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- The Web is made out of three programming languages,
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HTML, CSS and Javascript.
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HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language.
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HTML marks up the content of a site.
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Basically it tells the user's computer what things are.
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It also provides access to an incredible amount
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of functionality that's already built directly
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into the browser.
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You can call up that functionality
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through using certain HTML.
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CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets.
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CSS provides visual styling and layout
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for everything on the web page.
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It makes each web page look the way that it looks,
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color, typography and size.
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And we can add simply animations
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and interactions through CSS.
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JavaScript is a programming language that provides
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the ability to create more powerful interactivity.
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The more complex and rich an interface becomes,
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the more likely that JavaScript is used to make
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that experience seamless for the site's users.
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This can be confusing or frustrating for some coders.
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Why does the Web use multiple programming languages?
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Why can't we just have one?
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Well, the Web is different than other types of software.
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You can code a website today and expect that it will
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still work in five years or 10 years, without any updates.
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You can easily write your code so that it works
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on an old computer or an old browser from 10 years ago.
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The Web runs on Mac, Windows, iOS, Android,
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Linux, other mobile OS's,
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Ebook readers, game consoles, televisions, watches.
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There's a wide diversity of devices that run HTML,
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CSS and JavaScript in some form or fashion.
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That was the entire point of the Web,
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the reason it was invented.
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To provide a way for humanity to share content,
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even when our computers are different from each other.
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It's pretty remarkable.
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This is made possible by having three different kinds
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of programming languages, each doing part of the job.
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HTML is simple in its structure.
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There is no programming logic, no loops or functions.
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Instead, HTML is what's called a declarative language.
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The code simply declares,
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Hey, that's a paragraph!
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Hey, make this a link!
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Hey, put a form field right here!
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It's all vocabulary.
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It's all declarations.
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It's the simplicity in HTML that gives it its resilience
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and its robustness.
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If something is wrong with HTML,
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if something is missing or spelled wrong,
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HTML is like, eh, close enough.
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I'll just guess what they meant and fix it.
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I'll display this page anyway.
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HTML can take a lot of abuse and still deliver.
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CSS has a bit more logic to it.
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There's a bit more computer science structure there,
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which makes it a bit more fragile,
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and a bit more powerful.
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It does still have a tremendous amount of resilience.
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When something goes wrong in CSS,
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the browser will skip just that section of code
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and not apply that styling.
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But it will go on to apply the rest.
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It might not come out completely correct,
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the the browser will do its best and most of it will work.
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JavaScript is the most powerful.
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There are many things that JavaScript can do
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that HTML and CSS cannot do.
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But it's also the most fragile.
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If something's wrong with the code,
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or the browser is too old to know what that code means,
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the browser will stop.
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It gives up.
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It won't run that JavaScript.
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It doesn't want to start guessing what to do,
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which makes JavaScript more fragile.
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Having all three languages means that developers
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can combine these qualities.
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Resilience, robustness and power.
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It's quite remarkable.
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Do as much as possible in the more robust parts
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of the stack of these languages,
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and then use the rest of the stack to make the site better.
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If you can do something in HTML, then do it in HTML.
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If you can't, then use the other parts.
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All of this is to say that HTML is pretty great.
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It's worth taking the time to learn all the different
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HTML elements and attributes,
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so you can fully leverage what it has to offer.
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