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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:39,283 --> 00:00:44,383 WOMAN: I still have dreams, and certain things come back. 2 00:00:47,500 --> 00:00:50,150 I don't know what age I am, but life is quite normal. 3 00:00:50,183 --> 00:00:55,000 Whatever we're doing is an everyday happening. 4 00:00:55,330 --> 00:00:58,330 And this is when I wake up. 5 00:00:58,660 --> 00:01:01,266 And as old as I am, I'm still sobbing. 6 00:01:35,200 --> 00:01:39,500 [Children singing "Alle V gel Sind Schon Da"] 7 00:01:46,183 --> 00:01:49,383 NARRATOR: In 1933, few of the Jewish families 8 00:01:50,160 --> 00:01:52,366 who lived in Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia 9 00:01:53,000 --> 00:01:56,330 foresaw how much their lives were about to change. 10 00:01:57,383 --> 00:01:59,316 None of their children realized 11 00:01:59,350 --> 00:02:02,283 how soon their childhood was about to end. 12 00:02:06,160 --> 00:02:09,300 WOMAN: I was a very happy little girl growing up. 13 00:02:09,333 --> 00:02:12,830 My father absolutely adored me. 14 00:02:12,116 --> 00:02:14,133 I mean, there was never anything 15 00:02:14,166 --> 00:02:17,250 that I could have possibly done wrong. 16 00:02:17,283 --> 00:02:22,000 My father used to go out with me shopping. 17 00:02:22,330 --> 00:02:26,160 And I always used to admire this one suit, 18 00:02:26,500 --> 00:02:29,133 which was for ladies. I was only a kid. 19 00:02:29,166 --> 00:02:33,283 And I always said, "Oh, daddy, I would love to wear that suit." 20 00:02:33,316 --> 00:02:36,830 So one day, he said, "Should we go in there?" 21 00:02:36,116 --> 00:02:39,160 And I said, "That's for big ladies. I--I can't--" 22 00:02:39,500 --> 00:02:40,216 "Well, let's go in there." 23 00:02:40,250 --> 00:02:43,116 And he went in there and they took my measurements, 24 00:02:43,150 --> 00:02:45,830 and that suit was made for me. 25 00:02:45,116 --> 00:02:49,300 And I came home, and my mother was devastated. 26 00:02:49,333 --> 00:02:52,300 "What are you buying this little girl all this stuff for? 27 00:02:52,333 --> 00:02:54,500 She doesn't need that." 28 00:02:54,830 --> 00:02:57,166 And my father said, "She is my pride and joy, 29 00:02:57,200 --> 00:03:00,100 and she needs everything I can get for her." 30 00:03:05,500 --> 00:03:06,316 [Vienna Boys Choir singing] 31 00:03:18,266 --> 00:03:20,266 MAN: my parents were sort of middle-class people, 32 00:03:20,300 --> 00:03:23,150 and my father was a middle level bank manager 33 00:03:23,183 --> 00:03:26,133 and my mother, a lady of leisure. 34 00:03:26,166 --> 00:03:30,133 And I was a very much desired first child. 35 00:03:30,166 --> 00:03:33,183 Uh, they were both around 30 or so. 36 00:03:33,216 --> 00:03:36,383 We had one of these very nice apartments in Vienna 37 00:03:37,160 --> 00:03:38,150 with a high ceiling, 38 00:03:38,183 --> 00:03:41,100 lots of light, as I remember it, big windows, 39 00:03:41,133 --> 00:03:44,183 and I guess I was spoiled. I mean, in addition to them, 40 00:03:44,216 --> 00:03:46,300 there was of course the inevitable maid, 41 00:03:46,333 --> 00:03:49,200 nursemaid in the house, in those days. 42 00:03:49,233 --> 00:03:52,116 Uh, my grandmother looked in often and lived nearby. 43 00:03:52,150 --> 00:03:56,266 And it was, in many ways, a rather idyllic life. 44 00:03:56,300 --> 00:03:59,316 And I was indeed sort of the center of the universe. 45 00:04:06,300 --> 00:04:09,200 [Choir singing "Ja Do Lesa Nepojedu"] 46 00:04:18,100 --> 00:04:20,133 WOMAN: we had mother, father, and my sister, 47 00:04:20,166 --> 00:04:23,660 who was 4 years younger than I was. 48 00:04:23,100 --> 00:04:26,383 We had a very happy childhood, carefree childhood. 49 00:04:27,160 --> 00:04:29,200 My father was always busy during the week, 50 00:04:29,233 --> 00:04:33,316 but when he was home, he often took me for walks 51 00:04:33,350 --> 00:04:38,366 by the river, mostly, and talked about everything. 52 00:04:39,000 --> 00:04:43,183 And that brought us probably closer. 53 00:04:43,216 --> 00:04:45,216 I always felt father and I 54 00:04:45,250 --> 00:04:49,233 were protecting my mother and my sister. 55 00:04:49,266 --> 00:04:52,100 I don't know what we were protecting them from. 56 00:04:52,133 --> 00:04:55,150 Heil! Heil! 57 00:04:55,183 --> 00:05:00,160 Heil! Heil! 58 00:05:00,500 --> 00:05:02,300 WOMAN: I was about just under 8 years old 59 00:05:02,333 --> 00:05:06,330 when, when uh, Hitler came to power. 60 00:05:14,150 --> 00:05:18,830 I'd got some school friends, and my mother always tried 61 00:05:18,116 --> 00:05:22,330 to make a birthday party for us. 62 00:05:22,660 --> 00:05:23,216 The table was set. 63 00:05:23,250 --> 00:05:26,283 We were--I was sort of very excited. 64 00:05:26,316 --> 00:05:28,100 Nobody came. 65 00:05:28,133 --> 00:05:32,166 Not a single child came to this birthday party. 66 00:05:32,200 --> 00:05:39,330 And, uh, that was the first terrible blow to me. 67 00:05:39,660 --> 00:05:41,660 I know it sounds trivial, 68 00:05:41,100 --> 00:05:44,166 but it was the first sort of comprehension for a child 69 00:05:44,200 --> 00:05:47,330 to understand that you are ostracized, 70 00:05:47,660 --> 00:05:49,166 that there's something different about you. 71 00:05:49,200 --> 00:05:51,330 [Singing] 72 00:05:57,233 --> 00:05:59,383 NARRATOR: For Jewish children, life under Hitler 73 00:06:00,160 --> 00:06:03,166 became increasingly isolated and threatening. 74 00:06:03,200 --> 00:06:05,330 While the Nazis stripped their parents 75 00:06:05,660 --> 00:06:07,166 of their jobs and citizenship, 76 00:06:07,200 --> 00:06:11,200 the children were gradually barred from schools, parks, 77 00:06:11,233 --> 00:06:14,000 theatres, swimming pools. 78 00:06:18,133 --> 00:06:20,183 WOMAN: I was over-protected 79 00:06:20,216 --> 00:06:24,316 because of the Hitler dangers outside the home, 80 00:06:24,350 --> 00:06:28,116 but very much loved in the home. 81 00:06:28,150 --> 00:06:31,830 My mother sitting on my father for a cuddle 82 00:06:31,116 --> 00:06:34,233 was an everyday occurrence. 83 00:06:34,266 --> 00:06:36,216 I had to join in, because otherwise 84 00:06:36,250 --> 00:06:37,383 I would have been jealous. 85 00:06:38,160 --> 00:06:40,383 So he had to have both of us on his lap. 86 00:06:41,160 --> 00:06:46,133 My father used to say, "I'm too old to start again." 87 00:06:46,166 --> 00:06:48,216 Although he spoke perfect English, 88 00:06:48,250 --> 00:06:51,830 he felt he was just not young enough 89 00:06:51,116 --> 00:06:54,316 to start in a new country. 90 00:06:54,350 --> 00:06:57,100 And the other sentence, which was because 91 00:06:57,133 --> 00:07:00,350 his father and grandfather and so on, 92 00:07:00,383 --> 00:07:04,160 uh, were born in Germany, 93 00:07:04,500 --> 00:07:08,330 that this has got to change, that this madman, Hitler, 94 00:07:08,660 --> 00:07:09,350 can't possibly last. 95 00:07:19,500 --> 00:07:21,830 MAN: I feared every day. 96 00:07:21,116 --> 00:07:26,216 I just was, uh, most unhappy going to school. 97 00:07:28,116 --> 00:07:31,100 I was walking on the street. 98 00:07:31,133 --> 00:07:35,183 6 or 7 boys came, called me "Jew bastard," 99 00:07:35,216 --> 00:07:37,200 and then attacked me and threw me 100 00:07:37,233 --> 00:07:40,316 through the plate-glass window. 101 00:07:40,350 --> 00:07:43,660 I was cut severely, 102 00:07:43,100 --> 00:07:47,000 and I had to go to the hospital for stitching, 103 00:07:47,330 --> 00:07:52,250 and I didn't want to go to school there any more either. 104 00:07:52,283 --> 00:07:56,133 I-I just felt that I was threatened constantly. 105 00:07:58,216 --> 00:08:00,350 NARRATOR: As Hitler strengthened his control, 106 00:08:00,383 --> 00:08:02,300 he began looking for opportunities 107 00:08:02,333 --> 00:08:07,500 to extend Germany's power beyond its borders. 108 00:08:07,830 --> 00:08:09,160 In March 1938, 109 00:08:09,500 --> 00:08:11,660 German troops entered Austria 110 00:08:11,100 --> 00:08:13,283 and, without firing a single shot, 111 00:08:13,316 --> 00:08:15,316 annexed the country to the Reich. 112 00:08:18,350 --> 00:08:22,133 WOMAN: The first thing that happens when a disaster strikes, 113 00:08:22,166 --> 00:08:23,366 nothing changes. 114 00:08:24,000 --> 00:08:26,366 You think there's going to be some great drama, 115 00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:29,660 and you go to bed, put your nightgown on, 116 00:08:29,100 --> 00:08:32,333 and you say the shema to your mother, and then you go to bed. 117 00:08:32,366 --> 00:08:35,250 and you think, oh, this isn't so terrible. 118 00:08:38,316 --> 00:08:39,383 But the next morning, 119 00:08:40,160 --> 00:08:44,166 my parents took me downstairs into the street. 120 00:08:44,200 --> 00:08:49,160 The streets were full of new uniforms I'd never seen. 121 00:08:52,830 --> 00:08:57,100 And the young people wore the red bands around their arms 122 00:08:57,133 --> 00:08:59,300 with the swastika, and I didn't know what that meant. 123 00:08:59,333 --> 00:09:03,830 And they were stretching out their arms in the Hitler salute. 124 00:09:07,266 --> 00:09:11,100 And there were flags everywhere, these new red flags, 125 00:09:11,133 --> 00:09:14,216 with the white circle and the black swastika. 126 00:09:18,830 --> 00:09:22,133 My main sense of something wrong was the haste 127 00:09:22,166 --> 00:09:25,250 with which my parents got me back into the house. 128 00:09:33,500 --> 00:09:37,000 FUCHEL: Suddenly, I couldn't go to my normal school any more. 129 00:09:37,330 --> 00:09:40,500 And I was sent off to a makeshift school 130 00:09:40,830 --> 00:09:42,830 at the end of the tram line. 131 00:09:43,200 --> 00:09:46,000 And I did it alone, even at age 7, 132 00:09:46,330 --> 00:09:47,383 and went to the end of the line, 133 00:09:48,160 --> 00:09:51,250 and then I would just walk on till I came to this house. 134 00:09:51,283 --> 00:09:54,200 Word got back to my parents that while on the tram, 135 00:09:54,233 --> 00:09:56,183 I was a very talkative little boy. 136 00:09:56,216 --> 00:10:00,100 I told them all the bad things that Herr Hitler was doing. 137 00:10:00,133 --> 00:10:03,133 I thought that Herr was his first name, of course. 138 00:10:03,166 --> 00:10:07,133 And, uh, and the word got back to my parents that maybe, 139 00:10:07,166 --> 00:10:10,266 um, they should-- I shouldn't be travelling alone. 140 00:10:10,300 --> 00:10:13,160 And my father then came with me. 141 00:10:13,500 --> 00:10:16,250 And he didn't say much, but he hardly ever did, 142 00:10:16,283 --> 00:10:18,316 but he, you know, let it be known 143 00:10:18,350 --> 00:10:20,316 that it's not wise to go around 144 00:10:20,350 --> 00:10:23,160 saying bad things about Herr Hitler. 145 00:10:27,383 --> 00:10:31,330 NARRATOR: In the weeks following the annexation of Austria, 146 00:10:31,660 --> 00:10:34,150 Nazi authorities had enacted all the anti-Jewish laws 147 00:10:34,183 --> 00:10:38,216 it had taken Hitler 5 years to put into place in Germany. 148 00:10:44,116 --> 00:10:47,333 MAN: Anyone coming from Vienna, it was very dramatic. 149 00:10:47,366 --> 00:10:51,183 The reality of it struck me when my parents talked about 150 00:10:51,216 --> 00:10:54,233 giving up the apartment, that we have to leave. 151 00:10:54,266 --> 00:10:56,133 And that was something, you know, 152 00:10:56,166 --> 00:10:59,160 that just--the bottom falls. 153 00:10:59,500 --> 00:11:01,150 I mean, everything falls out of you. 154 00:11:01,183 --> 00:11:03,330 I mean, this is all I knew. 155 00:11:03,660 --> 00:11:05,350 And we had to give it up, we had to leave. 156 00:11:05,383 --> 00:11:08,366 And that probably was the biggest blow I had. 157 00:11:09,000 --> 00:11:13,830 I mean, just the idea that it'll all end the way it is. 158 00:11:22,216 --> 00:11:25,200 My mother was an activist, 159 00:11:25,233 --> 00:11:27,233 and she knew something had to be done. 160 00:11:27,266 --> 00:11:30,350 And the decision was to go to England 161 00:11:30,383 --> 00:11:32,300 to be hired as a domestic 162 00:11:32,333 --> 00:11:35,660 because the English would take young women 163 00:11:35,100 --> 00:11:38,500 who would not interfere with the labor market. 164 00:11:38,830 --> 00:11:39,350 The plan was, she would go ahead, 165 00:11:39,383 --> 00:11:43,500 she would try and get me out, and my father. 166 00:11:43,830 --> 00:11:46,160 SEGAL: This is the time when I remember. 167 00:11:46,500 --> 00:11:49,333 There was no conversation among the grownups 168 00:11:49,366 --> 00:11:53,500 except how to get out of Vienna. 169 00:11:53,830 --> 00:11:55,200 It's interesting because we are now asked, 170 00:11:55,233 --> 00:11:57,660 "How come you didn't leave?" 171 00:11:57,100 --> 00:12:00,383 And when I think of what it meant to leave, 172 00:12:01,160 --> 00:12:05,500 what--it-- how impossible it was to leave. 173 00:12:05,830 --> 00:12:08,266 First of all, you had to have a sponsor 174 00:12:08,300 --> 00:12:11,366 in the country you were going to who would promise that one 175 00:12:12,000 --> 00:12:14,283 would not become a burden on the government. 176 00:12:14,316 --> 00:12:16,133 You would have to get a visa 177 00:12:16,166 --> 00:12:20,133 from the State Department or the government to be allowed in. 178 00:12:20,166 --> 00:12:24,330 Then you had to get an exit permit from the Nazis. 179 00:12:24,660 --> 00:12:26,233 All these things had to come together, 180 00:12:26,266 --> 00:12:30,350 and they had a time span in which they would expire, 181 00:12:31,000 --> 00:12:33,133 and you had to collect all these things together 182 00:12:33,166 --> 00:12:36,660 so that they would all be ready. 183 00:12:36,100 --> 00:12:38,333 And it usually didn't happen. 184 00:12:38,366 --> 00:12:42,200 The hardest thing was, though, to find a country to go to. 185 00:12:42,233 --> 00:12:45,116 The countries that were under discussion were Argentina, 186 00:12:45,150 --> 00:12:49,333 Uruguay, Paraguay, Venezuela, Shanghai, Cuba, 187 00:12:49,366 --> 00:12:52,000 the Dominican Republic. 188 00:12:52,330 --> 00:12:55,116 I remember going with my father to the American consulate. 189 00:12:55,150 --> 00:12:58,250 There was a queue around the block, 190 00:12:58,283 --> 00:13:02,316 up the stairs, around the room. 191 00:13:04,366 --> 00:13:09,830 We are now in the late summer of 1938. 192 00:13:09,116 --> 00:13:16,133 I got to the United States in May 1, 1951. 193 00:13:16,166 --> 00:13:21,150 It was a 13-year quota for us. 194 00:13:23,316 --> 00:13:26,116 NARRATOR: German troops had barely entered Austria 195 00:13:26,150 --> 00:13:29,830 when Hitler demanded the annexation of Sudetenland 196 00:13:29,116 --> 00:13:31,250 in Czechoslovakia. 197 00:13:31,283 --> 00:13:33,660 He insisted that the province, 198 00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:36,216 which was home to over 3 million ethnic Germans, 199 00:13:36,250 --> 00:13:39,166 be allowed to secede and join the Reich. 200 00:13:40,383 --> 00:13:44,166 On October 1, with international agreement, 201 00:13:44,200 --> 00:13:47,116 German troops marched into Sudetenland, 202 00:13:47,150 --> 00:13:50,830 adding 1/5 of Czechoslovakia to the Reich, 203 00:13:50,116 --> 00:13:55,250 and opening the way for further dismemberment of the country. 204 00:13:55,283 --> 00:13:58,500 HAYMAN: From then on, people were wondering 205 00:13:58,830 --> 00:14:02,830 what's going to happen next. 206 00:14:02,116 --> 00:14:03,200 Father was an optimist 207 00:14:03,233 --> 00:14:06,366 because he did business with people in France 208 00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:11,330 who wrote and said, "It's going to be bad. Get out." 209 00:14:11,660 --> 00:14:14,166 But for father, no, things like that wouldn't happen. 210 00:14:14,200 --> 00:14:17,300 He had a greater faith in mankind. 211 00:14:17,333 --> 00:14:19,316 He always used to say that he would 212 00:14:19,350 --> 00:14:22,150 rather trust people and be disappointed 213 00:14:22,183 --> 00:14:25,500 than go through life not trusting anybody. 214 00:14:28,233 --> 00:14:30,300 NARRATOR: Less than half a year later, 215 00:14:30,333 --> 00:14:33,300 Hitler would destroy the Czech state. 216 00:14:33,333 --> 00:14:37,300 But now the Nazis continued their persecution of the Jews. 217 00:14:37,333 --> 00:14:41,660 In November, they orchestrated a vicious pogrom, 218 00:14:41,100 --> 00:14:43,316 which they later called "Kristallnacht", 219 00:14:43,350 --> 00:14:46,660 the night of broken glass. 220 00:14:52,830 --> 00:14:55,660 ROSENFELD: I had had a strange dream in the night 221 00:14:55,100 --> 00:14:59,183 that my father was being arrested. 222 00:14:59,216 --> 00:15:01,330 Our evening meal that evening, 223 00:15:01,660 --> 00:15:05,116 that was the last meal I ever remember having with my father. 