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WOMAN: I still have dreams,
and certain things come back.
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00:00:47,500 --> 00:00:50,150
I don't know what age I am,
but life is quite normal.
3
00:00:50,183 --> 00:00:55,000
Whatever we're doing
is an everyday happening.
4
00:00:55,330 --> 00:00:58,330
And this is when I wake up.
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00:00:58,660 --> 00:01:01,266
And as old as I am,
I'm still sobbing.
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[Children singing
"Alle V gel Sind Schon Da"]
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NARRATOR: In 1933,
few of the Jewish families
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who lived in Germany,
Austria, and Czechoslovakia
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00:01:53,000 --> 00:01:56,330
foresaw how much their lives
were about to change.
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00:01:57,383 --> 00:01:59,316
None of their children realized
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00:01:59,350 --> 00:02:02,283
how soon their childhood
was about to end.
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00:02:06,160 --> 00:02:09,300
WOMAN: I was a very happy
little girl growing up.
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00:02:09,333 --> 00:02:12,830
My father absolutely
adored me.
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00:02:12,116 --> 00:02:14,133
I mean, there was
never anything
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00:02:14,166 --> 00:02:17,250
that I could have
possibly done wrong.
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00:02:17,283 --> 00:02:22,000
My father used to
go out with me shopping.
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And I always used to
admire this one suit,
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00:02:26,500 --> 00:02:29,133
which was for ladies.
I was only a kid.
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00:02:29,166 --> 00:02:33,283
And I always said, "Oh, daddy,
I would love to wear that
suit."
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So one day, he said,
"Should we go in there?"
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00:02:36,116 --> 00:02:39,160
And I said, "That's for
big ladies. I--I can't--"
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00:02:39,500 --> 00:02:40,216
"Well, let's go in there."
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And he went in there
and they took my measurements,
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and that suit was made for me.
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And I came home,
and my mother was devastated.
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"What are you buying this
little girl all this stuff
for?
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She doesn't need that."
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00:02:54,830 --> 00:02:57,166
And my father said,
"She is my pride and joy,
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00:02:57,200 --> 00:03:00,100
and she needs everything
I can get for her."
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[Vienna Boys Choir singing]
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MAN: my parents were sort of
middle-class people,
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00:03:20,300 --> 00:03:23,150
and my father was
a middle level bank manager
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00:03:23,183 --> 00:03:26,133
and my mother,
a lady of leisure.
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00:03:26,166 --> 00:03:30,133
And I was a very much
desired first child.
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00:03:30,166 --> 00:03:33,183
Uh, they were both
around 30 or so.
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00:03:33,216 --> 00:03:36,383
We had one of these very nice
apartments in Vienna
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00:03:37,160 --> 00:03:38,150
with a high ceiling,
38
00:03:38,183 --> 00:03:41,100
lots of light, as I remember it,
big windows,
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00:03:41,133 --> 00:03:44,183
and I guess I was spoiled.
I mean, in addition to them,
40
00:03:44,216 --> 00:03:46,300
there was of course
the inevitable maid,
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00:03:46,333 --> 00:03:49,200
nursemaid in the house,
in those days.
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00:03:49,233 --> 00:03:52,116
Uh, my grandmother looked
in
often and lived nearby.
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00:03:52,150 --> 00:03:56,266
And it was, in many ways,
a rather idyllic life.
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00:03:56,300 --> 00:03:59,316
And I was indeed sort of
the center of the universe.
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00:04:06,300 --> 00:04:09,200
[Choir singing
"Ja Do Lesa Nepojedu"]
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WOMAN: we had mother,
father, and my sister,
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00:04:20,166 --> 00:04:23,660
who was 4 years
younger than I was.
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00:04:23,100 --> 00:04:26,383
We had a very happy childhood,
carefree childhood.
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00:04:27,160 --> 00:04:29,200
My father was always
busy during the week,
50
00:04:29,233 --> 00:04:33,316
but when he was home,
he often took me for walks
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00:04:33,350 --> 00:04:38,366
by the river, mostly,
and talked about everything.
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00:04:39,000 --> 00:04:43,183
And that brought us
probably closer.
53
00:04:43,216 --> 00:04:45,216
I always felt father and I
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00:04:45,250 --> 00:04:49,233
were protecting my mother
and my sister.
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00:04:49,266 --> 00:04:52,100
I don't know what we were
protecting them from.
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00:04:52,133 --> 00:04:55,150
Heil! Heil!
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Heil! Heil!
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00:05:00,500 --> 00:05:02,300
WOMAN: I was about
just under 8 years old
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00:05:02,333 --> 00:05:06,330
when, when uh,
Hitler came to power.
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00:05:14,150 --> 00:05:18,830
I'd got some school friends,
and my mother always tried
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00:05:18,116 --> 00:05:22,330
to make a birthday party for us.
62
00:05:22,660 --> 00:05:23,216
The table was set.
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00:05:23,250 --> 00:05:26,283
We were--I was sort of
very excited.
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00:05:26,316 --> 00:05:28,100
Nobody came.
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00:05:28,133 --> 00:05:32,166
Not a single child came
to this birthday party.
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00:05:32,200 --> 00:05:39,330
And, uh, that was the first
terrible blow to me.
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00:05:39,660 --> 00:05:41,660
I know it sounds trivial,
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00:05:41,100 --> 00:05:44,166
but it was the first
sort of
comprehension for a
child
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00:05:44,200 --> 00:05:47,330
to understand that
you are ostracized,
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00:05:47,660 --> 00:05:49,166
that there's something
different about you.
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00:05:49,200 --> 00:05:51,330
[Singing]
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NARRATOR: For Jewish children,
life under Hitler
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00:06:00,160 --> 00:06:03,166
became increasingly
isolated and threatening.
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00:06:03,200 --> 00:06:05,330
While the Nazis stripped
their parents
75
00:06:05,660 --> 00:06:07,166
of their jobs and citizenship,
76
00:06:07,200 --> 00:06:11,200
the children were gradually
barred from schools, parks,
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00:06:11,233 --> 00:06:14,000
theatres, swimming pools.
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00:06:18,133 --> 00:06:20,183
WOMAN: I was over-protected
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00:06:20,216 --> 00:06:24,316
because of the Hitler
dangers outside the home,
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00:06:24,350 --> 00:06:28,116
but very much loved in the home.
81
00:06:28,150 --> 00:06:31,830
My mother sitting on
my father for a cuddle
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00:06:31,116 --> 00:06:34,233
was an everyday occurrence.
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00:06:34,266 --> 00:06:36,216
I had to join in,
because otherwise
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00:06:36,250 --> 00:06:37,383
I would have been jealous.
85
00:06:38,160 --> 00:06:40,383
So he had to have both of us
on his lap.
86
00:06:41,160 --> 00:06:46,133
My father used to say,
"I'm too old to start again."
87
00:06:46,166 --> 00:06:48,216
Although he spoke
perfect English,
88
00:06:48,250 --> 00:06:51,830
he felt he was just
not young enough
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00:06:51,116 --> 00:06:54,316
to start in a new country.
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00:06:54,350 --> 00:06:57,100
And the other sentence,
which was because
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00:06:57,133 --> 00:07:00,350
his father and
grandfather and so on,
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00:07:00,383 --> 00:07:04,160
uh, were born in Germany,
93
00:07:04,500 --> 00:07:08,330
that this has got to change,
that this madman, Hitler,
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00:07:08,660 --> 00:07:09,350
can't possibly last.
95
00:07:19,500 --> 00:07:21,830
MAN: I feared every day.
96
00:07:21,116 --> 00:07:26,216
I just was, uh, most unhappy
going to school.
97
00:07:28,116 --> 00:07:31,100
I was walking on the street.
98
00:07:31,133 --> 00:07:35,183
6 or 7 boys came,
called me "Jew bastard,"
99
00:07:35,216 --> 00:07:37,200
and then attacked me
and threw me
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00:07:37,233 --> 00:07:40,316
through the plate-glass window.
101
00:07:40,350 --> 00:07:43,660
I was cut severely,
102
00:07:43,100 --> 00:07:47,000
and I had to go to the
hospital for stitching,
103
00:07:47,330 --> 00:07:52,250
and I didn't want to go to
school there any more either.
104
00:07:52,283 --> 00:07:56,133
I-I just felt that I was
threatened constantly.
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00:07:58,216 --> 00:08:00,350
NARRATOR: As Hitler
strengthened his control,
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00:08:00,383 --> 00:08:02,300
he began looking
for opportunities
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00:08:02,333 --> 00:08:07,500
to extend Germany's power
beyond its borders.
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00:08:07,830 --> 00:08:09,160
In March 1938,
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00:08:09,500 --> 00:08:11,660
German troops entered Austria
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00:08:11,100 --> 00:08:13,283
and, without firing
a single shot,
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00:08:13,316 --> 00:08:15,316
annexed the country
to the Reich.
112
00:08:18,350 --> 00:08:22,133
WOMAN: The first thing that
happens when a disaster
strikes,
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nothing changes.
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00:08:24,000 --> 00:08:26,366
You think there's going
to be some great drama,
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00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:29,660
and you go to bed,
put your nightgown on,
116
00:08:29,100 --> 00:08:32,333
and you say the shema to your
mother, and then you go to bed.
117
00:08:32,366 --> 00:08:35,250
and you think, oh,
this isn't so terrible.
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00:08:38,316 --> 00:08:39,383
But the next morning,
119
00:08:40,160 --> 00:08:44,166
my parents took me downstairs
into the street.
120
00:08:44,200 --> 00:08:49,160
The streets were full of
new uniforms I'd never seen.
121
00:08:52,830 --> 00:08:57,100
And the young people wore
the red bands around their arms
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00:08:57,133 --> 00:08:59,300
with the swastika, and I
didn't know what that meant.
123
00:08:59,333 --> 00:09:03,830
And they were stretching out
their arms in the Hitler
salute.
124
00:09:07,266 --> 00:09:11,100
And there were flags everywhere,
these new red flags,
125
00:09:11,133 --> 00:09:14,216
with the white circle
and the black swastika.
126
00:09:18,830 --> 00:09:22,133
My main sense of
something wrong was the haste
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00:09:22,166 --> 00:09:25,250
with which my parents got me
back into the house.
128
00:09:33,500 --> 00:09:37,000
FUCHEL: Suddenly, I couldn't go
to my normal school any more.
129
00:09:37,330 --> 00:09:40,500
And I was sent off
to a makeshift school
130
00:09:40,830 --> 00:09:42,830
at the end of the tram line.
131
00:09:43,200 --> 00:09:46,000
And I did it alone,
even at age 7,
132
00:09:46,330 --> 00:09:47,383
and went to the end of the line,
133
00:09:48,160 --> 00:09:51,250
and then I would just walk on
till I came to this house.
134
00:09:51,283 --> 00:09:54,200
Word got back to my parents
that while on the tram,
135
00:09:54,233 --> 00:09:56,183
I was a very
talkative little boy.
136
00:09:56,216 --> 00:10:00,100
I told them all the bad things
that Herr Hitler was doing.
137
00:10:00,133 --> 00:10:03,133
I thought that Herr was
his first name, of course.
138
00:10:03,166 --> 00:10:07,133
And, uh, and the word got back
to my parents that maybe,
139
00:10:07,166 --> 00:10:10,266
um, they should--
I shouldn't be travelling alone.
140
00:10:10,300 --> 00:10:13,160
And my father then came with me.
141
00:10:13,500 --> 00:10:16,250
And he didn't say much,
but he hardly ever did,
142
00:10:16,283 --> 00:10:18,316
but he, you know,
let it be known
143
00:10:18,350 --> 00:10:20,316
that it's not wise to go around
144
00:10:20,350 --> 00:10:23,160
saying bad things
about Herr Hitler.
145
00:10:27,383 --> 00:10:31,330
NARRATOR: In the weeks following
the annexation of Austria,
146
00:10:31,660 --> 00:10:34,150
Nazi authorities had
enacted
all the anti-Jewish laws
147
00:10:34,183 --> 00:10:38,216
it had taken Hitler 5 years
to put into place in Germany.
148
00:10:44,116 --> 00:10:47,333
MAN: Anyone coming from Vienna,
it was very dramatic.
149
00:10:47,366 --> 00:10:51,183
The reality of it struck me
when my parents talked about
150
00:10:51,216 --> 00:10:54,233
giving up the apartment,
that we have to leave.
151
00:10:54,266 --> 00:10:56,133
And that was something,
you know,
152
00:10:56,166 --> 00:10:59,160
that just--the bottom falls.
153
00:10:59,500 --> 00:11:01,150
I mean, everything
falls out of you.
154
00:11:01,183 --> 00:11:03,330
I mean,
this is all I knew.
155
00:11:03,660 --> 00:11:05,350
And we had to give it up,
we had to leave.
156
00:11:05,383 --> 00:11:08,366
And that probably was
the biggest blow I had.
157
00:11:09,000 --> 00:11:13,830
I mean, just the idea that
it'll all end the way it is.
158
00:11:22,216 --> 00:11:25,200
My mother was an activist,
159
00:11:25,233 --> 00:11:27,233
and she knew something
had to be done.
160
00:11:27,266 --> 00:11:30,350
And the decision was
to go to England
161
00:11:30,383 --> 00:11:32,300
to be hired as a domestic
162
00:11:32,333 --> 00:11:35,660
because the English would
take young women
163
00:11:35,100 --> 00:11:38,500
who would not interfere
with the labor market.
164
00:11:38,830 --> 00:11:39,350
The plan was,
she would go ahead,
165
00:11:39,383 --> 00:11:43,500
she would try and get me out,
and my father.
166
00:11:43,830 --> 00:11:46,160
SEGAL: This is the time
when I remember.
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00:11:46,500 --> 00:11:49,333
There was no conversation
among the grownups
168
00:11:49,366 --> 00:11:53,500
except how to get out of Vienna.
169
00:11:53,830 --> 00:11:55,200
It's interesting because
we are now asked,
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00:11:55,233 --> 00:11:57,660
"How come you didn't leave?"
171
00:11:57,100 --> 00:12:00,383
And when I think of
what it meant to leave,
172
00:12:01,160 --> 00:12:05,500
what--it--
how impossible it was to
leave.
173
00:12:05,830 --> 00:12:08,266
First of all, you had
to have a sponsor
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00:12:08,300 --> 00:12:11,366
in the country you were going
to
who would promise that one
175
00:12:12,000 --> 00:12:14,283
would not become a burden
on the government.
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00:12:14,316 --> 00:12:16,133
You would have to get a visa
177
00:12:16,166 --> 00:12:20,133
from the State Department or
the government to be allowed
in.
178
00:12:20,166 --> 00:12:24,330
Then you had to get
an exit permit from the Nazis.
179
00:12:24,660 --> 00:12:26,233
All these things
had to come together,
180
00:12:26,266 --> 00:12:30,350
and they had a time span
in which they would expire,
181
00:12:31,000 --> 00:12:33,133
and you had to collect
all these things together
182
00:12:33,166 --> 00:12:36,660
so that they would all be ready.
183
00:12:36,100 --> 00:12:38,333
And it usually didn't happen.
184
00:12:38,366 --> 00:12:42,200
The hardest thing was, though,
to find a country to go to.
185
00:12:42,233 --> 00:12:45,116
The countries that were under
discussion were Argentina,
186
00:12:45,150 --> 00:12:49,333
Uruguay, Paraguay,
Venezuela, Shanghai, Cuba,
187
00:12:49,366 --> 00:12:52,000
the Dominican Republic.
188
00:12:52,330 --> 00:12:55,116
I remember going with my father
to the American consulate.
189
00:12:55,150 --> 00:12:58,250
There was a queue
around the block,
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00:12:58,283 --> 00:13:02,316
up the stairs, around the room.
191
00:13:04,366 --> 00:13:09,830
We are now in the late summer
of 1938.
192
00:13:09,116 --> 00:13:16,133
I got to the United States
in May 1, 1951.
193
00:13:16,166 --> 00:13:21,150
It was a 13-year quota for us.
194
00:13:23,316 --> 00:13:26,116
NARRATOR: German troops
had barely entered Austria
195
00:13:26,150 --> 00:13:29,830
when Hitler demanded
the annexation of Sudetenland
196
00:13:29,116 --> 00:13:31,250
in Czechoslovakia.
197
00:13:31,283 --> 00:13:33,660
He insisted that the province,
198
00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:36,216
which was home to over
3 million ethnic Germans,
199
00:13:36,250 --> 00:13:39,166
be allowed to secede
and join the Reich.
200
00:13:40,383 --> 00:13:44,166
On October 1,
with international agreement,
201
00:13:44,200 --> 00:13:47,116
German troops marched
into Sudetenland,
202
00:13:47,150 --> 00:13:50,830
adding 1/5 of Czechoslovakia
to the Reich,
203
00:13:50,116 --> 00:13:55,250
and opening the way for
further
dismemberment of the country.
204
00:13:55,283 --> 00:13:58,500
HAYMAN: From then on,
people were wondering
205
00:13:58,830 --> 00:14:02,830
what's going to happen next.
206
00:14:02,116 --> 00:14:03,200
Father was an optimist
207
00:14:03,233 --> 00:14:06,366
because he did business
with people in France
208
00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:11,330
who wrote and said,
"It's going to be bad. Get out."
209
00:14:11,660 --> 00:14:14,166
But for father, no, things
like that wouldn't happen.
210
00:14:14,200 --> 00:14:17,300
He had a greater faith
in mankind.
211
00:14:17,333 --> 00:14:19,316
He always used to say
that he would
212
00:14:19,350 --> 00:14:22,150
rather trust people
and be disappointed
213
00:14:22,183 --> 00:14:25,500
than go through life
not trusting anybody.
214
00:14:28,233 --> 00:14:30,300
NARRATOR: Less than
half a year later,
215
00:14:30,333 --> 00:14:33,300
Hitler would destroy
the Czech state.
216
00:14:33,333 --> 00:14:37,300
But now the Nazis continued
their persecution of the Jews.
217
00:14:37,333 --> 00:14:41,660
In November, they orchestrated
a vicious pogrom,
218
00:14:41,100 --> 00:14:43,316
which they later
called "Kristallnacht",
219
00:14:43,350 --> 00:14:46,660
the night of broken glass.
220
00:14:52,830 --> 00:14:55,660
ROSENFELD: I had had
a strange dream in the night
221
00:14:55,100 --> 00:14:59,183
that my father
was being arrested.
222
00:14:59,216 --> 00:15:01,330
Our evening meal that evening,
223
00:15:01,660 --> 00:15:05,116
that was the last meal I ever
remember having with my father.
224
00:15:05,150 --> 00:15:07,100
I looked at him, and I thought,
225
00:15:07,133 --> 00:15:11,333
well, I hadn't really seen
his features properly.
226
00:15:11,366 --> 00:15:15,183
And you know how you look
at somebody intensely.
227
00:15:15,216 --> 00:15:17,216
And something told me, you know,
228
00:15:17,250 --> 00:15:21,830
I must imprint that image
of him on my mind.
229
00:15:26,330 --> 00:15:27,316
WOMAN: Before
I went to bed,
230
00:15:27,350 --> 00:15:30,200
my father,
in a rather stern voice,
231
00:15:30,233 --> 00:15:32,133
said to me,
"if you hear any
232
00:15:32,166 --> 00:15:34,216
"strange noises
during the night,
233
00:15:34,250 --> 00:15:36,133
"immediately get out of bed
234
00:15:36,166 --> 00:15:39,233
and go into that wardrobe
in the hallway."
235
00:15:39,266 --> 00:15:41,333
And I said,
"I don't understand."
236
00:15:41,366 --> 00:15:45,830
And, quite differently
than my father
237
00:15:45,116 --> 00:15:47,283
would normally
answer my questions,
238
00:15:47,316 --> 00:15:50,000
he said, "Don't ask
any questions.
239
00:15:50,330 --> 00:15:51,250
Just do as you're told."
