All language subtitles for Free-CCNA-IPv6-Part-1-Day-31-CCNA-200-301-Complete-Course_en

This is a free, complete course for the CCNA.

If you like these videos, please subscribe\n

Also, please like and leave a comment, and\n

In this video we will cover IPv6.

As you already know, up to this point in the\n

But IPv6 is the future, and it is starting\n

IPv6 brings multiple improvements over IPv4,\n

IPv6 is covered in a few areas of the official\nexam topics list.

Topic 1.8 says you must be able to configure\n

1.9 says you must be able to compare various\nIPv6 address types.

You should also be able to configure and verify\n

I considered trying to fit all of this into\n

A lot of CCNA candidates don’t feel confident\n

I think that’s because we spend so much\n

just briefly cover IPv6 and then never mention\nit again.

Let’s take our time to cover IPv6, and make\n

Here’s what we’ll cover in this video.

First, let’s review hexadecimal.

I told you about hexadecimal when we covered\n

understand hexadecimal, because IPv6 addresses\n

Then I’ll give an overview of why IPv6 is\n

I’ll give you a basic overview of IPv6,\n

Finally I’ll show you how to configure IPv6\n

Watch until the end of the video for a bonus\n

I used them to study for my exams, and they\n

If you want to get Boson ExSim, follow the\n

Before talking about IPv6, you may be wondering,\n

I think I mentioned this earlier in the course,\n

Internet Stream Protocol was developed in\n

It was never called IPv5, but it used a value\n

If you remember, Day 10 of this course covered\n

IPv4 uses a value of 4, and Internet Stream\n

So, to avoid confusion, when the successor\n

and it uses a value of 6 in the Version field\nof the header.

The three numbering systems you should know\n

0b can be used as a prefix before a binary\n

For example, look at this number.

Or binary 1 0, which is equal to decimal 2?

Or is it perhaps hexadecimal 1 0, which is\n

By using the prefix 0b, we can make it clear\n

Now, why is ‘base 2’ another name for\nbinary?

It’s because there are only two available\ndigits in binary.

All numbers are represented using just these\ntwo digits.

But you’re already familiar with binary.

The next numbering system is decimal, or base\n10.

You can use the prefix 0d to indicate decimal.

As the name ‘base 10’ suggests, there\nare 10 available digits.

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.

Finally, there is hexadecimal, also known\nas base 16.

You can use the prefix 0x to indicate hexadecimal,\n

These are the 16 digits available in hexadecimal,\n

B, C, D, E, and F are used as well.

Here’s a chart comparing the three, from\n0 up to decimal 15.

First, notice that up to 9, decimal and hexadecimal\n

However, the decimal system then runs out\n

Hexadecimal expresses the same value with\n

D, 14 is E, and 15 is F. Okay, now let me\n

Notice that these binary numbers have leading\n0s at the front.

For example, decimal 3 is written as 0 0 1\n

You don’t actually have to do this in binary,\n

So, why did I write all of these numbers as\n

It’s because I want to emphasize that each\n

For example, the maximum value of four binary\n

This is very important for converting between\n

From this chart, I recommend memorizing the\n

It’s not difficult, just remember that 10\n

and 15 is F. Also, be able to convert between\n

You already know that, it shouldn’t be a\nproblem.

If it is a problem, go back and watch the\n

If you can do those two things, convert between\n

between decimal and binary, you’ll have\n

Let’s walk through some conversions.

Binary 1101 1011 is equal to what in hexadecimal?

Remember, each hexadecimal digit contains\n4 bits of information.

So, split the number into 4-bit groups, 1101\nand 1011.

Then, convert each of those 4-bit groups to\ndecimal.

1101 is 8 plus 4 plus 1, so 13.

1011 is 8 plus 2 plus 1, so 11.

Then convert those decimal numbers to hexadecimal.

You should have these conversions memorized.

13 is D, and 11 is B. Simply put those two\n

Binary 1101 1011 is equal to hexadecimal DB.

To check, you can use a calculator.

For example, from the Windows 10 calculator\n

select the programmer calculator.

