:25,940 --> 01:22:28,756
I think we would be
in a somewhat safer world today
1577
01:22:28,780 --> 01:22:29,600
than we are.
1578
01:22:30,040 --> 01:22:32,036
God knows, not entirely safe,
1579
01:22:32,060 --> 01:22:34,760
because atomic bombs
are not jolly, either.
1580
01:22:36,420 --> 01:22:38,196
NARRATOR:
Once the decision was made,
1581
01:22:38,220 --> 01:22:40,260
Oppenheimer did nothing to oppose it.
1582
01:22:41,120 --> 01:22:41,960
Frustrated,
1583
01:22:42,120 --> 01:22:44,647
he considered leaving
the government altogether,
1584
01:22:44,980 --> 01:22:47,600
but instead,
played the loyal soldier.
1585
01:22:48,900 --> 01:22:52,020
Later,
Oppenheimer's lack of enthusiasm
1586
01:22:52,100 --> 01:22:54,980
would be interpreted
as outright opposition.
1587
01:22:55,360 --> 01:22:57,796
Did you, subsequent to
the president's decision
1588
01:22:57,820 --> 01:22:59,480
of January 1950,
1589
01:22:59,820 --> 01:23:01,476
ever express any opposition
1590
01:23:01,500 --> 01:23:03,500
to the production of the hydrogen bomb
1591
01:23:03,740 --> 01:23:05,340
on moral grounds?
1592
01:23:07,600 --> 01:23:09,636
I would think
I could very well have said,
1593
01:23:09,660 --> 01:23:11,320
"This is a dreadful weapon,"
1594
01:23:12,640 --> 01:23:14,180
or something like that.
1595
01:23:14,500 --> 01:23:17,448
Why do you think that you could
very well have said that?
1596
01:23:18,240 --> 01:23:21,083
Because I have always thought
it was a dreadful weapon.
1597
01:23:21,380 --> 01:23:23,176
Even if from a technical point of view,
1598
01:23:23,200 --> 01:23:25,860
it was a sweet and lovely
and beautiful job,
1599
01:23:26,200 --> 01:23:28,600
I have still thought
it was a dreadful weapon.
1600
01:23:28,680 --> 01:23:29,740
And have said so?
1601
01:23:30,040 --> 01:23:31,960
I would assume
I have said so, yes.
1602
01:23:33,060 --> 01:23:34,560
You mean,
1603
01:23:35,060 --> 01:23:37,236
you had a moral revulsion
1604
01:23:37,260 --> 01:23:38,536
against the production
1605
01:23:38,560 --> 01:23:40,016
of such a dreadful weapon?
1606
01:23:40,040 --> 01:23:41,380
This is too strong.
1607
01:23:41,460 --> 01:23:42,300
Beg pardon?
1608
01:23:42,380 --> 01:23:43,590
That is too strong.
1609
01:23:43,880 --> 01:23:47,520
Which is too strong,
the weapon or my expression?
1610
01:23:48,180 --> 01:23:49,680
Your expression.
1611
01:23:49,980 --> 01:23:52,480
I had grave concern and anxiety.
1612
01:23:53,400 --> 01:23:55,216
You had moral qualms about it.
1613
01:23:55,240 --> 01:23:56,740
Is that accurate?
1614
01:23:57,100 --> 01:23:59,153
Let us leave the word "moral"
out of it.
1615
01:24:00,060 --> 01:24:01,680
You had qualms about it.
1616
01:24:02,500 --> 01:24:04,636
How could one
not have qualms about it?
1617
01:24:04,660 --> 01:24:07,082
I know no one
who doesn't have qualms about it.
1618
01:24:08,000 --> 01:24:11,056
RICHARD RHODES, Writer: Oppenheimer wasn't
opposed to building nuclear weapons.
1619
01:24:11,080 --> 01:24:12,676
He was just opposed to building
1620
01:24:12,700 --> 01:24:13,877
huge nuclear weapons
1621
01:24:13,901 --> 01:24:16,533
that wouldn't...
that were bigger than the targets.
1622
01:24:16,620 --> 01:24:18,380
{\an2}(rapid gunfire)
1623
01:24:20,600 --> 01:24:21,797
NARRATOR: In 1950,
1624
01:24:21,821 --> 01:24:24,560
the United States went to war in Korea.
1625
01:24:26,700 --> 01:24:28,716
Soon, Americans were fighting
1626
01:24:28,740 --> 01:24:31,140
both Korean
and Chinese communists,
1627
01:24:31,960 --> 01:24:33,756
while the Russians seemed to be growing
1628
01:24:33,780 --> 01:24:35,420
increasingly belligerent.
1629
01:24:37,100 --> 01:24:38,077
Oppenheimer knew
1630
01:24:38,101 --> 01:24:41,296
that America's military planned
a devastating response
1631
01:24:41,320 --> 01:24:42,820
to any Soviet attack.
1632
01:24:45,360 --> 01:24:46,860
In 1951,
1633
01:24:47,080 --> 01:24:50,720
he was shown the Air Force's
top-secret strategic war plan.
1634
01:24:51,940 --> 01:24:53,776
RICHARD RHODES, Writer:
The plan was that we would
1635
01:24:53,800 --> 01:24:56,980
bomb our way across Eastern Europe
with nuclear weapons.
1636
01:24:57,300 --> 01:24:59,353
We would then destroy the Soviet Union,
1637
01:24:59,580 --> 01:25:01,416
and then as a kind of an extra,
1638
01:25:01,440 --> 01:25:05,440
we'd go on and destroy China, because,
after all, it was a Communist country.