240
00:15:53,366 --> 00:15:57,200
ALLARD: I was woken up
at 2.00 in the morning,
241
00:15:57,233 --> 00:16:00,216
with terrible banging
on the door.
242
00:16:00,250 --> 00:16:04,350
and there were two Nazis
at the door, shouting,
243
00:16:04,383 --> 00:16:06,266
"You're all under arrest.
244
00:16:06,300 --> 00:16:08,366
Put some clothes on
and come with us."
245
00:16:13,366 --> 00:16:17,250
I remember it was a very cold,
very dark night,
246
00:16:17,283 --> 00:16:20,350
and we all went off
to an assembly point,
247
00:16:20,383 --> 00:16:23,166
which was like a big square.
248
00:16:23,200 --> 00:16:27,333
And there were just
thousands of other Jews.
249
00:16:27,366 --> 00:16:29,183
And I mean thousands.
250
00:16:31,300 --> 00:16:34,216
And there were people I
knew
and people I didn't know,
251
00:16:34,250 --> 00:16:38,366
and people getting beaten up,
and people crying.
252
00:16:40,366 --> 00:16:44,150
I think everybody was petrified.
253
00:16:44,183 --> 00:16:46,283
I remember, I think,
also very vividly,
254
00:16:46,316 --> 00:16:49,233
that they were
beating up the rabbi,
255
00:16:49,266 --> 00:16:54,200
and they had fetched the Torahs
out of the synagogue.
256
00:16:54,233 --> 00:16:57,500
And I think they were
trampling on them.
257
00:17:02,830 --> 00:17:04,266
[Glass breaking]
258
00:17:07,200 --> 00:17:12,660
HELLMAN: I took my bicycle
and went to school as always.
259
00:17:12,100 --> 00:17:15,133
There was no Jewish
business that I passed
260
00:17:15,166 --> 00:17:19,116
that wasn't broken into.
261
00:17:19,150 --> 00:17:23,266
The merchandise was either on
the street or looted
completely.
262
00:17:26,216 --> 00:17:28,333
As I got closer to school,
263
00:17:28,366 --> 00:17:34,316
I saw huge pillars of smoke
coming from the sections
264
00:17:34,350 --> 00:17:38,283
where the two big synagogues
in Frankfurt were.
265
00:17:38,316 --> 00:17:41,250
And I saw that
they were on fire.
266
00:17:43,316 --> 00:17:45,216
ROSENFELD: Our school
happened to be
267
00:17:45,250 --> 00:17:48,300
just opposite on the street
where the synagogue was.
268
00:17:50,216 --> 00:17:53,116
I was dragged out with
the stream of children.
269
00:17:53,150 --> 00:17:57,183
Everybody went to the playground
to watch these flames.
270
00:17:58,350 --> 00:18:02,133
And suddenly, somebody said,
"Oh, there's a Jew.
271
00:18:02,166 --> 00:18:05,200
Let's throw her
on the fire as well."
272
00:18:05,233 --> 00:18:07,830
I don't know how I got home.
273
00:18:07,116 --> 00:18:09,333
I still don't know today
how I got home.
274
00:18:09,366 --> 00:18:14,100
And when I got home, my mother
was absolutely shocked.
275
00:18:14,133 --> 00:18:16,150
My father had been arrested.
276
00:18:20,330 --> 00:18:23,200
My father was quite
an outspoken person,
277
00:18:23,233 --> 00:18:26,216
and so when they came
to Buchenwald
278
00:18:26,250 --> 00:18:30,183
and they took away all
the men's braces and shoelaces,
279
00:18:30,216 --> 00:18:31,333
he protested and said,
280
00:18:31,366 --> 00:18:34,283
"You can't treat these
old people like this."
281
00:18:34,316 --> 00:18:36,183
So they made an example of him,
282
00:18:36,216 --> 00:18:40,160
and they beat him to death
in front of everybody
283
00:18:40,500 --> 00:18:45,000
in order to instill
terror and obedience.
284
00:18:47,216 --> 00:18:52,216
They offered us my father's
ashes in return for money,
285
00:18:52,250 --> 00:18:55,166
and eventually the urn came.
286
00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:58,160
And we buried it
in the Jewish cemetery.
287
00:18:58,500 --> 00:19:01,133
But, of course, whether it was
his ashes, one never knows.
288
00:19:02,383 --> 00:19:06,100
EPSTEIN: We heard loud banging
on the door downstairs,
289
00:19:06,133 --> 00:19:11,830
and so my aunt, my mother,
and I ran up into the attic,
290
00:19:11,116 --> 00:19:15,150
and we were hiding
in an old wardrobe up there.
291
00:19:15,183 --> 00:19:17,333
And I do remember the feeling
292
00:19:17,366 --> 00:19:22,200
as though I had spent my entire
life in that wardrobe.
293
00:19:22,233 --> 00:19:25,150
And I also remember
whispering to my mother,
294
00:19:25,183 --> 00:19:30,166
"I want to get out of here, and
not just out of this wardrobe.
295
00:19:30,200 --> 00:19:32,250
I want to get out of Germany."
296
00:19:45,216 --> 00:19:48,330
NARRATOR: World revulsion
was swift,
297
00:19:48,660 --> 00:19:49,250
yet Britain was the only country
298
00:19:49,283 --> 00:19:52,166
willing to relax
its immigration controls,
299
00:19:52,200 --> 00:19:54,333
and then only for children
who would not threaten
300
00:19:54,366 --> 00:19:57,250
British jobs or public funds.
301
00:19:57,283 --> 00:20:00,000
Days after the Nazi pogrom,
302
00:20:00,330 --> 00:20:03,233
Anglo-Jewish leaders met with
Prime Minister Chamberlain
303
00:20:03,266 --> 00:20:07,160
and urged him to let into the
country unaccompanied children,
304
00:20:07,500 --> 00:20:11,160
Christian as well as Jewish,
up to the age of 17.
305
00:20:12,200 --> 00:20:15,330
6 days later,
Quakers joined Jewish leaders
306
00:20:15,660 --> 00:20:17,250
to present the government
a concrete rescue plan
307
00:20:17,283 --> 00:20:21,183
to be funded by refugee
and religious organizations.
308
00:20:21,216 --> 00:20:24,300
That night, the House of Commons
debated the issue
309
00:20:24,333 --> 00:20:27,000
and approved the plan.
310
00:20:28,350 --> 00:20:32,500
MAN: My youth leader said,
"Call Otto Hirsch.
311
00:20:32,830 --> 00:20:34,316
There is a job for you
to be done."
312
00:20:34,350 --> 00:20:37,150
So I went and saw him,
and he said,
313
00:20:37,183 --> 00:20:40,216
"Listen. I have a request.
314
00:20:40,250 --> 00:20:45,133
"We have been informed
that the British government--
315
00:20:45,166 --> 00:20:46,316
"the House of Commons--
316
00:20:46,350 --> 00:20:50,166
"had discussed the destiny
of children in Germany
317
00:20:50,200 --> 00:20:53,660
"after all this publicity,
318
00:20:53,100 --> 00:20:54,350
"and they are disgusted.
319
00:20:56,166 --> 00:20:58,660
"They came to the conclusion
320
00:20:58,100 --> 00:21:01,283
"to accept children
for a certain time.
321
00:21:01,316 --> 00:21:04,383
"We have an office
for the operations.
322
00:21:05,160 --> 00:21:06,250
See what you can do."
323
00:21:10,330 --> 00:21:11,366
NARRATOR: As the transports
got under way
324
00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:13,283
in Germany and Austria,
325
00:21:13,316 --> 00:21:15,333
thousands of
Sudetenland refugees
326
00:21:15,366 --> 00:21:19,000
continued to flee to Prague.
327
00:21:19,330 --> 00:21:21,266
English stockbroker
Nicholas Winton
328
00:21:21,300 --> 00:21:25,266
was summoned by a friend to view
the situation for himself.
329
00:21:25,300 --> 00:21:28,333
He toured refugee camps
with Doreen Warriner,
330
00:21:28,366 --> 00:21:30,300
a representative of
the British Committee
331
00:21:30,333 --> 00:21:32,366
for Refugees
from Czechoslovakia.
332
00:21:34,383 --> 00:21:37,150
WINTON:
We did have the feeling
333
00:21:37,183 --> 00:21:41,000
that the position
was much more urgent
334
00:21:41,330 --> 00:21:44,150
than anybody in London thought.
335
00:21:52,660 --> 00:21:53,216
Doreen Warriner said to me,
336
00:21:53,250 --> 00:21:56,166
"I don't know what we're going
to do about the children."
337
00:21:56,200 --> 00:21:58,350
And almost spontaneously I said,
338
00:21:58,383 --> 00:22:00,350
"Well, if when I get back
to England
339
00:22:00,383 --> 00:22:04,300
"I find that the Home Office
will allow them in,
340
00:22:04,333 --> 00:22:08,830
we'll try and get some of them
into England,"
341
00:22:08,116 --> 00:22:10,250
And when I went
to the Home Office,
342
00:22:10,283 --> 00:22:13,316
they said,
"Under certain conditions,
343
00:22:13,350 --> 00:22:18,000
you can bring in
as many children as you like."
344
00:22:18,330 --> 00:22:20,250
We had to produce
somebody who'd guarantee
345
00:22:20,283 --> 00:22:24,660
£50 against their reemigration,
346
00:22:24,100 --> 00:22:26,500
which I suppose
is about £1,000 today--
347
00:22:26,830 --> 00:22:30,160
it was quite a lot of money--
and then I had to find a
family
348
00:22:30,500 --> 00:22:33,316
who'd take each
individual child.
349
00:22:33,350 --> 00:22:36,233
It certainly wasn't easy,
but it wasn't that
difficult.
350
00:22:36,266 --> 00:22:40,133
I mean, it's more easy
to get somebody to take a child
351
00:22:40,166 --> 00:22:43,233
than to take a grownup.
352
00:22:43,266 --> 00:22:45,383
I tried to get America involved
353
00:22:46,160 --> 00:22:48,300
and wrote to a lot
of the senators
354
00:22:48,333 --> 00:22:53,166
and got a lot of answers
saying how concerned they were
355
00:22:53,200 --> 00:22:57,216
and all the various reasons
why they couldn't do anything.
356
00:22:57,250 --> 00:23:00,200
NARRATOR: In the United States,
a congressional bill
357
00:23:00,233 --> 00:23:05,183
to admit 20,000 child refugees
died in committee.
358
00:23:05,216 --> 00:23:07,166
One of the arguments
against the bill
359
00:23:07,200 --> 00:23:10,283
was that accepting children
without their parents
360
00:23:10,316 --> 00:23:13,233
was contrary to the laws of God.
361
00:23:30,183 --> 00:23:32,200
SEGAL: My father said,
362
00:23:32,233 --> 00:23:35,333
"Mummy and I cannot leave,
but you're going to leave."
363
00:23:35,366 --> 00:23:38,183
I said, "What do you mean,
I'm going to leave?"
364
00:23:38,216 --> 00:23:40,383
"You're going to England,"
he said.
365
00:23:41,160 --> 00:23:42,150
"When?"
366
00:23:42,183 --> 00:23:44,330
"Thursday," he said.
367
00:23:44,660 --> 00:23:46,283
I knew that she ought--
368
00:23:46,316 --> 00:23:51,133
that I ought to want
to send her away,
369
00:23:51,166 --> 00:23:54,266
but I couldn't imagine to give
permission for her to go.
370
00:23:54,300 --> 00:23:57,333
My husband said, "She must go,"
371
00:23:57,366 --> 00:24:00,200
and he didn't listen to me.
372
00:24:00,233 --> 00:24:04,830
He just arranged
everything for her,
373
00:24:04,116 --> 00:24:05,266
and I had to give in,
374
00:24:05,300 --> 00:24:10,133
and I saw in the end
that he was right,
375
00:24:10,166 --> 00:24:13,000
but the hurt is unbelievable.
376
00:24:13,330 --> 00:24:15,660
That cannot be described.
377
00:24:15,100 --> 00:24:17,000
[Girl singing in German]
378
00:24:35,300 --> 00:24:38,830
MAN: My father died
when I was 3 years old,
379
00:24:38,116 --> 00:24:40,333
and my mother, she had to
go out to work,
380
00:24:40,366 --> 00:24:43,366
so I wound up in the orphanage.
381
00:24:45,250 --> 00:24:49,000
When Polish Jews were arrested
all over Germany,
382
00:24:49,330 --> 00:24:51,200
I'd found out
that my mother was deported,
383
00:24:51,233 --> 00:24:55,133
so I was on my own.
I had nobody, no one, nothing.
384
00:24:55,166 --> 00:24:57,300
I went to the Gemeinde,
385
00:24:57,333 --> 00:24:59,100
and there was this
wonderful woman.
386
00:24:59,133 --> 00:25:01,116
She knew me, and she said,
"Ah, Pascha,
387
00:25:01,150 --> 00:25:03,150
what are you doing here?
Where's your mother?"
388
00:25:03,183 --> 00:25:06,333
And so I said,
"My mother has been deported,"
389
00:25:06,366 --> 00:25:08,660
And she said to me,
390
00:25:08,100 --> 00:25:11,166
"You know, there's something
happening now.
391
00:25:11,200 --> 00:25:14,300
I think you should get onto
it."
It was the Kindertransport.
392
00:25:14,333 --> 00:25:16,300
She said, "You better
register immediately
393
00:25:16,333 --> 00:25:19,250
"because you're all by
yourself.
What are you going to do?"
394
00:25:19,283 --> 00:25:21,333
So I said,
"Okay. I'll go to England,"
395
00:25:21,366 --> 00:25:24,233
Just like matter-of-fact,
as if it was nothing.
396
00:25:26,333 --> 00:25:28,150
ROSENFELD: In hindsight,
397
00:25:28,183 --> 00:25:32,300
I think my sister and I,
we owe my father's death
398
00:25:32,333 --> 00:25:34,233
that we have survived
399
00:25:34,266 --> 00:25:40,330
because they selected children
who had problems--
400
00:25:41,200 --> 00:25:43,183
uh, who'd lost parents
or whose parents
401
00:25:43,216 --> 00:25:45,283
could no longer
look after them--
402
00:25:45,316 --> 00:25:48,166
uh, to go on the
Kindertransport.
403
00:25:49,366 --> 00:25:53,183
HAYMAN: Mother came home
and said that she enrolled us,
404
00:25:53,216 --> 00:25:55,250
and about a fortnight later,
405
00:25:55,283 --> 00:25:58,250
my parents were told
that I can go,
406
00:25:58,283 --> 00:26:01,233
and a week or two after that,
407
00:26:01,266 --> 00:26:04,316
they had the thing
to say that my sister can go.
408
00:26:04,350 --> 00:26:08,500
So, now both of us would go,
409
00:26:08,830 --> 00:26:12,133
and that must have been
very hard.
410
00:26:12,166 --> 00:26:15,383
That would have been hard
to decide that we both go.
411
00:26:17,216 --> 00:26:20,116
We had about a fortnight
before we left,
412
00:26:20,150 --> 00:26:23,383
and into that fortnight,
both mother and father
413
00:26:24,160 --> 00:26:28,660
were trying to give the
instructions and the guidance
414
00:26:28,100 --> 00:26:31,283
that they hoped to have
their whole life to give.
415
00:26:35,216 --> 00:26:39,350
HELLMAN: My Bar Mitzvah
was a month after Crystal Night,
416
00:26:39,383 --> 00:26:42,333
and it was held in an attic.
417
00:26:42,366 --> 00:26:44,100
My father was not there.
418
00:26:44,133 --> 00:26:47,166
My father was still
in a concentration camp,
419
00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:49,350
and it was just my mother.
420
00:26:49,383 --> 00:26:52,233
I felt terrible.
421
00:26:52,266 --> 00:26:54,333
There was no celebration
afterwards.
422
00:26:54,366 --> 00:26:58,660
There was nothing.
423
00:26:58,100 --> 00:27:00,100
You read your part
from the Torah,
424
00:27:00,133 --> 00:27:04,183
and you did your Haftarah,
and you were finished,
425
00:27:04,216 --> 00:27:10,150
and we were lucky that a minyan
showed up altogether.
426
00:27:14,183 --> 00:27:17,133
I certainly felt,
the sooner that we could
427
00:27:17,166 --> 00:27:21,216
get out of Germany,
the better off it would be.
428
00:27:21,250 --> 00:27:26,350
My house mother wrote
to Baron James de Rothschild,
429
00:27:28,133 --> 00:27:35,150
would he take 24 of her boys,
her husband, herself,
430
00:27:35,183 --> 00:27:37,250
and her two daughters?
431
00:27:37,283 --> 00:27:42,660
And he wrote back in January
that he would.
432
00:27:54,266 --> 00:27:58,133
WOMAN: We thought of England
as a land of lords and ladies
433
00:27:58,166 --> 00:28:00,333
because of the king and queen,
434
00:28:00,366 --> 00:28:03,316
and the two little princesses
appealed to us very much.
435
00:28:03,350 --> 00:28:07,100
We saw those pictures
in the newspapers--
436
00:28:07,133 --> 00:28:09,216
The coronation with
their ermine clothes
437
00:28:09,250 --> 00:28:11,330
and their crowns
on their heads--
438
00:28:11,660 --> 00:28:12,316
and we really thought,
in England,
439
00:28:12,350 --> 00:28:14,166
that is how people got dressed--
440
00:28:14,200 --> 00:28:17,200
perhaps not every day,
but sometimes on Sundays.
441
00:28:17,233 --> 00:28:21,000
So that was our expectation
of England.
442
00:28:22,283 --> 00:28:25,383
ALLARD: I was told this was
the
best thing that could happen,
443
00:28:26,160 --> 00:28:29,233
and I was so lucky because
everybody around me
444
00:28:29,266 --> 00:28:33,350
was trying to find places
for their children,
445
00:28:33,383 --> 00:28:36,500
and suddenly out of the blue,
446
00:28:36,830 --> 00:28:39,350
I had a chance
to come to England.
447
00:28:39,383 --> 00:28:41,350
How lucky can I be?
448
00:28:47,830 --> 00:28:49,150
EPSTEIN: My parents said
that I would be able
449
00:28:49,183 --> 00:28:52,166
to go back to school,
I will learn another language,
450
00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:57,200
I will live in London, I will
be
able to travel on the subway,
451
00:28:57,233 --> 00:29:00,233
and painted a wonderful,
beautiful picture
452
00:29:00,266 --> 00:29:03,116
and added again and again,
453
00:29:03,150 --> 00:29:05,283
"And we'll follow soon."
454
00:29:05,316 --> 00:29:11,500
However, a few days or so
before I was to leave,
455
00:29:11,830 --> 00:29:16,250
I um, accused my parents
of trying to get rid of me.
456
00:29:16,283 --> 00:29:19,266
I said to my parents,
"I'm really a gypsy child,
457
00:29:19,300 --> 00:29:22,000
"and you're now trying
to get rid of me.
458
00:29:22,330 --> 00:29:25,200
You adopted me, and now
you no longer want me."
459
00:29:25,233 --> 00:29:29,266
I must have really deeply,
deeply hurt my parents.
460
00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:35,116
NARRATOR: Since German
policy in 1938
461
00:29:35,150 --> 00:29:37,266
was to force Jewish emigration,
462
00:29:37,300 --> 00:29:40,200
the Nazis willingly
let the children leave
463
00:29:40,233 --> 00:29:44,233
as long as they did not
take any valuables with them.
464
00:29:44,266 --> 00:29:47,500
Each child was allowed
one suitcase,
465
00:29:47,830 --> 00:29:49,500
one piece of hand luggage,
466
00:29:49,830 --> 00:29:51,660
and 10 Reichmark.
467
00:30:00,316 --> 00:30:05,830
ALLARD: We had 4 days
to pack and go.