224 00:15:05,150 --> 00:15:07,100 I looked at him, and I thought, 225 00:15:07,133 --> 00:15:11,333 well, I hadn't really seen his features properly. 226 00:15:11,366 --> 00:15:15,183 And you know how you look at somebody intensely. 227 00:15:15,216 --> 00:15:17,216 And something told me, you know, 228 00:15:17,250 --> 00:15:21,830 I must imprint that image of him on my mind. 229 00:15:26,330 --> 00:15:27,316 WOMAN: Before I went to bed, 230 00:15:27,350 --> 00:15:30,200 my father, in a rather stern voice, 231 00:15:30,233 --> 00:15:32,133 said to me, "if you hear any 232 00:15:32,166 --> 00:15:34,216 "strange noises during the night, 233 00:15:34,250 --> 00:15:36,133 "immediately get out of bed 234 00:15:36,166 --> 00:15:39,233 and go into that wardrobe in the hallway." 235 00:15:39,266 --> 00:15:41,333 And I said, "I don't understand." 236 00:15:41,366 --> 00:15:45,830 And, quite differently than my father 237 00:15:45,116 --> 00:15:47,283 would normally answer my questions, 238 00:15:47,316 --> 00:15:50,000 he said, "Don't ask any questions. 239 00:15:50,330 --> 00:15:51,250 Just do as you're told." 240 00:15:53,366 --> 00:15:57,200 ALLARD: I was woken up at 2.00 in the morning, 241 00:15:57,233 --> 00:16:00,216 with terrible banging on the door. 242 00:16:00,250 --> 00:16:04,350 and there were two Nazis at the door, shouting, 243 00:16:04,383 --> 00:16:06,266 "You're all under arrest. 244 00:16:06,300 --> 00:16:08,366 Put some clothes on and come with us." 245 00:16:13,366 --> 00:16:17,250 I remember it was a very cold, very dark night, 246 00:16:17,283 --> 00:16:20,350 and we all went off to an assembly point, 247 00:16:20,383 --> 00:16:23,166 which was like a big square. 248 00:16:23,200 --> 00:16:27,333 And there were just thousands of other Jews. 249 00:16:27,366 --> 00:16:29,183 And I mean thousands. 250 00:16:31,300 --> 00:16:34,216 And there were people I knew and people I didn't know, 251 00:16:34,250 --> 00:16:38,366 and people getting beaten up, and people crying. 252 00:16:40,366 --> 00:16:44,150 I think everybody was petrified. 253 00:16:44,183 --> 00:16:46,283 I remember, I think, also very vividly, 254 00:16:46,316 --> 00:16:49,233 that they were beating up the rabbi, 255 00:16:49,266 --> 00:16:54,200 and they had fetched the Torahs out of the synagogue. 256 00:16:54,233 --> 00:16:57,500 And I think they were trampling on them. 257 00:17:02,830 --> 00:17:04,266 [Glass breaking] 258 00:17:07,200 --> 00:17:12,660 HELLMAN: I took my bicycle and went to school as always. 259 00:17:12,100 --> 00:17:15,133 There was no Jewish business that I passed 260 00:17:15,166 --> 00:17:19,116 that wasn't broken into. 261 00:17:19,150 --> 00:17:23,266 The merchandise was either on the street or looted completely. 262 00:17:26,216 --> 00:17:28,333 As I got closer to school, 263 00:17:28,366 --> 00:17:34,316 I saw huge pillars of smoke coming from the sections 264 00:17:34,350 --> 00:17:38,283 where the two big synagogues in Frankfurt were. 265 00:17:38,316 --> 00:17:41,250 And I saw that they were on fire. 266 00:17:43,316 --> 00:17:45,216 ROSENFELD: Our school happened to be 267 00:17:45,250 --> 00:17:48,300 just opposite on the street where the synagogue was. 268 00:17:50,216 --> 00:17:53,116 I was dragged out with the stream of children. 269 00:17:53,150 --> 00:17:57,183 Everybody went to the playground to watch these flames. 270 00:17:58,350 --> 00:18:02,133 And suddenly, somebody said, "Oh, there's a Jew. 271 00:18:02,166 --> 00:18:05,200 Let's throw her on the fire as well." 272 00:18:05,233 --> 00:18:07,830 I don't know how I got home. 273 00:18:07,116 --> 00:18:09,333 I still don't know today how I got home. 274 00:18:09,366 --> 00:18:14,100 And when I got home, my mother was absolutely shocked. 275 00:18:14,133 --> 00:18:16,150 My father had been arrested. 276 00:18:20,330 --> 00:18:23,200 My father was quite an outspoken person, 277 00:18:23,233 --> 00:18:26,216 and so when they came to Buchenwald 278 00:18:26,250 --> 00:18:30,183 and they took away all the men's braces and shoelaces, 279 00:18:30,216 --> 00:18:31,333 he protested and said, 280 00:18:31,366 --> 00:18:34,283 "You can't treat these old people like this." 281 00:18:34,316 --> 00:18:36,183 So they made an example of him, 282 00:18:36,216 --> 00:18:40,160 and they beat him to death in front of everybody 283 00:18:40,500 --> 00:18:45,000 in order to instill terror and obedience. 284 00:18:47,216 --> 00:18:52,216 They offered us my father's ashes in return for money, 285 00:18:52,250 --> 00:18:55,166 and eventually the urn came. 286 00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:58,160 And we buried it in the Jewish cemetery. 287 00:18:58,500 --> 00:19:01,133 But, of course, whether it was his ashes, one never knows. 288 00:19:02,383 --> 00:19:06,100 EPSTEIN: We heard loud banging on the door downstairs, 289 00:19:06,133 --> 00:19:11,830 and so my aunt, my mother, and I ran up into the attic, 290 00:19:11,116 --> 00:19:15,150 and we were hiding in an old wardrobe up there. 291 00:19:15,183 --> 00:19:17,333 And I do remember the feeling 292 00:19:17,366 --> 00:19:22,200 as though I had spent my entire life in that wardrobe. 293 00:19:22,233 --> 00:19:25,150 And I also remember whispering to my mother, 294 00:19:25,183 --> 00:19:30,166 "I want to get out of here, and not just out of this wardrobe. 295 00:19:30,200 --> 00:19:32,250 I want to get out of Germany." 296 00:19:45,216 --> 00:19:48,330 NARRATOR: World revulsion was swift, 297 00:19:48,660 --> 00:19:49,250 yet Britain was the only country 298 00:19:49,283 --> 00:19:52,166 willing to relax its immigration controls, 299 00:19:52,200 --> 00:19:54,333 and then only for children who would not threaten 300 00:19:54,366 --> 00:19:57,250 British jobs or public funds. 301 00:19:57,283 --> 00:20:00,000 Days after the Nazi pogrom, 302 00:20:00,330 --> 00:20:03,233 Anglo-Jewish leaders met with Prime Minister Chamberlain 303 00:20:03,266 --> 00:20:07,160 and urged him to let into the country unaccompanied children, 304 00:20:07,500 --> 00:20:11,160 Christian as well as Jewish, up to the age of 17. 305 00:20:12,200 --> 00:20:15,330 6 days later, Quakers joined Jewish leaders 306 00:20:15,660 --> 00:20:17,250 to present the government a concrete rescue plan 307 00:20:17,283 --> 00:20:21,183 to be funded by refugee and religious organizations. 308 00:20:21,216 --> 00:20:24,300 That night, the House of Commons debated the issue 309 00:20:24,333 --> 00:20:27,000 and approved the plan. 310 00:20:28,350 --> 00:20:32,500 MAN: My youth leader said, "Call Otto Hirsch. 311 00:20:32,830 --> 00:20:34,316 There is a job for you to be done." 312 00:20:34,350 --> 00:20:37,150 So I went and saw him, and he said, 313 00:20:37,183 --> 00:20:40,216 "Listen. I have a request. 314 00:20:40,250 --> 00:20:45,133 "We have been informed that the British government-- 315 00:20:45,166 --> 00:20:46,316 "the House of Commons-- 316 00:20:46,350 --> 00:20:50,166 "had discussed the destiny of children in Germany 317 00:20:50,200 --> 00:20:53,660 "after all this publicity, 318 00:20:53,100 --> 00:20:54,350 "and they are disgusted. 319 00:20:56,166 --> 00:20:58,660 "They came to the conclusion 320 00:20:58,100 --> 00:21:01,283 "to accept children for a certain time. 321 00:21:01,316 --> 00:21:04,383 "We have an office for the operations. 322 00:21:05,160 --> 00:21:06,250 See what you can do." 323 00:21:10,330 --> 00:21:11,366 NARRATOR: As the transports got under way 324 00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:13,283 in Germany and Austria, 325 00:21:13,316 --> 00:21:15,333 thousands of Sudetenland refugees 326 00:21:15,366 --> 00:21:19,000 continued to flee to Prague. 327 00:21:19,330 --> 00:21:21,266 English stockbroker Nicholas Winton 328 00:21:21,300 --> 00:21:25,266 was summoned by a friend to view the situation for himself. 329 00:21:25,300 --> 00:21:28,333 He toured refugee camps with Doreen Warriner, 330 00:21:28,366 --> 00:21:30,300 a representative of the British Committee 331 00:21:30,333 --> 00:21:32,366 for Refugees from Czechoslovakia. 332 00:21:34,383 --> 00:21:37,150 WINTON: We did have the feeling 333 00:21:37,183 --> 00:21:41,000 that the position was much more urgent 334 00:21:41,330 --> 00:21:44,150 than anybody in London thought. 335 00:21:52,660 --> 00:21:53,216 Doreen Warriner said to me, 336 00:21:53,250 --> 00:21:56,166 "I don't know what we're going to do about the children." 337 00:21:56,200 --> 00:21:58,350 And almost spontaneously I said, 338 00:21:58,383 --> 00:22:00,350 "Well, if when I get back to England 339 00:22:00,383 --> 00:22:04,300 "I find that the Home Office will allow them in, 340 00:22:04,333 --> 00:22:08,830 we'll try and get some of them into England," 341 00:22:08,116 --> 00:22:10,250 And when I went to the Home Office, 342 00:22:10,283 --> 00:22:13,316 they said, "Under certain conditions, 343 00:22:13,350 --> 00:22:18,000 you can bring in as many children as you like." 344 00:22:18,330 --> 00:22:20,250 We had to produce somebody who'd guarantee 345 00:22:20,283 --> 00:22:24,660 £50 against their reemigration, 346 00:22:24,100 --> 00:22:26,500 which I suppose is about £1,000 today-- 347 00:22:26,830 --> 00:22:30,160 it was quite a lot of money-- and then I had to find a family 348 00:22:30,500 --> 00:22:33,316 who'd take each individual child. 349 00:22:33,350 --> 00:22:36,233 It certainly wasn't easy, but it wasn't that difficult. 350 00:22:36,266 --> 00:22:40,133 I mean, it's more easy to get somebody to take a child 351 00:22:40,166 --> 00:22:43,233 than to take a grownup. 352 00:22:43,266 --> 00:22:45,383 I tried to get America involved 353 00:22:46,160 --> 00:22:48,300 and wrote to a lot of the senators 354 00:22:48,333 --> 00:22:53,166 and got a lot of answers saying how concerned they were 355 00:22:53,200 --> 00:22:57,216 and all the various reasons why they couldn't do anything. 356 00:22:57,250 --> 00:23:00,200 NARRATOR: In the United States, a congressional bill 357 00:23:00,233 --> 00:23:05,183 to admit 20,000 child refugees died in committee. 358 00:23:05,216 --> 00:23:07,166 One of the arguments against the bill 359 00:23:07,200 --> 00:23:10,283 was that accepting children without their parents 360 00:23:10,316 --> 00:23:13,233 was contrary to the laws of God. 361 00:23:30,183 --> 00:23:32,200 SEGAL: My father said, 362 00:23:32,233 --> 00:23:35,333 "Mummy and I cannot leave, but you're going to leave." 363 00:23:35,366 --> 00:23:38,183 I said, "What do you mean, I'm going to leave?" 364 00:23:38,216 --> 00:23:40,383 "You're going to England," he said. 365 00:23:41,160 --> 00:23:42,150 "When?" 366 00:23:42,183 --> 00:23:44,330 "Thursday," he said. 367 00:23:44,660 --> 00:23:46,283 I knew that she ought-- 368 00:23:46,316 --> 00:23:51,133 that I ought to want to send her away, 369 00:23:51,166 --> 00:23:54,266 but I couldn't imagine to give permission for her to go. 370 00:23:54,300 --> 00:23:57,333 My husband said, "She must go," 371 00:23:57,366 --> 00:24:00,200 and he didn't listen to me. 372 00:24:00,233 --> 00:24:04,830 He just arranged everything for her, 373 00:24:04,116 --> 00:24:05,266 and I had to give in, 374 00:24:05,300 --> 00:24:10,133 and I saw in the end that he was right, 375 00:24:10,166 --> 00:24:13,000 but the hurt is unbelievable. 376 00:24:13,330 --> 00:24:15,660 That cannot be described. 377 00:24:15,100 --> 00:24:17,000 [Girl singing in German] 378 00:24:35,300 --> 00:24:38,830 MAN: My father died when I was 3 years old, 379 00:24:38,116 --> 00:24:40,333 and my mother, she had to go out to work, 380 00:24:40,366 --> 00:24:43,366 so I wound up in the orphanage. 381 00:24:45,250 --> 00:24:49,000 When Polish Jews were arrested all over Germany, 382 00:24:49,330 --> 00:24:51,200 I'd found out that my mother was deported, 383 00:24:51,233 --> 00:24:55,133 so I was on my own. I had nobody, no one, nothing. 384 00:24:55,166 --> 00:24:57,300 I went to the Gemeinde, 385 00:24:57,333 --> 00:24:59,100 and there was this wonderful woman. 386 00:24:59,133 --> 00:25:01,116 She knew me, and she said, "Ah, Pascha, 387 00:25:01,150 --> 00:25:03,150 what are you doing here? Where's your mother?" 388 00:25:03,183 --> 00:25:06,333 And so I said, "My mother has been deported," 389 00:25:06,366 --> 00:25:08,660 And she said to me, 390 00:25:08,100 --> 00:25:11,166 "You know, there's something happening now. 391 00:25:11,200 --> 00:25:14,300 I think you should get onto it." It was the Kindertransport. 392 00:25:14,333 --> 00:25:16,300 She said, "You better register immediately 393 00:25:16,333 --> 00:25:19,250 "because you're all by yourself. What are you going to do?" 394 00:25:19,283 --> 00:25:21,333 So I said, "Okay. I'll go to England," 395 00:25:21,366 --> 00:25:24,233 Just like matter-of-fact, as if it was nothing. 396 00:25:26,333 --> 00:25:28,150 ROSENFELD: In hindsight, 397 00:25:28,183 --> 00:25:32,300 I think my sister and I, we owe my father's death 398 00:25:32,333 --> 00:25:34,233 that we have survived 399 00:25:34,266 --> 00:25:40,330 because they selected children who had problems-- 400 00:25:41,200 --> 00:25:43,183 uh, who'd lost parents or whose parents 401 00:25:43,216 --> 00:25:45,283 could no longer look after them-- 402 00:25:45,316 --> 00:25:48,166 uh, to go on the Kindertransport. 403 00:25:49,366 --> 00:25:53,183 HAYMAN: Mother came home and said that she enrolled us, 404 00:25:53,216 --> 00:25:55,250 and about a fortnight later, 405 00:25:55,283 --> 00:25:58,250 my parents were told that I can go, 406 00:25:58,283 --> 00:26:01,233 and a week or two after that, 407 00:26:01,266 --> 00:26:04,316 they had the thing to say that my sister can go. 408 00:26:04,350 --> 00:26:08,500 So, now both of us would go, 409 00:26:08,830 --> 00:26:12,133 and that must have been very hard. 410 00:26:12,166 --> 00:26:15,383 That would have been hard to decide that we both go. 411 00:26:17,216 --> 00:26:20,116 We had about a fortnight before we left, 412 00:26:20,150 --> 00:26:23,383 and into that fortnight, both mother and father 413 00:26:24,160 --> 00:26:28,660 were trying to give the instructions and the guidance 414 00:26:28,100 --> 00:26:31,283 that they hoped to have their whole life to give. 415 00:26:35,216 --> 00:26:39,350 HELLMAN: My Bar Mitzvah was a month after Crystal Night, 416 00:26:39,383 --> 00:26:42,333 and it was held in an attic. 417 00:26:42,366 --> 00:26:44,100 My father was not there. 418 00:26:44,133 --> 00:26:47,166 My father was still in a concentration camp, 419 00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:49,350 and it was just my mother. 420 00:26:49,383 --> 00:26:52,233 I felt terrible. 421 00:26:52,266 --> 00:26:54,333 There was no celebration afterwards. 422 00:26:54,366 --> 00:26:58,660 There was nothing. 423 00:26:58,100 --> 00:27:00,100 You read your part from the Torah, 424 00:27:00,133 --> 00:27:04,183 and you did your Haftarah, and you were finished, 425 00:27:04,216 --> 00:27:10,150 and we were lucky that a minyan showed up altogether. 426 00:27:14,183 --> 00:27:17,133 I certainly felt, the sooner that we could 427 00:27:17,166 --> 00:27:21,216 get out of Germany, the better off it would be. 428 00:27:21,250 --> 00:27:26,350 My house mother wrote to Baron James de Rothschild, 429 00:27:28,133 --> 00:27:35,150 would he take 24 of her boys, her husband, herself, 430 00:27:35,183 --> 00:27:37,250 and her two daughters? 431 00:27:37,283 --> 00:27:42,660 And he wrote back in January that he would. 432 00:27:54,266 --> 00:27:58,133 WOMAN: We thought of England as a land of lords and ladies 433 00:27:58,166 --> 00:28:00,333 because of the king and queen, 434 00:28:00,366 --> 00:28:03,316 and the two little princesses appealed to us very much. 435 00:28:03,350 --> 00:28:07,100 We saw those pictures in the newspapers-- 436 00:28:07,133 --> 00:28:09,216 The coronation with their ermine clothes 437 00:28:09,250 --> 00:28:11,330 and their crowns on their heads-- 438 00:28:11,660 --> 00:28:12,316 and we really thought, in England, 439 00:28:12,350 --> 00:28:14,166 that is how people got dressed-- 440 00:28:14,200 --> 00:28:17,200 perhaps not every day, but sometimes on Sundays. 441 00:28:17,233 --> 00:28:21,000 So that was our expectation of England. 442 00:28:22,283 --> 00:28:25,383 ALLARD: I was told this was the best thing that could happen, 443 00:28:26,160 --> 00:28:29,233 and I was so lucky because everybody around me 444 00:28:29,266 --> 00:28:33,350 was trying to find places for their children, 445 00:28:33,383 --> 00:28:36,500 and suddenly out of the blue, 446 00:28:36,830 --> 00:28:39,350 I had a chance to come to England. 