1639
01:25:06,780 --> 01:25:10,096
MARTIN SHERWIN, Historian:
The American government was planning,
1640
01:25:10,300 --> 01:25:14,360
in its nuclear weapons response
to any Soviet attack,
1641
01:25:14,640 --> 01:25:17,816
to kill 200 and something million people
1642
01:25:17,840 --> 01:25:19,340
within a week or two.
1643
01:25:20,560 --> 01:25:23,956
I mean, Oppenheimer just
felt that this was madness,
1644
01:25:23,980 --> 01:25:25,680
sheer madness.
1645
01:25:26,020 --> 01:25:28,660
NARRATOR:
Oppenheimer spoke out for moderation.
1646
01:25:29,340 --> 01:25:32,636
He took a stand against
building nuclear-powered aircraft
1647
01:25:32,660 --> 01:25:33,900
and submarines,
1648
01:25:34,080 --> 01:25:37,580
and advocated open discussion
of the growing arms race.
1649
01:25:38,600 --> 01:25:40,200
It is a grave danger for us
1650
01:25:40,840 --> 01:25:42,936
that these decisions are taken
1651
01:25:42,960 --> 01:25:45,520
on the basis of facts held secret.
1652
01:25:45,780 --> 01:25:48,900
If we are guided by fear alone,
1653
01:25:49,280 --> 01:25:51,620
we'll fail in this time of crisis.
1654
01:25:52,000 --> 01:25:54,316
NARRATOR:
But powerful Washington insiders
1655
01:25:54,340 --> 01:25:56,176
believed he was standing in the way
1656
01:25:56,200 --> 01:25:58,700
of America's ability to defend itself.
1657
01:25:59,620 --> 01:26:02,080
They were led by Lewis Strauss.
1658
01:26:04,420 --> 01:26:07,416
With the election of Dwight
Eisenhower to the presidency,
1659
01:26:07,440 --> 01:26:10,700
Strauss became the chairman
of the Atomic Energy Commission.
1660
01:26:11,300 --> 01:26:13,656
He now had the power to build a case
1661
01:26:13,680 --> 01:26:16,780
to rid the government
of the influential scientist.
1662
01:26:17,560 --> 01:26:21,396
RICHARD RHODES, Writer: Strauss would
deliberately destroy the name and reputation
1663
01:26:21,420 --> 01:26:23,960
and government position
of Robert Oppenheimer.
1664
01:26:24,040 --> 01:26:27,146
And when he destroyed something,
he destroyed it thoroughly.
1665
01:26:28,220 --> 01:26:30,816
NARRATOR: Strauss began
by orchestrating a campaign
1666
01:26:30,840 --> 01:26:33,680
in America's most
popular news magazines,
1667
01:26:34,100 --> 01:26:36,436
alleging that Oppenheimer
was undermining
1668
01:26:36,460 --> 01:26:38,660
the nation's atomic weapons program.
1669
01:26:40,940 --> 01:26:43,260
The stories depicted Edward Teller
1670
01:26:43,520 --> 01:26:45,300
as a scientific patriot.
1671
01:26:46,820 --> 01:26:50,260
Teller readily joined the crusade
against his old boss.
1672
01:26:50,820 --> 01:26:54,240
He had long wanted
to remove Oppenheimer from public life.
1673
01:26:55,580 --> 01:26:58,780
In 1951, he told the FBI that
1674
01:26:58,980 --> 01:27:03,460
"a lot of people believe Oppenheimer opposed
the development of the hydrogen bomb,
1675
01:27:03,760 --> 01:27:06,200
on direct orders from Moscow."
1676
01:27:06,920 --> 01:27:08,436
MARVIN L. GOLDBERGER, Physicist:
Teller sincerely believed
1677
01:27:08,460 --> 01:27:11,740
that we were in a dangerous
arms race with the Russians
1678
01:27:11,880 --> 01:27:14,640
and that Oppenheimer
was standing in the way
1679
01:27:15,280 --> 01:27:18,820
of protecting the country
against this dreaded foe.
1680
01:27:21,780 --> 01:27:24,560
I think he may well
have sincerely believed that.
1681
01:27:24,960 --> 01:27:26,460
And I'm sure for Teller,
1682
01:27:26,740 --> 01:27:29,100
it was also
a very personal jealousy.
1683
01:27:29,300 --> 01:27:31,936
Oppenheimer likes his bomb,
but he doesn't like my bomb.
1684
01:27:31,960 --> 01:27:33,540
I know that sounds absurd,
1685
01:27:33,720 --> 01:27:36,980
and yet, I have no doubt
that it was part of the equation.
1686
01:27:37,200 --> 01:27:39,196
So, get rid of him,
and then Teller,
1687
01:27:39,220 --> 01:27:41,636
like cream,
would rise to the top of the bottle.
1688
01:27:41,660 --> 01:27:43,976
They needed to get Oppenheimer
out of the way
1689
01:27:44,140 --> 01:27:47,336
so that Strauss and Teller
could realign the physics community
1690
01:27:47,360 --> 01:27:49,939
around the dream of building
new and better bombs.
1691
01:27:50,160 --> 01:27:53,380
(explosion)
1692
01:27:53,820 --> 01:27:56,000
NARRATOR: Late in August 1953,
1693
01:27:56,300 --> 01:27:59,900
the Russians exploded what
the press called a hydrogen bomb.