In the programmer calculator, you can select\n

I selected hexadecimal and typed in DB.

As you can see, it is equal to binary 1101\n1011.

If you don’t use windows 10, your calculator\n

Or, you can just do a Google search for a\n

In the real world, you’d use a calculator\n

However, it’s important to be able to do\n

actually understand the concepts.

Let’s do a few more practice questions for\n

Pause the video to try this one out yourself,\n

First split the number into 4-bit groups.

Convert each decimal number to hexadecimal.

And there’s the answer, binary 0010 1111\n

We’ll do one more for binary to hex.

Pause the video to try it out.

First split the number into 4-bit groups.

Convert each group to decimal.

Convert each decimal number to hexadecimal.

And there’s the answer, binary 1000 0001\n

How about converting from hexadecimal to binary?

Basically, it’s just the reverse process.

Convert to decimal, then to binary.

For example, what’s hexadecimal EC in binary?

First, split up the hexadecimal digits.

Then convert each decimal number to binary.

And that’s the answer, hexadecimal EC is\n

Pause the video to try it out yourself, convert\n

First, split up the hexadecimal digits.

Then convert them to decimal.

Then convert each decimal number to binary.

And that’s the answer, hexadecimal 2B is\n

Pause the video to try it out yourself, convert\n

First, split up the hexadecimal digits.

Then convert each decimal number to binary.

And that’s the answer, hexadecimal D7 is\n

Okay, that’s all for the conversion practice,\n

If you don’t feel comfortable converting\n

Write out a random 8-bit, 1-byte, number and\n

Also try it with numbers that aren’t 8 bits,\n

Now, let’s move on to the next topic.

And the next topic is this, ‘Why IPv6’?

The main reason is that there simply aren’t\n

How many IPv4 addresses are there?

An IPv4 address is 32 bits long, so that means\n

That may seem like a lot, but in our modern\n

When IPv4 was being designed 30 years ago,\n

be as large as it is today, they thought 32\n

However, we have known about the IPv4 address\n

techniques have been used to preserve the\nspace.

VLSM, variable-length subnet masks is one\n

Private IPv4 addresses and NAT, Network Address\n

Both of those will be covered soon in the\ncourse.

Those techniques have been very useful in\n

they are just short-term solutions.

The long-term solution is to transition to\nIPv6.

Let me briefly explain how IPv4 addresses\nare assigned.

IPv4 address assignments are controlled by\n

I mentioned IANA in the last video about TCP\nand UDP, also.

IANA distributes IPv4 address space to various\n

then assign them to companies that need them.

For example, an Internet service provider\n

which can then be used by its customers.

This is a map showing the various RIRs.

To be honest, I don’t know the proper pronunciation\n

Africa, APNIC controls Asia-Pacific, ARIN\n

Atlantic islands, and the US, LACNIC controls\n

NCC controls Europe, the Middle East, and\nparts of Central Asia.

However, these RIRs are almost all out of\nIPv4 addresses.

For example, in September 2015 ARIN declared\n

They don’t have any more addresses to assign,\n

ARIN can reclaim their addresses, for example.

Here’s another one, in August 2020, LACNIC\n

The other RIRs have similar problems, too.

So, as you can see the situation is pretty\n

We need something capable of supporting our\n

Let’s finally get into the specifics.

There is actually a lot of interesting history\n

I think you can see why we need to transition\nto IPv6.

If you want to read a little about it, search\n

That’s 4 times the number of bits in an\n

At first, you might think that 4 times the\n

Every additional bit DOUBLES the number of\npossible addresses.

32 bits allows for about 4 billion addresses.

33 bits would allow about 8 billion, 34 bits\n

So, how many IPv6 addresses are there?

There are 340 undecillion, 282 decillion,\n

463 sextillion, 463 quintillion, 374 quadrillion,\n

thousand and 456 IPv6 addresses.

Yes, I had to search on Google to learn how\nto say that number.

But no, you don’t have to memorize it.

For comparison, here’s the number of IPv4\naddresses again.