468
00:30:05,116 --> 00:30:07,216
And they were just
so busy getting ready
469
00:30:07,250 --> 00:30:10,166
the things I was going to take
470
00:30:10,200 --> 00:30:15,160
that I don't think that
they or I had time to think
471
00:30:15,500 --> 00:30:17,000
about what was happening.
472
00:30:20,233 --> 00:30:23,660
ROSENFELD: My mother prepared
all our clothes,
473
00:30:23,100 --> 00:30:28,000
lovingly embroidered our names
in every piece of clothing,
474
00:30:28,330 --> 00:30:32,383
even every handkerchief,
every sock, everything.
475
00:30:34,250 --> 00:30:36,266
CAHN: I think
I took my teddy bear.
476
00:30:36,300 --> 00:30:39,216
and my mother always slept on
477
00:30:39,250 --> 00:30:42,166
a little pillow on
top of her big pillow.
478
00:30:42,200 --> 00:30:45,333
And I asked her whether
I could take that with me.
479
00:30:45,366 --> 00:30:47,366
So she said, "Sure."
480
00:30:50,216 --> 00:30:53,366
HAYMAN: Mother had new clothes
made for both of us.
481
00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:57,133
We had a dressmaker at home
who did all the sewing.
482
00:30:57,166 --> 00:30:59,233
And some she bought.
483
00:30:59,266 --> 00:31:02,250
Otherwise, around my neck,
because we were baptized,
484
00:31:02,283 --> 00:31:05,316
hoping that would be
of some help,
485
00:31:05,350 --> 00:31:08,133
I had a little cross,
486
00:31:08,166 --> 00:31:10,166
and I had a little elephant,
487
00:31:10,200 --> 00:31:15,100
and I had sort of, um,
it wasn't a Jewish star,
488
00:31:15,133 --> 00:31:19,166
but it was a little angel,
which--I put them all together
489
00:31:19,200 --> 00:31:21,250
because I thought
the Almighty can choose
490
00:31:21,283 --> 00:31:25,266
which religion
he would like me to belong to.
491
00:31:25,300 --> 00:31:27,250
Those are the things I remember.
492
00:31:33,333 --> 00:31:35,333
SEGAL: I remember
that last evening,
493
00:31:35,366 --> 00:31:39,366
all the cousins and all
the aunts came to say good-bye.
494
00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:42,300
And there was one aunt
who had twins,
495
00:31:42,333 --> 00:31:45,500
who was extremely angry
with my parents
496
00:31:45,830 --> 00:31:47,350
for getting me
onto this transport
497
00:31:47,383 --> 00:31:50,366
and for not having managed
to get her twins
498
00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:53,150
onto the transport.
499
00:31:53,183 --> 00:31:59,660
There was grief and panic
and fury in that room.
500
00:31:59,100 --> 00:32:01,660
And there was a moment, uh,
501
00:32:01,100 --> 00:32:03,200
that my father took me
between his knees,
502
00:32:03,233 --> 00:32:07,233
and he said, "Now, when you
get to England,
503
00:32:07,266 --> 00:32:10,250
"you have to talk to
all the English people you meet,
504
00:32:10,283 --> 00:32:14,383
"and you have to ask them
to get your mother and me out,
505
00:32:15,160 --> 00:32:16,116
and your grandparents."
506
00:32:16,150 --> 00:32:18,116
And because this aunt was there
507
00:32:18,150 --> 00:32:21,133
and had been
so unhappy and so angry,
508
00:32:21,166 --> 00:32:25,000
he said,
"And aunt so-and-so's twins."
509
00:32:25,330 --> 00:32:29,350
Before long, I had a list of
people, whom I, at 10 years
old,
510
00:32:29,383 --> 00:32:32,283
had promised to save
from Hitler.
511
00:32:36,233 --> 00:32:39,500
NARRATOR: The transports
began in December,
512
00:32:39,830 --> 00:32:41,333
barely 3 weeks
after the Nazi pogrom.
513
00:32:43,166 --> 00:32:45,350
Although a few children
travelled by plane,
514
00:32:45,383 --> 00:32:49,150
the majority departed by train.
515
00:32:49,183 --> 00:32:51,216
Some trains left during the day,
516
00:32:51,250 --> 00:32:53,350
many others
in the dead of night.
517
00:33:00,333 --> 00:33:03,500
SEGAL: Each child
was given a number.
518
00:33:03,830 --> 00:33:07,366
My number, and I still have it,
was 152.
519
00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:12,100
And this was a number
every child put around its neck.
520
00:33:12,133 --> 00:33:16,166
And a similar number was
attached to our suitcases.
521
00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:21,166
And there we stood, uh, in our
groups of 50, I think it was.
522
00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:23,183
And there was my mother
and my father,
523
00:33:23,216 --> 00:33:26,266
and my mother kept up
a conversation with me
524
00:33:26,300 --> 00:33:31,160
as if this was an ordinary
and interesting thing
525
00:33:31,500 --> 00:33:32,200
that was happening.
526
00:33:32,233 --> 00:33:37,233
But I remember that she wore
a pony fur with a fox collar,
527
00:33:37,266 --> 00:33:39,316
and her face was
inside the fox collar,
528
00:33:39,350 --> 00:33:43,330
and I remember that
although her speech was as if
529
00:33:43,660 --> 00:33:47,133
everything was ordinary,
her face, I remember, was hot.
530
00:33:47,166 --> 00:33:50,160
It was-It was red and hot.
531
00:33:54,350 --> 00:33:57,166
LEVERTON: Every parent
promised their child,
532
00:33:57,200 --> 00:34:00,150
"We will soon come and follow."
533
00:34:00,183 --> 00:34:04,150
How otherwise did the parents
get the little children
534
00:34:04,183 --> 00:34:05,383
onto the trains?
535
00:34:06,160 --> 00:34:08,660
"Give us a few weeks
when things--
536
00:34:08,100 --> 00:34:11,330
"either they'll blow over
and you'll come back again,
537
00:34:11,660 --> 00:34:12,316
or we will come and join you."
538
00:34:12,350 --> 00:34:17,160
That was a promise every parent
made to their child.
539
00:34:21,316 --> 00:34:24,133
WOLLHEIM: There came
the time to say to the parents,
540
00:34:24,166 --> 00:34:26,250
"Listen, you cannot
go to the platform.
541
00:34:26,283 --> 00:34:28,283
"The police will not allow it.
542
00:34:28,316 --> 00:34:30,200
We have to say good-bye here."
543
00:34:30,233 --> 00:34:35,500
So I ascended the chair there.
I addressed the people.
544
00:34:35,830 --> 00:34:39,000
Where I took the courage
to do that, I don't know.
545
00:34:39,330 --> 00:34:44,116
But I told the parents,
"Now it's your last good-bye."
546
00:34:45,300 --> 00:34:48,000
LEVERTON: They didn't want
the German public to know
547
00:34:48,330 --> 00:34:51,160
what was going on
because they had experiences
548
00:34:51,500 --> 00:34:55,250
of parents weeping and fainting
at the platform.
549
00:34:55,283 --> 00:34:57,266
So we had to say good-bye.
550
00:34:57,300 --> 00:35:00,383
Groups had to say good-bye
in an anteroom.
551
00:35:01,160 --> 00:35:03,266
And the scenes were
pretty horrendous.
552
00:35:03,300 --> 00:35:07,160
WOMAN: When my sister
and brother left,
553
00:35:07,500 --> 00:35:10,133
all the other parents
were crying bitterly.
554
00:35:10,166 --> 00:35:13,150
And I was so afraid.
555
00:35:13,183 --> 00:35:15,200
I didn't want
my mother to cry
556
00:35:15,233 --> 00:35:18,133
because she was
a very strong person,
557
00:35:18,166 --> 00:35:20,283
and I thought,
if she cries,
558
00:35:20,316 --> 00:35:24,000
then terrible things
will happen.
559
00:35:24,330 --> 00:35:26,333
And I kept on looking at her,
and I said,
560
00:35:26,366 --> 00:35:29,660
"Don't cry. Don't cry.
You won't cry."
561
00:35:29,100 --> 00:35:30,200
And she didn't.
562
00:35:33,500 --> 00:35:37,660
GORDON: I got to the station,
which was crowded with people.
563
00:35:39,830 --> 00:35:41,216
All the children had
their parents with them,
564
00:35:41,250 --> 00:35:44,660
and I was sitting there
all by myself.
565
00:35:44,100 --> 00:35:45,283
I had no parents, nobody.
566
00:35:45,316 --> 00:35:48,116
I was just standing there
with a suitcase.
567
00:35:50,216 --> 00:35:53,160
There was nobody's shoulder
I could cry on.
568
00:35:53,500 --> 00:35:56,383
All I know is I was going away.
I was going to England.
569
00:35:57,160 --> 00:35:59,000
Whatever would happen
would happen.
570
00:36:00,383 --> 00:36:03,150
CAHN: My father--
every day he said,
571
00:36:03,183 --> 00:36:05,500
"Pupela, I don't want you to go,
572
00:36:05,830 --> 00:36:09,133
but I want you to go
because it'll be good for you."
573
00:36:09,166 --> 00:36:12,100
The day came, and we went.
574
00:36:12,133 --> 00:36:16,183
My mother and dad went
with me inside the train
575
00:36:16,216 --> 00:36:20,160
and um, put my suitcase up.
576
00:36:20,500 --> 00:36:21,316
My seat was right at the window,
577
00:36:21,350 --> 00:36:24,333
and the German trains
had great big windows,
578
00:36:24,366 --> 00:36:27,200
and my father pulled that
all the way down,
579
00:36:27,233 --> 00:36:30,330
so I could be leaning out
of the window,
580
00:36:30,660 --> 00:36:32,330
and he hugged me and kissed me.
581
00:36:32,660 --> 00:36:37,266
And I could see my father's
face
getting whiter and whiter,
582
00:36:37,300 --> 00:36:39,500
and I thought, I only hope
583
00:36:39,830 --> 00:36:41,660
nothing is going to happen
to my father
584
00:36:41,100 --> 00:36:46,000
because he looked so terribly,
terribly pale.
585
00:36:46,330 --> 00:36:48,366
And my poor mother was getting
worse and worse,
586
00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:51,830
and I couldn't wait
for the train to go
587
00:36:51,116 --> 00:36:54,100
because I--I didn't want
to remember that.
588
00:36:56,283 --> 00:37:00,283
And the guy came,
and he waved the signal.
589
00:37:00,316 --> 00:37:03,000
When the train started to go,
my father says,
590
00:37:03,330 --> 00:37:04,216
"Pupela, let me
hold your hands."
591
00:37:04,250 --> 00:37:08,160
and I held my hands, and I said,
"I have to let go!
592
00:37:08,500 --> 00:37:09,830
I have to let go!"
593
00:37:09,116 --> 00:37:11,300
"No, no, no, no.
I don't want you to go!
594
00:37:11,333 --> 00:37:14,830
I don't want you to go!"
And we were already--
595
00:37:14,116 --> 00:37:17,000
my father couldn't walk fast
because he walked on a cane,
596
00:37:17,330 --> 00:37:20,500
and we went already a little bit
and a little bit more.
597
00:37:20,830 --> 00:37:26,216
And he took me by my hands and
he pulled me out of the window.
598
00:37:26,250 --> 00:37:29,333
And I fell. I could have
fallen in between,
599
00:37:29,366 --> 00:37:31,200
between the platform
and the train.
600
00:37:31,233 --> 00:37:34,233
It was like about
that much of a space.
601
00:37:34,266 --> 00:37:37,283
I didn't, but I got hurt
and I was bleeding,
602
00:37:37,316 --> 00:37:44,316
and I was devastated,
absolutely devastated.
603
00:37:44,350 --> 00:37:48,283
And my father
was in seventh heaven
604
00:37:48,316 --> 00:37:52,330
that he had his little Pupela,
his little girl, back.
605
00:37:56,283 --> 00:37:59,266
ROSENFELD: The parting
was terrible.
606
00:37:59,300 --> 00:38:04,200
That's the one thing I've
never forgotten in all my
life.
607
00:38:04,233 --> 00:38:06,333
And she had been so controlled.
608
00:38:06,366 --> 00:38:12,333
She'd always been
a sort of solid support to us,
609
00:38:12,366 --> 00:38:16,350
and suddenly
she showed her feelings.
610
00:38:16,383 --> 00:38:20,366
And it was terrifying.
Really terrifying.
611
00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:26,266
You saw this face that showed
all the hurt and agony
612
00:38:26,300 --> 00:38:28,333
she'd been through.
613
00:38:28,366 --> 00:38:32,830
And I can still see my father
at that mealtime.
614
00:38:32,116 --> 00:38:34,216
But I would have liked
to have had
615
00:38:34,250 --> 00:38:37,266
a happier image of my mother.
616
00:38:37,300 --> 00:38:44,150
That's the only image
with this contorted face.
617
00:38:44,183 --> 00:38:47,333
Full of agony...
it's very sad.
618
00:38:57,660 --> 00:38:59,150
HAYMAN: And I remember
standing by the window
619
00:38:59,183 --> 00:39:02,366
and waving good-bye
and just trying very hard
620
00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:05,300
to believe that we really
will come back,
621
00:39:05,333 --> 00:39:07,233
that it won't be for very long.
622
00:39:07,266 --> 00:39:11,183
But when the train moved
and they disappeared from sight,
623
00:39:11,216 --> 00:39:14,316
you know, both Vera and I
cried to each other.
624
00:39:21,500 --> 00:39:25,366
EPSTEIN: My parents ran along
the train on the platform.
625
00:39:26,000 --> 00:39:29,150
And I still remember,
sort of in my head,
626
00:39:29,183 --> 00:39:31,100
I heard that refrain,
627
00:39:31,133 --> 00:39:33,233
"You're leaving, you're
leaving, you're leaving."
628
00:39:33,266 --> 00:39:35,100
And I watched their faces,
629
00:39:35,133 --> 00:39:39,350
and tears were streaming down
their face, down their cheeks.
630
00:39:39,383 --> 00:39:45,116
And I knew then,
these people really love me.
631
00:39:45,150 --> 00:39:47,333
This is why
they're sending me away.
632
00:39:49,216 --> 00:39:52,216
And I immediately started
to write to my parents,
633
00:39:52,250 --> 00:39:55,383
and I apologized
for what I had said to them,
634
00:39:56,160 --> 00:39:58,166
that they were trying
to get rid of me.
635
00:40:10,200 --> 00:40:14,250
GROSSMAN: In no time,
the suitcase was gone,
636
00:40:14,283 --> 00:40:17,300
the child was gone,
the other children were gone--
637
00:40:17,333 --> 00:40:21,116
just emptiness.
638
00:40:21,150 --> 00:40:24,333
Then we turned around
and went home.
639
00:40:24,366 --> 00:40:27,160
I did not talk.
640
00:40:28,233 --> 00:40:30,166
It was awful.
641
00:40:37,830 --> 00:40:39,330
WOLLHEIM: The children
went with the hope
642
00:40:39,660 --> 00:40:40,133
that the parents would follow
643
00:40:40,166 --> 00:40:42,316
or that one day
they could come back,
644
00:40:42,350 --> 00:40:45,350
and they would see them again.
645
00:40:45,383 --> 00:40:50,266
I did not realize,
and I could never realize,
646
00:40:50,300 --> 00:40:55,133
that only 1 1/2 years later,
from the same railway station,
647
00:40:55,166 --> 00:40:58,100
trains would go
in the other directions
648
00:40:58,133 --> 00:41:00,266
to Hitler's slaughterhouses.
649
00:41:03,383 --> 00:41:06,250
[Child singing in German]
650
00:42:05,330 --> 00:42:08,150
SEGAL: I remember that
all that day we sang songs,
651
00:42:08,183 --> 00:42:11,250
we ate the things
what our mothers had given us.
652
00:42:13,150 --> 00:42:17,300
When we got to the border,
it got very frightening
653
00:42:17,333 --> 00:42:22,350
because the train stopped at
the last station before
Holland.
654
00:42:24,133 --> 00:42:26,383
The big girls were very
frightened, and they scared us.
655
00:42:27,160 --> 00:42:28,183
They said, "Don't move."
656
00:42:28,216 --> 00:42:31,100
You know what happens when
you sit and you don't move?
657
00:42:31,133 --> 00:42:34,250
You begin to tremble if--if
you tense yourself enough.
658
00:42:34,283 --> 00:42:39,383
I remember that--sitting there
so tense that I was vibrating.
659
00:42:41,250 --> 00:42:47,100
ROSENFELD: The Nazi border
guard
very officiously came around,
660
00:42:47,133 --> 00:42:50,250
made some of the children
open their suitcases.
661
00:42:50,283 --> 00:42:54,366
They shouted at us
and threw their weight about.
662
00:42:55,000 --> 00:42:58,316
They were looking for new
things
people had, children had,
663
00:42:58,350 --> 00:43:01,283
new clothes and this,
and they didn't like that.
664
00:43:01,316 --> 00:43:05,116
They gave the children
a tough time.
665
00:43:05,150 --> 00:43:07,183
Children kept crying and crying.
666
00:43:07,216 --> 00:43:10,216
And we were there quite a
while,
and they took their time,
667
00:43:10,250 --> 00:43:13,183
and they--they enjoyed doing
what they were doing to us.
668
00:43:37,266 --> 00:43:41,330
Then, suddenly,
we were in Holland.
669
00:43:41,660 --> 00:43:42,350
Everyone was cheering,
670
00:43:42,383 --> 00:43:47,133
"Those damn Nazis, they should
drop dead. Now we are free."
671
00:43:53,366 --> 00:43:58,150
SEGAL: There was a howling, a
yelling, a shouting, a
singing.
672
00:43:58,183 --> 00:44:00,266
It was the best party
I've ever been at,
673
00:44:00,300 --> 00:44:02,333
although I didn't really
understand what it was
674
00:44:02,366 --> 00:44:04,233
that was happening.
675
00:44:04,266 --> 00:44:07,316
I was holding a big girl
around the waist,
676
00:44:07,350 --> 00:44:09,000
and she was holding me.
677
00:44:09,330 --> 00:44:11,150
And they knew the songs
they were singing.
678
00:44:11,183 --> 00:44:14,350
It was, uh, very probably
Zionist, a Zionist song,
679
00:44:14,383 --> 00:44:16,233
but I sang "la la, la la"
680
00:44:16,266 --> 00:44:19,316
because it was so much fun
to be joining this party.
681
00:44:21,166 --> 00:44:23,316
ROSENFELD: Not only were
the frontier guards
682
00:44:23,350 --> 00:44:26,350
on the Dutch side very nice,
683
00:44:26,383 --> 00:44:32,330
they had a contingency of ladies
who bought us cocoa
684
00:44:32,660 --> 00:44:34,116
and Dutch zwieback.
685
00:44:34,150 --> 00:44:36,383
And it was like manna
from heaven.
686
00:44:37,160 --> 00:44:38,200
It was wonderful.
687
00:44:38,233 --> 00:44:41,100
We suddenly felt as though
688
00:44:41,133 --> 00:44:47,166
you'd been clad in a cloak
of lead or iron,
689
00:44:47,200 --> 00:44:50,330
and it had been taken from you.
690
00:44:50,660 --> 00:44:53,300
It was a wonderful feeling--
of freedom.
691
00:44:53,333 --> 00:44:55,283
We started to smile.
692
00:44:55,316 --> 00:44:59,166
I don't think any of them
had smiled for a long time.
693
00:44:59,200 --> 00:45:01,283
It was wonderful.
694
00:45:14,150 --> 00:45:19,660
GORDON: Then the train went on
to Hoek van Holland.
695
00:45:19,100 --> 00:45:22,350
Got onto the boat,
which took us to Harwich,
696
00:45:22,383 --> 00:45:27,100
which was not a pleasant trip
because the English Channel--
697
00:45:27,133 --> 00:45:33,500
Huh! It's one of the worst
places in wintertime to cross.