447 00:28:39,383 --> 00:28:41,350 How lucky can I be? 448 00:28:47,830 --> 00:28:49,150 EPSTEIN: My parents said that I would be able 449 00:28:49,183 --> 00:28:52,166 to go back to school, I will learn another language, 450 00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:57,200 I will live in London, I will be able to travel on the subway, 451 00:28:57,233 --> 00:29:00,233 and painted a wonderful, beautiful picture 452 00:29:00,266 --> 00:29:03,116 and added again and again, 453 00:29:03,150 --> 00:29:05,283 "And we'll follow soon." 454 00:29:05,316 --> 00:29:11,500 However, a few days or so before I was to leave, 455 00:29:11,830 --> 00:29:16,250 I um, accused my parents of trying to get rid of me. 456 00:29:16,283 --> 00:29:19,266 I said to my parents, "I'm really a gypsy child, 457 00:29:19,300 --> 00:29:22,000 "and you're now trying to get rid of me. 458 00:29:22,330 --> 00:29:25,200 You adopted me, and now you no longer want me." 459 00:29:25,233 --> 00:29:29,266 I must have really deeply, deeply hurt my parents. 460 00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:35,116 NARRATOR: Since German policy in 1938 461 00:29:35,150 --> 00:29:37,266 was to force Jewish emigration, 462 00:29:37,300 --> 00:29:40,200 the Nazis willingly let the children leave 463 00:29:40,233 --> 00:29:44,233 as long as they did not take any valuables with them. 464 00:29:44,266 --> 00:29:47,500 Each child was allowed one suitcase, 465 00:29:47,830 --> 00:29:49,500 one piece of hand luggage, 466 00:29:49,830 --> 00:29:51,660 and 10 Reichmark. 467 00:30:00,316 --> 00:30:05,830 ALLARD: We had 4 days to pack and go. 468 00:30:05,116 --> 00:30:07,216 And they were just so busy getting ready 469 00:30:07,250 --> 00:30:10,166 the things I was going to take 470 00:30:10,200 --> 00:30:15,160 that I don't think that they or I had time to think 471 00:30:15,500 --> 00:30:17,000 about what was happening. 472 00:30:20,233 --> 00:30:23,660 ROSENFELD: My mother prepared all our clothes, 473 00:30:23,100 --> 00:30:28,000 lovingly embroidered our names in every piece of clothing, 474 00:30:28,330 --> 00:30:32,383 even every handkerchief, every sock, everything. 475 00:30:34,250 --> 00:30:36,266 CAHN: I think I took my teddy bear. 476 00:30:36,300 --> 00:30:39,216 and my mother always slept on 477 00:30:39,250 --> 00:30:42,166 a little pillow on top of her big pillow. 478 00:30:42,200 --> 00:30:45,333 And I asked her whether I could take that with me. 479 00:30:45,366 --> 00:30:47,366 So she said, "Sure." 480 00:30:50,216 --> 00:30:53,366 HAYMAN: Mother had new clothes made for both of us. 481 00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:57,133 We had a dressmaker at home who did all the sewing. 482 00:30:57,166 --> 00:30:59,233 And some she bought. 483 00:30:59,266 --> 00:31:02,250 Otherwise, around my neck, because we were baptized, 484 00:31:02,283 --> 00:31:05,316 hoping that would be of some help, 485 00:31:05,350 --> 00:31:08,133 I had a little cross, 486 00:31:08,166 --> 00:31:10,166 and I had a little elephant, 487 00:31:10,200 --> 00:31:15,100 and I had sort of, um, it wasn't a Jewish star, 488 00:31:15,133 --> 00:31:19,166 but it was a little angel, which--I put them all together 489 00:31:19,200 --> 00:31:21,250 because I thought the Almighty can choose 490 00:31:21,283 --> 00:31:25,266 which religion he would like me to belong to. 491 00:31:25,300 --> 00:31:27,250 Those are the things I remember. 492 00:31:33,333 --> 00:31:35,333 SEGAL: I remember that last evening, 493 00:31:35,366 --> 00:31:39,366 all the cousins and all the aunts came to say good-bye. 494 00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:42,300 And there was one aunt who had twins, 495 00:31:42,333 --> 00:31:45,500 who was extremely angry with my parents 496 00:31:45,830 --> 00:31:47,350 for getting me onto this transport 497 00:31:47,383 --> 00:31:50,366 and for not having managed to get her twins 498 00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:53,150 onto the transport. 499 00:31:53,183 --> 00:31:59,660 There was grief and panic and fury in that room. 500 00:31:59,100 --> 00:32:01,660 And there was a moment, uh, 501 00:32:01,100 --> 00:32:03,200 that my father took me between his knees, 502 00:32:03,233 --> 00:32:07,233 and he said, "Now, when you get to England, 503 00:32:07,266 --> 00:32:10,250 "you have to talk to all the English people you meet, 504 00:32:10,283 --> 00:32:14,383 "and you have to ask them to get your mother and me out, 505 00:32:15,160 --> 00:32:16,116 and your grandparents." 506 00:32:16,150 --> 00:32:18,116 And because this aunt was there 507 00:32:18,150 --> 00:32:21,133 and had been so unhappy and so angry, 508 00:32:21,166 --> 00:32:25,000 he said, "And aunt so-and-so's twins." 509 00:32:25,330 --> 00:32:29,350 Before long, I had a list of people, whom I, at 10 years old, 510 00:32:29,383 --> 00:32:32,283 had promised to save from Hitler. 511 00:32:36,233 --> 00:32:39,500 NARRATOR: The transports began in December, 512 00:32:39,830 --> 00:32:41,333 barely 3 weeks after the Nazi pogrom. 513 00:32:43,166 --> 00:32:45,350 Although a few children travelled by plane, 514 00:32:45,383 --> 00:32:49,150 the majority departed by train. 515 00:32:49,183 --> 00:32:51,216 Some trains left during the day, 516 00:32:51,250 --> 00:32:53,350 many others in the dead of night. 517 00:33:00,333 --> 00:33:03,500 SEGAL: Each child was given a number. 518 00:33:03,830 --> 00:33:07,366 My number, and I still have it, was 152. 519 00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:12,100 And this was a number every child put around its neck. 520 00:33:12,133 --> 00:33:16,166 And a similar number was attached to our suitcases. 521 00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:21,166 And there we stood, uh, in our groups of 50, I think it was. 522 00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:23,183 And there was my mother and my father, 523 00:33:23,216 --> 00:33:26,266 and my mother kept up a conversation with me 524 00:33:26,300 --> 00:33:31,160 as if this was an ordinary and interesting thing 525 00:33:31,500 --> 00:33:32,200 that was happening. 526 00:33:32,233 --> 00:33:37,233 But I remember that she wore a pony fur with a fox collar, 527 00:33:37,266 --> 00:33:39,316 and her face was inside the fox collar, 528 00:33:39,350 --> 00:33:43,330 and I remember that although her speech was as if 529 00:33:43,660 --> 00:33:47,133 everything was ordinary, her face, I remember, was hot. 530 00:33:47,166 --> 00:33:50,160 It was-It was red and hot. 531 00:33:54,350 --> 00:33:57,166 LEVERTON: Every parent promised their child, 532 00:33:57,200 --> 00:34:00,150 "We will soon come and follow." 533 00:34:00,183 --> 00:34:04,150 How otherwise did the parents get the little children 534 00:34:04,183 --> 00:34:05,383 onto the trains? 535 00:34:06,160 --> 00:34:08,660 "Give us a few weeks when things-- 536 00:34:08,100 --> 00:34:11,330 "either they'll blow over and you'll come back again, 537 00:34:11,660 --> 00:34:12,316 or we will come and join you." 538 00:34:12,350 --> 00:34:17,160 That was a promise every parent made to their child. 539 00:34:21,316 --> 00:34:24,133 WOLLHEIM: There came the time to say to the parents, 540 00:34:24,166 --> 00:34:26,250 "Listen, you cannot go to the platform. 541 00:34:26,283 --> 00:34:28,283 "The police will not allow it. 542 00:34:28,316 --> 00:34:30,200 We have to say good-bye here." 543 00:34:30,233 --> 00:34:35,500 So I ascended the chair there. I addressed the people. 544 00:34:35,830 --> 00:34:39,000 Where I took the courage to do that, I don't know. 545 00:34:39,330 --> 00:34:44,116 But I told the parents, "Now it's your last good-bye." 546 00:34:45,300 --> 00:34:48,000 LEVERTON: They didn't want the German public to know 547 00:34:48,330 --> 00:34:51,160 what was going on because they had experiences 548 00:34:51,500 --> 00:34:55,250 of parents weeping and fainting at the platform. 549 00:34:55,283 --> 00:34:57,266 So we had to say good-bye. 550 00:34:57,300 --> 00:35:00,383 Groups had to say good-bye in an anteroom. 551 00:35:01,160 --> 00:35:03,266 And the scenes were pretty horrendous. 552 00:35:03,300 --> 00:35:07,160 WOMAN: When my sister and brother left, 553 00:35:07,500 --> 00:35:10,133 all the other parents were crying bitterly. 554 00:35:10,166 --> 00:35:13,150 And I was so afraid. 555 00:35:13,183 --> 00:35:15,200 I didn't want my mother to cry 556 00:35:15,233 --> 00:35:18,133 because she was a very strong person, 557 00:35:18,166 --> 00:35:20,283 and I thought, if she cries, 558 00:35:20,316 --> 00:35:24,000 then terrible things will happen. 559 00:35:24,330 --> 00:35:26,333 And I kept on looking at her, and I said, 560 00:35:26,366 --> 00:35:29,660 "Don't cry. Don't cry. You won't cry." 561 00:35:29,100 --> 00:35:30,200 And she didn't. 562 00:35:33,500 --> 00:35:37,660 GORDON: I got to the station, which was crowded with people. 563 00:35:39,830 --> 00:35:41,216 All the children had their parents with them, 564 00:35:41,250 --> 00:35:44,660 and I was sitting there all by myself. 565 00:35:44,100 --> 00:35:45,283 I had no parents, nobody. 566 00:35:45,316 --> 00:35:48,116 I was just standing there with a suitcase. 567 00:35:50,216 --> 00:35:53,160 There was nobody's shoulder I could cry on. 568 00:35:53,500 --> 00:35:56,383 All I know is I was going away. I was going to England. 569 00:35:57,160 --> 00:35:59,000 Whatever would happen would happen. 570 00:36:00,383 --> 00:36:03,150 CAHN: My father-- every day he said, 571 00:36:03,183 --> 00:36:05,500 "Pupela, I don't want you to go, 572 00:36:05,830 --> 00:36:09,133 but I want you to go because it'll be good for you." 573 00:36:09,166 --> 00:36:12,100 The day came, and we went. 574 00:36:12,133 --> 00:36:16,183 My mother and dad went with me inside the train 575 00:36:16,216 --> 00:36:20,160 and um, put my suitcase up. 576 00:36:20,500 --> 00:36:21,316 My seat was right at the window, 577 00:36:21,350 --> 00:36:24,333 and the German trains had great big windows, 578 00:36:24,366 --> 00:36:27,200 and my father pulled that all the way down, 579 00:36:27,233 --> 00:36:30,330 so I could be leaning out of the window, 580 00:36:30,660 --> 00:36:32,330 and he hugged me and kissed me. 581 00:36:32,660 --> 00:36:37,266 And I could see my father's face getting whiter and whiter, 582 00:36:37,300 --> 00:36:39,500 and I thought, I only hope 583 00:36:39,830 --> 00:36:41,660 nothing is going to happen to my father 584 00:36:41,100 --> 00:36:46,000 because he looked so terribly, terribly pale. 585 00:36:46,330 --> 00:36:48,366 And my poor mother was getting worse and worse, 586 00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:51,830 and I couldn't wait for the train to go 587 00:36:51,116 --> 00:36:54,100 because I--I didn't want to remember that. 588 00:36:56,283 --> 00:37:00,283 And the guy came, and he waved the signal. 589 00:37:00,316 --> 00:37:03,000 When the train started to go, my father says, 590 00:37:03,330 --> 00:37:04,216 "Pupela, let me hold your hands." 591 00:37:04,250 --> 00:37:08,160 and I held my hands, and I said, "I have to let go! 592 00:37:08,500 --> 00:37:09,830 I have to let go!" 593 00:37:09,116 --> 00:37:11,300 "No, no, no, no. I don't want you to go! 594 00:37:11,333 --> 00:37:14,830 I don't want you to go!" And we were already-- 595 00:37:14,116 --> 00:37:17,000 my father couldn't walk fast because he walked on a cane, 596 00:37:17,330 --> 00:37:20,500 and we went already a little bit and a little bit more. 597 00:37:20,830 --> 00:37:26,216 And he took me by my hands and he pulled me out of the window. 598 00:37:26,250 --> 00:37:29,333 And I fell. I could have fallen in between, 599 00:37:29,366 --> 00:37:31,200 between the platform and the train. 600 00:37:31,233 --> 00:37:34,233 It was like about that much of a space. 601 00:37:34,266 --> 00:37:37,283 I didn't, but I got hurt and I was bleeding, 602 00:37:37,316 --> 00:37:44,316 and I was devastated, absolutely devastated. 603 00:37:44,350 --> 00:37:48,283 And my father was in seventh heaven 604 00:37:48,316 --> 00:37:52,330 that he had his little Pupela, his little girl, back. 605 00:37:56,283 --> 00:37:59,266 ROSENFELD: The parting was terrible. 606 00:37:59,300 --> 00:38:04,200 That's the one thing I've never forgotten in all my life. 607 00:38:04,233 --> 00:38:06,333 And she had been so controlled. 608 00:38:06,366 --> 00:38:12,333 She'd always been a sort of solid support to us, 609 00:38:12,366 --> 00:38:16,350 and suddenly she showed her feelings. 610 00:38:16,383 --> 00:38:20,366 And it was terrifying. Really terrifying. 611 00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:26,266 You saw this face that showed all the hurt and agony 612 00:38:26,300 --> 00:38:28,333 she'd been through. 613 00:38:28,366 --> 00:38:32,830 And I can still see my father at that mealtime. 614 00:38:32,116 --> 00:38:34,216 But I would have liked to have had 615 00:38:34,250 --> 00:38:37,266 a happier image of my mother. 616 00:38:37,300 --> 00:38:44,150 That's the only image with this contorted face. 617 00:38:44,183 --> 00:38:47,333 Full of agony... it's very sad. 618 00:38:57,660 --> 00:38:59,150 HAYMAN: And I remember standing by the window 619 00:38:59,183 --> 00:39:02,366 and waving good-bye and just trying very hard 620 00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:05,300 to believe that we really will come back, 621 00:39:05,333 --> 00:39:07,233 that it won't be for very long. 622 00:39:07,266 --> 00:39:11,183 But when the train moved and they disappeared from sight, 623 00:39:11,216 --> 00:39:14,316 you know, both Vera and I cried to each other. 624 00:39:21,500 --> 00:39:25,366 EPSTEIN: My parents ran along the train on the platform. 625 00:39:26,000 --> 00:39:29,150 And I still remember, sort of in my head, 626 00:39:29,183 --> 00:39:31,100 I heard that refrain, 627 00:39:31,133 --> 00:39:33,233 "You're leaving, you're leaving, you're leaving." 628 00:39:33,266 --> 00:39:35,100 And I watched their faces, 629 00:39:35,133 --> 00:39:39,350 and tears were streaming down their face, down their cheeks. 630 00:39:39,383 --> 00:39:45,116 And I knew then, these people really love me. 631 00:39:45,150 --> 00:39:47,333 This is why they're sending me away. 632 00:39:49,216 --> 00:39:52,216 And I immediately started to write to my parents, 633 00:39:52,250 --> 00:39:55,383 and I apologized for what I had said to them, 634 00:39:56,160 --> 00:39:58,166 that they were trying to get rid of me. 635 00:40:10,200 --> 00:40:14,250 GROSSMAN: In no time, the suitcase was gone, 636 00:40:14,283 --> 00:40:17,300 the child was gone, the other children were gone-- 637 00:40:17,333 --> 00:40:21,116 just emptiness. 638 00:40:21,150 --> 00:40:24,333 Then we turned around and went home. 639 00:40:24,366 --> 00:40:27,160 I did not talk. 640 00:40:28,233 --> 00:40:30,166 It was awful. 641 00:40:37,830 --> 00:40:39,330 WOLLHEIM: The children went with the hope 642 00:40:39,660 --> 00:40:40,133 that the parents would follow 643 00:40:40,166 --> 00:40:42,316 or that one day they could come back, 644 00:40:42,350 --> 00:40:45,350 and they would see them again. 645 00:40:45,383 --> 00:40:50,266 I did not realize, and I could never realize, 646 00:40:50,300 --> 00:40:55,133 that only 1 1/2 years later, from the same railway station, 647 00:40:55,166 --> 00:40:58,100 trains would go in the other directions 648 00:40:58,133 --> 00:41:00,266 to Hitler's slaughterhouses. 649 00:41:03,383 --> 00:41:06,250 [Child singing in German] 650 00:42:05,330 --> 00:42:08,150 SEGAL: I remember that all that day we sang songs, 651 00:42:08,183 --> 00:42:11,250 we ate the things what our mothers had given us. 652 00:42:13,150 --> 00:42:17,300 When we got to the border, it got very frightening 653 00:42:17,333 --> 00:42:22,350 because the train stopped at the last station before Holland. 654 00:42:24,133 --> 00:42:26,383 The big girls were very frightened, and they scared us. 655 00:42:27,160 --> 00:42:28,183 They said, "Don't move." 656 00:42:28,216 --> 00:42:31,100 You know what happens when you sit and you don't move? 657 00:42:31,133 --> 00:42:34,250 You begin to tremble if--if you tense yourself enough. 658 00:42:34,283 --> 00:42:39,383 I remember that--sitting there so tense that I was vibrating. 659 00:42:41,250 --> 00:42:47,100 ROSENFELD: The Nazi border guard very officiously came around, 660 00:42:47,133 --> 00:42:50,250 made some of the children open their suitcases. 661 00:42:50,283 --> 00:42:54,366 They shouted at us and threw their weight about. 662 00:42:55,000 --> 00:42:58,316 They were looking for new things people had, children had, 663 00:42:58,350 --> 00:43:01,283 new clothes and this, and they didn't like that. 664 00:43:01,316 --> 00:43:05,116 They gave the children a tough time. 665 00:43:05,150 --> 00:43:07,183 Children kept crying and crying. 666 00:43:07,216 --> 00:43:10,216 And we were there quite a while, and they took their time, 667 00:43:10,250 --> 00:43:13,183 and they--they enjoyed doing what they were doing to us. 668 00:43:37,266 --> 00:43:41,330 Then, suddenly, we were in Holland. 669 00:43:41,660 --> 00:43:42,350 Everyone was cheering, 670 00:43:42,383 --> 00:43:47,133 "Those damn Nazis, they should drop dead. Now we are free." 671 00:43:53,366 --> 00:43:58,150 SEGAL: There was a howling, a yelling, a shouting, a singing. 