1694
01:28:00,760 --> 01:28:03,400
The news seemed to confirm
what Americans feared.
1695
01:28:03,780 --> 01:28:06,500
Their nuclear secrets
were being stolen.
1696
01:28:07,300 --> 01:28:08,540
Two years before,
1697
01:28:08,740 --> 01:28:12,080
reports that Soviet agents
had penetrated Los Alamos
1698
01:28:12,300 --> 01:28:14,716
and passed atomic
secrets to the Russians
1699
01:28:14,740 --> 01:28:17,680
under Oppenheimer's watch
had stunned them.
1700
01:28:18,560 --> 01:28:20,700
Convinced that America was vulnerable,
1701
01:28:20,900 --> 01:28:23,680
many began searching
for someone to blame.
1702
01:28:24,360 --> 01:28:26,380
One Communist on the faculty
1703
01:28:26,680 --> 01:28:29,870
of one university
is one Communist too many.
1704
01:28:30,300 --> 01:28:33,296
NARRATOR: The reputations
and careers of loyal citizens
1705
01:28:33,320 --> 01:28:36,060
in universities, businesses
and government
1706
01:28:36,300 --> 01:28:37,737
were already being ruined.
1707
01:28:37,761 --> 01:28:41,025
Are you a member of the Communist
conspiracy as of this moment?
1708
01:28:41,260 --> 01:28:44,176
RICHARD RHODES, Writer: People
were really convinced that tomorrow,
1709
01:28:44,200 --> 01:28:46,306
Soviets were going to take over America,
1710
01:28:46,400 --> 01:28:50,016
and they were convinced that it would be
because of internal subversion,
1711
01:28:50,040 --> 01:28:52,176
not because of external activity,
1712
01:28:52,200 --> 01:28:54,120
but because we had spies,
1713
01:28:54,220 --> 01:28:56,431
and they were destroying
the American way.
1714
01:28:56,980 --> 01:28:58,776
NARRATOR:
The former executive director
1715
01:28:58,800 --> 01:29:01,537
of the congressional
Joint Committee on Atomic Energy
1716
01:29:01,620 --> 01:29:04,440
was convinced that Oppenheimer
was one of them.
1717
01:29:06,220 --> 01:29:10,200
William Borden had harbored doubts
about Oppenheimer for years
1718
01:29:10,580 --> 01:29:12,980
and shared his suspicions with Strauss.
1719
01:29:13,800 --> 01:29:17,740
MARTIN SHERWIN, Historian: Borden
is a natural ally of Lewis Strauss.
1720
01:29:18,320 --> 01:29:21,196
And Strauss allows Borden
1721
01:29:21,220 --> 01:29:24,700
to take Oppenheimer's
security file home,
1722
01:29:26,660 --> 01:29:28,596
and Borden studies it for months,
1723
01:29:28,620 --> 01:29:32,120
and writes this letter
to J. Edgar Hoover.
1724
01:29:33,660 --> 01:29:36,036
NARRATOR:
Borden outlined a series of charges
1725
01:29:36,060 --> 01:29:37,560
against Oppenheimer.
1726
01:29:40,420 --> 01:29:44,550
He concluded with an accusation
that went off like a bombshell.
1727
01:29:45,520 --> 01:29:48,100
"More probably than not,"
Borden wrote,
1728
01:29:48,400 --> 01:29:53,040
"J. Robert Oppenheimer is an agent
of the Soviet Union."
1729
01:29:54,900 --> 01:29:57,322
Hoover forwarded the letter
to the White House.
1730
01:29:58,020 --> 01:30:00,480
The President called in Lewis Strauss
1731
01:30:00,620 --> 01:30:02,360
to help him decide what to do.
1732
01:30:03,260 --> 01:30:05,816
MARTIN SHERWIN, Historian:
Strauss convinces Eisenhower that
1733
01:30:05,840 --> 01:30:08,856
if this letter was sat on
by the administration,
1734
01:30:08,880 --> 01:30:11,436
it would cost Eisenhower politically,
1735
01:30:11,460 --> 01:30:12,996
and Eisenhower declares
1736
01:30:13,020 --> 01:30:16,700
that a wall should be put
between Oppenheimer and secrecy.
1737
01:30:20,280 --> 01:30:25,196
{\an2}NARRATOR: On December 21,
1953, Strauss told Oppenheimer
1738
01:30:25,220 --> 01:30:28,100
{\an2}that his security clearance
had been suspended.
1739
01:30:31,260 --> 01:30:34,800
{\an2}The country's most famous authority
on atomic weapons,
1740
01:30:35,100 --> 01:30:37,780
{\an2}"the father of the A-bomb,"
was stunned.
1741
01:30:39,080 --> 01:30:41,996
{\an2}He fell into
a "despairing state of mind,"
1742
01:30:42,020 --> 01:30:43,520
{\an2}a friend remembered.
1743
01:30:44,660 --> 01:30:47,596
{\an2}The following evening,
after meeting with his lawyers
1744
01:30:47,620 --> 01:30:49,120
{\an2}and more than one drink,
1745
01:30:49,600 --> 01:30:51,720
{\an2}he fainted on the bathroom floor.
1746
01:30:56,800 --> 01:30:59,643
MARTIN SHERWIN, Historian:
When he began to think about
1747
01:31:00,180 --> 01:31:03,360
the consequences of what he was facing,
1748
01:31:04,560 --> 01:31:07,016
I think, he realized that he was in
1749
01:31:07,040 --> 01:31:10,440
deep, deep trouble
for the first time in his life.