698
00:45:33,830 --> 00:45:34,116
We had small children.
699
00:45:34,150 --> 00:45:36,330
People got seasick,
700
00:45:36,660 --> 00:45:39,183
and, oh, it was
some how-do-you-do.
701
00:46:05,350 --> 00:46:09,000
HAYMAN: I have a very
vivid memory of waking up
702
00:46:09,330 --> 00:46:14,830
and seeing the sea for the
first
time with the sunrise on it
703
00:46:14,116 --> 00:46:16,266
and thinking
how beautiful it was.
704
00:46:18,150 --> 00:46:20,500
It was only the British Channel,
705
00:46:20,830 --> 00:46:25,160
but it seemed a long, long way
from home in 1939.
706
00:46:25,500 --> 00:46:27,366
And so it was
a mixture of elation,
707
00:46:28,000 --> 00:46:30,233
because we saw something
so beautiful and saw the sea,
708
00:46:30,266 --> 00:46:35,150
while this fear was in me, which
never left me for those 6 years
709
00:46:35,183 --> 00:46:39,183
of "what's going to happen...
at home?"
710
00:46:45,000 --> 00:46:47,166
NEWSREEL COMMENTATOR:
Refugees from terror.
711
00:46:47,200 --> 00:46:50,116
First boatload
from Nazi Germany.
712
00:46:50,150 --> 00:46:53,216
Vanguard of an army
of helpless children.
713
00:46:53,250 --> 00:46:57,166
Uprooted from their homeland
in a modern exodus.
714
00:46:57,200 --> 00:47:00,250
NARRATOR: Each Kindertransport
was led by adult escorts
715
00:47:00,283 --> 00:47:03,116
on the condition that
after delivering the children,
716
00:47:03,150 --> 00:47:05,150
all escorts would return home
717
00:47:05,183 --> 00:47:08,300
or else the transports
would be ended.
718
00:47:08,333 --> 00:47:11,660
WOLLHEIM: A couple of times,
I travelled with them.
719
00:47:11,100 --> 00:47:15,383
At one transport, the customs
official checked and said,
720
00:47:16,160 --> 00:47:18,830
"We have a problem."
721
00:47:18,116 --> 00:47:22,216
He says, "This young man here
brought a violin,
722
00:47:22,250 --> 00:47:24,183
"which is very, very expensive.
723
00:47:24,216 --> 00:47:28,283
And this is not
an ordinary violin."
724
00:47:28,316 --> 00:47:33,266
I said, "Well, don't forget
these young people
725
00:47:33,300 --> 00:47:35,000
"take music lessons,
726
00:47:35,330 --> 00:47:37,166
"and obviously he likes
music very much,
727
00:47:37,200 --> 00:47:40,266
so he took his violin along."
728
00:47:40,300 --> 00:47:44,216
This didn't sit well,
so I gambled.
729
00:47:44,250 --> 00:47:48,150
I said to that boy, "Are you
able to play something?"
730
00:47:48,183 --> 00:47:50,366
And he said, "Sure."
731
00:47:51,000 --> 00:47:54,166
[Violin playing]
732
00:48:04,300 --> 00:48:07,150
And he was playing
"God Save the King."
733
00:48:18,366 --> 00:48:20,383
And that boy,
he couldn't be stopped.
734
00:48:21,160 --> 00:48:23,100
He played all 3 stanzas.
735
00:48:29,160 --> 00:48:30,233
When he was finished,
736
00:48:30,266 --> 00:48:33,116
and he was very happy
to have listened to that,
737
00:48:33,150 --> 00:48:34,283
I asked the fellow,
738
00:48:34,316 --> 00:48:37,316
"Are you now convinced, sir,
that he likes music?"
739
00:48:37,350 --> 00:48:39,333
And he said, "Yes!"
740
00:48:39,366 --> 00:48:43,830
So he got his violin
into England.
741
00:48:46,000 --> 00:48:50,133
ALLARD: Then came the arrival
at Liverpool Street station,
742
00:48:50,166 --> 00:48:53,350
and everyone
was being picked up.
743
00:48:53,383 --> 00:48:55,333
And I wasn't.
744
00:48:55,366 --> 00:49:01,116
I remember sitting
in an enormous arrival hall.
745
00:49:01,150 --> 00:49:03,116
And I just sat.
746
00:49:03,150 --> 00:49:06,166
Nobody came to me,
nobody talked to me.
747
00:49:08,200 --> 00:49:11,266
And I think I must
have sat an hour.
748
00:49:11,300 --> 00:49:13,383
Maybe longer. I don't know.
749
00:49:15,233 --> 00:49:19,200
And then came two people
who were my guardians,
750
00:49:19,233 --> 00:49:21,233
and they introduced themselves.
751
00:49:21,266 --> 00:49:25,660
And they explained
that they lived in Lincoln.
752
00:49:25,100 --> 00:49:27,383
They didn't speak
one word of German,
753
00:49:28,160 --> 00:49:31,133
and I didn't speak
one word of English.
754
00:49:31,166 --> 00:49:35,233
If they said, "Lincoln,"
that could have been anywhere.
755
00:49:35,266 --> 00:49:39,150
Never heard of the place.
756
00:49:39,183 --> 00:49:41,500
My mother sent me off, saying,
757
00:49:41,830 --> 00:49:44,500
"Whoever is going to be
good enough to take you in
758
00:49:44,830 --> 00:49:48,830
and give you a home, you must
treat as a temporary mother."
759
00:49:48,116 --> 00:49:52,830
And when we arrived back
from Liverpool Street,
760
00:49:52,116 --> 00:49:56,660
and we all went to bed
in the evening,
761
00:49:56,100 --> 00:49:59,100
I went up to her
and put my arms around her,
762
00:49:59,133 --> 00:50:01,183
and she pushed me away.
763
00:50:01,216 --> 00:50:03,366
And the words were,
"That's sissy."
764
00:50:04,160 --> 00:50:06,233
She may have said something
else, she may have said,
765
00:50:06,266 --> 00:50:08,830
"We don't do this,
that's sissy."
766
00:50:08,116 --> 00:50:11,116
But the words "that's sissy"
have never left me.
767
00:50:13,660 --> 00:50:14,300
Narrator: The children
arrived in England
768
00:50:14,333 --> 00:50:18,100
at the rate of
about 300 a week.
769
00:50:18,133 --> 00:50:21,100
Those who were not already
placed in foster homes
770
00:50:21,133 --> 00:50:23,330
were taken to temporary centers
771
00:50:23,660 --> 00:50:27,830
hastily set up in summer
holiday camps, like
Dovercourt.
772
00:50:42,350 --> 00:50:46,266
SEGAL: They did try
and keep us busy.
773
00:50:46,300 --> 00:50:50,160
The memorable part
of this camp experience
774
00:50:50,500 --> 00:50:54,160
was that it was one of
the coldest winters in history.
775
00:50:56,216 --> 00:50:59,316
We all went for breakfast
to this big hall,
776
00:50:59,350 --> 00:51:04,183
and the snow came in
through the cracks.
777
00:51:04,216 --> 00:51:06,383
We had this curious food.
We had kippers.
778
00:51:07,160 --> 00:51:09,500
I mean, what little
Austrian Jewish child
779
00:51:09,830 --> 00:51:10,183
has ever heard of kippers?
780
00:51:10,216 --> 00:51:13,350
Here was this salty shoe leather
on our plates,
781
00:51:13,383 --> 00:51:17,150
and it had snow on it.
It was pretty interesting.
782
00:51:17,183 --> 00:51:20,133
While we were sitting
around the stoves,
783
00:51:20,166 --> 00:51:23,383
always with our coats on
and with our little gloves on,
784
00:51:24,160 --> 00:51:27,333
there would come
groups of people
785
00:51:27,366 --> 00:51:31,100
to choose children
to take away with them.
786
00:51:33,300 --> 00:51:36,166
LEVERTON: We called it
the cattle market
787
00:51:36,200 --> 00:51:39,100
because every Saturday
and Sunday we were told
788
00:51:39,133 --> 00:51:42,150
to put on our best clothes,
and visitors used to come.
789
00:51:42,183 --> 00:51:45,000
We felt a bit like
the monkeys in the zoo.
790
00:51:45,330 --> 00:51:47,233
You know, we were being
stared at and evaluated,
791
00:51:47,266 --> 00:51:49,150
and people were chosen,
792
00:51:49,183 --> 00:51:52,330
then taken away from the tables,
and interviewed--
793
00:51:52,660 --> 00:51:55,383
If you were suitable
to be taken to their families.
794
00:51:56,160 --> 00:52:00,266
Most families wanted little
blue-eyed and blond girls
795
00:52:00,300 --> 00:52:02,266
of about 3 to 7.
796
00:52:02,300 --> 00:52:04,333
Little boys
were accepted as well,
797
00:52:04,366 --> 00:52:07,266
and the older children
found it a bit more difficult
798
00:52:07,300 --> 00:52:10,350
to find foster parents.
Of course, by that time,
799
00:52:10,383 --> 00:52:15,350
they hastily established hostels
to take a big influx
800
00:52:15,383 --> 00:52:18,000
of the children who weren't
chosen quickly
801
00:52:18,330 --> 00:52:20,000
because we had
to be chosen fast.
802
00:52:20,330 --> 00:52:22,660
In and out, the camp was filled.
803
00:52:22,100 --> 00:52:24,250
Every week, another transport
would arrive.
804
00:52:28,300 --> 00:52:30,383
SEGAL: I was writing a letter
to my parents,
805
00:52:31,160 --> 00:52:35,216
and one of these ladies
in a fur coat
806
00:52:35,250 --> 00:52:38,160
bent down to me and asked me
807
00:52:38,500 --> 00:52:40,266
if I would like to come
to Liverpool.
808
00:52:40,300 --> 00:52:43,233
I said, "Yes, I would like
to come to Liverpool."
809
00:52:43,266 --> 00:52:47,133
She said to the other woman,
"Oh, she speaks English."
810
00:52:47,166 --> 00:52:49,150
By speaking English, I mean
I could understand
811
00:52:49,183 --> 00:52:51,116
"Would you like to come
to Liverpool?"
812
00:52:51,150 --> 00:52:52,283
and I could say "yes."
813
00:52:52,316 --> 00:52:55,300
And then they said to me,
"Are you Orthodox?"
814
00:52:55,333 --> 00:52:57,266
and I said, "Yes,"
815
00:52:57,300 --> 00:52:59,300
and they wrote that down.
816
00:52:59,333 --> 00:53:02,100
It was understood
that I was going to go
817
00:53:02,133 --> 00:53:05,316
to Liverpool the next day,
and when the ladies had gone,
818
00:53:05,350 --> 00:53:08,100
I wrote in my letter
to my parents,
819
00:53:08,133 --> 00:53:10,660
"By the way, what is Orthodox?"
820
00:53:11,300 --> 00:53:13,300
LEVERTON: My brother
had been chosen first
821
00:53:13,333 --> 00:53:16,100
to be the playmate
of a little boy in Coventry.
822
00:53:16,133 --> 00:53:19,283
They asked me if I'd like to
go to a family in Coventry.
823
00:53:19,316 --> 00:53:21,200
Of course, I jumped
at the chance.
824
00:53:21,233 --> 00:53:23,300
I wanted to be
near my little brother.
825
00:53:23,333 --> 00:53:25,233
And they chose me as a maid,
826
00:53:25,266 --> 00:53:29,830
but only I didn't know
I was supposed to be a maid.
827
00:53:29,116 --> 00:53:33,330
I hadn't ever thought
of becoming a servant.
828
00:53:36,830 --> 00:53:37,116
But I drew the line.
829
00:53:37,150 --> 00:53:39,266
I point-blank refused
to wear a uniform.
830
00:53:39,300 --> 00:53:43,183
I think they took me to show off
in front of the neighbors
831
00:53:43,216 --> 00:53:46,266
because they were only
working-class people.
832
00:53:46,300 --> 00:53:48,250
The culture shock
was very great,
833
00:53:48,283 --> 00:53:52,100
and also the fact that my
clothes were better than hers.
834
00:53:52,133 --> 00:53:54,116
And she took
great exception to that,
835
00:53:54,150 --> 00:53:57,500
and she took
the clothes and all.
836
00:53:57,830 --> 00:53:59,183
The children whom we brought
over and placed
837
00:53:59,216 --> 00:54:03,500
I think, in the main,
were satisfactory.
838
00:54:03,830 --> 00:54:06,166
Uh, one can never claim 100%.
839
00:54:06,200 --> 00:54:08,316
There were certainly
some who weren't.
840
00:54:08,350 --> 00:54:10,383
There were certainly
some who were misused
841
00:54:11,160 --> 00:54:14,150
and used as servants
if they were of the right age.
842
00:54:15,333 --> 00:54:18,250
I wouldn't claim
that it was a 100% success,
843
00:54:18,283 --> 00:54:21,266
but I would claim
that everybody who came over
844
00:54:21,300 --> 00:54:24,116
was alive at the end of the war.
845
00:54:26,300 --> 00:54:29,166
WOMAN: You felt you wanted
to do something.
846
00:54:29,200 --> 00:54:31,283
There was a meeting in Norwich
847
00:54:31,316 --> 00:54:35,383
of a few Jewish congregants
and non-Jewish.
848
00:54:36,160 --> 00:54:38,330
They said, "Any offers
to take children?"
849
00:54:38,660 --> 00:54:41,500
And my husband said, yes,
with me,
850
00:54:41,830 --> 00:54:45,200
and then some photographs
were handed around,
851
00:54:45,233 --> 00:54:49,316
and I remember
there were some boy twins.
852
00:54:49,350 --> 00:54:51,000
Oh, my heart aches,
853
00:54:51,330 --> 00:54:53,116
but we couldn't afford it
in those days.
854
00:54:53,150 --> 00:54:56,330
We didn't know what was
going to happen, you know.
855
00:54:56,660 --> 00:54:59,100
So, that's when we took Kurt.
856
00:55:00,300 --> 00:55:05,166
FUCHEL: Percy and Mariam
picked me up at the boat,
857
00:55:05,200 --> 00:55:08,830
and they took me back home.
858
00:55:08,116 --> 00:55:10,383
At the entrance stood the maid,
859
00:55:11,160 --> 00:55:14,100
who I would learn later
actually ran the household,
860
00:55:14,133 --> 00:55:18,150
and halfway up the stairs
sat the little boy of 5
861
00:55:18,183 --> 00:55:20,133
looking at his new brother.
862
00:55:22,383 --> 00:55:25,316
COHEN: When we got home,
my maid Selena was there,
863
00:55:25,350 --> 00:55:28,160
and she said to me,
"Can't we change it?"
864
00:55:28,500 --> 00:55:33,150
He was filthy, you know, and
smelt of sick and everything.
865
00:55:33,183 --> 00:55:35,300
Anyhow, we gave him a bath.
866
00:55:37,250 --> 00:55:40,160
FUCHEL: My grubby clothes,
after 3 days of travel,
867
00:55:40,500 --> 00:55:43,500
were torn off me,
burned, I learned later,
868
00:55:43,830 --> 00:55:45,300
and I was scrubbed
from head to toe,
869
00:55:45,333 --> 00:55:48,366
and then dressed
in English clothes.
870
00:55:49,000 --> 00:55:53,150
And then the family got together
for a chicken dinner,
871
00:55:53,183 --> 00:55:54,233
and that I remember;
872
00:55:54,266 --> 00:55:58,330
that's a language
I could understand,
873
00:55:58,660 --> 00:56:02,200
uh, and I started
to feel more at ease.
874
00:56:02,233 --> 00:56:08,183
I learned English by being
sent
to a German man, rather old,
875
00:56:08,216 --> 00:56:12,266
who lived a few houses
down the same street.
876
00:56:12,300 --> 00:56:14,350
And maybe I thought
he was a Nazi,
877
00:56:14,383 --> 00:56:17,333
but I was terrified of him,
878
00:56:17,366 --> 00:56:19,316
and...but...
879
00:56:19,350 --> 00:56:23,116
in fact, I was so terrified
that I learned English so
quick
880
00:56:23,150 --> 00:56:26,183
so I wouldn't
have to see him again
881
00:56:26,216 --> 00:56:28,183
that 6 weeks later,
882
00:56:28,216 --> 00:56:31,100
I wrote to my parents
in English,
883
00:56:31,133 --> 00:56:33,383
"I no longer speak German."
884
00:56:34,160 --> 00:56:37,166
I never have, and I've never
been able to relearn it.
885
00:56:39,150 --> 00:56:41,200
COHEN: And he was
very, very good.
886
00:56:41,233 --> 00:56:44,216
He liked the sweet things,
and John liked the savory,
887
00:56:44,250 --> 00:56:47,333
but they got on
very well together.
888
00:56:47,366 --> 00:56:49,660
But I noticed--
889
00:56:49,100 --> 00:56:52,150
well, we knew every night
when it was dark,
890
00:56:52,183 --> 00:56:53,300
he'd come down the stairs,
891
00:56:53,333 --> 00:56:55,250
and he'd see
the door was locked,
892
00:56:55,283 --> 00:56:57,233
and that was one thing
I remember.
893
00:57:05,250 --> 00:57:07,500
SUGAR: My mother was in London,
894
00:57:07,830 --> 00:57:10,216
so for me, the separation
was not as traumatic
895
00:57:10,250 --> 00:57:13,330
because I was
going to something.
896
00:57:13,660 --> 00:57:15,160
And I came
to the London station,
897
00:57:15,500 --> 00:57:19,116
and she just picked me up and
took me where she was working.
898
00:57:19,150 --> 00:57:22,133
And then I stayed
in this very cold--
899
00:57:22,166 --> 00:57:25,200
oh, God--this cold,
fancy house in England
900
00:57:25,233 --> 00:57:28,316
where they were exploiting
the European maids, you know.
901
00:57:28,350 --> 00:57:33,160
And of course, if you've
ever been the child of a maid,
902
00:57:33,500 --> 00:57:35,250
you know that maids are not
supposed to have children.
903
00:57:35,283 --> 00:57:38,660
They're not welcome.
You can't stay there.
904
00:57:38,100 --> 00:57:40,333
Then, I guess--I don't know
how those decisions were made--
905
00:57:40,366 --> 00:57:42,183
I would be sent to Belfast,
906
00:57:42,216 --> 00:57:46,160
to the Jewish refugee hostel
in Belfast.
907
00:57:46,500 --> 00:57:48,166
When you see your life
has been saved,
908
00:57:48,200 --> 00:57:52,160
and you're brought
into a hostel which is clean,
909
00:57:52,500 --> 00:57:56,000
and there's food there,
and other children there,
910
00:57:56,330 --> 00:57:58,350
how could you not be happy
in that place?
911
00:57:58,383 --> 00:58:00,250
But to me,
it smelled of orphanage--
912
00:58:00,283 --> 00:58:04,160
which, of course,
in due course, it became--
913
00:58:04,500 --> 00:58:06,160
an orphanage is the thing
that frightens
914
00:58:06,500 --> 00:58:08,150
every child out of its wits.
915
00:58:08,183 --> 00:58:10,133
I mean, to be, you know,
Charles Dickens,
916
00:58:10,166 --> 00:58:13,330
to be in a workhouse,
to be in an orphanage.
917
00:58:18,660 --> 00:58:21,000
HELLMAN: My first impression
of Waddesdon Manor was...
918
00:58:21,330 --> 00:58:22,233
it was like a dream,
919
00:58:22,266 --> 00:58:25,366
like a castle I've--I've seen
in pictures.
920
00:58:26,000 --> 00:58:27,660
But never...
921
00:58:27,100 --> 00:58:30,166
never seen anything
in--in person.
922
00:58:30,200 --> 00:58:32,383
The Cedars
was a servants' house.
923
00:58:33,160 --> 00:58:36,160
26 of us lived
in the Cedars.