672 00:43:58,183 --> 00:44:00,266 It was the best party I've ever been at, 673 00:44:00,300 --> 00:44:02,333 although I didn't really understand what it was 674 00:44:02,366 --> 00:44:04,233 that was happening. 675 00:44:04,266 --> 00:44:07,316 I was holding a big girl around the waist, 676 00:44:07,350 --> 00:44:09,000 and she was holding me. 677 00:44:09,330 --> 00:44:11,150 And they knew the songs they were singing. 678 00:44:11,183 --> 00:44:14,350 It was, uh, very probably Zionist, a Zionist song, 679 00:44:14,383 --> 00:44:16,233 but I sang "la la, la la" 680 00:44:16,266 --> 00:44:19,316 because it was so much fun to be joining this party. 681 00:44:21,166 --> 00:44:23,316 ROSENFELD: Not only were the frontier guards 682 00:44:23,350 --> 00:44:26,350 on the Dutch side very nice, 683 00:44:26,383 --> 00:44:32,330 they had a contingency of ladies who bought us cocoa 684 00:44:32,660 --> 00:44:34,116 and Dutch zwieback. 685 00:44:34,150 --> 00:44:36,383 And it was like manna from heaven. 686 00:44:37,160 --> 00:44:38,200 It was wonderful. 687 00:44:38,233 --> 00:44:41,100 We suddenly felt as though 688 00:44:41,133 --> 00:44:47,166 you'd been clad in a cloak of lead or iron, 689 00:44:47,200 --> 00:44:50,330 and it had been taken from you. 690 00:44:50,660 --> 00:44:53,300 It was a wonderful feeling-- of freedom. 691 00:44:53,333 --> 00:44:55,283 We started to smile. 692 00:44:55,316 --> 00:44:59,166 I don't think any of them had smiled for a long time. 693 00:44:59,200 --> 00:45:01,283 It was wonderful. 694 00:45:14,150 --> 00:45:19,660 GORDON: Then the train went on to Hoek van Holland. 695 00:45:19,100 --> 00:45:22,350 Got onto the boat, which took us to Harwich, 696 00:45:22,383 --> 00:45:27,100 which was not a pleasant trip because the English Channel-- 697 00:45:27,133 --> 00:45:33,500 Huh! It's one of the worst places in wintertime to cross. 698 00:45:33,830 --> 00:45:34,116 We had small children. 699 00:45:34,150 --> 00:45:36,330 People got seasick, 700 00:45:36,660 --> 00:45:39,183 and, oh, it was some how-do-you-do. 701 00:46:05,350 --> 00:46:09,000 HAYMAN: I have a very vivid memory of waking up 702 00:46:09,330 --> 00:46:14,830 and seeing the sea for the first time with the sunrise on it 703 00:46:14,116 --> 00:46:16,266 and thinking how beautiful it was. 704 00:46:18,150 --> 00:46:20,500 It was only the British Channel, 705 00:46:20,830 --> 00:46:25,160 but it seemed a long, long way from home in 1939. 706 00:46:25,500 --> 00:46:27,366 And so it was a mixture of elation, 707 00:46:28,000 --> 00:46:30,233 because we saw something so beautiful and saw the sea, 708 00:46:30,266 --> 00:46:35,150 while this fear was in me, which never left me for those 6 years 709 00:46:35,183 --> 00:46:39,183 of "what's going to happen... at home?" 710 00:46:45,000 --> 00:46:47,166 NEWSREEL COMMENTATOR: Refugees from terror. 711 00:46:47,200 --> 00:46:50,116 First boatload from Nazi Germany. 712 00:46:50,150 --> 00:46:53,216 Vanguard of an army of helpless children. 713 00:46:53,250 --> 00:46:57,166 Uprooted from their homeland in a modern exodus. 714 00:46:57,200 --> 00:47:00,250 NARRATOR: Each Kindertransport was led by adult escorts 715 00:47:00,283 --> 00:47:03,116 on the condition that after delivering the children, 716 00:47:03,150 --> 00:47:05,150 all escorts would return home 717 00:47:05,183 --> 00:47:08,300 or else the transports would be ended. 718 00:47:08,333 --> 00:47:11,660 WOLLHEIM: A couple of times, I travelled with them. 719 00:47:11,100 --> 00:47:15,383 At one transport, the customs official checked and said, 720 00:47:16,160 --> 00:47:18,830 "We have a problem." 721 00:47:18,116 --> 00:47:22,216 He says, "This young man here brought a violin, 722 00:47:22,250 --> 00:47:24,183 "which is very, very expensive. 723 00:47:24,216 --> 00:47:28,283 And this is not an ordinary violin." 724 00:47:28,316 --> 00:47:33,266 I said, "Well, don't forget these young people 725 00:47:33,300 --> 00:47:35,000 "take music lessons, 726 00:47:35,330 --> 00:47:37,166 "and obviously he likes music very much, 727 00:47:37,200 --> 00:47:40,266 so he took his violin along." 728 00:47:40,300 --> 00:47:44,216 This didn't sit well, so I gambled. 729 00:47:44,250 --> 00:47:48,150 I said to that boy, "Are you able to play something?" 730 00:47:48,183 --> 00:47:50,366 And he said, "Sure." 731 00:47:51,000 --> 00:47:54,166 [Violin playing] 732 00:48:04,300 --> 00:48:07,150 And he was playing "God Save the King." 733 00:48:18,366 --> 00:48:20,383 And that boy, he couldn't be stopped. 734 00:48:21,160 --> 00:48:23,100 He played all 3 stanzas. 735 00:48:29,160 --> 00:48:30,233 When he was finished, 736 00:48:30,266 --> 00:48:33,116 and he was very happy to have listened to that, 737 00:48:33,150 --> 00:48:34,283 I asked the fellow, 738 00:48:34,316 --> 00:48:37,316 "Are you now convinced, sir, that he likes music?" 739 00:48:37,350 --> 00:48:39,333 And he said, "Yes!" 740 00:48:39,366 --> 00:48:43,830 So he got his violin into England. 741 00:48:46,000 --> 00:48:50,133 ALLARD: Then came the arrival at Liverpool Street station, 742 00:48:50,166 --> 00:48:53,350 and everyone was being picked up. 743 00:48:53,383 --> 00:48:55,333 And I wasn't. 744 00:48:55,366 --> 00:49:01,116 I remember sitting in an enormous arrival hall. 745 00:49:01,150 --> 00:49:03,116 And I just sat. 746 00:49:03,150 --> 00:49:06,166 Nobody came to me, nobody talked to me. 747 00:49:08,200 --> 00:49:11,266 And I think I must have sat an hour. 748 00:49:11,300 --> 00:49:13,383 Maybe longer. I don't know. 749 00:49:15,233 --> 00:49:19,200 And then came two people who were my guardians, 750 00:49:19,233 --> 00:49:21,233 and they introduced themselves. 751 00:49:21,266 --> 00:49:25,660 And they explained that they lived in Lincoln. 752 00:49:25,100 --> 00:49:27,383 They didn't speak one word of German, 753 00:49:28,160 --> 00:49:31,133 and I didn't speak one word of English. 754 00:49:31,166 --> 00:49:35,233 If they said, "Lincoln," that could have been anywhere. 755 00:49:35,266 --> 00:49:39,150 Never heard of the place. 756 00:49:39,183 --> 00:49:41,500 My mother sent me off, saying, 757 00:49:41,830 --> 00:49:44,500 "Whoever is going to be good enough to take you in 758 00:49:44,830 --> 00:49:48,830 and give you a home, you must treat as a temporary mother." 759 00:49:48,116 --> 00:49:52,830 And when we arrived back from Liverpool Street, 760 00:49:52,116 --> 00:49:56,660 and we all went to bed in the evening, 761 00:49:56,100 --> 00:49:59,100 I went up to her and put my arms around her, 762 00:49:59,133 --> 00:50:01,183 and she pushed me away. 763 00:50:01,216 --> 00:50:03,366 And the words were, "That's sissy." 764 00:50:04,160 --> 00:50:06,233 She may have said something else, she may have said, 765 00:50:06,266 --> 00:50:08,830 "We don't do this, that's sissy." 766 00:50:08,116 --> 00:50:11,116 But the words "that's sissy" have never left me. 767 00:50:13,660 --> 00:50:14,300 Narrator: The children arrived in England 768 00:50:14,333 --> 00:50:18,100 at the rate of about 300 a week. 769 00:50:18,133 --> 00:50:21,100 Those who were not already placed in foster homes 770 00:50:21,133 --> 00:50:23,330 were taken to temporary centers 771 00:50:23,660 --> 00:50:27,830 hastily set up in summer holiday camps, like Dovercourt. 772 00:50:42,350 --> 00:50:46,266 SEGAL: They did try and keep us busy. 773 00:50:46,300 --> 00:50:50,160 The memorable part of this camp experience 774 00:50:50,500 --> 00:50:54,160 was that it was one of the coldest winters in history. 775 00:50:56,216 --> 00:50:59,316 We all went for breakfast to this big hall, 776 00:50:59,350 --> 00:51:04,183 and the snow came in through the cracks. 777 00:51:04,216 --> 00:51:06,383 We had this curious food. We had kippers. 778 00:51:07,160 --> 00:51:09,500 I mean, what little Austrian Jewish child 779 00:51:09,830 --> 00:51:10,183 has ever heard of kippers? 780 00:51:10,216 --> 00:51:13,350 Here was this salty shoe leather on our plates, 781 00:51:13,383 --> 00:51:17,150 and it had snow on it. It was pretty interesting. 782 00:51:17,183 --> 00:51:20,133 While we were sitting around the stoves, 783 00:51:20,166 --> 00:51:23,383 always with our coats on and with our little gloves on, 784 00:51:24,160 --> 00:51:27,333 there would come groups of people 785 00:51:27,366 --> 00:51:31,100 to choose children to take away with them. 786 00:51:33,300 --> 00:51:36,166 LEVERTON: We called it the cattle market 787 00:51:36,200 --> 00:51:39,100 because every Saturday and Sunday we were told 788 00:51:39,133 --> 00:51:42,150 to put on our best clothes, and visitors used to come. 789 00:51:42,183 --> 00:51:45,000 We felt a bit like the monkeys in the zoo. 790 00:51:45,330 --> 00:51:47,233 You know, we were being stared at and evaluated, 791 00:51:47,266 --> 00:51:49,150 and people were chosen, 792 00:51:49,183 --> 00:51:52,330 then taken away from the tables, and interviewed-- 793 00:51:52,660 --> 00:51:55,383 If you were suitable to be taken to their families. 794 00:51:56,160 --> 00:52:00,266 Most families wanted little blue-eyed and blond girls 795 00:52:00,300 --> 00:52:02,266 of about 3 to 7. 796 00:52:02,300 --> 00:52:04,333 Little boys were accepted as well, 797 00:52:04,366 --> 00:52:07,266 and the older children found it a bit more difficult 798 00:52:07,300 --> 00:52:10,350 to find foster parents. Of course, by that time, 799 00:52:10,383 --> 00:52:15,350 they hastily established hostels to take a big influx 800 00:52:15,383 --> 00:52:18,000 of the children who weren't chosen quickly 801 00:52:18,330 --> 00:52:20,000 because we had to be chosen fast. 802 00:52:20,330 --> 00:52:22,660 In and out, the camp was filled. 803 00:52:22,100 --> 00:52:24,250 Every week, another transport would arrive. 804 00:52:28,300 --> 00:52:30,383 SEGAL: I was writing a letter to my parents, 805 00:52:31,160 --> 00:52:35,216 and one of these ladies in a fur coat 806 00:52:35,250 --> 00:52:38,160 bent down to me and asked me 807 00:52:38,500 --> 00:52:40,266 if I would like to come to Liverpool. 808 00:52:40,300 --> 00:52:43,233 I said, "Yes, I would like to come to Liverpool." 809 00:52:43,266 --> 00:52:47,133 She said to the other woman, "Oh, she speaks English." 810 00:52:47,166 --> 00:52:49,150 By speaking English, I mean I could understand 811 00:52:49,183 --> 00:52:51,116 "Would you like to come to Liverpool?" 812 00:52:51,150 --> 00:52:52,283 and I could say "yes." 813 00:52:52,316 --> 00:52:55,300 And then they said to me, "Are you Orthodox?" 814 00:52:55,333 --> 00:52:57,266 and I said, "Yes," 815 00:52:57,300 --> 00:52:59,300 and they wrote that down. 816 00:52:59,333 --> 00:53:02,100 It was understood that I was going to go 817 00:53:02,133 --> 00:53:05,316 to Liverpool the next day, and when the ladies had gone, 818 00:53:05,350 --> 00:53:08,100 I wrote in my letter to my parents, 819 00:53:08,133 --> 00:53:10,660 "By the way, what is Orthodox?" 820 00:53:11,300 --> 00:53:13,300 LEVERTON: My brother had been chosen first 821 00:53:13,333 --> 00:53:16,100 to be the playmate of a little boy in Coventry. 822 00:53:16,133 --> 00:53:19,283 They asked me if I'd like to go to a family in Coventry. 823 00:53:19,316 --> 00:53:21,200 Of course, I jumped at the chance. 824 00:53:21,233 --> 00:53:23,300 I wanted to be near my little brother. 825 00:53:23,333 --> 00:53:25,233 And they chose me as a maid, 826 00:53:25,266 --> 00:53:29,830 but only I didn't know I was supposed to be a maid. 827 00:53:29,116 --> 00:53:33,330 I hadn't ever thought of becoming a servant. 828 00:53:36,830 --> 00:53:37,116 But I drew the line. 829 00:53:37,150 --> 00:53:39,266 I point-blank refused to wear a uniform. 830 00:53:39,300 --> 00:53:43,183 I think they took me to show off in front of the neighbors 831 00:53:43,216 --> 00:53:46,266 because they were only working-class people. 832 00:53:46,300 --> 00:53:48,250 The culture shock was very great, 833 00:53:48,283 --> 00:53:52,100 and also the fact that my clothes were better than hers. 834 00:53:52,133 --> 00:53:54,116 And she took great exception to that, 835 00:53:54,150 --> 00:53:57,500 and she took the clothes and all. 836 00:53:57,830 --> 00:53:59,183 The children whom we brought over and placed 837 00:53:59,216 --> 00:54:03,500 I think, in the main, were satisfactory. 838 00:54:03,830 --> 00:54:06,166 Uh, one can never claim 100%. 839 00:54:06,200 --> 00:54:08,316 There were certainly some who weren't. 840 00:54:08,350 --> 00:54:10,383 There were certainly some who were misused 841 00:54:11,160 --> 00:54:14,150 and used as servants if they were of the right age. 842 00:54:15,333 --> 00:54:18,250 I wouldn't claim that it was a 100% success, 843 00:54:18,283 --> 00:54:21,266 but I would claim that everybody who came over 844 00:54:21,300 --> 00:54:24,116 was alive at the end of the war. 845 00:54:26,300 --> 00:54:29,166 WOMAN: You felt you wanted to do something. 846 00:54:29,200 --> 00:54:31,283 There was a meeting in Norwich 847 00:54:31,316 --> 00:54:35,383 of a few Jewish congregants and non-Jewish. 848 00:54:36,160 --> 00:54:38,330 They said, "Any offers to take children?" 849 00:54:38,660 --> 00:54:41,500 And my husband said, yes, with me, 850 00:54:41,830 --> 00:54:45,200 and then some photographs were handed around, 851 00:54:45,233 --> 00:54:49,316 and I remember there were some boy twins. 852 00:54:49,350 --> 00:54:51,000 Oh, my heart aches, 853 00:54:51,330 --> 00:54:53,116 but we couldn't afford it in those days. 854 00:54:53,150 --> 00:54:56,330 We didn't know what was going to happen, you know. 855 00:54:56,660 --> 00:54:59,100 So, that's when we took Kurt. 856 00:55:00,300 --> 00:55:05,166 FUCHEL: Percy and Mariam picked me up at the boat, 857 00:55:05,200 --> 00:55:08,830 and they took me back home. 858 00:55:08,116 --> 00:55:10,383 At the entrance stood the maid, 859 00:55:11,160 --> 00:55:14,100 who I would learn later actually ran the household, 860 00:55:14,133 --> 00:55:18,150 and halfway up the stairs sat the little boy of 5 861 00:55:18,183 --> 00:55:20,133 looking at his new brother. 862 00:55:22,383 --> 00:55:25,316 COHEN: When we got home, my maid Selena was there, 863 00:55:25,350 --> 00:55:28,160 and she said to me, "Can't we change it?" 864 00:55:28,500 --> 00:55:33,150 He was filthy, you know, and smelt of sick and everything. 865 00:55:33,183 --> 00:55:35,300 Anyhow, we gave him a bath. 866 00:55:37,250 --> 00:55:40,160 FUCHEL: My grubby clothes, after 3 days of travel, 867 00:55:40,500 --> 00:55:43,500 were torn off me, burned, I learned later, 868 00:55:43,830 --> 00:55:45,300 and I was scrubbed from head to toe, 869 00:55:45,333 --> 00:55:48,366 and then dressed in English clothes. 870 00:55:49,000 --> 00:55:53,150 And then the family got together for a chicken dinner, 871 00:55:53,183 --> 00:55:54,233 and that I remember; 872 00:55:54,266 --> 00:55:58,330 that's a language I could understand, 873 00:55:58,660 --> 00:56:02,200 uh, and I started to feel more at ease. 874 00:56:02,233 --> 00:56:08,183 I learned English by being sent to a German man, rather old, 875 00:56:08,216 --> 00:56:12,266 who lived a few houses down the same street. 876 00:56:12,300 --> 00:56:14,350 And maybe I thought he was a Nazi, 877 00:56:14,383 --> 00:56:17,333 but I was terrified of him, 878 00:56:17,366 --> 00:56:19,316 and...but... 879 00:56:19,350 --> 00:56:23,116 in fact, I was so terrified that I learned English so quick 880 00:56:23,150 --> 00:56:26,183 so I wouldn't have to see him again 881 00:56:26,216 --> 00:56:28,183 that 6 weeks later, 882 00:56:28,216 --> 00:56:31,100 I wrote to my parents in English, 883 00:56:31,133 --> 00:56:33,383 "I no longer speak German." 884 00:56:34,160 --> 00:56:37,166 I never have, and I've never been able to relearn it. 885 00:56:39,150 --> 00:56:41,200 COHEN: And he was very, very good. 886 00:56:41,233 --> 00:56:44,216 He liked the sweet things, and John liked the savory, 887 00:56:44,250 --> 00:56:47,333 but they got on very well together. 888 00:56:47,366 --> 00:56:49,660 But I noticed-- 889 00:56:49,100 --> 00:56:52,150 well, we knew every night when it was dark, 890 00:56:52,183 --> 00:56:53,300 he'd come down the stairs, 891 00:56:53,333 --> 00:56:55,250 and he'd see the door was locked, 892 00:56:55,283 --> 00:56:57,233 and that was one thing I remember. 893 00:57:05,250 --> 00:57:07,500 SUGAR: My mother was in London, 894 00:57:07,830 --> 00:57:10,216 so for me, the separation was not as traumatic 895 00:57:10,250 --> 00:57:13,330 because I was going to something. 896 00:57:13,660 --> 00:57:15,160 And I came to the London station, 897 00:57:15,500 --> 00:57:19,116 and she just picked me up and took me where she was working. 