Here’s an example IPv6 address in binary.

If you write that in dotted decimal like an\n

However, as I’ve already said Ipv6 addresses\n

Here’s that same address written in hexadecimal.

An IPv6 address is 128 bits, and as I said\n

So, an IPv6 address is written as 32 hexadecimal\n

This is still longer and more difficult to\n

There is 4 times the amount of information\n

IPv6 addresses use the ‘slash’ notation\n

the address in the Cisco IOS CLI.

No more dotted decimal subnet masks.

This /64, for example, means the first half\n

and the second half would be the host portion.

In addition, there are a couple methods to\n

Let’s look at those methods to shorten IPv6\naddresses.

First up, leading 0s can be removed.

‘Leading 0s’ are any 0s at the beginning\n

These are the leading 0s in this address.

So, we can simply remove them.

Now the address can be written like this.

The 0s are still part of the address, but\n

Okay, there’s one more technique to shorten\nan IPv6 address.

Consecutive quartets of all 0s can be replaced\n

For example in the address below, there are\n

You can shorten the address like this, replacing\n

It’s because we know an IPv6 address is\n8 quartets in length.

We can only see four quartets now, so we know\n

You can combine both methods, removing leading\n

Now this address looks much easier to handle.

But, there’s a limitation here.

Consecutive quartets of 0s can only be abbreviated\n

Well, look at this address here.

You might try to shorten it like this.

We know there should be 8 quartets in total,\n

But how many quartets of 0s are here?

Maybe there are 2 quartets on the left and\n

So, this is why we can only abbreviate the\n

Instead, we should shorten the address like\nthis.

The left side has three all-0 quartets, so\n

On the right side, which has two all-0 quartets,\n

Here’s a few questions to practice shortening\nIPv6 addresses.

Pause the video and try to complete each.

Here’s the first one, you’re able to remove\n

Note that there are two sets of consecutive\n

Like the previous two, you’re able to remove\n

There are some leading 0s you can remove in\n

You’re able to replace five quartets of\n

You should also be able to take a shortened\n

Here’s an example of how to do that.

First, put leading 0s where needed, remember\n

characters, that’s why they’re called\nquartets.

Where can we put leading 0s in this example\nshortened address?

So, now the address looks like this.

If a double colon is used, we should replace\n

There is a double colon here, so we can expand\n

Actually there are 8, but currently only 5\nare written.

To make 8 total quartets, simply add three\nquartets of 0s.

Here are a few practice questions for expanding\n

Pause the video to solve them.

I will talk about different IPv6 address types\n

is a different type of address.

IPv4 has different kinds of addresses like\n

But as I said, that’s a topic for another\nvideo.

Next up, let’s see how to find the IPv6\n

We’ve already done this before for IPv4.

Change all of the host bits to 0, and then\n

But let’s try it out for IPv6.

Typically, an enterprise requesting IPv6 addresses\n

Also, typically IPv6 subnets use a /64 prefix\nlength.

So, the enterprise received a /48 block, but\n

This means that an enterprise has 16 bits\n

And the remaining 64 bits can be used for\nhosts.

I think an example will make this clearer.

This part in blue is the /48 block assigned\n

Note that this example is for the IPv6 ‘global\n

As I said before, there are multiple IPv6\n

But these ‘global unicast’ addresses are\n

use over the Internet, they aren’t private\n

Okay, the next 16 bits, 4 hex digits, are\n

Because the enterprise received a /48 block\n

a /64 prefix length, these 16 bits are free\n

Together, these two parts make the ‘network\n

Then the last 64 bits are the host bits.

That is a huge amount of hosts per subnet,\n

But the convention is to use a /64 prefix\nlength.

However, that doesn’t mean you’ll only\n

So, we’ll practice using IPv6 addresses\n

Finding the prefix of an IPv6 address with\n

Simply make the second half of the address\nall 0s.

That’s what I did here, and notice I shortened\n

the host portion, which is all 0s, with a\ndouble colon.

Even if the prefix length isn’t /64, if\n

easy to find the prefix length.