924
00:58:39,200 --> 00:58:43,160
First thing we did was throw
a soccer ball on the lawn
925
00:58:43,500 --> 00:58:44,183
and kicked it around.
926
00:58:44,216 --> 00:58:47,333
And the local boys wanted to see
what was all of a sudden
927
00:58:47,366 --> 00:58:51,283
being brought into
their little village.
928
00:58:51,316 --> 00:58:57,216
When it was time for dinner,
they said,
929
00:58:57,250 --> 00:58:59,283
"We'll see you tomorrow."
930
00:59:02,000 --> 00:59:04,830
I was so excited.
931
00:59:04,116 --> 00:59:06,383
I was absolutely so exuberant,
932
00:59:07,160 --> 00:59:11,283
I ran in to my housemother
and told her,
933
00:59:11,316 --> 00:59:15,266
"Somebody who's not Jewish
wants to see me tomorrow."
934
00:59:18,133 --> 00:59:21,183
ROSENFELD: We did start going
to school there, actually,
935
00:59:21,216 --> 00:59:22,333
and it was marvelous.
936
00:59:22,366 --> 00:59:26,660
I'd never realized
what school really was like--
937
00:59:26,100 --> 00:59:28,183
that you could participate.
938
00:59:28,216 --> 00:59:30,316
And I did enjoy it so.
939
00:59:30,350 --> 00:59:34,283
And the wonderful part about it,
it had a library.
940
00:59:34,316 --> 00:59:37,133
I waded through that library.
941
00:59:37,166 --> 00:59:40,216
And that's how I learned
to speak English, really.
942
00:59:40,250 --> 00:59:44,300
And I-- through that I got
a love of English
literature.
943
00:59:46,250 --> 00:59:48,166
But altogether,
944
00:59:48,200 --> 00:59:50,150
it was a wonderful experience,
945
00:59:50,183 --> 00:59:52,316
and the children were
so friendly to us.
946
00:59:54,266 --> 00:59:57,250
HAYMAN: I knew that
I was going to a school
947
00:59:57,283 --> 00:59:59,283
near Bournemouth in Dorset.
948
00:59:59,316 --> 01:00:02,000
It was the headmistress
of the school
949
01:00:02,330 --> 01:00:05,660
who guaranteed to look after me.
950
01:00:06,116 --> 01:00:08,100
And when I arrived
at the school,
951
01:00:08,133 --> 01:00:09,383
it was all these girls,
952
01:00:10,160 --> 01:00:14,830
very polite and very nice,
very kind.
953
01:00:14,116 --> 01:00:16,183
I couldn't understand
a word they said.
954
01:00:16,216 --> 01:00:18,000
I was given my bed,
955
01:00:18,330 --> 01:00:21,300
and the curtains could be drawn
along, you know,
956
01:00:21,333 --> 01:00:23,200
to give me some privacy.
957
01:00:23,233 --> 01:00:26,233
I remember the first thing
I did was putting a picture
958
01:00:26,266 --> 01:00:29,150
of my parents
on the bedside table
959
01:00:29,183 --> 01:00:31,333
so that I could say
goodnight to them.
960
01:00:31,366 --> 01:00:35,660
And the first 3 months
before war broke out,
961
01:00:35,100 --> 01:00:37,500
we could still write home.
962
01:00:37,830 --> 01:00:40,150
So I could share my experiences
with my parents
963
01:00:40,183 --> 01:00:43,660
and had very frequent letters,
964
01:00:43,100 --> 01:00:46,660
so I didn't feel
quite so isolated.
965
01:00:59,316 --> 01:01:01,283
WOMAN: As you can well imagine,
966
01:01:01,316 --> 01:01:05,100
you have been constantly
in our thoughts.
967
01:01:05,133 --> 01:01:07,160
We still see your face before us
968
01:01:07,500 --> 01:01:09,283
in that window of
the railway carriage.
969
01:01:11,316 --> 01:01:14,500
MAN: My dearest little mouse,
970
01:01:14,830 --> 01:01:17,500
hopefully this letter will
reach
you already in your new home,
971
01:01:17,830 --> 01:01:20,116
where you surely will
enjoy your stay.
972
01:01:20,150 --> 01:01:23,830
Be a very good little girl.
973
01:01:23,116 --> 01:01:24,383
Be obedient.
974
01:01:26,250 --> 01:01:28,160
BOY: Dear parents...
975
01:01:28,500 --> 01:01:30,183
how are you both?
976
01:01:30,216 --> 01:01:33,300
Today I had my first
English lesson.
977
01:01:33,333 --> 01:01:36,000
Greetings and kisses.
978
01:01:37,350 --> 01:01:41,233
SECOND WOMAN: I was very happy
with your dear little letter,
979
01:01:41,266 --> 01:01:45,333
only there shouldn't be
so many spelling errors!
980
01:01:45,366 --> 01:01:49,166
THIRD WOMAN: If only I could
see you just for a tiny
moment.
981
01:01:49,200 --> 01:01:53,150
But as it is, I can only
write letters full of longing.
982
01:01:54,183 --> 01:01:55,233
YOUNG GIRL: Dear daddy,
983
01:01:55,266 --> 01:02:00,500
thank you very much
for the game of cards
984
01:02:00,830 --> 01:02:02,166
and the broaches
985
01:02:02,200 --> 01:02:04,266
and the bracelet.
986
01:02:04,300 --> 01:02:07,383
I had a game with them.
987
01:02:08,160 --> 01:02:10,100
FOURTH WOMAN: I keep running
to the mailbox.
988
01:02:10,133 --> 01:02:13,830
Every line from you
overwhelms me.
989
01:02:13,116 --> 01:02:17,000
Every day I thank God
that you are in such good hands.
990
01:02:17,330 --> 01:02:19,283
But please show
your gratefulness.
991
01:02:21,200 --> 01:02:23,316
SECOND YOUNG GIRL: My dear,
good, darling parents,
992
01:02:23,350 --> 01:02:26,000
I feel very safe here,
993
01:02:26,330 --> 01:02:30,333
if only I was not so very scared
about your safety.
994
01:02:35,266 --> 01:02:37,266
TEENAGE GIRL: For my birthday,
you wrote me
995
01:02:37,300 --> 01:02:39,366
that I'll always have to
be brave
996
01:02:40,000 --> 01:02:42,366
because you can't be happy
if I'm not.
997
01:02:43,000 --> 01:02:47,383
And I can assure you that I
always grit my teeth and
smile.
998
01:02:50,366 --> 01:02:53,250
MAN: Your letter of yesterday
was again so sweet
999
01:02:53,283 --> 01:02:55,250
and written with so much love
1000
01:02:55,283 --> 01:02:59,500
that tears came running down
your mummy's face.
1001
01:02:59,830 --> 01:03:01,200
Your writing is so natural,
1002
01:03:01,233 --> 01:03:04,316
it makes me imagine that
you're standing before me.
1003
01:03:07,160 --> 01:03:10,830
WOMAN: Your letters come to us
like sunshine.
1004
01:03:10,116 --> 01:03:13,250
It's our future that gives us
big worries.
1005
01:03:13,283 --> 01:03:16,000
We yearn to get away from here.
1006
01:03:16,330 --> 01:03:18,166
That's our fondest wish.
1007
01:03:18,200 --> 01:03:22,160
It'll be a difficult task
for you to bring us over there,
1008
01:03:22,500 --> 01:03:25,133
but I have the feeling
you'll manage it in time.
1009
01:03:31,330 --> 01:03:32,333
ALLARD: When I arrived
in England,
1010
01:03:32,366 --> 01:03:37,383
I made it my priority to
try
and find homes for
people
1011
01:03:38,160 --> 01:03:40,330
because I felt people
didn't know
1012
01:03:40,660 --> 01:03:43,830
how desperate it was in Germany.
1013
01:03:43,116 --> 01:03:46,216
My biggest problem was
to try and get my parents out,
1014
01:03:46,250 --> 01:03:48,330
and that was difficult
1015
01:03:48,660 --> 01:03:51,660
because it was either
finding them a job,
1016
01:03:51,100 --> 01:03:54,350
and bearing in mind
my father's age,
1017
01:03:54,383 --> 01:03:57,150
or getting this £100 guarantee,
1018
01:03:57,183 --> 01:04:00,160
which was just
nowhere to be seen.
1019
01:04:02,250 --> 01:04:09,133
I proceeded to find large houses
and knock at the door
1020
01:04:09,166 --> 01:04:13,133
to find out whether
I could get them a job.
1021
01:04:14,233 --> 01:04:17,316
My mother as a cook,
bottle washer,
1022
01:04:17,350 --> 01:04:19,216
my father as gardener,
1023
01:04:19,250 --> 01:04:22,116
anything just to get them out.
1024
01:04:22,150 --> 01:04:26,133
Sometimes I knocked at the door
and I burst into tears.
1025
01:04:26,166 --> 01:04:30,366
Sometimes I knocked at the door
and with my very poor English
1026
01:04:31,000 --> 01:04:33,216
could try to explain
what it was all about,
1027
01:04:33,250 --> 01:04:36,250
who I was, what I wanted,
what I needed.
1028
01:04:36,283 --> 01:04:38,500
Help.
1029
01:04:38,830 --> 01:04:41,000
Um, I did find someone,
1030
01:04:41,330 --> 01:04:44,000
and it--it was just...
1031
01:04:44,330 --> 01:04:47,660
like unbelievable dream
come true.
1032
01:04:50,200 --> 01:04:55,150
HELLMAN: My father had
a first cousin in London.
1033
01:04:55,183 --> 01:04:59,116
Every weekend I took the train
into London
1034
01:04:59,150 --> 01:05:01,350
and bombarded him.
1035
01:05:01,383 --> 01:05:04,116
And I said, "Uncle Paul,
1036
01:05:04,150 --> 01:05:07,000
"you got to get my parents
out of Germany."
1037
01:05:08,216 --> 01:05:10,283
He said, "I--I can't do it."
1038
01:05:12,500 --> 01:05:17,216
After me being so
insistent,
he finally said,
1039
01:05:17,250 --> 01:05:21,500
"I'll give him an affidavit
if he has a working permit."
1040
01:05:24,133 --> 01:05:27,233
I went back to
the Rothschild estate,
1041
01:05:27,266 --> 01:05:29,350
knocked on the door,
1042
01:05:29,383 --> 01:05:32,333
and the butler,
who was about 10' 6",
1043
01:05:32,366 --> 01:05:37,266
came out and--and looked at me,
1044
01:05:37,300 --> 01:05:40,133
"What do you want?"
1045
01:05:40,166 --> 01:05:43,166
I said, "I want to speak
to Baron Rothschild."
1046
01:05:46,316 --> 01:05:49,366
He said, "Wait here."
1047
01:05:50,000 --> 01:05:52,250
I waited.
1048
01:05:52,283 --> 01:05:56,383
A couple of minutes,
and he says, "Follow me."
1049
01:05:58,300 --> 01:06:00,383
I said to him,
"Baron Rothschild,
1050
01:06:01,160 --> 01:06:06,330
"my father's cousin will give
him and my mother a visa
1051
01:06:06,660 --> 01:06:09,333
providing he has
a working permit."
1052
01:06:09,366 --> 01:06:12,330
Without hesitation,
1053
01:06:12,660 --> 01:06:16,330
he said to me, "Would he work
on a chicken farm?"
1054
01:06:16,660 --> 01:06:19,500
I said, "He'll do anything."
1055
01:06:19,830 --> 01:06:21,166
He went to a notary
1056
01:06:21,200 --> 01:06:25,160
and made out a working permit
for my parents.
1057
01:06:27,200 --> 01:06:29,350
LEVERTON: The family
that chose me
1058
01:06:29,383 --> 01:06:34,830
were the only people
I could rely on
1059
01:06:34,116 --> 01:06:37,500
to give a visa
for my little sister.
1060
01:06:37,830 --> 01:06:39,283
She was a beautiful little girl.
They had no children.
1061
01:06:39,316 --> 01:06:42,330
I showed them
the photograph of Inge,
1062
01:06:42,660 --> 01:06:44,266
and they seemed to like her
very much.
1063
01:06:44,300 --> 01:06:51,200
I realized one thing,
that Uncle Billy hated red hair.
1064
01:06:51,233 --> 01:06:54,333
Uncle Billy
was paying maintenance
1065
01:06:54,366 --> 01:06:59,350
for a red-haired child,
not his, by his first wife.
1066
01:06:59,383 --> 01:07:01,316
Well, say no more.
1067
01:07:01,350 --> 01:07:05,166
Inge was a bright redhead.
1068
01:07:05,200 --> 01:07:07,233
The question of color hair
never arose
1069
01:07:07,266 --> 01:07:09,830
because I had brown hair.
1070
01:07:09,116 --> 01:07:12,100
One day, he said to me,
quite idly,
1071
01:07:12,133 --> 01:07:14,233
"What color hair
does your sister have?"
1072
01:07:14,266 --> 01:07:16,383
I said, "Oh, like mine."
1073
01:07:17,160 --> 01:07:18,300
No more was said.
1074
01:07:18,333 --> 01:07:21,216
And they gave permission
for her to come,
1075
01:07:21,250 --> 01:07:23,183
and they would take her in.
1076
01:07:26,160 --> 01:07:28,166
SADAN: I went
very happily to England.
1077
01:07:28,200 --> 01:07:30,116
It was an adventure, you know,
1078
01:07:30,150 --> 01:07:33,283
to go abroad,
to go on the train.
1079
01:07:33,316 --> 01:07:36,183
My sister wrote
fantastic letters.
1080
01:07:36,216 --> 01:07:38,316
Everything was wonderful,
1081
01:07:38,350 --> 01:07:41,330
and she was having
a marvelous time,
1082
01:07:41,660 --> 01:07:42,166
and so was my brother.
1083
01:07:42,200 --> 01:07:45,500
And my brother said
he had a dog.
1084
01:07:45,830 --> 01:07:49,333
And when I got there,
actually,
there was a dog and a cat.
1085
01:07:49,366 --> 01:07:53,660
The dog bit me, so I didn't
think much of that.
1086
01:07:54,150 --> 01:07:57,233
LEVERTON: Inge arrived,
her hair aflame,
1087
01:07:57,266 --> 01:07:59,266
titian red.
1088
01:07:59,300 --> 01:08:02,233
Uncle Billy was furious.
1089
01:08:02,266 --> 01:08:05,316
So he turned around and he
called me a so-and-so liar,
1090
01:08:05,350 --> 01:08:07,333
and I said to him,
1091
01:08:07,366 --> 01:08:12,500
"Because Inge has red hair,
I leave her at home in
Germany?"
1092
01:08:12,830 --> 01:08:13,350
I said, "Now you send her away.
1093
01:08:13,383 --> 01:08:17,660
Don't mind. Thank you
for asking her here."
1094
01:08:17,100 --> 01:08:18,350
And he calmed down in the end,
1095
01:08:18,383 --> 01:08:21,100
and he did accept her
into the house.
1096
01:08:24,100 --> 01:08:26,183
SEGAL: I think I had
a sense, for instance,
1097
01:08:26,216 --> 01:08:29,830
while I was playing,
while I was laughing,
1098
01:08:29,116 --> 01:08:32,500
that was the moment in which
I could have been,
1099
01:08:32,830 --> 01:08:33,150
and should have been,
1100
01:08:33,183 --> 01:08:38,366
doing something about
this--this demand on me
1101
01:08:39,000 --> 01:08:41,330
that I should bring
my parents out.
1102
01:08:42,300 --> 01:08:44,830
From Dovercourt camp,
1103
01:08:44,116 --> 01:08:49,116
I wrote a couple of letters to
the refugee committee in
London,
1104
01:08:49,150 --> 01:08:53,333
and I think they must have been
moved by a letter from a child
1105
01:08:53,366 --> 01:08:56,200
asking to get her parents
out of Vienna.
1106
01:08:56,233 --> 01:09:00,133
And they did get my parents
a domestic service visa.
1107
01:09:00,166 --> 01:09:04,250
And my parents appeared
miraculously in Liverpool
1108
01:09:04,283 --> 01:09:06,200
on my 11th birthday.
1109
01:09:07,383 --> 01:09:14,830
And I remember feeling
that some terrific weight
1110
01:09:14,116 --> 01:09:15,350
that I had been carrying,
1111
01:09:15,383 --> 01:09:18,216
and hadn't known
I had been carrying,
1112
01:09:18,250 --> 01:09:21,330
was taken off my back.
1113
01:09:26,250 --> 01:09:29,150
ALLARD: Everything was being
done to get the papers
1114
01:09:29,183 --> 01:09:33,330
for my parents to come out,
and war started.
1115
01:09:33,660 --> 01:09:35,100
And that was the end of that.
1116
01:09:42,166 --> 01:09:46,166
I just felt the world's come
to an end.
1117
01:09:46,200 --> 01:09:48,283
Shattering, if I think about it,
1118
01:09:48,316 --> 01:09:53,200
because everything was built
around this reunion
1119
01:09:53,233 --> 01:09:56,216
and my temporary stay
in England.
1120
01:09:56,250 --> 01:09:59,216
[Bells chiming]
1121
01:09:59,250 --> 01:10:02,100
NEWSREEL COMMENTATOR:
The fateful hour
of 11:00 has struck,
1122
01:10:02,133 --> 01:10:04,116
and the state of war
once more exists
1123
01:10:04,150 --> 01:10:06,660
between Great Britain
and Germany.
1124
01:10:08,283 --> 01:10:10,366
Only 25 minutes after
war had been declared
1125
01:10:11,000 --> 01:10:13,316
came the first air-raid warning.
1126
01:10:13,350 --> 01:10:16,000
[Air-raid alarms sounding]
1127
01:10:20,300 --> 01:10:25,200
ALLARD: Everything we'd ever
talked about or written
about...
1128
01:10:25,233 --> 01:10:28,116
and thought about--
it had all collapsed.
1129
01:10:28,150 --> 01:10:31,133
Everything had collapsed.
1130
01:10:31,166 --> 01:10:34,333
I think I cried for, not weeks,
not months.
1131
01:10:34,366 --> 01:10:36,266
I cried for years.
1132
01:10:41,830 --> 01:10:43,660
NARRATOR: War ended
all Kindertransports
1133
01:10:43,100 --> 01:10:47,100
and legal immigration from
central Europe to England.
1134
01:10:47,133 --> 01:10:48,283
It also ended regular mail
1135
01:10:48,316 --> 01:10:51,200
between the children
and their parents.
1136
01:10:51,233 --> 01:10:54,160
The only way they could now
communicate
1137
01:10:54,500 --> 01:10:56,330
was by 25-word postcards
1138
01:10:56,660 --> 01:10:58,166
sent through
the International Red Cross.
1139
01:11:03,330 --> 01:11:07,116
HAYMAN: The isolation came
when the letters ceased.
1140
01:11:07,150 --> 01:11:08,283
That was accepted,
1141
01:11:08,316 --> 01:11:13,200
that you didn't talk
about what hurt you.
1142
01:11:13,233 --> 01:11:15,183
I couldn't speak Czech
with anybody.
1143
01:11:15,216 --> 01:11:18,133
I didn't want to tell my sister
how unhappy I was
1144
01:11:18,166 --> 01:11:22,100
because I felt, you know,
she was too young anyhow.
1145
01:11:22,133 --> 01:11:24,266
I wrote at that time
in my diary.
1146
01:11:24,300 --> 01:11:29,166
"I never dreamt that one could
be so lonely and go on living
1147
01:11:29,200 --> 01:11:33,000
"with this constant fear
for our loved ones.
1148
01:11:33,330 --> 01:11:36,333
"The tears I shed at night
do not ease my pain,
1149
01:11:36,366 --> 01:11:41,830
"yet I was told that one feels
better after a good cry.
1150
01:11:41,116 --> 01:11:43,383
"All I have is a swollen face,
1151
01:11:44,160 --> 01:11:47,330
and my heart is as heavy
as it was before."