898 00:57:19,150 --> 00:57:22,133 And then I stayed in this very cold-- 899 00:57:22,166 --> 00:57:25,200 oh, God--this cold, fancy house in England 900 00:57:25,233 --> 00:57:28,316 where they were exploiting the European maids, you know. 901 00:57:28,350 --> 00:57:33,160 And of course, if you've ever been the child of a maid, 902 00:57:33,500 --> 00:57:35,250 you know that maids are not supposed to have children. 903 00:57:35,283 --> 00:57:38,660 They're not welcome. You can't stay there. 904 00:57:38,100 --> 00:57:40,333 Then, I guess--I don't know how those decisions were made-- 905 00:57:40,366 --> 00:57:42,183 I would be sent to Belfast, 906 00:57:42,216 --> 00:57:46,160 to the Jewish refugee hostel in Belfast. 907 00:57:46,500 --> 00:57:48,166 When you see your life has been saved, 908 00:57:48,200 --> 00:57:52,160 and you're brought into a hostel which is clean, 909 00:57:52,500 --> 00:57:56,000 and there's food there, and other children there, 910 00:57:56,330 --> 00:57:58,350 how could you not be happy in that place? 911 00:57:58,383 --> 00:58:00,250 But to me, it smelled of orphanage-- 912 00:58:00,283 --> 00:58:04,160 which, of course, in due course, it became-- 913 00:58:04,500 --> 00:58:06,160 an orphanage is the thing that frightens 914 00:58:06,500 --> 00:58:08,150 every child out of its wits. 915 00:58:08,183 --> 00:58:10,133 I mean, to be, you know, Charles Dickens, 916 00:58:10,166 --> 00:58:13,330 to be in a workhouse, to be in an orphanage. 917 00:58:18,660 --> 00:58:21,000 HELLMAN: My first impression of Waddesdon Manor was... 918 00:58:21,330 --> 00:58:22,233 it was like a dream, 919 00:58:22,266 --> 00:58:25,366 like a castle I've--I've seen in pictures. 920 00:58:26,000 --> 00:58:27,660 But never... 921 00:58:27,100 --> 00:58:30,166 never seen anything in--in person. 922 00:58:30,200 --> 00:58:32,383 The Cedars was a servants' house. 923 00:58:33,160 --> 00:58:36,160 26 of us lived in the Cedars. 924 00:58:39,200 --> 00:58:43,160 First thing we did was throw a soccer ball on the lawn 925 00:58:43,500 --> 00:58:44,183 and kicked it around. 926 00:58:44,216 --> 00:58:47,333 And the local boys wanted to see what was all of a sudden 927 00:58:47,366 --> 00:58:51,283 being brought into their little village. 928 00:58:51,316 --> 00:58:57,216 When it was time for dinner, they said, 929 00:58:57,250 --> 00:58:59,283 "We'll see you tomorrow." 930 00:59:02,000 --> 00:59:04,830 I was so excited. 931 00:59:04,116 --> 00:59:06,383 I was absolutely so exuberant, 932 00:59:07,160 --> 00:59:11,283 I ran in to my housemother and told her, 933 00:59:11,316 --> 00:59:15,266 "Somebody who's not Jewish wants to see me tomorrow." 934 00:59:18,133 --> 00:59:21,183 ROSENFELD: We did start going to school there, actually, 935 00:59:21,216 --> 00:59:22,333 and it was marvelous. 936 00:59:22,366 --> 00:59:26,660 I'd never realized what school really was like-- 937 00:59:26,100 --> 00:59:28,183 that you could participate. 938 00:59:28,216 --> 00:59:30,316 And I did enjoy it so. 939 00:59:30,350 --> 00:59:34,283 And the wonderful part about it, it had a library. 940 00:59:34,316 --> 00:59:37,133 I waded through that library. 941 00:59:37,166 --> 00:59:40,216 And that's how I learned to speak English, really. 942 00:59:40,250 --> 00:59:44,300 And I-- through that I got a love of English literature. 943 00:59:46,250 --> 00:59:48,166 But altogether, 944 00:59:48,200 --> 00:59:50,150 it was a wonderful experience, 945 00:59:50,183 --> 00:59:52,316 and the children were so friendly to us. 946 00:59:54,266 --> 00:59:57,250 HAYMAN: I knew that I was going to a school 947 00:59:57,283 --> 00:59:59,283 near Bournemouth in Dorset. 948 00:59:59,316 --> 01:00:02,000 It was the headmistress of the school 949 01:00:02,330 --> 01:00:05,660 who guaranteed to look after me. 950 01:00:06,116 --> 01:00:08,100 And when I arrived at the school, 951 01:00:08,133 --> 01:00:09,383 it was all these girls, 952 01:00:10,160 --> 01:00:14,830 very polite and very nice, very kind. 953 01:00:14,116 --> 01:00:16,183 I couldn't understand a word they said. 954 01:00:16,216 --> 01:00:18,000 I was given my bed, 955 01:00:18,330 --> 01:00:21,300 and the curtains could be drawn along, you know, 956 01:00:21,333 --> 01:00:23,200 to give me some privacy. 957 01:00:23,233 --> 01:00:26,233 I remember the first thing I did was putting a picture 958 01:00:26,266 --> 01:00:29,150 of my parents on the bedside table 959 01:00:29,183 --> 01:00:31,333 so that I could say goodnight to them. 960 01:00:31,366 --> 01:00:35,660 And the first 3 months before war broke out, 961 01:00:35,100 --> 01:00:37,500 we could still write home. 962 01:00:37,830 --> 01:00:40,150 So I could share my experiences with my parents 963 01:00:40,183 --> 01:00:43,660 and had very frequent letters, 964 01:00:43,100 --> 01:00:46,660 so I didn't feel quite so isolated. 965 01:00:59,316 --> 01:01:01,283 WOMAN: As you can well imagine, 966 01:01:01,316 --> 01:01:05,100 you have been constantly in our thoughts. 967 01:01:05,133 --> 01:01:07,160 We still see your face before us 968 01:01:07,500 --> 01:01:09,283 in that window of the railway carriage. 969 01:01:11,316 --> 01:01:14,500 MAN: My dearest little mouse, 970 01:01:14,830 --> 01:01:17,500 hopefully this letter will reach you already in your new home, 971 01:01:17,830 --> 01:01:20,116 where you surely will enjoy your stay. 972 01:01:20,150 --> 01:01:23,830 Be a very good little girl. 973 01:01:23,116 --> 01:01:24,383 Be obedient. 974 01:01:26,250 --> 01:01:28,160 BOY: Dear parents... 975 01:01:28,500 --> 01:01:30,183 how are you both? 976 01:01:30,216 --> 01:01:33,300 Today I had my first English lesson. 977 01:01:33,333 --> 01:01:36,000 Greetings and kisses. 978 01:01:37,350 --> 01:01:41,233 SECOND WOMAN: I was very happy with your dear little letter, 979 01:01:41,266 --> 01:01:45,333 only there shouldn't be so many spelling errors! 980 01:01:45,366 --> 01:01:49,166 THIRD WOMAN: If only I could see you just for a tiny moment. 981 01:01:49,200 --> 01:01:53,150 But as it is, I can only write letters full of longing. 982 01:01:54,183 --> 01:01:55,233 YOUNG GIRL: Dear daddy, 983 01:01:55,266 --> 01:02:00,500 thank you very much for the game of cards 984 01:02:00,830 --> 01:02:02,166 and the broaches 985 01:02:02,200 --> 01:02:04,266 and the bracelet. 986 01:02:04,300 --> 01:02:07,383 I had a game with them. 987 01:02:08,160 --> 01:02:10,100 FOURTH WOMAN: I keep running to the mailbox. 988 01:02:10,133 --> 01:02:13,830 Every line from you overwhelms me. 989 01:02:13,116 --> 01:02:17,000 Every day I thank God that you are in such good hands. 990 01:02:17,330 --> 01:02:19,283 But please show your gratefulness. 991 01:02:21,200 --> 01:02:23,316 SECOND YOUNG GIRL: My dear, good, darling parents, 992 01:02:23,350 --> 01:02:26,000 I feel very safe here, 993 01:02:26,330 --> 01:02:30,333 if only I was not so very scared about your safety. 994 01:02:35,266 --> 01:02:37,266 TEENAGE GIRL: For my birthday, you wrote me 995 01:02:37,300 --> 01:02:39,366 that I'll always have to be brave 996 01:02:40,000 --> 01:02:42,366 because you can't be happy if I'm not. 997 01:02:43,000 --> 01:02:47,383 And I can assure you that I always grit my teeth and smile. 998 01:02:50,366 --> 01:02:53,250 MAN: Your letter of yesterday was again so sweet 999 01:02:53,283 --> 01:02:55,250 and written with so much love 1000 01:02:55,283 --> 01:02:59,500 that tears came running down your mummy's face. 1001 01:02:59,830 --> 01:03:01,200 Your writing is so natural, 1002 01:03:01,233 --> 01:03:04,316 it makes me imagine that you're standing before me. 1003 01:03:07,160 --> 01:03:10,830 WOMAN: Your letters come to us like sunshine. 1004 01:03:10,116 --> 01:03:13,250 It's our future that gives us big worries. 1005 01:03:13,283 --> 01:03:16,000 We yearn to get away from here. 1006 01:03:16,330 --> 01:03:18,166 That's our fondest wish. 1007 01:03:18,200 --> 01:03:22,160 It'll be a difficult task for you to bring us over there, 1008 01:03:22,500 --> 01:03:25,133 but I have the feeling you'll manage it in time. 1009 01:03:31,330 --> 01:03:32,333 ALLARD: When I arrived in England, 1010 01:03:32,366 --> 01:03:37,383 I made it my priority to try and find homes for people 1011 01:03:38,160 --> 01:03:40,330 because I felt people didn't know 1012 01:03:40,660 --> 01:03:43,830 how desperate it was in Germany. 1013 01:03:43,116 --> 01:03:46,216 My biggest problem was to try and get my parents out, 1014 01:03:46,250 --> 01:03:48,330 and that was difficult 1015 01:03:48,660 --> 01:03:51,660 because it was either finding them a job, 1016 01:03:51,100 --> 01:03:54,350 and bearing in mind my father's age, 1017 01:03:54,383 --> 01:03:57,150 or getting this £100 guarantee, 1018 01:03:57,183 --> 01:04:00,160 which was just nowhere to be seen. 1019 01:04:02,250 --> 01:04:09,133 I proceeded to find large houses and knock at the door 1020 01:04:09,166 --> 01:04:13,133 to find out whether I could get them a job. 1021 01:04:14,233 --> 01:04:17,316 My mother as a cook, bottle washer, 1022 01:04:17,350 --> 01:04:19,216 my father as gardener, 1023 01:04:19,250 --> 01:04:22,116 anything just to get them out. 1024 01:04:22,150 --> 01:04:26,133 Sometimes I knocked at the door and I burst into tears. 1025 01:04:26,166 --> 01:04:30,366 Sometimes I knocked at the door and with my very poor English 1026 01:04:31,000 --> 01:04:33,216 could try to explain what it was all about, 1027 01:04:33,250 --> 01:04:36,250 who I was, what I wanted, what I needed. 1028 01:04:36,283 --> 01:04:38,500 Help. 1029 01:04:38,830 --> 01:04:41,000 Um, I did find someone, 1030 01:04:41,330 --> 01:04:44,000 and it--it was just... 1031 01:04:44,330 --> 01:04:47,660 like unbelievable dream come true. 1032 01:04:50,200 --> 01:04:55,150 HELLMAN: My father had a first cousin in London. 1033 01:04:55,183 --> 01:04:59,116 Every weekend I took the train into London 1034 01:04:59,150 --> 01:05:01,350 and bombarded him. 1035 01:05:01,383 --> 01:05:04,116 And I said, "Uncle Paul, 1036 01:05:04,150 --> 01:05:07,000 "you got to get my parents out of Germany." 1037 01:05:08,216 --> 01:05:10,283 He said, "I--I can't do it." 1038 01:05:12,500 --> 01:05:17,216 After me being so insistent, he finally said, 1039 01:05:17,250 --> 01:05:21,500 "I'll give him an affidavit if he has a working permit." 1040 01:05:24,133 --> 01:05:27,233 I went back to the Rothschild estate, 1041 01:05:27,266 --> 01:05:29,350 knocked on the door, 1042 01:05:29,383 --> 01:05:32,333 and the butler, who was about 10' 6", 1043 01:05:32,366 --> 01:05:37,266 came out and--and looked at me, 1044 01:05:37,300 --> 01:05:40,133 "What do you want?" 1045 01:05:40,166 --> 01:05:43,166 I said, "I want to speak to Baron Rothschild." 1046 01:05:46,316 --> 01:05:49,366 He said, "Wait here." 1047 01:05:50,000 --> 01:05:52,250 I waited. 1048 01:05:52,283 --> 01:05:56,383 A couple of minutes, and he says, "Follow me." 1049 01:05:58,300 --> 01:06:00,383 I said to him, "Baron Rothschild, 1050 01:06:01,160 --> 01:06:06,330 "my father's cousin will give him and my mother a visa 1051 01:06:06,660 --> 01:06:09,333 providing he has a working permit." 1052 01:06:09,366 --> 01:06:12,330 Without hesitation, 1053 01:06:12,660 --> 01:06:16,330 he said to me, "Would he work on a chicken farm?" 1054 01:06:16,660 --> 01:06:19,500 I said, "He'll do anything." 1055 01:06:19,830 --> 01:06:21,166 He went to a notary 1056 01:06:21,200 --> 01:06:25,160 and made out a working permit for my parents. 1057 01:06:27,200 --> 01:06:29,350 LEVERTON: The family that chose me 1058 01:06:29,383 --> 01:06:34,830 were the only people I could rely on 1059 01:06:34,116 --> 01:06:37,500 to give a visa for my little sister. 1060 01:06:37,830 --> 01:06:39,283 She was a beautiful little girl. They had no children. 1061 01:06:39,316 --> 01:06:42,330 I showed them the photograph of Inge, 1062 01:06:42,660 --> 01:06:44,266 and they seemed to like her very much. 1063 01:06:44,300 --> 01:06:51,200 I realized one thing, that Uncle Billy hated red hair. 1064 01:06:51,233 --> 01:06:54,333 Uncle Billy was paying maintenance 1065 01:06:54,366 --> 01:06:59,350 for a red-haired child, not his, by his first wife. 1066 01:06:59,383 --> 01:07:01,316 Well, say no more. 1067 01:07:01,350 --> 01:07:05,166 Inge was a bright redhead. 1068 01:07:05,200 --> 01:07:07,233 The question of color hair never arose 1069 01:07:07,266 --> 01:07:09,830 because I had brown hair. 1070 01:07:09,116 --> 01:07:12,100 One day, he said to me, quite idly, 1071 01:07:12,133 --> 01:07:14,233 "What color hair does your sister have?" 1072 01:07:14,266 --> 01:07:16,383 I said, "Oh, like mine." 1073 01:07:17,160 --> 01:07:18,300 No more was said. 1074 01:07:18,333 --> 01:07:21,216 And they gave permission for her to come, 1075 01:07:21,250 --> 01:07:23,183 and they would take her in. 1076 01:07:26,160 --> 01:07:28,166 SADAN: I went very happily to England. 1077 01:07:28,200 --> 01:07:30,116 It was an adventure, you know, 1078 01:07:30,150 --> 01:07:33,283 to go abroad, to go on the train. 1079 01:07:33,316 --> 01:07:36,183 My sister wrote fantastic letters. 1080 01:07:36,216 --> 01:07:38,316 Everything was wonderful, 1081 01:07:38,350 --> 01:07:41,330 and she was having a marvelous time, 1082 01:07:41,660 --> 01:07:42,166 and so was my brother. 1083 01:07:42,200 --> 01:07:45,500 And my brother said he had a dog. 1084 01:07:45,830 --> 01:07:49,333 And when I got there, actually, there was a dog and a cat. 1085 01:07:49,366 --> 01:07:53,660 The dog bit me, so I didn't think much of that. 1086 01:07:54,150 --> 01:07:57,233 LEVERTON: Inge arrived, her hair aflame, 1087 01:07:57,266 --> 01:07:59,266 titian red. 1088 01:07:59,300 --> 01:08:02,233 Uncle Billy was furious. 1089 01:08:02,266 --> 01:08:05,316 So he turned around and he called me a so-and-so liar, 1090 01:08:05,350 --> 01:08:07,333 and I said to him, 1091 01:08:07,366 --> 01:08:12,500 "Because Inge has red hair, I leave her at home in Germany?" 1092 01:08:12,830 --> 01:08:13,350 I said, "Now you send her away. 1093 01:08:13,383 --> 01:08:17,660 Don't mind. Thank you for asking her here." 1094 01:08:17,100 --> 01:08:18,350 And he calmed down in the end, 1095 01:08:18,383 --> 01:08:21,100 and he did accept her into the house. 1096 01:08:24,100 --> 01:08:26,183 SEGAL: I think I had a sense, for instance, 1097 01:08:26,216 --> 01:08:29,830 while I was playing, while I was laughing, 1098 01:08:29,116 --> 01:08:32,500 that was the moment in which I could have been, 1099 01:08:32,830 --> 01:08:33,150 and should have been, 1100 01:08:33,183 --> 01:08:38,366 doing something about this--this demand on me 1101 01:08:39,000 --> 01:08:41,330 that I should bring my parents out. 1102 01:08:42,300 --> 01:08:44,830 From Dovercourt camp, 1103 01:08:44,116 --> 01:08:49,116 I wrote a couple of letters to the refugee committee in London, 1104 01:08:49,150 --> 01:08:53,333 and I think they must have been moved by a letter from a child 1105 01:08:53,366 --> 01:08:56,200 asking to get her parents out of Vienna. 1106 01:08:56,233 --> 01:09:00,133 And they did get my parents a domestic service visa. 1107 01:09:00,166 --> 01:09:04,250 And my parents appeared miraculously in Liverpool 1108 01:09:04,283 --> 01:09:06,200 on my 11th birthday. 1109 01:09:07,383 --> 01:09:14,830 And I remember feeling that some terrific weight 1110 01:09:14,116 --> 01:09:15,350 that I had been carrying, 1111 01:09:15,383 --> 01:09:18,216 and hadn't known I had been carrying, 1112 01:09:18,250 --> 01:09:21,330 was taken off my back. 1113 01:09:26,250 --> 01:09:29,150 ALLARD: Everything was being done to get the papers 1114 01:09:29,183 --> 01:09:33,330 for my parents to come out, and war started. 1115 01:09:33,660 --> 01:09:35,100 And that was the end of that. 1116 01:09:42,166 --> 01:09:46,166 I just felt the world's come to an end. 1117 01:09:46,200 --> 01:09:48,283 Shattering, if I think about it, 1118 01:09:48,316 --> 01:09:53,200 because everything was built around this reunion 1119 01:09:53,233 --> 01:09:56,216 and my temporary stay in England. 1120 01:09:56,250 --> 01:09:59,216 [Bells chiming] 1121 01:09:59,250 --> 01:10:02,100 NEWSREEL COMMENTATOR: The fateful hour of 11:00 has struck, 1122 01:10:02,133 --> 01:10:04,116 and the state of war once more exists 1123 01:10:04,150 --> 01:10:06,660 between Great Britain and Germany. 1124 01:10:08,283 --> 01:10:10,366 Only 25 minutes after war had been declared 1125 01:10:11,000 --> 01:10:13,316 came the first air-raid warning. 1126 01:10:13,350 --> 01:10:16,000 [Air-raid alarms sounding] 1127 01:10:20,300 --> 01:10:25,200 ALLARD: Everything we'd ever talked about or written about... 1128 01:10:25,233 --> 01:10:28,116 and thought about-- it had all collapsed. 1129 01:10:28,150 --> 01:10:31,133 Everything had collapsed. 1130 01:10:31,166 --> 01:10:34,333 I think I cried for, not weeks, not months. 1131 01:10:34,366 --> 01:10:36,266 I cried for years. 1132 01:10:41,830 --> 01:10:43,660 NARRATOR: War ended all Kindertransports 1133 01:10:43,100 --> 01:10:47,100 and legal immigration from central Europe to England. 