1750
01:31:15,720 --> 01:31:19,720
PRISCILLA J. McMILLAN, Writer: Oppenheimer
realized that he was going to pay.
1751
01:31:21,840 --> 01:31:24,220
I think he had the tragic sense.
1752
01:31:24,400 --> 01:31:29,836
He understood the drama
that he had to play out,
1753
01:31:29,860 --> 01:31:31,980
even though he later called it
a farce.
1754
01:31:46,040 --> 01:31:47,776
NARRATOR:
The hearings were enveloped
1755
01:31:47,800 --> 01:31:50,700
in an atmosphere of fierce
anti-Communism.
1756
01:31:50,960 --> 01:31:53,336
GORDON GRAY, US Special Counsel:
It was reported that in 1940,
1757
01:31:53,360 --> 01:31:56,900
you were listed as a sponsor of
the Friends of the Chinese People,
1758
01:31:57,400 --> 01:32:01,460
an organization characterized by the
House Committee on Un-American Activities
1759
01:32:01,760 --> 01:32:04,080
as a Communist-front organization.
1760
01:32:04,380 --> 01:32:06,820
NARRATOR:
At stake was a man's dignity
1761
01:32:07,320 --> 01:32:09,816
and the role that nuclear
weapons would play
1762
01:32:09,840 --> 01:32:11,840
in America's military strategy.
1763
01:32:12,620 --> 01:32:14,976
GORDON GRAY, US Special Counsel: It
was reported that you strongly opposed
1764
01:32:15,000 --> 01:32:17,436
the hydrogen bomb on moral grounds,
1765
01:32:17,460 --> 01:32:19,956
and by claiming that it was not feasible
1766
01:32:19,980 --> 01:32:21,860
and not politically desirable.
1767
01:32:21,960 --> 01:32:24,276
And even after it was determined
to proceed,
1768
01:32:24,300 --> 01:32:26,540
you continued to oppose the project.
1769
01:32:26,960 --> 01:32:30,156
NARRATOR: Confronted with
charges that could ruin his reputation,
1770
01:32:30,180 --> 01:32:33,040
Oppenheimer himself
insisted on the hearing
1771
01:32:33,400 --> 01:32:35,760
despite the warnings
of some of his friends.
1772
01:32:36,240 --> 01:32:39,676
RICHARD RHODES, Writer: Oppenheimer
couldn't see tucking tail and walking away.
1773
01:32:39,700 --> 01:32:42,279
What would that say
about the charges against him?
1774
01:32:43,000 --> 01:32:46,036
On the other hand,
it's too bad he didn't understand
1775
01:32:46,060 --> 01:32:48,008
what sort of forces
he was up against.
1776
01:32:48,780 --> 01:32:50,396
NARRATOR:
With no credible evidence
1777
01:32:50,420 --> 01:32:54,060
to prove that Oppenheimer
had put America's security at risk,
1778
01:32:54,400 --> 01:32:58,420
Prosecutor Roger Robb
would have to wear the scientist down,
1779
01:32:58,780 --> 01:33:02,880
force him into contradictions,
confuse and embarrass him.
1780
01:33:03,620 --> 01:33:08,416
Your brother Frank
told you in 1936, probably in 1937,
1781
01:33:08,440 --> 01:33:11,700
that he and his wife Jackie
had joined the Communist Party.
1782
01:33:12,660 --> 01:33:14,345
Did he ask your advice about it?
1783
01:33:14,380 --> 01:33:15,477
Oh, Lord, no.
1784
01:33:15,501 --> 01:33:17,240
He had taken the step.
1785
01:33:17,820 --> 01:33:21,456
I had confidence in his decency
and straightforwardness
1786
01:33:21,480 --> 01:33:23,140
and in his loyalty to me.
1787
01:33:23,780 --> 01:33:26,196
Tell us the test that
you applied to acquire
1788
01:33:26,220 --> 01:33:28,220
the confidence
that you have spoken of.
1789
01:33:28,640 --> 01:33:31,756
In the case of a brother,
one doesn't make tests;
1790
01:33:31,780 --> 01:33:32,916
At least I didn't.
1791
01:33:32,940 --> 01:33:33,796
Well...
1792
01:33:33,820 --> 01:33:35,320
I knew my brother.
1793
01:33:37,340 --> 01:33:39,756
When did you decide
that your brother was no longer
1794
01:33:39,780 --> 01:33:43,480
a member of the party
and no longer dangerous?
1795
01:33:45,660 --> 01:33:47,880
I never regarded my brother
as dangerous.
1796
01:33:51,280 --> 01:33:53,780
NARRATOR:
Robb was an experienced trial lawyer,
1797
01:33:54,160 --> 01:33:57,320
but Lewis Strauss
wasn't taking any chances.
1798
01:33:59,100 --> 01:34:03,000
The hearings turned into a trial
in which Strauss made the rules.
1799
01:34:03,480 --> 01:34:05,280
Strauss selected the judges,
1800
01:34:05,400 --> 01:34:08,640
kept the defense
from seeing all the relevant documents
1801
01:34:08,920 --> 01:34:12,160
and from knowing in advance
which witnesses would be called.
1802
01:34:13,060 --> 01:34:15,796
MARTIN SHERWIN, Historian:
They are in a war against Communism
1803
01:34:15,820 --> 01:34:20,056
and, therefore,
the normal rules of justice
1804
01:34:20,080 --> 01:34:21,736
have to be set aside
1805
01:34:21,760 --> 01:34:24,600
in order to protect the body politic.