1152
01:11:48,216 --> 01:11:51,350
My pillow often was very wet
in the morning.
1153
01:11:55,383 --> 01:11:59,150
There was a gardener
who didn't understand,
1154
01:11:59,183 --> 01:12:01,150
perhaps,
what I was going through,
1155
01:12:01,183 --> 01:12:03,160
but he always said to me,
1156
01:12:03,500 --> 01:12:05,350
"Don't worry,
it won't last long."
1157
01:12:05,383 --> 01:12:07,283
And whether
I believed him or not,
1158
01:12:07,316 --> 01:12:09,350
it was good to hear him
say that.
1159
01:12:09,383 --> 01:12:12,366
And he always gave me a flower.
1160
01:12:13,000 --> 01:12:16,000
NARRATOR: Within a few months
of their arrival in England,
1161
01:12:16,330 --> 01:12:17,283
many of the refugees,
1162
01:12:17,316 --> 01:12:19,266
along with other
English children,
1163
01:12:19,300 --> 01:12:23,116
were forced to evacuate
to new families in the country,
1164
01:12:23,150 --> 01:12:26,100
to escape the expected bombing
of the cities.
1165
01:12:26,133 --> 01:12:27,350
Good morning.
1166
01:12:27,383 --> 01:12:30,000
You kindly consented
to take two children in?
1167
01:12:30,330 --> 01:12:31,100
Yes, I'll take
two children.
1168
01:12:31,133 --> 01:12:32,316
Two little girls.
Here they are.
1169
01:12:32,350 --> 01:12:34,366
They'll be very happy
with you, I'm sure.
1170
01:12:35,000 --> 01:12:36,660
Thank you very much.
1171
01:12:36,100 --> 01:12:37,300
Two nice little girls,
aren't they?
1172
01:12:37,333 --> 01:12:40,216
SEGAL: None of the foster
parents with whom I stayed,
1173
01:12:40,250 --> 01:12:42,200
and there were 5 of them,
1174
01:12:42,233 --> 01:12:44,300
none of them could stand me
for very long,
1175
01:12:44,333 --> 01:12:50,366
but all of them had the grace
to take in a Jewish child.
1176
01:12:51,000 --> 01:12:53,333
They were not particularly warm.
1177
01:12:53,366 --> 01:12:56,100
They were not par--
they did not love me,
1178
01:12:56,133 --> 01:12:58,133
I did not love them.
1179
01:12:58,166 --> 01:13:00,183
Nevertheless,
they did, as I say,
1180
01:13:00,216 --> 01:13:02,216
what most of us don't do,
1181
01:13:02,250 --> 01:13:06,116
which is to--to burden
the household,
1182
01:13:06,150 --> 01:13:08,250
the kitchens and the bedroom
and the living room,
1183
01:13:08,283 --> 01:13:10,250
with this little foreigner.
1184
01:13:12,266 --> 01:13:15,233
FUCHEL: Mariam
was somewhat aloof.
1185
01:13:15,266 --> 01:13:16,383
It was her manner.
1186
01:13:17,160 --> 01:13:19,250
She was loving,
but she didn't hug and kiss me,
1187
01:13:19,283 --> 01:13:21,216
whereas my mother was
the exact opposite.
1188
01:13:21,250 --> 01:13:24,500
She used to, not just
kiss me once, in fact,
1189
01:13:24,830 --> 01:13:26,830
but she sort of kissed me,
you know,
1190
01:13:26,116 --> 01:13:28,383
rat-tat-tat,
like a machine gun.
1191
01:13:29,160 --> 01:13:32,116
But Mariam was distant and nice,
1192
01:13:32,150 --> 01:13:34,133
and I think that's what
I needed,
1193
01:13:34,166 --> 01:13:40,383
because I had trouble really
feeling that I belonged there.
1194
01:13:41,160 --> 01:13:43,133
And to have sort of
pushed me into it
1195
01:13:43,166 --> 01:13:44,333
would have, I think,
been difficult.
1196
01:13:44,366 --> 01:13:47,283
He didn't cry, not at all,
not at all.
1197
01:13:47,316 --> 01:13:49,200
Couldn't understand it.
1198
01:13:49,233 --> 01:13:51,333
RADIO COMMENTATOR:
This is London calling...
1199
01:13:51,366 --> 01:13:53,266
COHEN: Just once.
1200
01:13:53,300 --> 01:13:57,233
They used to like to listen to
some programs on the wireless.
1201
01:13:57,266 --> 01:14:00,250
And, you know, he used to come
sit on my knee,
1202
01:14:00,283 --> 01:14:03,283
and there was something--
something in the news.
1203
01:14:03,316 --> 01:14:05,183
I just heard him once go
[gasp],
1204
01:14:05,216 --> 01:14:08,166
you know, a little sob,
and that was all.
1205
01:14:10,150 --> 01:14:12,133
FUCHEL: I tried really to please
the Cohens
1206
01:14:12,166 --> 01:14:15,383
because, you know, I loved them
and I felt very dependent.
1207
01:14:16,160 --> 01:14:21,150
One of my main worries was that
I would be sent away.
1208
01:14:21,183 --> 01:14:25,250
And I know this happened to
another boy, somewhat older,
1209
01:14:25,283 --> 01:14:28,316
who was taken in by
some friends of the Cohens,
1210
01:14:28,350 --> 01:14:31,266
and he was arrogant
and impossible,
1211
01:14:31,300 --> 01:14:34,266
and eventually they simply
had to send him to,
1212
01:14:34,300 --> 01:14:36,316
you know, some other home.
1213
01:14:36,350 --> 01:14:39,350
And I'd heard other places
where this happened.
1214
01:14:39,383 --> 01:14:43,183
So, I felt very much on edge.
1215
01:14:45,350 --> 01:14:49,333
SUGAR: Word came that my mother
is no longer in London.
1216
01:14:49,366 --> 01:14:53,333
She went back to Vienna
to get my father to move,
1217
01:14:53,366 --> 01:14:55,216
who was impassive.
1218
01:14:55,250 --> 01:14:59,283
So I really did make up my
mind
I would be as tough as nails.
1219
01:14:59,316 --> 01:15:01,216
I would--nothing would hurt me,
1220
01:15:01,250 --> 01:15:04,300
I would have no emotions.
1221
01:15:04,333 --> 01:15:08,166
And it carried me through
for about 6 or 7 years.
1222
01:15:08,200 --> 01:15:10,366
[School bell rings]
1223
01:15:11,000 --> 01:15:13,266
SUGAR: I got a scholarship
to a grammar school.
1224
01:15:13,300 --> 01:15:15,366
And people were saying to me,
partly in jealousy,
1225
01:15:16,000 --> 01:15:18,233
said, "You know, they
are snobs in these schools
1226
01:15:18,266 --> 01:15:20,330
and they are anti-Semites,
1227
01:15:20,660 --> 01:15:22,500
"And you've got to watch
yourself, you know.
1228
01:15:22,830 --> 01:15:24,100
They're gonna take it out
on you."
1229
01:15:24,133 --> 01:15:26,200
And I went to school.
1230
01:15:26,233 --> 01:15:30,000
I had a school tie, I guess,
or a blazer,
1231
01:15:30,330 --> 01:15:32,283
I mean, I was just entering
a new world.
1232
01:15:32,316 --> 01:15:34,366
It was...the sun was shining.
1233
01:15:35,000 --> 01:15:38,216
I went to school, and a fellow
came up to me, and he said,
1234
01:15:38,250 --> 01:15:42,000
"Who are you?"
and I just knocked him down.
1235
01:15:42,330 --> 01:15:45,830
[Children yelling]
1236
01:15:45,116 --> 01:15:46,166
FUCHEL: There was, no doubt,
1237
01:15:46,200 --> 01:15:49,500
a cost of trying to
be good all the time
1238
01:15:49,830 --> 01:15:52,116
and keeping my anger in.
1239
01:15:52,150 --> 01:15:54,350
Only once did it slip.
1240
01:15:54,383 --> 01:15:58,200
One day John and I were having
breakfast,
1241
01:15:58,233 --> 01:16:00,200
and there was some
silly argument
1242
01:16:00,233 --> 01:16:03,216
over who got
the marmalade first.
1243
01:16:03,250 --> 01:16:05,250
And Kurt threw a knife.
1244
01:16:05,283 --> 01:16:07,383
That was the only time
he was naughty.
1245
01:16:08,160 --> 01:16:12,830
And John had a little wound
here, which was near his eye.
1246
01:16:12,116 --> 01:16:13,316
It wasn't very nice.
1247
01:16:13,350 --> 01:16:17,350
And Dr. Rose, who was our great
friend, lived a few doors down,
1248
01:16:17,383 --> 01:16:20,216
and he came in,
and he was furious.
1249
01:16:20,250 --> 01:16:22,250
"You shouldn't have
taken this child in,"
1250
01:16:22,283 --> 01:16:24,233
and da-da-da-da-da.
1251
01:16:24,266 --> 01:16:28,830
FUCHEL: It terrified the entire
family, and me, too.
1252
01:16:28,116 --> 01:16:30,160
Since then
I've been somewhat afraid
1253
01:16:30,500 --> 01:16:33,283
of my possibility
of letting go to anger.
1254
01:16:33,316 --> 01:16:36,660
The other sign that
I had a lot inside me
1255
01:16:36,100 --> 01:16:40,100
was that I always had
some intestinal problems.
1256
01:16:40,133 --> 01:16:41,333
Until I went in the army,
1257
01:16:41,366 --> 01:16:44,316
and then I had the most terrible
food and felt fine.
1258
01:16:44,350 --> 01:16:46,333
I have an analogy for this.
1259
01:16:46,366 --> 01:16:49,116
When...all of us
have had the experience
1260
01:16:49,150 --> 01:16:51,316
of finding a bird
with a broken wing.
1261
01:16:51,350 --> 01:16:55,500
And you pick up this bird
and you hold it in your hand.
1262
01:16:55,830 --> 01:16:58,233
And you think it's going to sit
there quietly, sweetly,
1263
01:16:58,266 --> 01:17:01,383
with its warm feathers,
and be--and be darling.
1264
01:17:02,160 --> 01:17:07,160
It's not. What it does is
immediately to use its muscles,
1265
01:17:07,500 --> 01:17:09,366
and it's a very uncomfortable
thing to hold in your hand
1266
01:17:10,160 --> 01:17:12,383
because there's this
fluttering.
What he wants is to get away.
1267
01:17:13,160 --> 01:17:16,150
It may need you to hold it
and to--to nurse it,
1268
01:17:16,183 --> 01:17:19,216
but what it wants is to
get the heck out of there.
1269
01:17:19,250 --> 01:17:22,330
And I think that's what
we were like.
1270
01:17:22,660 --> 01:17:24,000
Uh, certain that's
what I was like.
1271
01:17:24,330 --> 01:17:26,100
I was--I was not nice
to have around.
1272
01:17:35,200 --> 01:17:37,283
GORDON: So I got a new job
in London,
1273
01:17:37,316 --> 01:17:43,160
and I was working there
until June 28, 1940.
1274
01:17:43,500 --> 01:17:45,383
It was lunchtime, and I was
sitting having a sandwich
1275
01:17:46,160 --> 01:17:49,383
when suddenly two guys appeared,
two men.
1276
01:17:50,160 --> 01:17:51,100
C.I.D.
1277
01:17:52,300 --> 01:17:53,300
"What have I done?"
1278
01:17:53,333 --> 01:17:55,366
"Nothing. You are
Abrascha Gorbulski?"
1279
01:17:56,000 --> 01:17:57,283
Et cetera, et cetera.
1280
01:17:57,316 --> 01:18:00,100
"You are now under arrest."
1281
01:18:00,133 --> 01:18:02,316
Under arrest.
"For what?"
1282
01:18:02,350 --> 01:18:06,830
"You are an enemy alien,
and please come with us."
1283
01:18:07,200 --> 01:18:10,830
NARRATOR: After Germany invaded
western Europe,
1284
01:18:10,116 --> 01:18:12,266
the British began
rounding up all refugees
1285
01:18:12,300 --> 01:18:17,000
from Germany and Austria
who were over the age of
16.
1286
01:18:17,330 --> 01:18:21,330
Although the vast majority were
refugees from Nazi persecution,
1287
01:18:21,660 --> 01:18:25,266
anyone with a foreign accent was
viewed as a potential saboteur.
1288
01:18:25,300 --> 01:18:28,283
Within a few months,
the government interned
1289
01:18:28,316 --> 01:18:32,150
approximately 30,000
men and women.
1290
01:18:32,183 --> 01:18:36,183
Plans were made to deport
as many as possible.
1291
01:18:36,216 --> 01:18:39,000
The good thing about life is,
you know, you remember
1292
01:18:39,330 --> 01:18:42,500
all the good things
that happen to you,
1293
01:18:42,830 --> 01:18:44,000
and bad things,
you forget about them,
1294
01:18:44,330 --> 01:18:46,150
and in fact,
you have to make an effort
1295
01:18:46,183 --> 01:18:49,116
to really remember them.
1296
01:18:49,150 --> 01:18:52,500
The day came and we had to go
to the ship.
1297
01:18:52,830 --> 01:18:53,250
Uh, soldiers were standing there
1298
01:18:53,283 --> 01:18:57,500
with bayonets mounted
on their rifles.
1299
01:18:57,830 --> 01:18:59,216
And they pushed us along
and said,
1300
01:18:59,250 --> 01:19:02,830
"Leave your luggage over there.
You'll get it later on."
1301
01:19:02,116 --> 01:19:03,383
And they pushed us
along the deck.
1302
01:19:04,160 --> 01:19:07,160
Before you knew it, we went
down
the stairs, another stairs.
1303
01:19:07,500 --> 01:19:09,350
I was on the third deck.
1304
01:19:09,383 --> 01:19:15,000
NARRATOR: Over 2,500 prisoners,
twice the capacity of the ship,
1305
01:19:15,330 --> 01:19:18,166
were crammed
onto the HMT Dunera,
1306
01:19:18,200 --> 01:19:21,160
supposedly bound for Canada.
1307
01:19:23,830 --> 01:19:25,660
Two days out of Liverpool,
1308
01:19:25,100 --> 01:19:28,660
the Dunera was spotted
by a German U-boat.
1309
01:19:33,830 --> 01:19:35,183
GORDON: Suddenly something hits
the ship.
1310
01:19:35,216 --> 01:19:37,133
The lights went out.
1311
01:19:37,166 --> 01:19:39,660
This was the end of it.
1312
01:19:39,100 --> 01:19:42,266
Everybody gravitated
towards the stairway,
1313
01:19:42,300 --> 01:19:46,330
which led to the deck above.
1314
01:19:46,660 --> 01:19:47,266
And after about two minutes,
1315
01:19:47,300 --> 01:19:50,100
you couldn't get up there
because there were so many--
1316
01:19:50,133 --> 01:19:53,383
the stairs--
because we were just choking.
1317
01:19:54,160 --> 01:19:56,316
And suddenly the lights
went on again.
1318
01:19:56,350 --> 01:20:00,330
Everybody stopped in their...
1319
01:20:00,660 --> 01:20:02,660
steps and went back down.
1320
01:20:02,100 --> 01:20:04,283
The torpedo didn't explode,
1321
01:20:04,316 --> 01:20:06,100
but I was under
the impression
1322
01:20:06,133 --> 01:20:09,160
that the torpedo
hit us sideways
1323
01:20:09,500 --> 01:20:11,250
and it just bounced off.
1324
01:20:11,283 --> 01:20:12,283
Our luck.
1325
01:20:12,316 --> 01:20:14,150
Because if
it would have hit,
1326
01:20:14,183 --> 01:20:16,216
all of us
would have been finished.
1327
01:20:18,266 --> 01:20:23,383
We're travelling,
going west for several days.
1328
01:20:24,160 --> 01:20:26,160
But suddenly our outlook said,
1329
01:20:26,500 --> 01:20:27,383
"Something's happening.
We are not going west.
1330
01:20:28,160 --> 01:20:30,283
We are turning south."
1331
01:20:30,316 --> 01:20:32,316
We had no idea
where we were going,
1332
01:20:32,350 --> 01:20:35,233
except it must have been
Australia.
1333
01:20:35,266 --> 01:20:38,200
We were starving daily. They
were treating us like pigs.
1334
01:20:40,500 --> 01:20:42,250
Being hungry every day,
people were lining up on--
1335
01:20:42,283 --> 01:20:44,350
in the kitchen there
to get an empty pot,
1336
01:20:44,383 --> 01:20:48,333
you know, where the jam was, and
to--just to scrape it out,
1337
01:20:48,366 --> 01:20:52,200
and having one slice of bread.
1338
01:20:52,233 --> 01:20:55,160
The existence
from one day to another
1339
01:20:55,500 --> 01:20:57,330
was worse than the day before,
1340
01:20:57,660 --> 01:21:01,830
and we were on the ship for
almost completely two months!
1341
01:21:02,660 --> 01:21:04,660
What happened on the Dunera?
1342
01:21:04,100 --> 01:21:06,330
Uh...years later
I'm looking at it.
1343
01:21:06,660 --> 01:21:09,183
This didn't happen to me.
It must have been somebody else
1344
01:21:09,216 --> 01:21:12,266
because it was horrible,
too horrible to describe.
1345
01:21:12,300 --> 01:21:14,150
[Instrumental music]
1346
01:21:16,000 --> 01:21:17,183
NEWSREEL COMMENTATOR:
From an overseas liner
1347
01:21:17,216 --> 01:21:20,216
in Sydney Harbor, a strange
contingent of new arrivals
1348
01:21:20,250 --> 01:21:22,166
is transshipped
aboard a ferry--
1349
01:21:22,200 --> 01:21:24,316
enemy aliens who are being
interned in Australia
1350
01:21:24,350 --> 01:21:26,233
for the duration of the war.
1351
01:21:26,266 --> 01:21:30,500
GORDON: Before we knew it,
we were off the ship.
1352
01:21:30,830 --> 01:21:33,116
The first thing I remember
is that each one of us
1353
01:21:33,150 --> 01:21:36,350
got a box of food.
1354
01:21:36,383 --> 01:21:40,133
That was the best meal
I ever had in my life.
1355
01:21:40,166 --> 01:21:43,500
After starving for
two months, I opened up.
1356
01:21:43,830 --> 01:21:46,300
There were two cheese
sandwiches, thick like
this,
1357
01:21:46,333 --> 01:21:51,216
and a banana
and an apple and an orange,
1358
01:21:51,250 --> 01:21:54,166
and they're giving
second helpings.
1359
01:21:54,200 --> 01:21:55,383
It was unbelievable.
1360
01:21:56,316 --> 01:21:58,150
[Indistinct chatter]
1361
01:22:00,660 --> 01:22:01,333
NARRATOR: As the war progressed,
1362
01:22:01,366 --> 01:22:04,500
reports of mass arrests
and deportation
1363
01:22:04,830 --> 01:22:07,250
of central European Jews
began to reach Britain.
1364
01:22:10,250 --> 01:22:12,350
[Dramatic music]
1365
01:22:17,266 --> 01:22:19,266
WOLLHEIM: In the spring of '43,
1366
01:22:19,300 --> 01:22:22,350
the city of Berlin was
cleansed of the last Jews.
1367
01:22:22,383 --> 01:22:25,283
They came and took my family
and myself along,
1368
01:22:25,316 --> 01:22:29,000
and we were taken
to a collection point,
1369
01:22:29,330 --> 01:22:32,266
and after a couple of days
we were deported to Auschwitz,
1370
01:22:32,300 --> 01:22:35,333
though we did not know
when we got to the train,
1371
01:22:35,366 --> 01:22:40,383
which consisted of cattle cars,
where we were going.
1372
01:22:42,300 --> 01:22:46,283
We landed in Auschwitz,
and the moment we landed there,
1373
01:22:46,316 --> 01:22:50,150
we were commanded
to leave the trains.