1134 01:10:47,133 --> 01:10:48,283 It also ended regular mail 1135 01:10:48,316 --> 01:10:51,200 between the children and their parents. 1136 01:10:51,233 --> 01:10:54,160 The only way they could now communicate 1137 01:10:54,500 --> 01:10:56,330 was by 25-word postcards 1138 01:10:56,660 --> 01:10:58,166 sent through the International Red Cross. 1139 01:11:03,330 --> 01:11:07,116 HAYMAN: The isolation came when the letters ceased. 1140 01:11:07,150 --> 01:11:08,283 That was accepted, 1141 01:11:08,316 --> 01:11:13,200 that you didn't talk about what hurt you. 1142 01:11:13,233 --> 01:11:15,183 I couldn't speak Czech with anybody. 1143 01:11:15,216 --> 01:11:18,133 I didn't want to tell my sister how unhappy I was 1144 01:11:18,166 --> 01:11:22,100 because I felt, you know, she was too young anyhow. 1145 01:11:22,133 --> 01:11:24,266 I wrote at that time in my diary. 1146 01:11:24,300 --> 01:11:29,166 "I never dreamt that one could be so lonely and go on living 1147 01:11:29,200 --> 01:11:33,000 "with this constant fear for our loved ones. 1148 01:11:33,330 --> 01:11:36,333 "The tears I shed at night do not ease my pain, 1149 01:11:36,366 --> 01:11:41,830 "yet I was told that one feels better after a good cry. 1150 01:11:41,116 --> 01:11:43,383 "All I have is a swollen face, 1151 01:11:44,160 --> 01:11:47,330 and my heart is as heavy as it was before." 1152 01:11:48,216 --> 01:11:51,350 My pillow often was very wet in the morning. 1153 01:11:55,383 --> 01:11:59,150 There was a gardener who didn't understand, 1154 01:11:59,183 --> 01:12:01,150 perhaps, what I was going through, 1155 01:12:01,183 --> 01:12:03,160 but he always said to me, 1156 01:12:03,500 --> 01:12:05,350 "Don't worry, it won't last long." 1157 01:12:05,383 --> 01:12:07,283 And whether I believed him or not, 1158 01:12:07,316 --> 01:12:09,350 it was good to hear him say that. 1159 01:12:09,383 --> 01:12:12,366 And he always gave me a flower. 1160 01:12:13,000 --> 01:12:16,000 NARRATOR: Within a few months of their arrival in England, 1161 01:12:16,330 --> 01:12:17,283 many of the refugees, 1162 01:12:17,316 --> 01:12:19,266 along with other English children, 1163 01:12:19,300 --> 01:12:23,116 were forced to evacuate to new families in the country, 1164 01:12:23,150 --> 01:12:26,100 to escape the expected bombing of the cities. 1165 01:12:26,133 --> 01:12:27,350 Good morning. 1166 01:12:27,383 --> 01:12:30,000 You kindly consented to take two children in? 1167 01:12:30,330 --> 01:12:31,100 Yes, I'll take two children. 1168 01:12:31,133 --> 01:12:32,316 Two little girls. Here they are. 1169 01:12:32,350 --> 01:12:34,366 They'll be very happy with you, I'm sure. 1170 01:12:35,000 --> 01:12:36,660 Thank you very much. 1171 01:12:36,100 --> 01:12:37,300 Two nice little girls, aren't they? 1172 01:12:37,333 --> 01:12:40,216 SEGAL: None of the foster parents with whom I stayed, 1173 01:12:40,250 --> 01:12:42,200 and there were 5 of them, 1174 01:12:42,233 --> 01:12:44,300 none of them could stand me for very long, 1175 01:12:44,333 --> 01:12:50,366 but all of them had the grace to take in a Jewish child. 1176 01:12:51,000 --> 01:12:53,333 They were not particularly warm. 1177 01:12:53,366 --> 01:12:56,100 They were not par-- they did not love me, 1178 01:12:56,133 --> 01:12:58,133 I did not love them. 1179 01:12:58,166 --> 01:13:00,183 Nevertheless, they did, as I say, 1180 01:13:00,216 --> 01:13:02,216 what most of us don't do, 1181 01:13:02,250 --> 01:13:06,116 which is to--to burden the household, 1182 01:13:06,150 --> 01:13:08,250 the kitchens and the bedroom and the living room, 1183 01:13:08,283 --> 01:13:10,250 with this little foreigner. 1184 01:13:12,266 --> 01:13:15,233 FUCHEL: Mariam was somewhat aloof. 1185 01:13:15,266 --> 01:13:16,383 It was her manner. 1186 01:13:17,160 --> 01:13:19,250 She was loving, but she didn't hug and kiss me, 1187 01:13:19,283 --> 01:13:21,216 whereas my mother was the exact opposite. 1188 01:13:21,250 --> 01:13:24,500 She used to, not just kiss me once, in fact, 1189 01:13:24,830 --> 01:13:26,830 but she sort of kissed me, you know, 1190 01:13:26,116 --> 01:13:28,383 rat-tat-tat, like a machine gun. 1191 01:13:29,160 --> 01:13:32,116 But Mariam was distant and nice, 1192 01:13:32,150 --> 01:13:34,133 and I think that's what I needed, 1193 01:13:34,166 --> 01:13:40,383 because I had trouble really feeling that I belonged there. 1194 01:13:41,160 --> 01:13:43,133 And to have sort of pushed me into it 1195 01:13:43,166 --> 01:13:44,333 would have, I think, been difficult. 1196 01:13:44,366 --> 01:13:47,283 He didn't cry, not at all, not at all. 1197 01:13:47,316 --> 01:13:49,200 Couldn't understand it. 1198 01:13:49,233 --> 01:13:51,333 RADIO COMMENTATOR: This is London calling... 1199 01:13:51,366 --> 01:13:53,266 COHEN: Just once. 1200 01:13:53,300 --> 01:13:57,233 They used to like to listen to some programs on the wireless. 1201 01:13:57,266 --> 01:14:00,250 And, you know, he used to come sit on my knee, 1202 01:14:00,283 --> 01:14:03,283 and there was something-- something in the news. 1203 01:14:03,316 --> 01:14:05,183 I just heard him once go [gasp], 1204 01:14:05,216 --> 01:14:08,166 you know, a little sob, and that was all. 1205 01:14:10,150 --> 01:14:12,133 FUCHEL: I tried really to please the Cohens 1206 01:14:12,166 --> 01:14:15,383 because, you know, I loved them and I felt very dependent. 1207 01:14:16,160 --> 01:14:21,150 One of my main worries was that I would be sent away. 1208 01:14:21,183 --> 01:14:25,250 And I know this happened to another boy, somewhat older, 1209 01:14:25,283 --> 01:14:28,316 who was taken in by some friends of the Cohens, 1210 01:14:28,350 --> 01:14:31,266 and he was arrogant and impossible, 1211 01:14:31,300 --> 01:14:34,266 and eventually they simply had to send him to, 1212 01:14:34,300 --> 01:14:36,316 you know, some other home. 1213 01:14:36,350 --> 01:14:39,350 And I'd heard other places where this happened. 1214 01:14:39,383 --> 01:14:43,183 So, I felt very much on edge. 1215 01:14:45,350 --> 01:14:49,333 SUGAR: Word came that my mother is no longer in London. 1216 01:14:49,366 --> 01:14:53,333 She went back to Vienna to get my father to move, 1217 01:14:53,366 --> 01:14:55,216 who was impassive. 1218 01:14:55,250 --> 01:14:59,283 So I really did make up my mind I would be as tough as nails. 1219 01:14:59,316 --> 01:15:01,216 I would--nothing would hurt me, 1220 01:15:01,250 --> 01:15:04,300 I would have no emotions. 1221 01:15:04,333 --> 01:15:08,166 And it carried me through for about 6 or 7 years. 1222 01:15:08,200 --> 01:15:10,366 [School bell rings] 1223 01:15:11,000 --> 01:15:13,266 SUGAR: I got a scholarship to a grammar school. 1224 01:15:13,300 --> 01:15:15,366 And people were saying to me, partly in jealousy, 1225 01:15:16,000 --> 01:15:18,233 said, "You know, they are snobs in these schools 1226 01:15:18,266 --> 01:15:20,330 and they are anti-Semites, 1227 01:15:20,660 --> 01:15:22,500 "And you've got to watch yourself, you know. 1228 01:15:22,830 --> 01:15:24,100 They're gonna take it out on you." 1229 01:15:24,133 --> 01:15:26,200 And I went to school. 1230 01:15:26,233 --> 01:15:30,000 I had a school tie, I guess, or a blazer, 1231 01:15:30,330 --> 01:15:32,283 I mean, I was just entering a new world. 1232 01:15:32,316 --> 01:15:34,366 It was...the sun was shining. 1233 01:15:35,000 --> 01:15:38,216 I went to school, and a fellow came up to me, and he said, 1234 01:15:38,250 --> 01:15:42,000 "Who are you?" and I just knocked him down. 1235 01:15:42,330 --> 01:15:45,830 [Children yelling] 1236 01:15:45,116 --> 01:15:46,166 FUCHEL: There was, no doubt, 1237 01:15:46,200 --> 01:15:49,500 a cost of trying to be good all the time 1238 01:15:49,830 --> 01:15:52,116 and keeping my anger in. 1239 01:15:52,150 --> 01:15:54,350 Only once did it slip. 1240 01:15:54,383 --> 01:15:58,200 One day John and I were having breakfast, 1241 01:15:58,233 --> 01:16:00,200 and there was some silly argument 1242 01:16:00,233 --> 01:16:03,216 over who got the marmalade first. 1243 01:16:03,250 --> 01:16:05,250 And Kurt threw a knife. 1244 01:16:05,283 --> 01:16:07,383 That was the only time he was naughty. 1245 01:16:08,160 --> 01:16:12,830 And John had a little wound here, which was near his eye. 1246 01:16:12,116 --> 01:16:13,316 It wasn't very nice. 1247 01:16:13,350 --> 01:16:17,350 And Dr. Rose, who was our great friend, lived a few doors down, 1248 01:16:17,383 --> 01:16:20,216 and he came in, and he was furious. 1249 01:16:20,250 --> 01:16:22,250 "You shouldn't have taken this child in," 1250 01:16:22,283 --> 01:16:24,233 and da-da-da-da-da. 1251 01:16:24,266 --> 01:16:28,830 FUCHEL: It terrified the entire family, and me, too. 1252 01:16:28,116 --> 01:16:30,160 Since then I've been somewhat afraid 1253 01:16:30,500 --> 01:16:33,283 of my possibility of letting go to anger. 1254 01:16:33,316 --> 01:16:36,660 The other sign that I had a lot inside me 1255 01:16:36,100 --> 01:16:40,100 was that I always had some intestinal problems. 1256 01:16:40,133 --> 01:16:41,333 Until I went in the army, 1257 01:16:41,366 --> 01:16:44,316 and then I had the most terrible food and felt fine. 1258 01:16:44,350 --> 01:16:46,333 I have an analogy for this. 1259 01:16:46,366 --> 01:16:49,116 When...all of us have had the experience 1260 01:16:49,150 --> 01:16:51,316 of finding a bird with a broken wing. 1261 01:16:51,350 --> 01:16:55,500 And you pick up this bird and you hold it in your hand. 1262 01:16:55,830 --> 01:16:58,233 And you think it's going to sit there quietly, sweetly, 1263 01:16:58,266 --> 01:17:01,383 with its warm feathers, and be--and be darling. 1264 01:17:02,160 --> 01:17:07,160 It's not. What it does is immediately to use its muscles, 1265 01:17:07,500 --> 01:17:09,366 and it's a very uncomfortable thing to hold in your hand 1266 01:17:10,160 --> 01:17:12,383 because there's this fluttering. What he wants is to get away. 1267 01:17:13,160 --> 01:17:16,150 It may need you to hold it and to--to nurse it, 1268 01:17:16,183 --> 01:17:19,216 but what it wants is to get the heck out of there. 1269 01:17:19,250 --> 01:17:22,330 And I think that's what we were like. 1270 01:17:22,660 --> 01:17:24,000 Uh, certain that's what I was like. 1271 01:17:24,330 --> 01:17:26,100 I was--I was not nice to have around. 1272 01:17:35,200 --> 01:17:37,283 GORDON: So I got a new job in London, 1273 01:17:37,316 --> 01:17:43,160 and I was working there until June 28, 1940. 1274 01:17:43,500 --> 01:17:45,383 It was lunchtime, and I was sitting having a sandwich 1275 01:17:46,160 --> 01:17:49,383 when suddenly two guys appeared, two men. 1276 01:17:50,160 --> 01:17:51,100 C.I.D. 1277 01:17:52,300 --> 01:17:53,300 "What have I done?" 1278 01:17:53,333 --> 01:17:55,366 "Nothing. You are Abrascha Gorbulski?" 1279 01:17:56,000 --> 01:17:57,283 Et cetera, et cetera. 1280 01:17:57,316 --> 01:18:00,100 "You are now under arrest." 1281 01:18:00,133 --> 01:18:02,316 Under arrest. "For what?" 1282 01:18:02,350 --> 01:18:06,830 "You are an enemy alien, and please come with us." 1283 01:18:07,200 --> 01:18:10,830 NARRATOR: After Germany invaded western Europe, 1284 01:18:10,116 --> 01:18:12,266 the British began rounding up all refugees 1285 01:18:12,300 --> 01:18:17,000 from Germany and Austria who were over the age of 16. 1286 01:18:17,330 --> 01:18:21,330 Although the vast majority were refugees from Nazi persecution, 1287 01:18:21,660 --> 01:18:25,266 anyone with a foreign accent was viewed as a potential saboteur. 1288 01:18:25,300 --> 01:18:28,283 Within a few months, the government interned 1289 01:18:28,316 --> 01:18:32,150 approximately 30,000 men and women. 1290 01:18:32,183 --> 01:18:36,183 Plans were made to deport as many as possible. 1291 01:18:36,216 --> 01:18:39,000 The good thing about life is, you know, you remember 1292 01:18:39,330 --> 01:18:42,500 all the good things that happen to you, 1293 01:18:42,830 --> 01:18:44,000 and bad things, you forget about them, 1294 01:18:44,330 --> 01:18:46,150 and in fact, you have to make an effort 1295 01:18:46,183 --> 01:18:49,116 to really remember them. 1296 01:18:49,150 --> 01:18:52,500 The day came and we had to go to the ship. 1297 01:18:52,830 --> 01:18:53,250 Uh, soldiers were standing there 1298 01:18:53,283 --> 01:18:57,500 with bayonets mounted on their rifles. 1299 01:18:57,830 --> 01:18:59,216 And they pushed us along and said, 1300 01:18:59,250 --> 01:19:02,830 "Leave your luggage over there. You'll get it later on." 1301 01:19:02,116 --> 01:19:03,383 And they pushed us along the deck. 1302 01:19:04,160 --> 01:19:07,160 Before you knew it, we went down the stairs, another stairs. 1303 01:19:07,500 --> 01:19:09,350 I was on the third deck. 1304 01:19:09,383 --> 01:19:15,000 NARRATOR: Over 2,500 prisoners, twice the capacity of the ship, 1305 01:19:15,330 --> 01:19:18,166 were crammed onto the HMT Dunera, 1306 01:19:18,200 --> 01:19:21,160 supposedly bound for Canada. 1307 01:19:23,830 --> 01:19:25,660 Two days out of Liverpool, 1308 01:19:25,100 --> 01:19:28,660 the Dunera was spotted by a German U-boat. 1309 01:19:33,830 --> 01:19:35,183 GORDON: Suddenly something hits the ship. 1310 01:19:35,216 --> 01:19:37,133 The lights went out. 1311 01:19:37,166 --> 01:19:39,660 This was the end of it. 1312 01:19:39,100 --> 01:19:42,266 Everybody gravitated towards the stairway, 1313 01:19:42,300 --> 01:19:46,330 which led to the deck above. 1314 01:19:46,660 --> 01:19:47,266 And after about two minutes, 1315 01:19:47,300 --> 01:19:50,100 you couldn't get up there because there were so many-- 1316 01:19:50,133 --> 01:19:53,383 the stairs-- because we were just choking. 1317 01:19:54,160 --> 01:19:56,316 And suddenly the lights went on again. 1318 01:19:56,350 --> 01:20:00,330 Everybody stopped in their... 1319 01:20:00,660 --> 01:20:02,660 steps and went back down. 1320 01:20:02,100 --> 01:20:04,283 The torpedo didn't explode, 1321 01:20:04,316 --> 01:20:06,100 but I was under the impression 1322 01:20:06,133 --> 01:20:09,160 that the torpedo hit us sideways 1323 01:20:09,500 --> 01:20:11,250 and it just bounced off. 1324 01:20:11,283 --> 01:20:12,283 Our luck. 1325 01:20:12,316 --> 01:20:14,150 Because if it would have hit, 1326 01:20:14,183 --> 01:20:16,216 all of us would have been finished. 1327 01:20:18,266 --> 01:20:23,383 We're travelling, going west for several days. 1328 01:20:24,160 --> 01:20:26,160 But suddenly our outlook said, 1329 01:20:26,500 --> 01:20:27,383 "Something's happening. We are not going west. 1330 01:20:28,160 --> 01:20:30,283 We are turning south." 1331 01:20:30,316 --> 01:20:32,316 We had no idea where we were going, 1332 01:20:32,350 --> 01:20:35,233 except it must have been Australia. 1333 01:20:35,266 --> 01:20:38,200 We were starving daily. They were treating us like pigs. 1334 01:20:40,500 --> 01:20:42,250 Being hungry every day, people were lining up on-- 1335 01:20:42,283 --> 01:20:44,350 in the kitchen there to get an empty pot, 1336 01:20:44,383 --> 01:20:48,333 you know, where the jam was, and to--just to scrape it out, 1337 01:20:48,366 --> 01:20:52,200 and having one slice of bread. 1338 01:20:52,233 --> 01:20:55,160 The existence from one day to another 1339 01:20:55,500 --> 01:20:57,330 was worse than the day before, 1340 01:20:57,660 --> 01:21:01,830 and we were on the ship for almost completely two months! 1341 01:21:02,660 --> 01:21:04,660 What happened on the Dunera? 1342 01:21:04,100 --> 01:21:06,330 Uh...years later I'm looking at it. 1343 01:21:06,660 --> 01:21:09,183 This didn't happen to me. It must have been somebody else 1344 01:21:09,216 --> 01:21:12,266 because it was horrible, too horrible to describe. 1345 01:21:12,300 --> 01:21:14,150 [Instrumental music] 1346 01:21:16,000 --> 01:21:17,183 NEWSREEL COMMENTATOR: From an overseas liner 1347 01:21:17,216 --> 01:21:20,216 in Sydney Harbor, a strange contingent of new arrivals 1348 01:21:20,250 --> 01:21:22,166 is transshipped aboard a ferry-- 1349 01:21:22,200 --> 01:21:24,316 enemy aliens who are being interned in Australia 1350 01:21:24,350 --> 01:21:26,233 for the duration of the war. 1351 01:21:26,266 --> 01:21:30,500 GORDON: Before we knew it, we were off the ship. 1352 01:21:30,830 --> 01:21:33,116 The first thing I remember is that each one of us 1353 01:21:33,150 --> 01:21:36,350 got a box of food. 1354 01:21:36,383 --> 01:21:40,133 That was the best meal I ever had in my life. 1355 01:21:40,166 --> 01:21:43,500 After starving for two months, I opened up. 1356 01:21:43,830 --> 01:21:46,300 There were two cheese sandwiches, thick like this, 1357 01:21:46,333 --> 01:21:51,216 and a banana and an apple and an orange, 1358 01:21:51,250 --> 01:21:54,166 and they're giving second helpings. 1359 01:21:54,200 --> 01:21:55,383 It was unbelievable. 1360 01:21:56,316 --> 01:21:58,150 [Indistinct chatter] 1361 01:22:00,660 --> 01:22:01,333 NARRATOR: As the war progressed, 1362 01:22:01,366 --> 01:22:04,500 reports of mass arrests and deportation 1363 01:22:04,830 --> 01:22:07,250 of central European Jews began to reach Britain. 