1806
01:34:25,420 --> 01:34:28,380
NARRATOR: Strauss even
broke the law to get his man.
1807
01:34:29,180 --> 01:34:32,836
The FBI bugged
Oppenheimer's lawyer's offices,
1808
01:34:32,860 --> 01:34:33,837
his home,
1809
01:34:33,861 --> 01:34:35,420
nearly everywhere he went,
1810
01:34:35,660 --> 01:34:38,345
then passed the information along
to the prosecutor.
1811
01:34:38,940 --> 01:34:42,840
The defense strategy
was known to the prosecution in advance.
1812
01:34:43,540 --> 01:34:46,856
RICHARD RHODES, Writer:
It was the worst kind of kangaroo court.
1813
01:34:47,060 --> 01:34:49,260
They had them ten ways to Sunday.
1814
01:34:50,320 --> 01:34:54,656
OPPENHEIMER (on record): There were approaches
to other people who were troubled by them
1815
01:34:54,680 --> 01:34:57,340
{\an2}and sometimes they came
and discussed them with me.
1816
01:34:58,340 --> 01:35:00,680
{\an2}And that's as far as I can go
on that.
1817
01:35:00,900 --> 01:35:03,296
NARRATOR: Unknown to
Oppenheimer or his lawyer,
1818
01:35:03,320 --> 01:35:05,716
Robb had discovered
the secret recording
1819
01:35:05,740 --> 01:35:07,556
of Oppenheimer's conversation
1820
01:35:07,580 --> 01:35:10,670
with Army Intelligence Officer
Colonel Pash.
1821
01:35:11,420 --> 01:35:13,400
He carefully studied the transcript
1822
01:35:13,660 --> 01:35:17,140
and prepared a trap
to catch Oppenheimer in a lie.
1823
01:35:17,720 --> 01:35:22,194
ROGER ROBB, Courtroom Prosecutor: Did Chevalier
tell you or indicate to you in any way
1824
01:35:22,560 --> 01:35:26,220
that he had talked to anyone
but you about this matter?
1825
01:35:26,640 --> 01:35:27,500
{\an3}No.
1826
01:35:27,580 --> 01:35:29,080
You are sure about that?
1827
01:35:29,320 --> 01:35:30,820
{\an3}Yes.
1828
01:35:31,720 --> 01:35:33,316
Did you learn
1829
01:35:33,340 --> 01:35:35,656
from anybody else or hear
1830
01:35:35,680 --> 01:35:38,256
that Chevalier had approached
anyone but you
1831
01:35:38,280 --> 01:35:39,780
about this matter?
1832
01:35:40,220 --> 01:35:40,920
{\an3}No.
1833
01:35:40,960 --> 01:35:42,136
You are sure about that?
1834
01:35:42,160 --> 01:35:43,660
{\an3}That is right.
1835
01:35:44,400 --> 01:35:47,476
Doctor, I would like to read
from the transcript
1836
01:35:47,500 --> 01:35:49,580
of your interview with Colonel Pash.
1837
01:35:51,320 --> 01:35:53,176
"There were approaches to other people
1838
01:35:53,200 --> 01:35:54,716
"who were troubled by them,
1839
01:35:54,740 --> 01:35:57,440
"and sometimes came and
discussed them with me.
1840
01:35:57,760 --> 01:36:01,140
That's as far
as I can go on that."
1841
01:36:01,760 --> 01:36:03,536
Do you recall saying
something like that?
1842
01:36:03,560 --> 01:36:06,000
{\an3}I don't recall that
conversation very well.
1843
01:36:06,260 --> 01:36:09,200
{\an3}I can only rely on the transcript.
1844
01:36:09,560 --> 01:36:11,320
{\an3}Doctor, for your information,
1845
01:36:11,420 --> 01:36:14,900
{\an3}I might say that we have
a record of your voice.
1846
01:36:17,540 --> 01:36:18,510
{\an3}Sure.
1847
01:36:19,020 --> 01:36:21,700
{\an1}Do you have any doubt
that you said that?
1848
01:36:22,460 --> 01:36:23,960
{\an3}No.
1849
01:36:25,400 --> 01:36:26,960
{\an3}So as to be clear,
1850
01:36:28,340 --> 01:36:31,596
{\an3}did you discuss with
or disclose to Pash
1851
01:36:31,620 --> 01:36:33,120
{\an3}the identity of Chevalier?
1852
01:36:33,420 --> 01:36:34,280
No.
1853
01:36:34,900 --> 01:36:39,000
{\an3}Let us refer to him then,
for the time being, as "X."
1854
01:36:39,300 --> 01:36:40,000
All right.
1855
01:36:40,560 --> 01:36:43,900
{\an3}Didn't you say that X
had approached three people?
1856
01:36:46,160 --> 01:36:47,660
{\an2}Probably.
1857
01:36:47,880 --> 01:36:49,720
{\an3}Why did you do that, Doctor?
1858
01:36:52,680 --> 01:36:54,180
{\an2}Because I was an idiot.
1859
01:36:54,720 --> 01:36:56,876
{\an3}Is that your only explanation,
Doctor?
1860
01:36:56,900 --> 01:36:58,876
I was reluctant
to mention Chevalier.
1861
01:36:58,900 --> 01:36:59,680
{\an3}Yes?