It’s because each hexadecimal character\nis 4 bits.

56 is a multiple of 4, so let me show you\n

This first quartet is the first 16 bits of\nthe address.

This one brings it to 32 bits.

This 2 contains the next 4 bits, so 52.

And this 1 contains another 4 bits, so 56\nbits.

So, these first 14 characters are the network\n

Everything after is the host portion, so we\n

Here it is, after removing leading 0s and\n

Let me point out that you can’t remove these\n0s.

Even though they are part of the host portion\n

For example, if you were to shorten the address\n

the leading 0s back the prefix would be this,\n

So, remember that point, you can only remove\nthe ‘leading’ 0s.

Find where the network portion ends, and change\n

But with an IPv6 address like this you need\n

The prefix length is /93, which isn’t a\nmultiple of 4.

So, that means that the network portions ends\n

16 bits, 32 bits, 48 bits, 64 bits, 80 bits,\n

So, the network portion includes all of these\n

So, in order to properly write out the network\n

As you know, hexadecimal B is equal to decimal\n11.

Decimal 11 is written as 1011 in binary.

Only this first bit is part of the network\n

Change that back to decimal, which is 8.

It’s also written as 8 in hexadecimal.

So, when we write out the network prefix,\n

because we changed the host bits all to 0.

So, here’s the network prefix.

Notice the ‘8’ instead of the ‘B’.

I hope you can see the importance of really\n

If you don’t know binary, it would be tough\n

all of the host bits are changed to 0.

If you don’t know binary, you can’t really\n

Here are some practice questions, find the\n

Pause the video now to do that.

Note that you don’t have to write out the\n

If you still want some more practice, try\n

random prefix lengths yourself, and then try\n

So, we’ve only covered the absolute basics\n

But I want to include a lab with each lecture\n

some very basic IPv6 configuration.

I’ll just show you how to configure IPv6\n

the next video you can try it out in Packet\nTracer.

So, R1 has three interfaces, each connected\n

2001:db8:0:0::/64 on the G0/0 interface, 0:1::/64\n

In this example, the company was assigned\n

quartet of the prefix to make different subnets.

Just a side point, you may be wondering why\n

That’s because this range of IPv6 addresses\n

They should never actually be used in real\n

First up, you have to use the command IPV6\nUNICAST-ROUTING.

This command allows the routers to perform\nIPv6 routing.

If you don’t enable this, it’s not going\n

Next up, I configured the G0/0 interface.

The command to configure an IPv6 address is\n

You’ll notice that a lot of IPv6 commands\n

Also notice that you can use the shortened\n

Remember to use NO SHUTDOWN to enable the\ninterface, too.

I did the same thing on G0/1, and then G0/2,\n

You can use the whole address, the shortened\n

the router will understand what you mean.

Now let’s confirm the configurations.

I used the command SHOW IPV6 INTERFACE BRIEF.

Again, same as the IPv4 command, you just\nhave to use ‘IPv6’.

There are a few things to point out here.

First up, notice that the shortened version\n

Actually, the address on the G0/0 interface\n

To emphasize that the first four quartets\n

two 0s here in the network diagram and when\n

But they can be included in the double colon\n

Okay, next thing to point out, something you\n

has two IPv6 addresses, even though we only\nconfigured one.

These are called ‘link-local’ addresses,\n

interface when you configure an IPv6 address,\n

I will cover these in Day 32 when I cover\n

want to read about them before that Wikipedia\n

IPv4 has link-local addresses as well, although\n

Anyway, as I said I’ll cover those in Day\n32.

Before moving on to the quiz let’s review\n

First up we reviewed hexadecimal and practiced\n

Although we briefly covered hexadecimal when\n

even more important to be comfortable with\nit.

Then I introduced why IPv6 is necessary.

Basically, there aren’t enough IPv4 addresses\n

I covered the basics of IPv6, and the main\n

which are 128-bits in length and usually written\n

Finally I showed you the basic commands to\n

IPv6 addresses on an interface.