1374
01:22:50,183 --> 01:22:53,233
Women with children to the left
and men to the right.
1375
01:22:53,266 --> 01:22:56,316
And that was then the last time
that I saw my wife,
1376
01:22:56,350 --> 01:22:59,330
my then wife, and child.
1377
01:22:59,660 --> 01:23:01,283
[Dramatic music]
1378
01:23:07,150 --> 01:23:09,133
NARRATOR: Lory Cahn
and her family
1379
01:23:09,166 --> 01:23:11,166
were deported to
Theresienstadt,
1380
01:23:11,200 --> 01:23:15,160
the Czech ghetto the Nazis
used to deceive the world
1381
01:23:15,500 --> 01:23:18,500
about how humanely they
treated their prisoners.
1382
01:23:18,830 --> 01:23:21,183
In time, the population
of Theresienstadt
1383
01:23:21,216 --> 01:23:22,383
exceeded its capacity.
1384
01:23:25,000 --> 01:23:28,660
CAHN: One day they came
into our barrack,
1385
01:23:28,100 --> 01:23:32,183
and my name was called to
report
to the railroad station.
1386
01:23:34,350 --> 01:23:37,830
And I went to
the railroad station.
1387
01:23:37,116 --> 01:23:39,500
And as they called your name,
1388
01:23:39,830 --> 01:23:42,100
you had to go
and see this S.S. guy,
1389
01:23:42,133 --> 01:23:47,166
and he crossed you off the list,
and then you went into the car.
1390
01:23:47,200 --> 01:23:51,660
I got there,
and I repeated my name.
1391
01:23:51,100 --> 01:23:54,266
He said, "You're not going."
1392
01:23:54,300 --> 01:23:57,300
I had no idea, I didn't
dare ask why or what,
1393
01:23:57,333 --> 01:24:02,000
but that was the end of it,
and they sent me back.
1394
01:24:02,330 --> 01:24:06,500
And this went on
for about maybe two weeks.
1395
01:24:06,830 --> 01:24:10,200
I'd been at the railroad
station, I think, 4 times,
1396
01:24:10,233 --> 01:24:14,166
and I was a complete wreck.
1397
01:24:14,200 --> 01:24:20,160
To say good-bye to your
parents,
one time, a second time,
1398
01:24:20,500 --> 01:24:22,100
a third time, and a fourth time.
1399
01:24:22,133 --> 01:24:26,183
And once before when I was
in the Kindertransport.
1400
01:24:26,216 --> 01:24:29,350
It was just absolutely
devastating.
1401
01:24:32,283 --> 01:24:34,330
And every time I said good-bye,
1402
01:24:34,660 --> 01:24:36,383
I think I tore a little piece
out of my mother
1403
01:24:37,160 --> 01:24:38,830
and out of my father,
1404
01:24:38,116 --> 01:24:41,216
and also a big piece
out of myself.
1405
01:24:41,250 --> 01:24:45,316
The last time it happened,
I said to the guy,
1406
01:24:45,350 --> 01:24:49,100
"Would you terribly mind,
but I want to go."
1407
01:24:49,133 --> 01:24:50,200
"Are you sure of that?"
1408
01:24:50,233 --> 01:24:54,133
I said yes. Crossed
my name off, and I went.
1409
01:24:58,116 --> 01:25:01,383
And little did I know that
we were going to Auschwitz.
1410
01:25:06,000 --> 01:25:07,133
There was a long period
1411
01:25:07,166 --> 01:25:10,300
where I did not hear
anything from my parents.
1412
01:25:10,333 --> 01:25:12,300
And I said,
"Well, it's wartime."
1413
01:25:12,333 --> 01:25:16,216
And I found all kinds
of reasons and excuses.
1414
01:25:16,250 --> 01:25:20,366
And then, finally, I received
a letter from my father
1415
01:25:21,000 --> 01:25:24,660
in which he said, "Tomorrow
I'm going to be deported
1416
01:25:24,100 --> 01:25:26,133
"to an unknown destination,
1417
01:25:26,166 --> 01:25:30,660
and it may be a very long time
before you hear from me again."
1418
01:25:32,200 --> 01:25:36,150
And then I received
a letter from my mother.
1419
01:25:36,183 --> 01:25:40,383
She says, "Tomorrow I'm going
to be deported from here."
1420
01:25:41,160 --> 01:25:45,660
And she encourages me
to be good and honest
1421
01:25:45,100 --> 01:25:48,216
and courageous
and to hold my head high
1422
01:25:48,250 --> 01:25:50,250
and to never give up hope,
1423
01:25:50,283 --> 01:25:54,350
and this at a time
when I think she knew
1424
01:25:54,383 --> 01:25:57,116
what might be happening to her.
1425
01:25:57,150 --> 01:25:58,383
[Train chugging]
1426
01:26:00,183 --> 01:26:04,100
And then there was one more
communication from her,
1427
01:26:04,133 --> 01:26:08,283
a postcard dated
September 4, 1942.
1428
01:26:08,316 --> 01:26:11,233
And it's written
in real shaky handwriting,
1429
01:26:11,266 --> 01:26:15,330
and she's saying that
she's travelling to the
east
1430
01:26:15,660 --> 01:26:20,166
and is saying a very final
goodbye to me.
1431
01:26:20,200 --> 01:26:23,316
But for many, many, many years,
1432
01:26:23,350 --> 01:26:27,830
I would see the postcard
in front of me, and I would--
1433
01:26:27,116 --> 01:26:30,150
see, she's saying,
"Travelling to the east,"
1434
01:26:30,183 --> 01:26:33,500
and yet, I would understand
that she's saying
1435
01:26:33,830 --> 01:26:35,300
she's travelling in
an easterly direction.
1436
01:26:35,333 --> 01:26:37,183
And then I would say to myself,
1437
01:26:37,216 --> 01:26:40,233
"Well, maybe she's
going back to Kippenheim.
1438
01:26:40,266 --> 01:26:42,166
And maybe that's good."
1439
01:26:42,200 --> 01:26:44,333
And the final good-bye
I didn't understand.
1440
01:26:46,333 --> 01:26:49,166
[Train approaching]
1441
01:26:52,660 --> 01:26:53,200
[Baby crying]
1442
01:26:53,233 --> 01:26:56,830
SADAN: I always felt
I should be grateful
1443
01:26:56,116 --> 01:26:58,100
and that we had been saved
1444
01:26:58,133 --> 01:27:01,116
and that these people
had taken us in
1445
01:27:01,150 --> 01:27:04,200
and I should be happier there.
1446
01:27:04,233 --> 01:27:06,300
But, you know, facts are facts,
1447
01:27:06,333 --> 01:27:09,383
and it wasn't
a good place to be.
1448
01:27:10,160 --> 01:27:13,366
Uncle Billy, who was not
a very courageous man,
1449
01:27:14,000 --> 01:27:17,116
every night, he would go
into the country,
1450
01:27:17,150 --> 01:27:18,216
but he took us with.
1451
01:27:18,250 --> 01:27:21,500
We went and--
to escape to bombs--
1452
01:27:21,830 --> 01:27:24,000
until one day, the people
where we were staying--
1453
01:27:24,330 --> 01:27:29,500
we slept in a--all in a
room
there, in a cottage--
1454
01:27:29,830 --> 01:27:32,350
and the people said they don't
want the German children,
1455
01:27:32,383 --> 01:27:36,250
so we didn't go
into the country anymore.
1456
01:27:36,283 --> 01:27:38,366
[Air-raid sirens sounding]
1457
01:27:47,166 --> 01:27:50,133
One day the sirens sounded,
1458
01:27:50,166 --> 01:27:54,200
and what was known as
the Coventry Blitz started.
1459
01:27:56,160 --> 01:27:57,366
[Bombs exploding]
1460
01:28:05,150 --> 01:28:07,283
And when the bombs
started to fall,
1461
01:28:07,316 --> 01:28:10,000
we stayed with
Auntie Vera's mother,
1462
01:28:10,330 --> 01:28:12,116
who had a boarding house.
1463
01:28:12,150 --> 01:28:16,133
And the whole night long,
the bombs rained down,
1464
01:28:16,166 --> 01:28:20,316
and Coventry was
a very hot place to be.
1465
01:28:20,350 --> 01:28:23,216
We were in one house,
and that was bombed.
1466
01:28:23,250 --> 01:28:25,216
And there was
a big fire upstairs,
1467
01:28:25,250 --> 01:28:28,500
and everybody rushed out.
1468
01:28:28,830 --> 01:28:30,160
[Dramatic music]
1469
01:29:02,316 --> 01:29:06,366
In the morning, when Auntie
Vera
and Uncle Billy came back
1470
01:29:07,000 --> 01:29:10,283
and they saw one of the
boarding
houses without any house,
1471
01:29:10,316 --> 01:29:13,233
just a spiral of a bedstead,
1472
01:29:13,266 --> 01:29:16,183
they were very shocked and they
thought we'd all been killed.
1473
01:29:16,216 --> 01:29:18,266
And they rushed over
to the other house,
1474
01:29:18,300 --> 01:29:22,133
and there we were all drinking
tea, as alive as anything.
1475
01:29:22,166 --> 01:29:26,316
And that was the only time
I saw Auntie Vera cry,
1476
01:29:26,350 --> 01:29:31,233
I think relief, because I
guess
she had a heart after all.
1477
01:29:33,350 --> 01:29:36,100
COMMANDER: Halt!
1478
01:29:36,133 --> 01:29:40,216
Advance.
End of line. March!
1479
01:29:40,250 --> 01:29:41,250
Jorgensky!
1480
01:29:41,283 --> 01:29:42,250
Here!
1481
01:29:42,283 --> 01:29:43,383
Tzufevich.
Here!
1482
01:29:44,160 --> 01:29:45,660
Leventhal.
Here!
1483
01:29:45,100 --> 01:29:46,100
Alba.
Sir!
1484
01:29:46,133 --> 01:29:47,283
Rosenthal.
Here!
1485
01:29:47,316 --> 01:29:49,160
Tozic.
Here.
1486
01:29:49,500 --> 01:29:51,330
Tolina.
Here.
1487
01:29:51,660 --> 01:29:53,366
Yes, they all have
names like those.
1488
01:29:54,000 --> 01:29:56,316
This company,
which I command,
1489
01:29:56,350 --> 01:29:58,500
is almost entirely composed
1490
01:29:58,830 --> 01:30:01,183
of German and Austrian
anti-fascists.
1491
01:30:01,216 --> 01:30:06,160
It is one of the 15 alien
companies in the pioneer
corps.
1492
01:30:08,000 --> 01:30:09,133
NARRATOR: The Dunera scandal
1493
01:30:09,166 --> 01:30:11,250
and the harsh treatment
of refugees
1494
01:30:11,283 --> 01:30:15,500
began to shift public opinion
in England against internment.
1495
01:30:16,316 --> 01:30:19,500
The government started
releasing internees
1496
01:30:19,830 --> 01:30:22,116
and allowed them to join
the British Armed Forces.
1497
01:30:24,100 --> 01:30:27,830
GORDON: Those who want
to go back to England,
1498
01:30:27,116 --> 01:30:30,266
they would send back
under one condition.
1499
01:30:30,300 --> 01:30:33,250
They would join the army.
1500
01:30:33,283 --> 01:30:35,316
I was anxious to get into this.
1501
01:30:35,350 --> 01:30:37,266
First of all,
I hated the Germans.
1502
01:30:37,300 --> 01:30:38,383
I hated their guts.
1503
01:30:39,160 --> 01:30:40,350
And I wanted to be part of it.
1504
01:30:40,383 --> 01:30:43,660
Besides, what was I
going to do in Australia?
1505
01:30:43,100 --> 01:30:46,660
Sit in Australia throughout
the whole war? God forbid.
1506
01:30:46,100 --> 01:30:48,250
[Instrumental music]
1507
01:30:56,133 --> 01:30:59,266
NEWSREEL WOMAN:
Girls, this is urgent.
1508
01:30:59,300 --> 01:31:02,183
If you're over
17 1/2 and under 19,
1509
01:31:02,216 --> 01:31:05,830
you can volunteer for the ATS.
1510
01:31:05,116 --> 01:31:08,266
The sooner you come, the wider
the choice of jobs available.
1511
01:31:09,266 --> 01:31:13,000
Come on, girls, it's urgent!
1512
01:31:14,383 --> 01:31:16,333
ALLARD: When I was 18,
1513
01:31:16,366 --> 01:31:22,183
I had to do either work of
importance or join the forces,
1514
01:31:22,216 --> 01:31:26,283
and I decided
to join the forces.
1515
01:31:26,316 --> 01:31:29,283
And I also felt I was
saying thank you to England
1516
01:31:29,316 --> 01:31:31,300
for saving my life.
1517
01:31:31,333 --> 01:31:33,160
I think as a soldier,
1518
01:31:33,500 --> 01:31:38,216
I then felt suddenly
I was in an environment
1519
01:31:38,250 --> 01:31:42,216
where I was the same
as everybody else,
1520
01:31:42,250 --> 01:31:46,000
for the first time
in my life, I think.
1521
01:31:46,330 --> 01:31:51,200
Because I think in Lincoln, I--
more or less, I think I existed
1522
01:31:51,233 --> 01:31:54,233
because I was waiting
for tomorrow
1523
01:31:54,266 --> 01:31:56,116
and tomorrow and tomorrow.
1524
01:31:58,500 --> 01:32:03,200
I had lots of friends, and I did
the things I hadn't done before.
1525
01:32:03,233 --> 01:32:06,150
I felt like everybody else.
1526
01:32:06,183 --> 01:32:09,160
The people on my left,
the people on my right,
1527
01:32:09,500 --> 01:32:11,150
we were all the same.
1528
01:32:14,116 --> 01:32:17,500
And that, I think,
was the first time in my life
1529
01:32:17,830 --> 01:32:21,330
I felt that
I could do everything
1530
01:32:21,660 --> 01:32:22,366
the other people are doing.
1531
01:32:25,266 --> 01:32:28,383
HAYMAN: I wanted to do
something
to help to finish the war,
1532
01:32:29,160 --> 01:32:31,316
and I said I wanted
to go nursing.
1533
01:32:31,350 --> 01:32:34,116
The first year,
I nearly gave up.
1534
01:32:34,150 --> 01:32:40,330
I found it very difficult, but
I was determined to stand it.
1535
01:32:40,660 --> 01:32:44,383
Second year was better,
and then it grew on me.
1536
01:32:45,160 --> 01:32:48,300
We were so busy I didn't have
time to think of myself
anyhow.
1537
01:32:48,333 --> 01:32:52,133
[Engine revving]
1538
01:32:56,350 --> 01:33:00,116
SADAN: After about two years
of not hearing from our
parents,
1539
01:33:00,150 --> 01:33:02,500
life sort of
stretched on endlessly,
1540
01:33:02,830 --> 01:33:07,660
but suddenly we heard that
our parents had reached Spain.
1541
01:33:07,100 --> 01:33:11,333
Every night since I left
my parents, I had prayed,
1542
01:33:11,366 --> 01:33:16,133
"Please, God, don't let it
take longer than 5 years."
1543
01:33:16,166 --> 01:33:22,000
And 5 years almost to the day,
we had the telegram.
1544
01:33:22,330 --> 01:33:28,000
SADAN: The telegram said,
"Arriving Friday, 4:45."
1545
01:33:28,330 --> 01:33:30,000
That was all.
1546
01:33:30,330 --> 01:33:34,200
Unfortunately,
4:45 was the train
1547
01:33:34,233 --> 01:33:38,830
that my school friends
were coming back on as
well,
1548
01:33:38,116 --> 01:33:42,200
and I knew that
since the whole village
1549
01:33:42,233 --> 01:33:43,383
also knew they were coming,
1550
01:33:44,160 --> 01:33:45,350
they would all be at the station
1551
01:33:45,383 --> 01:33:50,000
and my school friends would see
me and my brother and sister
1552
01:33:50,330 --> 01:33:56,216
meeting our parents for
the first time in 5 years,
1553
01:33:56,250 --> 01:34:01,500
and it was a tremendous ordeal.
1554
01:34:01,830 --> 01:34:04,166
And we went down
to the station to wait,
1555
01:34:04,200 --> 01:34:06,283
and I couldn't cope with it.
1556
01:34:06,316 --> 01:34:10,216
So I went--I went
back home and I said,
1557
01:34:10,250 --> 01:34:13,250
"I'm going. I'm going home.
I'm going to put the kettle
on.
1558
01:34:13,283 --> 01:34:17,350
They'll need a cup of tea." I
mean, how English can you get?
1559
01:34:17,383 --> 01:34:20,233
I waited and I waited
and I waited,
1560
01:34:20,266 --> 01:34:22,366
and it took ages.
1561
01:34:23,000 --> 01:34:25,300
And suddenly there's
my brother and sister
1562
01:34:25,333 --> 01:34:29,200
with this middle-aged,
elderly couple
1563
01:34:29,233 --> 01:34:33,266
with suitcases and bags
coming up the path.
1564
01:34:33,300 --> 01:34:36,300
I remember rushing down
to meet them,
1565
01:34:36,333 --> 01:34:40,183
and I knew they were my parents,
1566
01:34:40,216 --> 01:34:43,300
but it wasn't
the same parents I'd left.
1567
01:34:43,333 --> 01:34:46,300
They were much older,
and they were worn out.
1568
01:34:46,333 --> 01:34:49,183
And we, obviously,
we weren't the same children
1569
01:34:49,216 --> 01:34:52,166
that they'd sent off.
1570
01:34:52,200 --> 01:34:54,300
And suddenly I realized
I couldn't say anything
1571
01:34:54,333 --> 01:34:56,183
except their names, you know,
1572
01:34:56,216 --> 01:34:59,250
mommy and daddy,
or mutti and papa.
1573
01:34:59,283 --> 01:35:04,383
And then we just stood there,
looking at each other,
1574
01:35:05,160 --> 01:35:11,316
and...it was such
a traumatic moment.
1575
01:35:11,350 --> 01:35:15,316
It was sad for Inge because she
couldn't speak German anymore.
1576
01:35:15,350 --> 01:35:18,350
My brother spoke it
with difficulty,
1577
01:35:18,383 --> 01:35:22,000
and I was the only one who
could communicate with
them.
1578
01:35:22,330 --> 01:35:24,266
But the barriers
completely went,
1579
01:35:24,300 --> 01:35:26,333
and we became
a family again.
1580
01:35:28,133 --> 01:35:30,150
[Bell chiming]
1581
01:35:30,183 --> 01:35:33,166
MAN IN NEWSREEL:
The cease-fire began yesterday,
1582
01:35:33,200 --> 01:35:37,200
to be sounded along
all the fronts.
1583
01:35:37,233 --> 01:35:41,160
The German war is,
therefore, at an end.
1584
01:35:42,000 --> 01:35:45,233
[Upbeat music]
1585
01:36:02,160 --> 01:36:03,283
[Crowd cheering]
1586
01:36:20,200 --> 01:36:22,200
[Fireworks exploding]
1587
01:36:25,366 --> 01:36:29,000
ALLARD: I remember V.E. Day
very clearly.
1588
01:36:29,330 --> 01:36:31,300
It was just
wonderful, wonderful.
1589
01:36:31,333 --> 01:36:34,366
And we all danced
in Piccadilly Circus.
1590
01:36:35,000 --> 01:36:38,100
And for me, I just thought,
well, this is it.
1591
01:36:38,133 --> 01:36:41,660
Going to see
my parents next week.
1592
01:36:41,100 --> 01:36:45,500
I went straight back
and wrote to both of them.
1593
01:36:46,300 --> 01:36:50,116
I wrote separate letters
because I had separate addresses
1594
01:36:50,150 --> 01:36:55,350
through the Red Cross messages
in Theresienstadt.
1595
01:36:55,383 --> 01:37:00,283
The letters were returned to me
about 3, 4 months later.
1596
01:37:00,316 --> 01:37:02,100
Took a long time.