1862
01:37:00,420 --> 01:37:02,880
{\an2}No doubt somewhat reluctant
to mention myself.
1863
01:37:03,520 --> 01:37:04,937
{\an3}So you told Pash
1864
01:37:04,961 --> 01:37:08,000
{\an3}that there were several people
that were contacted.
1865
01:37:08,500 --> 01:37:09,260
Right.
1866
01:37:09,640 --> 01:37:11,600
{\an3}And your testimony now
1867
01:37:12,660 --> 01:37:14,340
{\an3}is that was a lie?
1868
01:37:15,840 --> 01:37:16,456
{\an2}Right.
1869
01:37:16,480 --> 01:37:17,520
{\an3}That wasn't true?
1870
01:37:17,700 --> 01:37:19,200
{\an2}That is right.
1871
01:37:19,560 --> 01:37:21,260
{\an3}You did, you are sure,
1872
01:37:21,580 --> 01:37:23,116
{\an3}tell Colonel Pash
1873
01:37:23,140 --> 01:37:25,320
{\an3}there was more than
one person involved.
1874
01:37:30,780 --> 01:37:33,236
{\an2}This whole thing is a pure fabrication
1875
01:37:33,260 --> 01:37:34,997
{\an2}except for the one name Eltenton.
1876
01:37:35,880 --> 01:37:38,400
{\an3}Why did you go to such great
1877
01:37:38,700 --> 01:37:41,340
{\an3}circumstantial detail about this thing
1878
01:37:42,800 --> 01:37:43,817
if you knew
1879
01:37:43,841 --> 01:37:45,620
{\an3}it was a cock-and-bull story?
1880
01:37:52,000 --> 01:37:54,670
{\an2}I fear this whole thing
is a piece of idiocy.
1881
01:37:58,160 --> 01:38:01,896
RICHARD RHODES, Writer: Oppenheimer was up
against a kind of psychological torture.
1882
01:38:01,920 --> 01:38:05,600
He was broken down
by a very, very skillful prosecutor,
1883
01:38:06,060 --> 01:38:07,560
made to look stupid...
1884
01:38:09,420 --> 01:38:10,920
made to look like a fool.
1885
01:38:13,360 --> 01:38:16,176
PRISCILLA J. McMILLAN, Writer:
The purpose in proving him a liar
1886
01:38:16,200 --> 01:38:18,320
was to impress the hearing board
1887
01:38:18,800 --> 01:38:20,376
that he couldn't be trusted
1888
01:38:20,400 --> 01:38:23,480
and that they should declare him
a security risk.
1889
01:38:25,160 --> 01:38:27,196
It had to be totally humiliating
1890
01:38:27,220 --> 01:38:29,840
and destroy his confidence
in himself.
1891
01:38:30,840 --> 01:38:32,340
He's being told
1892
01:38:32,740 --> 01:38:37,460
that he's a liar,
untrustworthy, unworthy,
1893
01:38:38,520 --> 01:38:40,020
and he folded.
1894
01:38:40,060 --> 01:38:42,903
OPPENHEIMER: The story
I told Pash is not a true story.
1895
01:38:43,660 --> 01:38:46,500
There were not
three or more people involved.
1896
01:38:49,460 --> 01:38:51,036
I believe I can do no more
1897
01:38:51,060 --> 01:38:53,660
than say
that the story I told is a false story.
1898
01:38:56,600 --> 01:38:58,480
It is not easy to say that.
1899
01:39:00,360 --> 01:39:03,536
Now, when you ask
as to why I did this,
1900
01:39:03,560 --> 01:39:05,740
other than that I was an idiot,
1901
01:39:07,000 --> 01:39:09,737
I am going to have more trouble
being understandable.
1902
01:39:12,580 --> 01:39:15,196
I found myself, I believe,
trying to give a tip
1903
01:39:15,220 --> 01:39:17,680
to the intelligence people
without realizing
1904
01:39:17,840 --> 01:39:22,680
that when you give a tip,
you must tell the whole story.
1905
01:39:24,440 --> 01:39:28,040
But I am, in any case,
solemnly testifying
1906
01:39:29,720 --> 01:39:33,260
that there was no conspiracy
in what I knew
1907
01:39:33,760 --> 01:39:35,500
and what I know of this matter.
1908
01:39:40,340 --> 01:39:43,867
I wish I could explain to you better
why I falsified and fabricated.
1909
01:39:49,500 --> 01:39:53,185
PRISCILLA J. McMILLAN, Writer:
The trial proved to him his worst fears.
1910
01:39:53,940 --> 01:40:00,180
Oppenheimer had been troubled
all his life about who he was.
1911
01:40:00,740 --> 01:40:05,100
He later said that
he was repulsive to himself.
1912
01:40:07,480 --> 01:40:11,880
The trial said that he
had defects of character,
1913
01:40:12,380 --> 01:40:14,520
that he was not a good human being,
1914
01:40:15,240 --> 01:40:16,800
and unfortunately he agreed.
1915
01:40:20,200 --> 01:40:23,680
NARRATOR: Oppenheimer
testified for 27 hours.
1916
01:40:24,920 --> 01:40:28,020
A parade of witnesses was called
on both sides.
1917
01:40:29,660 --> 01:40:32,116
He looked wan, demoralized
1918
01:40:32,140 --> 01:40:34,680
by the time Edward
Teller took the stand.
1919
01:40:36,100 --> 01:40:39,480
Teller drove the final nail
into Oppenheimer's coffin.