There is still a lot more that we have to\n

Make to sure watch until the end of the quiz\n

best practice exams for the CCNA.

They’re the practice exams I used to prepare\n

If you want to get ExSim, follow the link\n

Okay, let’s move on to question 1 of the\nquiz.

Which of the following are valid IPv6 addresses?

Pause the video now to find the answers, only\n

Okay, let’s check the answers.

The valid IPv6 addresses are A, B, and E.\nWhy is C invalid?

It has a G in the fourth quartet.

IPv6 addresses use hexadecimal, which only\n

An IPv6 address should have only 8 quartets\n

It’s using the double colon twice.

Remember, you can only use the double colon\n

Okay, let’s go to question 2.

Which of the following is a correctly-abbreviated\n

Pause the video now to select the correct\none.

The correct answer is D. All of these abbreviations\n

can only remove ‘leading’ 0s from an IPv6\n

So, only D is a correct abbreviation of the\naddress.

Which of the following commands must be used\n

A, IPV6 UNICAST-ROUTING from interface config\nmode.

B, IPV6 UNICAST-ROUTING from global config\nmode.

C, IPV6 ROUTING from global config mode.

Or D, IPV6 ROUTING from interface config mode.

Pause the video to think about your answer.

The answer is B. IPV6 UNICAST-ROUTING, entered\n

the router to perform IPv6 routing.

Okay, we had lots of practice questions earlier\n

Now let’s do a bonus question from Boson\nExSim for CCNA.

Okay, here's today's Boson ExSim practice\nquestion.

This question actually covers something we\n

What command would you issue on RouterA so\n

So, this is a question about static routing\nusing IPv6.

However, the IPv6 static route command is\n

Like I said in the video, a lot of IPv6 commands\nare like that.

The only difference is instead of IP ROUTE\nit's IPV6 ROUTE.

So, the command is IPV6 ROUTE, followed by\n

and the prefix length here, and then the next\nhop.

Okay, so that's the IPv6 static route command.

So, knowing that, you should be able to answer\nthis question.

So pause the video here and try to find the\ncorrect answer.

Okay, hopefully you found the answer.

So, RouterA needs to reach RouterC, which\n

So, that should be the destination in the\nstatic route command.

So that means the correct answer is either\n

2001:DB8:1::/64, which is not correct.

So, is the correct answer B or D?

Let's see, so the next hop should be RouterB's\n

So, which one has the correct next hop?

This one here, B. 2001:DB8:1::2, that looks\ncorrect.

The next hop is 2001:DB8:2::2, that is not\ncorrect.

That would mean RouterC is the next hop, but\n

Okay, so B should be the correct answer.

I will click on 'show answer'.

So here is Boson's explanation.

You can pause the video here to read that.

Also notice there is some Cisco documentation\nincluded.

This is available free online and it's a great\nstudy resource.

And also it shows you which category of the\n

And it is from 'IP Connectivity'.

Okay, so that is an example question from\nBoson ExSim for CCNA.

If you're looking for CCNA practice exams,\n

These are fantastic practice exams.

I used them when preparing for my CCNA and\n

If you want to get a copy of Boson ExSim,\n

There are supplementary materials for this\nvideo.

There is a flashcard deck to use with the\nsoftware ‘Anki’.

There will also be a packet tracer practice\n

That will be in the next video.

Sign up for my mailing list via the link in\n

the flashcards and packet tracer lab files\nfor the course.

Before finishing today’s video I want to\n

To join, please click the ‘Join’ button\nunder the video.

Thank you to Magrathea, Njabulo, Benjamin,\n

Nil, Prakaash, Nasir, Erlison, Apogee, Wasseem,\n

Samil, Ed, Value, John, Funnydart, Scott,\n

C Mohd, Johan, Mark, Yousif, Sidi, Boson Software,\n

Sorry if I pronounced your name incorrectly,\n

One of you is still displaying as Channel\n

me know and I’ll see if YouTube can fix\nit.

This is the list of JCNP-level members at\n

8th 2020, if you signed up recently and your\n

Please subscribe to the channel, like the\n

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