1364 01:22:10,250 --> 01:22:12,350 [Dramatic music] 1365 01:22:17,266 --> 01:22:19,266 WOLLHEIM: In the spring of '43, 1366 01:22:19,300 --> 01:22:22,350 the city of Berlin was cleansed of the last Jews. 1367 01:22:22,383 --> 01:22:25,283 They came and took my family and myself along, 1368 01:22:25,316 --> 01:22:29,000 and we were taken to a collection point, 1369 01:22:29,330 --> 01:22:32,266 and after a couple of days we were deported to Auschwitz, 1370 01:22:32,300 --> 01:22:35,333 though we did not know when we got to the train, 1371 01:22:35,366 --> 01:22:40,383 which consisted of cattle cars, where we were going. 1372 01:22:42,300 --> 01:22:46,283 We landed in Auschwitz, and the moment we landed there, 1373 01:22:46,316 --> 01:22:50,150 we were commanded to leave the trains. 1374 01:22:50,183 --> 01:22:53,233 Women with children to the left and men to the right. 1375 01:22:53,266 --> 01:22:56,316 And that was then the last time that I saw my wife, 1376 01:22:56,350 --> 01:22:59,330 my then wife, and child. 1377 01:22:59,660 --> 01:23:01,283 [Dramatic music] 1378 01:23:07,150 --> 01:23:09,133 NARRATOR: Lory Cahn and her family 1379 01:23:09,166 --> 01:23:11,166 were deported to Theresienstadt, 1380 01:23:11,200 --> 01:23:15,160 the Czech ghetto the Nazis used to deceive the world 1381 01:23:15,500 --> 01:23:18,500 about how humanely they treated their prisoners. 1382 01:23:18,830 --> 01:23:21,183 In time, the population of Theresienstadt 1383 01:23:21,216 --> 01:23:22,383 exceeded its capacity. 1384 01:23:25,000 --> 01:23:28,660 CAHN: One day they came into our barrack, 1385 01:23:28,100 --> 01:23:32,183 and my name was called to report to the railroad station. 1386 01:23:34,350 --> 01:23:37,830 And I went to the railroad station. 1387 01:23:37,116 --> 01:23:39,500 And as they called your name, 1388 01:23:39,830 --> 01:23:42,100 you had to go and see this S.S. guy, 1389 01:23:42,133 --> 01:23:47,166 and he crossed you off the list, and then you went into the car. 1390 01:23:47,200 --> 01:23:51,660 I got there, and I repeated my name. 1391 01:23:51,100 --> 01:23:54,266 He said, "You're not going." 1392 01:23:54,300 --> 01:23:57,300 I had no idea, I didn't dare ask why or what, 1393 01:23:57,333 --> 01:24:02,000 but that was the end of it, and they sent me back. 1394 01:24:02,330 --> 01:24:06,500 And this went on for about maybe two weeks. 1395 01:24:06,830 --> 01:24:10,200 I'd been at the railroad station, I think, 4 times, 1396 01:24:10,233 --> 01:24:14,166 and I was a complete wreck. 1397 01:24:14,200 --> 01:24:20,160 To say good-bye to your parents, one time, a second time, 1398 01:24:20,500 --> 01:24:22,100 a third time, and a fourth time. 1399 01:24:22,133 --> 01:24:26,183 And once before when I was in the Kindertransport. 1400 01:24:26,216 --> 01:24:29,350 It was just absolutely devastating. 1401 01:24:32,283 --> 01:24:34,330 And every time I said good-bye, 1402 01:24:34,660 --> 01:24:36,383 I think I tore a little piece out of my mother 1403 01:24:37,160 --> 01:24:38,830 and out of my father, 1404 01:24:38,116 --> 01:24:41,216 and also a big piece out of myself. 1405 01:24:41,250 --> 01:24:45,316 The last time it happened, I said to the guy, 1406 01:24:45,350 --> 01:24:49,100 "Would you terribly mind, but I want to go." 1407 01:24:49,133 --> 01:24:50,200 "Are you sure of that?" 1408 01:24:50,233 --> 01:24:54,133 I said yes. Crossed my name off, and I went. 1409 01:24:58,116 --> 01:25:01,383 And little did I know that we were going to Auschwitz. 1410 01:25:06,000 --> 01:25:07,133 There was a long period 1411 01:25:07,166 --> 01:25:10,300 where I did not hear anything from my parents. 1412 01:25:10,333 --> 01:25:12,300 And I said, "Well, it's wartime." 1413 01:25:12,333 --> 01:25:16,216 And I found all kinds of reasons and excuses. 1414 01:25:16,250 --> 01:25:20,366 And then, finally, I received a letter from my father 1415 01:25:21,000 --> 01:25:24,660 in which he said, "Tomorrow I'm going to be deported 1416 01:25:24,100 --> 01:25:26,133 "to an unknown destination, 1417 01:25:26,166 --> 01:25:30,660 and it may be a very long time before you hear from me again." 1418 01:25:32,200 --> 01:25:36,150 And then I received a letter from my mother. 1419 01:25:36,183 --> 01:25:40,383 She says, "Tomorrow I'm going to be deported from here." 1420 01:25:41,160 --> 01:25:45,660 And she encourages me to be good and honest 1421 01:25:45,100 --> 01:25:48,216 and courageous and to hold my head high 1422 01:25:48,250 --> 01:25:50,250 and to never give up hope, 1423 01:25:50,283 --> 01:25:54,350 and this at a time when I think she knew 1424 01:25:54,383 --> 01:25:57,116 what might be happening to her. 1425 01:25:57,150 --> 01:25:58,383 [Train chugging] 1426 01:26:00,183 --> 01:26:04,100 And then there was one more communication from her, 1427 01:26:04,133 --> 01:26:08,283 a postcard dated September 4, 1942. 1428 01:26:08,316 --> 01:26:11,233 And it's written in real shaky handwriting, 1429 01:26:11,266 --> 01:26:15,330 and she's saying that she's travelling to the east 1430 01:26:15,660 --> 01:26:20,166 and is saying a very final goodbye to me. 1431 01:26:20,200 --> 01:26:23,316 But for many, many, many years, 1432 01:26:23,350 --> 01:26:27,830 I would see the postcard in front of me, and I would-- 1433 01:26:27,116 --> 01:26:30,150 see, she's saying, "Travelling to the east," 1434 01:26:30,183 --> 01:26:33,500 and yet, I would understand that she's saying 1435 01:26:33,830 --> 01:26:35,300 she's travelling in an easterly direction. 1436 01:26:35,333 --> 01:26:37,183 And then I would say to myself, 1437 01:26:37,216 --> 01:26:40,233 "Well, maybe she's going back to Kippenheim. 1438 01:26:40,266 --> 01:26:42,166 And maybe that's good." 1439 01:26:42,200 --> 01:26:44,333 And the final good-bye I didn't understand. 1440 01:26:46,333 --> 01:26:49,166 [Train approaching] 1441 01:26:52,660 --> 01:26:53,200 [Baby crying] 1442 01:26:53,233 --> 01:26:56,830 SADAN: I always felt I should be grateful 1443 01:26:56,116 --> 01:26:58,100 and that we had been saved 1444 01:26:58,133 --> 01:27:01,116 and that these people had taken us in 1445 01:27:01,150 --> 01:27:04,200 and I should be happier there. 1446 01:27:04,233 --> 01:27:06,300 But, you know, facts are facts, 1447 01:27:06,333 --> 01:27:09,383 and it wasn't a good place to be. 1448 01:27:10,160 --> 01:27:13,366 Uncle Billy, who was not a very courageous man, 1449 01:27:14,000 --> 01:27:17,116 every night, he would go into the country, 1450 01:27:17,150 --> 01:27:18,216 but he took us with. 1451 01:27:18,250 --> 01:27:21,500 We went and-- to escape to bombs-- 1452 01:27:21,830 --> 01:27:24,000 until one day, the people where we were staying-- 1453 01:27:24,330 --> 01:27:29,500 we slept in a--all in a room there, in a cottage-- 1454 01:27:29,830 --> 01:27:32,350 and the people said they don't want the German children, 1455 01:27:32,383 --> 01:27:36,250 so we didn't go into the country anymore. 1456 01:27:36,283 --> 01:27:38,366 [Air-raid sirens sounding] 1457 01:27:47,166 --> 01:27:50,133 One day the sirens sounded, 1458 01:27:50,166 --> 01:27:54,200 and what was known as the Coventry Blitz started. 1459 01:27:56,160 --> 01:27:57,366 [Bombs exploding] 1460 01:28:05,150 --> 01:28:07,283 And when the bombs started to fall, 1461 01:28:07,316 --> 01:28:10,000 we stayed with Auntie Vera's mother, 1462 01:28:10,330 --> 01:28:12,116 who had a boarding house. 1463 01:28:12,150 --> 01:28:16,133 And the whole night long, the bombs rained down, 1464 01:28:16,166 --> 01:28:20,316 and Coventry was a very hot place to be. 1465 01:28:20,350 --> 01:28:23,216 We were in one house, and that was bombed. 1466 01:28:23,250 --> 01:28:25,216 And there was a big fire upstairs, 1467 01:28:25,250 --> 01:28:28,500 and everybody rushed out. 1468 01:28:28,830 --> 01:28:30,160 [Dramatic music] 1469 01:29:02,316 --> 01:29:06,366 In the morning, when Auntie Vera and Uncle Billy came back 1470 01:29:07,000 --> 01:29:10,283 and they saw one of the boarding houses without any house, 1471 01:29:10,316 --> 01:29:13,233 just a spiral of a bedstead, 1472 01:29:13,266 --> 01:29:16,183 they were very shocked and they thought we'd all been killed. 1473 01:29:16,216 --> 01:29:18,266 And they rushed over to the other house, 1474 01:29:18,300 --> 01:29:22,133 and there we were all drinking tea, as alive as anything. 1475 01:29:22,166 --> 01:29:26,316 And that was the only time I saw Auntie Vera cry, 1476 01:29:26,350 --> 01:29:31,233 I think relief, because I guess she had a heart after all. 1477 01:29:33,350 --> 01:29:36,100 COMMANDER: Halt! 1478 01:29:36,133 --> 01:29:40,216 Advance. End of line. March! 1479 01:29:40,250 --> 01:29:41,250 Jorgensky! 1480 01:29:41,283 --> 01:29:42,250 Here! 1481 01:29:42,283 --> 01:29:43,383 Tzufevich. Here! 1482 01:29:44,160 --> 01:29:45,660 Leventhal. Here! 1483 01:29:45,100 --> 01:29:46,100 Alba. Sir! 1484 01:29:46,133 --> 01:29:47,283 Rosenthal. Here! 1485 01:29:47,316 --> 01:29:49,160 Tozic. Here. 1486 01:29:49,500 --> 01:29:51,330 Tolina. Here. 1487 01:29:51,660 --> 01:29:53,366 Yes, they all have names like those. 1488 01:29:54,000 --> 01:29:56,316 This company, which I command, 1489 01:29:56,350 --> 01:29:58,500 is almost entirely composed 1490 01:29:58,830 --> 01:30:01,183 of German and Austrian anti-fascists. 1491 01:30:01,216 --> 01:30:06,160 It is one of the 15 alien companies in the pioneer corps. 1492 01:30:08,000 --> 01:30:09,133 NARRATOR: The Dunera scandal 1493 01:30:09,166 --> 01:30:11,250 and the harsh treatment of refugees 1494 01:30:11,283 --> 01:30:15,500 began to shift public opinion in England against internment. 1495 01:30:16,316 --> 01:30:19,500 The government started releasing internees 1496 01:30:19,830 --> 01:30:22,116 and allowed them to join the British Armed Forces. 1497 01:30:24,100 --> 01:30:27,830 GORDON: Those who want to go back to England, 1498 01:30:27,116 --> 01:30:30,266 they would send back under one condition. 1499 01:30:30,300 --> 01:30:33,250 They would join the army. 1500 01:30:33,283 --> 01:30:35,316 I was anxious to get into this. 1501 01:30:35,350 --> 01:30:37,266 First of all, I hated the Germans. 1502 01:30:37,300 --> 01:30:38,383 I hated their guts. 1503 01:30:39,160 --> 01:30:40,350 And I wanted to be part of it. 1504 01:30:40,383 --> 01:30:43,660 Besides, what was I going to do in Australia? 1505 01:30:43,100 --> 01:30:46,660 Sit in Australia throughout the whole war? God forbid. 1506 01:30:46,100 --> 01:30:48,250 [Instrumental music] 1507 01:30:56,133 --> 01:30:59,266 NEWSREEL WOMAN: Girls, this is urgent. 1508 01:30:59,300 --> 01:31:02,183 If you're over 17 1/2 and under 19, 1509 01:31:02,216 --> 01:31:05,830 you can volunteer for the ATS. 1510 01:31:05,116 --> 01:31:08,266 The sooner you come, the wider the choice of jobs available. 1511 01:31:09,266 --> 01:31:13,000 Come on, girls, it's urgent! 1512 01:31:14,383 --> 01:31:16,333 ALLARD: When I was 18, 1513 01:31:16,366 --> 01:31:22,183 I had to do either work of importance or join the forces, 1514 01:31:22,216 --> 01:31:26,283 and I decided to join the forces. 1515 01:31:26,316 --> 01:31:29,283 And I also felt I was saying thank you to England 1516 01:31:29,316 --> 01:31:31,300 for saving my life. 1517 01:31:31,333 --> 01:31:33,160 I think as a soldier, 1518 01:31:33,500 --> 01:31:38,216 I then felt suddenly I was in an environment 1519 01:31:38,250 --> 01:31:42,216 where I was the same as everybody else, 1520 01:31:42,250 --> 01:31:46,000 for the first time in my life, I think. 1521 01:31:46,330 --> 01:31:51,200 Because I think in Lincoln, I-- more or less, I think I existed 1522 01:31:51,233 --> 01:31:54,233 because I was waiting for tomorrow 1523 01:31:54,266 --> 01:31:56,116 and tomorrow and tomorrow. 1524 01:31:58,500 --> 01:32:03,200 I had lots of friends, and I did the things I hadn't done before. 1525 01:32:03,233 --> 01:32:06,150 I felt like everybody else. 1526 01:32:06,183 --> 01:32:09,160 The people on my left, the people on my right, 1527 01:32:09,500 --> 01:32:11,150 we were all the same. 1528 01:32:14,116 --> 01:32:17,500 And that, I think, was the first time in my life 1529 01:32:17,830 --> 01:32:21,330 I felt that I could do everything 1530 01:32:21,660 --> 01:32:22,366 the other people are doing. 1531 01:32:25,266 --> 01:32:28,383 HAYMAN: I wanted to do something to help to finish the war, 1532 01:32:29,160 --> 01:32:31,316 and I said I wanted to go nursing. 1533 01:32:31,350 --> 01:32:34,116 The first year, I nearly gave up. 1534 01:32:34,150 --> 01:32:40,330 I found it very difficult, but I was determined to stand it. 1535 01:32:40,660 --> 01:32:44,383 Second year was better, and then it grew on me. 1536 01:32:45,160 --> 01:32:48,300 We were so busy I didn't have time to think of myself anyhow. 1537 01:32:48,333 --> 01:32:52,133 [Engine revving] 1538 01:32:56,350 --> 01:33:00,116 SADAN: After about two years of not hearing from our parents, 1539 01:33:00,150 --> 01:33:02,500 life sort of stretched on endlessly, 1540 01:33:02,830 --> 01:33:07,660 but suddenly we heard that our parents had reached Spain. 1541 01:33:07,100 --> 01:33:11,333 Every night since I left my parents, I had prayed, 1542 01:33:11,366 --> 01:33:16,133 "Please, God, don't let it take longer than 5 years." 1543 01:33:16,166 --> 01:33:22,000 And 5 years almost to the day, we had the telegram. 1544 01:33:22,330 --> 01:33:28,000 SADAN: The telegram said, "Arriving Friday, 4:45." 1545 01:33:28,330 --> 01:33:30,000 That was all. 1546 01:33:30,330 --> 01:33:34,200 Unfortunately, 4:45 was the train 1547 01:33:34,233 --> 01:33:38,830 that my school friends were coming back on as well, 1548 01:33:38,116 --> 01:33:42,200 and I knew that since the whole village 1549 01:33:42,233 --> 01:33:43,383 also knew they were coming, 1550 01:33:44,160 --> 01:33:45,350 they would all be at the station 1551 01:33:45,383 --> 01:33:50,000 and my school friends would see me and my brother and sister 1552 01:33:50,330 --> 01:33:56,216 meeting our parents for the first time in 5 years, 1553 01:33:56,250 --> 01:34:01,500 and it was a tremendous ordeal. 1554 01:34:01,830 --> 01:34:04,166 And we went down to the station to wait, 1555 01:34:04,200 --> 01:34:06,283 and I couldn't cope with it. 1556 01:34:06,316 --> 01:34:10,216 So I went--I went back home and I said, 1557 01:34:10,250 --> 01:34:13,250 "I'm going. I'm going home. I'm going to put the kettle on. 1558 01:34:13,283 --> 01:34:17,350 They'll need a cup of tea." I mean, how English can you get? 1559 01:34:17,383 --> 01:34:20,233 I waited and I waited and I waited, 1560 01:34:20,266 --> 01:34:22,366 and it took ages. 1561 01:34:23,000 --> 01:34:25,300 And suddenly there's my brother and sister 1562 01:34:25,333 --> 01:34:29,200 with this middle-aged, elderly couple 1563 01:34:29,233 --> 01:34:33,266 with suitcases and bags coming up the path. 1564 01:34:33,300 --> 01:34:36,300 I remember rushing down to meet them, 1565 01:34:36,333 --> 01:34:40,183 and I knew they were my parents, 1566 01:34:40,216 --> 01:34:43,300 but it wasn't the same parents I'd left. 1567 01:34:43,333 --> 01:34:46,300 They were much older, and they were worn out. 1568 01:34:46,333 --> 01:34:49,183 And we, obviously, we weren't the same children 1569 01:34:49,216 --> 01:34:52,166 that they'd sent off. 1570 01:34:52,200 --> 01:34:54,300 And suddenly I realized I couldn't say anything 1571 01:34:54,333 --> 01:34:56,183 except their names, you know, 1572 01:34:56,216 --> 01:34:59,250 mommy and daddy, or mutti and papa. 1573 01:34:59,283 --> 01:35:04,383 And then we just stood there, looking at each other, 1574 01:35:05,160 --> 01:35:11,316 and...it was such a traumatic moment. 1575 01:35:11,350 --> 01:35:15,316 It was sad for Inge because she couldn't speak German anymore. 1576 01:35:15,350 --> 01:35:18,350 My brother spoke it with difficulty, 1577 01:35:18,383 --> 01:35:22,000 and I was the only one who could communicate with them. 1578 01:35:22,330 --> 01:35:24,266 But the barriers completely went, 1579 01:35:24,300 --> 01:35:26,333 and we became a family again. 1580 01:35:28,133 --> 01:35:30,150 [Bell chiming] 1581 01:35:30,183 --> 01:35:33,166 MAN IN NEWSREEL: The cease-fire began yesterday, 1582 01:35:33,200 --> 01:35:37,200 to be sounded along all the fronts. 1583 01:35:37,233 --> 01:35:41,160 The German war is, therefore, at an end. 1584 01:35:42,000 --> 01:35:45,233 [Upbeat music] 1585 01:36:02,160 --> 01:36:03,283 [Crowd cheering] 1586 01:36:20,200 --> 01:36:22,200 [Fireworks exploding] 1587 01:36:25,366 --> 01:36:29,000 ALLARD: I remember V.E. Day very clearly. 1588 01:36:29,330 --> 01:36:31,300 It was just wonderful, wonderful. 1589 01:36:31,333 --> 01:36:34,366 And we all danced in Piccadilly Circus. 