1920
01:40:41,040 --> 01:40:45,100
EDWARD TELLER (dramatized): I thoroughly
disagreed with Dr. Oppenheimer
1921
01:40:45,460 --> 01:40:50,200
in numerous issues,
and his actions, frankly,
1922
01:40:50,580 --> 01:40:55,120
appeared to me confused and complicated.
1923
01:40:56,700 --> 01:40:58,736
I feel that I would like to
1924
01:40:58,760 --> 01:41:02,120
see the vital interests of this country
1925
01:41:02,200 --> 01:41:05,520
in hands which I understand better
1926
01:41:06,000 --> 01:41:08,600
and therefore trust more.
1927
01:41:10,360 --> 01:41:13,340
I would feel
personally more secure
1928
01:41:13,720 --> 01:41:17,720
if public matters would
rest in other hands.
1929
01:41:29,980 --> 01:41:31,480
I'm sorry.
1930
01:41:33,840 --> 01:41:35,620
{\an2}After what you've just said...
1931
01:41:39,040 --> 01:41:40,540
{\an2}I don't know what you mean.
1932
01:41:48,800 --> 01:41:51,240
NARRATOR:
The hearing lasted nearly four weeks.
1933
01:41:52,220 --> 01:41:55,580
In his closing remarks,
Oppenheimer's lawyer warned,
1934
01:41:56,140 --> 01:41:59,360
"America must not
devour her own children."
1935
01:42:04,640 --> 01:42:07,956
GORDON GRAY, US Special Counsel: We find
that Dr. Oppenheimer's continuing conduct
1936
01:42:07,980 --> 01:42:12,376
and associations
have reflected a serious disregard
1937
01:42:12,400 --> 01:42:15,060
for the requirements
of the security system.
1938
01:42:16,180 --> 01:42:19,116
We have found a
susceptibility to influence,
1939
01:42:19,140 --> 01:42:21,236
which could have serious implications
1940
01:42:21,260 --> 01:42:23,471
for the security
interests of the country.
1941
01:42:24,560 --> 01:42:27,780
We find his conduct
in the hydrogen bomb program
1942
01:42:28,360 --> 01:42:30,020
sufficiently disturbing.
1943
01:42:31,740 --> 01:42:34,100
We have regretfully concluded
1944
01:42:34,560 --> 01:42:37,456
that Dr. Oppenheimer
has been less than candid
1945
01:42:37,480 --> 01:42:40,440
in several instances in his testimony.
1946
01:42:41,580 --> 01:42:43,516
NARRATOR:
By a vote of two to one,
1947
01:42:43,540 --> 01:42:49,100
the board concluded that, although
Oppenheimer was a loyal citizen,
1948
01:42:49,440 --> 01:42:52,100
his security clearance
should be revoked.
1949
01:42:53,620 --> 01:42:56,820
Numb and bewildered,
Oppenheimer told a friend,
1950
01:42:57,540 --> 01:43:00,260
"I have so little sense
of self remaining."
1951
01:43:04,180 --> 01:43:08,260
In a futile gesture, he appealed
to the Atomic Energy Commission,
1952
01:43:08,600 --> 01:43:10,680
chaired by Lewis Strauss.
1953
01:43:11,880 --> 01:43:14,900
The Commission upheld the verdict,
four to one.
1954
01:43:21,380 --> 01:43:24,433
JEREMY BERNSTEIN: I took a
train ride with him to New York,
1955
01:43:25,840 --> 01:43:28,735
and for some reason,
he started talking about "my case."
1956
01:43:29,600 --> 01:43:31,100
"My Case."
1957
01:43:32,240 --> 01:43:33,740
And he said to me
1958
01:43:34,540 --> 01:43:37,940
that at the time, he thought it
was happening to somebody else.
1959
01:43:41,500 --> 01:43:44,116
PRISCILLA J. McMILLAN, Writer: He wasn't
accused in the course of the hearing
1960
01:43:44,140 --> 01:43:46,240
of having ever betrayed a secret.
1961
01:43:47,440 --> 01:43:49,476
It was about getting Oppenheimer
1962
01:43:49,500 --> 01:43:52,660
out of the security councils
of the U.S. government.
1963
01:43:55,180 --> 01:43:58,940
NARRATOR: America's most
influential voice for nuclear moderation
1964
01:43:59,260 --> 01:44:00,760
had been stilled.
1965
01:44:01,220 --> 01:44:04,476
MARTIN SHERWIN, Historian: The
Oppenheimer hearing was a political battle
1966
01:44:04,500 --> 01:44:06,996
between the Strauss view...
1967
01:44:07,020 --> 01:44:10,900
"We need more and more
and more nuclear weapons"...
1968
01:44:11,120 --> 01:44:14,400
And the Oppenheimer view
that nuclear weapons are
1969
01:44:14,500 --> 01:44:16,236
a part of our defense,
1970
01:44:16,260 --> 01:44:19,076
but we have to, you
know, use them sensibly
1971
01:44:19,100 --> 01:44:21,360
and we can't rely on them totally.
1972
01:44:22,840 --> 01:44:26,276
That hearing had a profound effect
on the nuclear arms race.
1973
01:44:26,300 --> 01:44:29,060
It essentially opened the floodgates.
1974
01:44:29,700 --> 01:44:34,796
It removed the legitimacy
of criticism
1975
01:44:34,820 --> 01:44:38,400
against more and more nuclear weapons.