1597
01:37:03,383 --> 01:37:07,350
All it said on the back,
"Deported to Auschwitz,
1598
01:37:07,383 --> 01:37:10,100
October '44."
1599
01:37:11,300 --> 01:37:14,100
And war was finished in May '45.
1600
01:37:17,300 --> 01:37:19,283
That's how I found out.
1601
01:37:22,133 --> 01:37:24,116
ROSENFELD: As soon
as war finished,
1602
01:37:24,150 --> 01:37:27,100
Hella and I went to
the Red Cross committee
1603
01:37:27,133 --> 01:37:30,660
and asked for them to search.
1604
01:37:30,100 --> 01:37:33,830
Eventually, we got
a letter from them to say
1605
01:37:33,116 --> 01:37:37,216
my mother had been killed
in Minsk, in Russia,
1606
01:37:37,250 --> 01:37:39,183
where she was deported.
1607
01:37:41,500 --> 01:37:43,316
It's very hard
to come to terms with,
1608
01:37:43,350 --> 01:37:45,300
when you've
always had that hope.
1609
01:37:45,333 --> 01:37:49,300
And, of course, we've had
no, no grave, really.
1610
01:37:49,333 --> 01:37:55,100
No parting, no end, no funeral.
1611
01:37:55,133 --> 01:37:59,366
It's that sort of vague feeling
in the air, of hope,
1612
01:38:00,000 --> 01:38:01,266
and that hope suddenly fading.
1613
01:38:02,200 --> 01:38:04,660
[Baby crying]
1614
01:38:05,316 --> 01:38:07,283
HAYMAN: I remember nursing
in the children's ward,
1615
01:38:07,316 --> 01:38:11,330
and I was always joking
with the kids and laughing.
1616
01:38:11,660 --> 01:38:13,250
And I was called
to the telephone,
1617
01:38:13,283 --> 01:38:17,116
and there was
a telegram for me.
1618
01:38:17,150 --> 01:38:19,150
I asked her would she read it.
1619
01:38:19,183 --> 01:38:22,333
And so, she read
over the telephone:
1620
01:38:22,366 --> 01:38:26,500
"Your parents were gravely ill.
There was no hope.
1621
01:38:26,830 --> 01:38:29,133
Wait for further news."
1622
01:38:29,166 --> 01:38:32,333
And I probably didn't
quite take it in,
1623
01:38:32,366 --> 01:38:38,660
so I went back to the ward and
started--carried on making beds
1624
01:38:38,100 --> 01:38:40,366
until one of the little
boys said to me,
1625
01:38:41,000 --> 01:38:43,660
"Why aren't you laughing
this time?"
1626
01:38:43,100 --> 01:38:46,283
And that's when I burst
into tears and ran out.
1627
01:38:49,330 --> 01:38:52,283
I remember going out into the
garden and lying on the lawn.
1628
01:38:52,316 --> 01:38:56,330
I didn't want to be
with anybody.
1629
01:38:56,660 --> 01:38:58,266
It was such a shock.
1630
01:39:01,350 --> 01:39:06,233
And suddenly the future which
we always painted wasn't
there.
1631
01:39:06,266 --> 01:39:09,333
There was no future.
There was just an emptiness.
1632
01:39:15,233 --> 01:39:17,183
CAHN: At the time
I was liberated,
1633
01:39:17,216 --> 01:39:20,660
a month later,
I would have been 20.
1634
01:39:20,100 --> 01:39:24,116
And I weighed 58 pounds.
1635
01:39:25,283 --> 01:39:29,300
And that's after
8 concentration camps.
1636
01:39:36,133 --> 01:39:39,200
Many times I thought about it:
what would have happened
1637
01:39:39,233 --> 01:39:45,116
if my father wouldn't
have pulled me out?
1638
01:39:45,150 --> 01:39:48,350
I would have never, ever
mentioned it to my father again.
1639
01:39:48,383 --> 01:39:51,133
You know, "Why did you do that?"
1640
01:39:51,166 --> 01:39:55,383
Because I think I would have
done him very wrong.
1641
01:39:56,160 --> 01:40:00,166
And I can fully understand,
being a mother,
1642
01:40:00,200 --> 01:40:03,150
what it would mean
if this is what
1643
01:40:03,183 --> 01:40:08,150
I would have had to go through
with my child, God forbid.
1644
01:40:08,183 --> 01:40:11,100
My main concern was always,
1645
01:40:11,133 --> 01:40:15,330
let me be strong,
and let me try to make it.
1646
01:40:15,660 --> 01:40:17,830
I made it that far.
1647
01:40:17,116 --> 01:40:19,150
I want to make it to the end,
1648
01:40:19,183 --> 01:40:22,116
regardless of what the end was.
1649
01:40:24,250 --> 01:40:26,266
WOLLHEIM: Survival
is an accident.
1650
01:40:28,150 --> 01:40:31,300
You cannot ask a soldier
who comes out of battle,
1651
01:40:31,333 --> 01:40:34,500
"Why were your comrades
left and right killed,
1652
01:40:34,830 --> 01:40:35,830
and you survived?"
1653
01:40:35,116 --> 01:40:37,100
You have no
explanation for that.
1654
01:40:37,133 --> 01:40:38,200
It's an accident.
1655
01:40:40,200 --> 01:40:44,300
At the moment of liberation,
we were very happy, certainly,
1656
01:40:44,333 --> 01:40:48,366
but, on the other hand, really
very sad, because I realized
1657
01:40:49,000 --> 01:40:51,166
that I was one of the last
who had survived,
1658
01:40:51,200 --> 01:40:54,183
that all the others who had gone
with me to Auschwitz,
1659
01:40:54,216 --> 01:40:57,200
or who had been taken to
Auschwitz, would never return.
1660
01:40:59,233 --> 01:41:01,333
[Instrumental music]
1661
01:41:10,216 --> 01:41:12,116
[Woman singing in German]
1662
01:41:16,183 --> 01:41:18,250
EPSTEIN: In July 1945,
1663
01:41:18,283 --> 01:41:23,116
I went back to Germany to work
for the American government.
1664
01:41:23,150 --> 01:41:27,233
One of the reasons was
to look for my parents.
1665
01:41:27,266 --> 01:41:29,233
The most sensible place to go to
1666
01:41:29,266 --> 01:41:32,500
would be to
go back to Kippenheim.
1667
01:41:32,830 --> 01:41:38,660
But I didn't go back
until August 1947.
1668
01:41:38,100 --> 01:41:44,000
I think on some level, I knew
my parents didn't survive.
1669
01:41:44,330 --> 01:41:47,133
But as long as I didn't
go back to Kippenheim,
1670
01:41:47,166 --> 01:41:51,330
I could still say, well, maybe
they're back in Kippenheim,
1671
01:41:51,660 --> 01:41:53,250
which doesn't really
make a lot of sense,
1672
01:41:53,283 --> 01:41:58,100
but I think it was
just my survival mechanism.
1673
01:41:58,133 --> 01:42:01,383
I just wasn't ready yet
to accept the fact
1674
01:42:02,160 --> 01:42:03,283
that I no longer had parents,
1675
01:42:03,316 --> 01:42:07,330
that I hadn't had
parents for a long time.
1676
01:42:08,100 --> 01:42:10,100
[Instrumental music]
1677
01:42:14,330 --> 01:42:15,250
NARRATOR: Although
the vast majority
1678
01:42:15,283 --> 01:42:17,200
of Kindertransport children
1679
01:42:17,233 --> 01:42:20,150
lost their mothers and fathers
in the holocaust,
1680
01:42:20,183 --> 01:42:22,350
remarkably,
a few parents survived
1681
01:42:22,383 --> 01:42:25,000
to be reunited
with their children.
1682
01:42:28,116 --> 01:42:30,300
FUCHEL: My parents managed
to get out of Austria
1683
01:42:30,333 --> 01:42:33,283
by going to Italy,
and from Italy,
1684
01:42:33,316 --> 01:42:36,660
they got into France.
1685
01:42:36,100 --> 01:42:37,150
And they were hidden
1686
01:42:37,183 --> 01:42:41,216
by some extremely
wonderful people there.
1687
01:42:41,250 --> 01:42:46,830
After the war ended, I was
told
that my parents were alive
1688
01:42:46,116 --> 01:42:50,316
and that someday I would
probably have to go back
1689
01:42:50,350 --> 01:42:52,316
and live with them.
1690
01:42:52,350 --> 01:42:55,350
I think I was horrified
by that idea.
1691
01:42:55,383 --> 01:43:00,283
Uncle Percy persuaded my parents
to wait until I finished
1692
01:43:00,316 --> 01:43:03,283
the English-school
certificate at age 16,
1693
01:43:03,316 --> 01:43:06,216
and also, they needed time
to reestablish themselves.
1694
01:43:09,200 --> 01:43:13,500
Eventually, in 1947,
they were ready for me.
1695
01:43:13,830 --> 01:43:17,330
I didn't want to,
but the Cohens took me to Paris,
1696
01:43:17,660 --> 01:43:19,250
where I was to meet my parents.
1697
01:43:19,283 --> 01:43:24,150
And I remember standing
outside the hotel.
1698
01:43:24,183 --> 01:43:29,150
And I saw in the distance
my parents approach.
1699
01:43:29,183 --> 01:43:32,150
And I couldn't look
at them directly,
1700
01:43:32,183 --> 01:43:36,233
so I looked at their
reflection in a shop window
1701
01:43:36,266 --> 01:43:37,316
as they walked towards me,
1702
01:43:37,350 --> 01:43:41,216
and I felt a very,
very strong emotion.
1703
01:43:43,330 --> 01:43:48,150
It was a sense of
elation, of love.
1704
01:43:48,183 --> 01:43:51,250
I suddenly felt it
and fought it.
1705
01:43:51,283 --> 01:43:55,316
But I felt, you know,
I knew it was them.
1706
01:43:55,350 --> 01:43:59,183
We met. And Kurt's father,
1707
01:43:59,216 --> 01:44:02,216
who was more demonstrative
than the mother,
1708
01:44:02,250 --> 01:44:05,116
put his hand
through Kurt's curls.
1709
01:44:05,150 --> 01:44:09,500
And Kurt went like that
and gave him a wallop.
1710
01:44:09,830 --> 01:44:12,333
And my husband says, "Don't
you ever do that again, Kurt.
1711
01:44:12,366 --> 01:44:17,100
Your father is showing you,
you know, his affection."
1712
01:44:17,133 --> 01:44:20,000
And that was that.
1713
01:44:20,330 --> 01:44:22,100
[Dramatic music]
1714
01:44:32,330 --> 01:44:35,160
FUCHEL: When it came to say
goodbye to the Cohens,
1715
01:44:35,500 --> 01:44:38,216
I realized for the first time,
I think, consciously,
1716
01:44:38,250 --> 01:44:42,660
that they had loved me,
especially Percy,
1717
01:44:42,100 --> 01:44:43,366
because he was in tears.
1718
01:44:44,000 --> 01:44:45,316
And I'd never seen
him cry before.
1719
01:44:45,350 --> 01:44:49,150
Never seen him cry before.
1720
01:44:49,183 --> 01:44:51,183
And then we had to leave him.
1721
01:44:51,216 --> 01:44:53,350
And I remember him
looking back, you know.
1722
01:44:53,383 --> 01:44:56,160
It was very, very sad.
1723
01:45:00,266 --> 01:45:03,660
He didn't want to go.
He didn't know them.
1724
01:45:05,500 --> 01:45:07,333
FUCHEL: My parents let go
of a 7-year-old
1725
01:45:07,366 --> 01:45:10,200
and got back a 16-year-old.
1726
01:45:10,233 --> 01:45:12,150
And my mother, especially,
1727
01:45:12,183 --> 01:45:15,316
wanted to carry on
where she'd left off.
1728
01:45:15,350 --> 01:45:21,160
And a 16-year-old doesn't like
to be treated like a
7-year-old.
1729
01:45:21,500 --> 01:45:24,116
So, when we got back to France,
things were very difficult.
1730
01:45:26,383 --> 01:45:28,116
Of course, I'm very lucky.
1731
01:45:28,150 --> 01:45:30,000
I mean, I realize this:
1732
01:45:30,330 --> 01:45:34,330
Whereas most of the kinder
never saw their parents again,
1733
01:45:34,660 --> 01:45:37,333
I not only had mine back but
another set of parents as
well.
1734
01:45:41,166 --> 01:45:43,350
What more could one ask for?
1735
01:45:45,316 --> 01:45:48,830
[Dramatic music]
1736
01:45:52,000 --> 01:45:53,266
HAYMAN: I ceased to be a child
1737
01:45:53,300 --> 01:45:56,316
when I boarded the train
in Prague.
1738
01:46:02,660 --> 01:46:06,266
It's strange that it's only
6 years out of a long life,
1739
01:46:06,300 --> 01:46:09,333
and those 6 years will affect
the rest of your life.
1740
01:46:14,660 --> 01:46:16,200
ROSENFELD: I never belonged
when I was a child.
1741
01:46:16,233 --> 01:46:19,183
I wanted somewhere
to find roots.
1742
01:46:19,216 --> 01:46:24,500
I feel in the latter years of
my life that I've been
accepted.
1743
01:46:25,150 --> 01:46:28,216
And nobody's ever said to me,
1744
01:46:28,250 --> 01:46:30,250
"You weren't born
in this country."
1745
01:46:30,283 --> 01:46:34,160
I was entirely accepted
as everyone else.
1746
01:46:34,500 --> 01:46:39,000
And I gradually felt I had
somewhere I belonged.
1747
01:46:42,300 --> 01:46:45,250
SADAN: To be a refugee is
the most horrible feeling
1748
01:46:45,283 --> 01:46:49,330
because you lose your family,
you lose your home.
1749
01:46:49,660 --> 01:46:51,383
You're also without an identity.
1750
01:46:52,160 --> 01:46:53,233
Suddenly, you're a nothing.
1751
01:46:53,266 --> 01:46:58,183
You are just reliant on
other people's good nature
1752
01:46:58,216 --> 01:47:01,233
and help and understanding.
1753
01:47:01,266 --> 01:47:04,100
And that's why I think
living in Israel,
1754
01:47:04,133 --> 01:47:05,350
I feel for the new immigrants.
1755
01:47:05,383 --> 01:47:08,100
I feel for the Russians
and the Ethiopians
1756
01:47:08,133 --> 01:47:10,660
and anybody who's new,
1757
01:47:10,100 --> 01:47:12,350
especially if they've come
without their families.
1758
01:47:12,383 --> 01:47:16,000
Then, you know, if I can do
anything, I do it.
1759
01:47:19,100 --> 01:47:20,266
[Music continues]
1760
01:47:20,300 --> 01:47:24,330
SEGAL: I am dazzled from
the point of view of a writer.
1761
01:47:24,660 --> 01:47:27,266
Who else has
the unbelievable good fortune
1762
01:47:27,300 --> 01:47:31,300
to live with
the Jewish manufacturer,
1763
01:47:31,333 --> 01:47:36,366
the English working class,
union man, railroad stoker,
1764
01:47:37,000 --> 01:47:41,133
the milkman, the Anglo-Indian
Victorian ladies.
1765
01:47:41,166 --> 01:47:46,216
Whoever has
the sheer advantage
1766
01:47:46,250 --> 01:47:48,183
of not studying this
1767
01:47:48,216 --> 01:47:52,500
from the outside,
but being a helpless member
1768
01:47:52,830 --> 01:47:54,316
from the inside
of these families.
1769
01:47:54,350 --> 01:47:57,366
Seems to me it was a gift.
1770
01:47:58,000 --> 01:48:00,166
Didn't seem so at the time.
1771
01:48:03,300 --> 01:48:07,283
ALLARD: I now look at
my 14-year-old grandson,
1772
01:48:07,316 --> 01:48:13,316
and I think this is the age
when
I lost parents, home, country.
1773
01:48:16,166 --> 01:48:21,350
A lot has been made up to me
from where I lost out.
1774
01:48:21,383 --> 01:48:24,350
I have a second cousin here.
1775
01:48:24,383 --> 01:48:28,830
He says, "Anything you
haven't had, you've got now."
1776
01:48:28,116 --> 01:48:29,316
Which is so true.
1777
01:48:29,350 --> 01:48:34,150
And I'm very grateful and
very proud of the whole family.
1778
01:48:38,830 --> 01:48:39,166
SUGAR: The younger you were,
1779
01:48:39,200 --> 01:48:42,830
the more unforgiving you are
of your parents.
1780
01:48:42,116 --> 01:48:45,500
You may say, oh, they were
so brave and saved you,
1781
01:48:45,830 --> 01:48:48,233
but they really abandoned you.
1782
01:48:48,266 --> 01:48:51,216
We were 4 friends,
very close friends.
1783
01:48:51,250 --> 01:48:55,500
We all agreed
if it ever happens again,
1784
01:48:55,830 --> 01:48:57,830
we will not send away
our children.
1785
01:48:57,116 --> 01:49:00,166
We will stay and die together.
1786
01:49:00,200 --> 01:49:04,330
That's what we said.
1787
01:49:04,660 --> 01:49:08,233
Later on, as we grew older,
we mitigated it, we said,
1788
01:49:08,266 --> 01:49:10,133
if it ever happens, we promise
1789
01:49:10,166 --> 01:49:12,150
to take each other's
children in.
1790
01:49:12,183 --> 01:49:16,330
We will not send them
to strangers.
1791
01:49:17,350 --> 01:49:19,330
[Music continues]
1792
01:49:19,660 --> 01:49:21,183
EPSTEIN: I certainly do
my share of remembering.
1793
01:49:21,216 --> 01:49:24,166
But remembering also
has to have a present
1794
01:49:24,200 --> 01:49:27,216
and a future perspective.
1795
01:49:27,250 --> 01:49:30,283
You can't just stop
at remembering.
1796
01:49:34,160 --> 01:49:37,330
I don't think I ever
made a conscious decision
1797
01:49:37,660 --> 01:49:39,266
to devote myself
to human rights
1798
01:49:39,300 --> 01:49:43,116
and social justice issues.
1799
01:49:43,150 --> 01:49:45,183
Someone helped me.
1800
01:49:45,216 --> 01:49:50,133
I can't pay back or thank some
of the people who helped me,
1801
01:49:50,166 --> 01:49:53,233
but I can do something
for other people.
1802
01:49:57,250 --> 01:49:59,300
[Big Ben chiming]
1803
01:50:06,250 --> 01:50:08,200
[Music continues]
1804
01:50:25,233 --> 01:50:29,183
GORDON: I've come to
a conclusion about myself.
1805
01:50:29,216 --> 01:50:35,830
In 1938, I escaped
the deportation of Poland.
1806
01:50:35,116 --> 01:50:38,200
I got out of Germany
in the Kindertransport.
1807
01:50:38,233 --> 01:50:40,200
I was sent to Australia
on a ship,
1808
01:50:40,233 --> 01:50:43,250
and the ship was torpedoed
and nothing happened.
1809
01:50:43,283 --> 01:50:46,830
I got back to England
and was in the army.
1810
01:50:46,116 --> 01:50:48,283
Why all these coincidences?
1811
01:50:48,316 --> 01:50:52,250
And I've come to one conclusion:
I was meant to survive.
1812
01:50:52,283 --> 01:50:56,830
Not because of myself,
1813
01:50:56,116 --> 01:50:57,233
but the Jews would survive.
1814
01:50:57,266 --> 01:51:00,150
And I would bring up
another generation,
1815
01:51:00,183 --> 01:51:01,333
and they would live.
1816
01:51:01,366 --> 01:51:04,350
And I look at my children
and my grandchildren,
1817
01:51:04,383 --> 01:51:08,166
and I know there was
a purpose to my life.
1818
01:51:12,350 --> 01:51:15,216
[Child singing]
1819
01:51:51,216 --> 01:51:53,166
[Theme music]
138355
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