1590 01:36:35,000 --> 01:36:38,100 And for me, I just thought, well, this is it. 1591 01:36:38,133 --> 01:36:41,660 Going to see my parents next week. 1592 01:36:41,100 --> 01:36:45,500 I went straight back and wrote to both of them. 1593 01:36:46,300 --> 01:36:50,116 I wrote separate letters because I had separate addresses 1594 01:36:50,150 --> 01:36:55,350 through the Red Cross messages in Theresienstadt. 1595 01:36:55,383 --> 01:37:00,283 The letters were returned to me about 3, 4 months later. 1596 01:37:00,316 --> 01:37:02,100 Took a long time. 1597 01:37:03,383 --> 01:37:07,350 All it said on the back, "Deported to Auschwitz, 1598 01:37:07,383 --> 01:37:10,100 October '44." 1599 01:37:11,300 --> 01:37:14,100 And war was finished in May '45. 1600 01:37:17,300 --> 01:37:19,283 That's how I found out. 1601 01:37:22,133 --> 01:37:24,116 ROSENFELD: As soon as war finished, 1602 01:37:24,150 --> 01:37:27,100 Hella and I went to the Red Cross committee 1603 01:37:27,133 --> 01:37:30,660 and asked for them to search. 1604 01:37:30,100 --> 01:37:33,830 Eventually, we got a letter from them to say 1605 01:37:33,116 --> 01:37:37,216 my mother had been killed in Minsk, in Russia, 1606 01:37:37,250 --> 01:37:39,183 where she was deported. 1607 01:37:41,500 --> 01:37:43,316 It's very hard to come to terms with, 1608 01:37:43,350 --> 01:37:45,300 when you've always had that hope. 1609 01:37:45,333 --> 01:37:49,300 And, of course, we've had no, no grave, really. 1610 01:37:49,333 --> 01:37:55,100 No parting, no end, no funeral. 1611 01:37:55,133 --> 01:37:59,366 It's that sort of vague feeling in the air, of hope, 1612 01:38:00,000 --> 01:38:01,266 and that hope suddenly fading. 1613 01:38:02,200 --> 01:38:04,660 [Baby crying] 1614 01:38:05,316 --> 01:38:07,283 HAYMAN: I remember nursing in the children's ward, 1615 01:38:07,316 --> 01:38:11,330 and I was always joking with the kids and laughing. 1616 01:38:11,660 --> 01:38:13,250 And I was called to the telephone, 1617 01:38:13,283 --> 01:38:17,116 and there was a telegram for me. 1618 01:38:17,150 --> 01:38:19,150 I asked her would she read it. 1619 01:38:19,183 --> 01:38:22,333 And so, she read over the telephone: 1620 01:38:22,366 --> 01:38:26,500 "Your parents were gravely ill. There was no hope. 1621 01:38:26,830 --> 01:38:29,133 Wait for further news." 1622 01:38:29,166 --> 01:38:32,333 And I probably didn't quite take it in, 1623 01:38:32,366 --> 01:38:38,660 so I went back to the ward and started--carried on making beds 1624 01:38:38,100 --> 01:38:40,366 until one of the little boys said to me, 1625 01:38:41,000 --> 01:38:43,660 "Why aren't you laughing this time?" 1626 01:38:43,100 --> 01:38:46,283 And that's when I burst into tears and ran out. 1627 01:38:49,330 --> 01:38:52,283 I remember going out into the garden and lying on the lawn. 1628 01:38:52,316 --> 01:38:56,330 I didn't want to be with anybody. 1629 01:38:56,660 --> 01:38:58,266 It was such a shock. 1630 01:39:01,350 --> 01:39:06,233 And suddenly the future which we always painted wasn't there. 1631 01:39:06,266 --> 01:39:09,333 There was no future. There was just an emptiness. 1632 01:39:15,233 --> 01:39:17,183 CAHN: At the time I was liberated, 1633 01:39:17,216 --> 01:39:20,660 a month later, I would have been 20. 1634 01:39:20,100 --> 01:39:24,116 And I weighed 58 pounds. 1635 01:39:25,283 --> 01:39:29,300 And that's after 8 concentration camps. 1636 01:39:36,133 --> 01:39:39,200 Many times I thought about it: what would have happened 1637 01:39:39,233 --> 01:39:45,116 if my father wouldn't have pulled me out? 1638 01:39:45,150 --> 01:39:48,350 I would have never, ever mentioned it to my father again. 1639 01:39:48,383 --> 01:39:51,133 You know, "Why did you do that?" 1640 01:39:51,166 --> 01:39:55,383 Because I think I would have done him very wrong. 1641 01:39:56,160 --> 01:40:00,166 And I can fully understand, being a mother, 1642 01:40:00,200 --> 01:40:03,150 what it would mean if this is what 1643 01:40:03,183 --> 01:40:08,150 I would have had to go through with my child, God forbid. 1644 01:40:08,183 --> 01:40:11,100 My main concern was always, 1645 01:40:11,133 --> 01:40:15,330 let me be strong, and let me try to make it. 1646 01:40:15,660 --> 01:40:17,830 I made it that far. 1647 01:40:17,116 --> 01:40:19,150 I want to make it to the end, 1648 01:40:19,183 --> 01:40:22,116 regardless of what the end was. 1649 01:40:24,250 --> 01:40:26,266 WOLLHEIM: Survival is an accident. 1650 01:40:28,150 --> 01:40:31,300 You cannot ask a soldier who comes out of battle, 1651 01:40:31,333 --> 01:40:34,500 "Why were your comrades left and right killed, 1652 01:40:34,830 --> 01:40:35,830 and you survived?" 1653 01:40:35,116 --> 01:40:37,100 You have no explanation for that. 1654 01:40:37,133 --> 01:40:38,200 It's an accident. 1655 01:40:40,200 --> 01:40:44,300 At the moment of liberation, we were very happy, certainly, 1656 01:40:44,333 --> 01:40:48,366 but, on the other hand, really very sad, because I realized 1657 01:40:49,000 --> 01:40:51,166 that I was one of the last who had survived, 1658 01:40:51,200 --> 01:40:54,183 that all the others who had gone with me to Auschwitz, 1659 01:40:54,216 --> 01:40:57,200 or who had been taken to Auschwitz, would never return. 1660 01:40:59,233 --> 01:41:01,333 [Instrumental music] 1661 01:41:10,216 --> 01:41:12,116 [Woman singing in German] 1662 01:41:16,183 --> 01:41:18,250 EPSTEIN: In July 1945, 1663 01:41:18,283 --> 01:41:23,116 I went back to Germany to work for the American government. 1664 01:41:23,150 --> 01:41:27,233 One of the reasons was to look for my parents. 1665 01:41:27,266 --> 01:41:29,233 The most sensible place to go to 1666 01:41:29,266 --> 01:41:32,500 would be to go back to Kippenheim. 1667 01:41:32,830 --> 01:41:38,660 But I didn't go back until August 1947. 1668 01:41:38,100 --> 01:41:44,000 I think on some level, I knew my parents didn't survive. 1669 01:41:44,330 --> 01:41:47,133 But as long as I didn't go back to Kippenheim, 1670 01:41:47,166 --> 01:41:51,330 I could still say, well, maybe they're back in Kippenheim, 1671 01:41:51,660 --> 01:41:53,250 which doesn't really make a lot of sense, 1672 01:41:53,283 --> 01:41:58,100 but I think it was just my survival mechanism. 1673 01:41:58,133 --> 01:42:01,383 I just wasn't ready yet to accept the fact 1674 01:42:02,160 --> 01:42:03,283 that I no longer had parents, 1675 01:42:03,316 --> 01:42:07,330 that I hadn't had parents for a long time. 1676 01:42:08,100 --> 01:42:10,100 [Instrumental music] 1677 01:42:14,330 --> 01:42:15,250 NARRATOR: Although the vast majority 1678 01:42:15,283 --> 01:42:17,200 of Kindertransport children 1679 01:42:17,233 --> 01:42:20,150 lost their mothers and fathers in the holocaust, 1680 01:42:20,183 --> 01:42:22,350 remarkably, a few parents survived 1681 01:42:22,383 --> 01:42:25,000 to be reunited with their children. 1682 01:42:28,116 --> 01:42:30,300 FUCHEL: My parents managed to get out of Austria 1683 01:42:30,333 --> 01:42:33,283 by going to Italy, and from Italy, 1684 01:42:33,316 --> 01:42:36,660 they got into France. 1685 01:42:36,100 --> 01:42:37,150 And they were hidden 1686 01:42:37,183 --> 01:42:41,216 by some extremely wonderful people there. 1687 01:42:41,250 --> 01:42:46,830 After the war ended, I was told that my parents were alive 1688 01:42:46,116 --> 01:42:50,316 and that someday I would probably have to go back 1689 01:42:50,350 --> 01:42:52,316 and live with them. 1690 01:42:52,350 --> 01:42:55,350 I think I was horrified by that idea. 1691 01:42:55,383 --> 01:43:00,283 Uncle Percy persuaded my parents to wait until I finished 1692 01:43:00,316 --> 01:43:03,283 the English-school certificate at age 16, 1693 01:43:03,316 --> 01:43:06,216 and also, they needed time to reestablish themselves. 1694 01:43:09,200 --> 01:43:13,500 Eventually, in 1947, they were ready for me. 1695 01:43:13,830 --> 01:43:17,330 I didn't want to, but the Cohens took me to Paris, 1696 01:43:17,660 --> 01:43:19,250 where I was to meet my parents. 1697 01:43:19,283 --> 01:43:24,150 And I remember standing outside the hotel. 1698 01:43:24,183 --> 01:43:29,150 And I saw in the distance my parents approach. 1699 01:43:29,183 --> 01:43:32,150 And I couldn't look at them directly, 1700 01:43:32,183 --> 01:43:36,233 so I looked at their reflection in a shop window 1701 01:43:36,266 --> 01:43:37,316 as they walked towards me, 1702 01:43:37,350 --> 01:43:41,216 and I felt a very, very strong emotion. 1703 01:43:43,330 --> 01:43:48,150 It was a sense of elation, of love. 1704 01:43:48,183 --> 01:43:51,250 I suddenly felt it and fought it. 1705 01:43:51,283 --> 01:43:55,316 But I felt, you know, I knew it was them. 1706 01:43:55,350 --> 01:43:59,183 We met. And Kurt's father, 1707 01:43:59,216 --> 01:44:02,216 who was more demonstrative than the mother, 1708 01:44:02,250 --> 01:44:05,116 put his hand through Kurt's curls. 1709 01:44:05,150 --> 01:44:09,500 And Kurt went like that and gave him a wallop. 1710 01:44:09,830 --> 01:44:12,333 And my husband says, "Don't you ever do that again, Kurt. 1711 01:44:12,366 --> 01:44:17,100 Your father is showing you, you know, his affection." 1712 01:44:17,133 --> 01:44:20,000 And that was that. 1713 01:44:20,330 --> 01:44:22,100 [Dramatic music] 1714 01:44:32,330 --> 01:44:35,160 FUCHEL: When it came to say goodbye to the Cohens, 1715 01:44:35,500 --> 01:44:38,216 I realized for the first time, I think, consciously, 1716 01:44:38,250 --> 01:44:42,660 that they had loved me, especially Percy, 1717 01:44:42,100 --> 01:44:43,366 because he was in tears. 1718 01:44:44,000 --> 01:44:45,316 And I'd never seen him cry before. 1719 01:44:45,350 --> 01:44:49,150 Never seen him cry before. 1720 01:44:49,183 --> 01:44:51,183 And then we had to leave him. 1721 01:44:51,216 --> 01:44:53,350 And I remember him looking back, you know. 1722 01:44:53,383 --> 01:44:56,160 It was very, very sad. 1723 01:45:00,266 --> 01:45:03,660 He didn't want to go. He didn't know them. 1724 01:45:05,500 --> 01:45:07,333 FUCHEL: My parents let go of a 7-year-old 1725 01:45:07,366 --> 01:45:10,200 and got back a 16-year-old. 1726 01:45:10,233 --> 01:45:12,150 And my mother, especially, 1727 01:45:12,183 --> 01:45:15,316 wanted to carry on where she'd left off. 1728 01:45:15,350 --> 01:45:21,160 And a 16-year-old doesn't like to be treated like a 7-year-old. 1729 01:45:21,500 --> 01:45:24,116 So, when we got back to France, things were very difficult. 1730 01:45:26,383 --> 01:45:28,116 Of course, I'm very lucky. 1731 01:45:28,150 --> 01:45:30,000 I mean, I realize this: 1732 01:45:30,330 --> 01:45:34,330 Whereas most of the kinder never saw their parents again, 1733 01:45:34,660 --> 01:45:37,333 I not only had mine back but another set of parents as well. 1734 01:45:41,166 --> 01:45:43,350 What more could one ask for? 1735 01:45:45,316 --> 01:45:48,830 [Dramatic music] 1736 01:45:52,000 --> 01:45:53,266 HAYMAN: I ceased to be a child 1737 01:45:53,300 --> 01:45:56,316 when I boarded the train in Prague. 1738 01:46:02,660 --> 01:46:06,266 It's strange that it's only 6 years out of a long life, 1739 01:46:06,300 --> 01:46:09,333 and those 6 years will affect the rest of your life. 1740 01:46:14,660 --> 01:46:16,200 ROSENFELD: I never belonged when I was a child. 1741 01:46:16,233 --> 01:46:19,183 I wanted somewhere to find roots. 1742 01:46:19,216 --> 01:46:24,500 I feel in the latter years of my life that I've been accepted. 1743 01:46:25,150 --> 01:46:28,216 And nobody's ever said to me, 1744 01:46:28,250 --> 01:46:30,250 "You weren't born in this country." 1745 01:46:30,283 --> 01:46:34,160 I was entirely accepted as everyone else. 1746 01:46:34,500 --> 01:46:39,000 And I gradually felt I had somewhere I belonged. 1747 01:46:42,300 --> 01:46:45,250 SADAN: To be a refugee is the most horrible feeling 1748 01:46:45,283 --> 01:46:49,330 because you lose your family, you lose your home. 1749 01:46:49,660 --> 01:46:51,383 You're also without an identity. 1750 01:46:52,160 --> 01:46:53,233 Suddenly, you're a nothing. 1751 01:46:53,266 --> 01:46:58,183 You are just reliant on other people's good nature 1752 01:46:58,216 --> 01:47:01,233 and help and understanding. 1753 01:47:01,266 --> 01:47:04,100 And that's why I think living in Israel, 1754 01:47:04,133 --> 01:47:05,350 I feel for the new immigrants. 1755 01:47:05,383 --> 01:47:08,100 I feel for the Russians and the Ethiopians 1756 01:47:08,133 --> 01:47:10,660 and anybody who's new, 1757 01:47:10,100 --> 01:47:12,350 especially if they've come without their families. 1758 01:47:12,383 --> 01:47:16,000 Then, you know, if I can do anything, I do it. 1759 01:47:19,100 --> 01:47:20,266 [Music continues] 1760 01:47:20,300 --> 01:47:24,330 SEGAL: I am dazzled from the point of view of a writer. 1761 01:47:24,660 --> 01:47:27,266 Who else has the unbelievable good fortune 1762 01:47:27,300 --> 01:47:31,300 to live with the Jewish manufacturer, 1763 01:47:31,333 --> 01:47:36,366 the English working class, union man, railroad stoker, 1764 01:47:37,000 --> 01:47:41,133 the milkman, the Anglo-Indian Victorian ladies. 1765 01:47:41,166 --> 01:47:46,216 Whoever has the sheer advantage 1766 01:47:46,250 --> 01:47:48,183 of not studying this 1767 01:47:48,216 --> 01:47:52,500 from the outside, but being a helpless member 1768 01:47:52,830 --> 01:47:54,316 from the inside of these families. 1769 01:47:54,350 --> 01:47:57,366 Seems to me it was a gift. 1770 01:47:58,000 --> 01:48:00,166 Didn't seem so at the time. 1771 01:48:03,300 --> 01:48:07,283 ALLARD: I now look at my 14-year-old grandson, 1772 01:48:07,316 --> 01:48:13,316 and I think this is the age when I lost parents, home, country. 1773 01:48:16,166 --> 01:48:21,350 A lot has been made up to me from where I lost out. 1774 01:48:21,383 --> 01:48:24,350 I have a second cousin here. 1775 01:48:24,383 --> 01:48:28,830 He says, "Anything you haven't had, you've got now." 1776 01:48:28,116 --> 01:48:29,316 Which is so true. 1777 01:48:29,350 --> 01:48:34,150 And I'm very grateful and very proud of the whole family. 1778 01:48:38,830 --> 01:48:39,166 SUGAR: The younger you were, 1779 01:48:39,200 --> 01:48:42,830 the more unforgiving you are of your parents. 1780 01:48:42,116 --> 01:48:45,500 You may say, oh, they were so brave and saved you, 1781 01:48:45,830 --> 01:48:48,233 but they really abandoned you. 1782 01:48:48,266 --> 01:48:51,216 We were 4 friends, very close friends. 1783 01:48:51,250 --> 01:48:55,500 We all agreed if it ever happens again, 1784 01:48:55,830 --> 01:48:57,830 we will not send away our children. 1785 01:48:57,116 --> 01:49:00,166 We will stay and die together. 1786 01:49:00,200 --> 01:49:04,330 That's what we said. 1787 01:49:04,660 --> 01:49:08,233 Later on, as we grew older, we mitigated it, we said, 1788 01:49:08,266 --> 01:49:10,133 if it ever happens, we promise 1789 01:49:10,166 --> 01:49:12,150 to take each other's children in. 1790 01:49:12,183 --> 01:49:16,330 We will not send them to strangers. 1791 01:49:17,350 --> 01:49:19,330 [Music continues] 1792 01:49:19,660 --> 01:49:21,183 EPSTEIN: I certainly do my share of remembering. 1793 01:49:21,216 --> 01:49:24,166 But remembering also has to have a present 1794 01:49:24,200 --> 01:49:27,216 and a future perspective. 1795 01:49:27,250 --> 01:49:30,283 You can't just stop at remembering. 1796 01:49:34,160 --> 01:49:37,330 I don't think I ever made a conscious decision 1797 01:49:37,660 --> 01:49:39,266 to devote myself to human rights 1798 01:49:39,300 --> 01:49:43,116 and social justice issues. 1799 01:49:43,150 --> 01:49:45,183 Someone helped me. 1800 01:49:45,216 --> 01:49:50,133 I can't pay back or thank some of the people who helped me, 1801 01:49:50,166 --> 01:49:53,233 but I can do something for other people. 1802 01:49:57,250 --> 01:49:59,300 [Big Ben chiming] 1803 01:50:06,250 --> 01:50:08,200 [Music continues] 1804 01:50:25,233 --> 01:50:29,183 GORDON: I've come to a conclusion about myself. 1805 01:50:29,216 --> 01:50:35,830 In 1938, I escaped the deportation of Poland. 1806 01:50:35,116 --> 01:50:38,200 I got out of Germany in the Kindertransport. 1807 01:50:38,233 --> 01:50:40,200 I was sent to Australia on a ship, 1808 01:50:40,233 --> 01:50:43,250 and the ship was torpedoed and nothing happened. 1809 01:50:43,283 --> 01:50:46,830 I got back to England and was in the army. 1810 01:50:46,116 --> 01:50:48,283 Why all these coincidences? 1811 01:50:48,316 --> 01:50:52,250 And I've come to one conclusion: I was meant to survive. 1812 01:50:52,283 --> 01:50:56,830 Not because of myself, 1813 01:50:56,116 --> 01:50:57,233 but the Jews would survive. 1814 01:50:57,266 --> 01:51:00,150 And I would bring up another generation, 1815 01:51:00,183 --> 01:51:01,333 and they would live. 1816 01:51:01,366 --> 01:51:04,350 And I look at my children and my grandchildren, 1817 01:51:04,383 --> 01:51:08,166 and I know there was a purpose to my life. 1818 01:51:12,350 --> 01:51:15,216 [Child singing] 1819 01:51:51,216 --> 01:51:53,166 [Theme music] 138355

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