1976
01:44:39,760 --> 01:44:43,560
NARRATOR: In 1954, the year
of the Oppenheimer hearings,
1977
01:44:43,800 --> 01:44:47,500
America had some 300 nuclear weapons.
1978
01:44:49,040 --> 01:44:50,820
By the end of the 20th century,
1979
01:44:51,260 --> 01:44:55,580
the United States would have
at the ready more than 70,000.
1980
01:45:00,080 --> 01:45:03,160
We built
so many more than we ever needed,
1981
01:45:04,040 --> 01:45:05,800
and the Soviets followed suit.
1982
01:45:25,680 --> 01:45:29,600
NARRATOR: In 1954,
Robert Oppenheimer turned 50.
1983
01:45:32,420 --> 01:45:34,580
His security clearance
had been revoked.
1984
01:45:35,180 --> 01:45:38,040
His connection to the government
had been severed.
1985
01:45:40,440 --> 01:45:45,020
He would live for 13 more years,
but he was never the same man.
1986
01:45:47,200 --> 01:45:50,996
ROBERT CHRISTY, Physicist: He had been
a strong, forceful leader before that,
1987
01:45:51,020 --> 01:45:52,860
and he was a beaten man
afterwards.
1988
01:45:55,220 --> 01:45:59,694
RICHARD RHODES, Writer: He gave lectures on
science and its interaction with humanity.
1989
01:45:59,920 --> 01:46:03,000
He continued to direct the
Institute for Advanced Study.
1990
01:46:03,600 --> 01:46:07,240
He became what Yeats calls
a smiling public man.
1991
01:46:10,140 --> 01:46:12,136
MARVIN L. GOLDBERGER, Physicist:
I saw a lot of him at that time,
1992
01:46:12,160 --> 01:46:15,700
and I saw the impact
that this tragedy had on him.
1993
01:46:16,360 --> 01:46:18,710
I can't recall ever seeing him happy,
1994
01:46:18,880 --> 01:46:21,900
you know, just relaxed and having fun.
1995
01:46:22,880 --> 01:46:27,000
I don't have the feeling
that he ever felt good about himself
1996
01:46:27,140 --> 01:46:31,300
and if he was ever
in any sense at peace with himself.
1997
01:46:35,800 --> 01:46:37,376
NARRATOR: In 1963,
1998
01:46:37,400 --> 01:46:40,880
Oppenheimer received what many saw
as an official apology.
1999
01:46:42,120 --> 01:46:44,316
President Lyndon Johnson presented him
2000
01:46:44,340 --> 01:46:47,320
with one of the nation's highest
scientific honors:
2001
01:46:47,740 --> 01:46:51,000
The Fermi Award
from the Atomic Energy Commission.
2002
01:46:52,780 --> 01:46:54,960
With countless other men and women,
2003
01:46:55,340 --> 01:46:58,920
we are engaged
in this great enterprise of our time,
2004
01:46:59,380 --> 01:47:03,060
testing
whether men can live without war
2005
01:47:03,280 --> 01:47:05,280
as the great arbiter of history.
2006
01:47:05,900 --> 01:47:09,420
I think it's just possible,
Mr. President,
2007
01:47:09,900 --> 01:47:13,256
that it has taken
some character and some courage
2008
01:47:13,280 --> 01:47:15,520
for you to make this award today.
2009
01:47:17,400 --> 01:47:19,611
NARRATOR:
Edward Teller was there that day,
2010
01:47:19,960 --> 01:47:22,070
come to offer his congratulations.
2011
01:47:23,140 --> 01:47:24,800
When he extended his hand,
2012
01:47:25,140 --> 01:47:27,480
once again, Oppenheimer shook it.
2013
01:47:29,100 --> 01:47:30,300
After the ceremony,
2014
01:47:30,500 --> 01:47:33,840
Lewis Strauss
wrote an angry letter to
Life magazine,
2015
01:47:34,120 --> 01:47:36,240
complaining that honoring Oppenheimer
2016
01:47:36,500 --> 01:47:37,996
"dealt a severe blow
2017
01:47:38,020 --> 01:47:41,080
to the security system
which protects our country."
2018
01:47:49,320 --> 01:47:52,180
Robert Oppenheimer died
four years later.
2019
01:47:52,900 --> 01:47:54,400
He was 62.
2020
01:47:56,840 --> 01:47:58,460
In those twilight years,
2021
01:47:58,640 --> 01:48:02,640
he seldom returned to the New Mexico
where he had come to feel at peace.
2022
01:48:05,880 --> 01:48:07,420
When he was 24,
2023
01:48:07,860 --> 01:48:11,800
he had written a poem inspired
by the wilderness he loved so well
2024
01:48:12,680 --> 01:48:14,840
and the allure of death.
2025
01:48:17,280 --> 01:48:20,017
OPPENHEIMER:
It was evening when we came to the river
2026
01:48:20,440 --> 01:48:22,576
With a low moon over the desert
2027
01:48:22,600 --> 01:48:25,340
That we had lost in the
mountains, forgotten,
2028
01:48:25,820 --> 01:48:28,400
What with the cold and the sweating
2029
01:48:28,880 --> 01:48:30,900
And the ranges barring the sky.
2030
01:48:32,080 --> 01:48:34,820
We waited a long time in silence.
2031
01:48:36,120 --> 01:48:40,940
Then, we heard the oars creaking,
and afterwards,
2032
01:48:41,820 --> 01:48:44,180
I remember the boatman called to us.
2033
01:48:46,220 --> 01:48:48,440
We did not look back at the mountains.
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