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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:01:00,479 --> 00:01:04,168 "PROMETHEUS STOLE FIRE FROM THE GODS AND GAVE IT TO MAN. 2 00:01:04,209 --> 00:01:09,001 "FOR THIS HE WAS CHAINED TO A ROCK AND TORTURED FOR ETERNITY." 3 00:01:17,583 --> 00:01:18,750 Dr. Oppenheimer. 4 00:01:20,664 --> 00:01:21,666 Dr. Oppenheimer. 5 00:01:23,291 --> 00:01:26,416 As we begin, I believe you have a statement to read into the record. 6 00:01:28,541 --> 00:01:29,624 Yes, your honor. 7 00:01:29,791 --> 00:01:32,833 We're not judges, Doctor. -No. 8 00:01:39,333 --> 00:01:41,083 Members of the security board, 9 00:01:42,333 --> 00:01:46,083 the so-called interrogatory information in your indictment of me 10 00:01:46,166 --> 00:01:48,958 cannot be fairly understood except in the context 11 00:01:49,041 --> 00:01:51,000 of my life, and my work. 12 00:01:51,833 --> 00:01:53,250 How long did he testify? 13 00:01:54,458 --> 00:01:55,916 Honestly, I forget. 14 00:01:57,750 --> 00:01:59,625 The whole hearing took a month. 15 00:01:59,833 --> 00:02:02,791 An ordeal. -Oh, I've only read the transcripts. 16 00:02:05,833 --> 00:02:08,166 Who'd want to justify their whole life? -You weren't there? 17 00:02:08,541 --> 00:02:09,958 As chairman, I wasn't allowed to be. 18 00:02:10,583 --> 00:02:12,333 Are they really going to ask about it? 19 00:02:13,208 --> 00:02:14,666 It was years ago. 20 00:02:14,708 --> 00:02:16,125 Four years ago. -Five. 21 00:02:17,375 --> 00:02:19,001 Oppenheimer still divides America. 22 00:02:19,024 --> 00:02:21,024 The committee's going to want to know where you stood. 23 00:02:22,166 --> 00:02:25,625 Senator Thurmond asked me to say not to feel that you're on trial. 24 00:02:25,791 --> 00:02:28,750 Oh, funny. I didn't, until you just said that. 25 00:02:29,083 --> 00:02:30,625 Really, Mr. Strauss... -It's Admiral. 26 00:02:30,791 --> 00:02:34,041 Admiral. Admiral Strauss, this is a formality. 27 00:02:34,083 --> 00:02:36,166 President Eisenhower has asked you to be in his cabinet. 28 00:02:36,375 --> 00:02:38,167 The Senate really has no choice but to confirm him. 29 00:02:38,190 --> 00:02:39,958 And if they bring up Oppenheimer? 30 00:02:40,583 --> 00:02:42,917 When they bring up Oppenheimer, you answer honestly, 31 00:02:42,940 --> 00:02:45,000 no senator can deny you did your duty. 32 00:02:45,291 --> 00:02:46,750 It'll be uncomfortable. 33 00:02:47,753 --> 00:02:49,291 Who'd want to justify their whole life? 34 00:02:55,083 --> 00:02:56,625 Why did you leave the United States? 35 00:02:59,333 --> 00:03:02,625 I... I wanted to study the new physics. 36 00:03:02,833 --> 00:03:04,083 Was there nowhere here? 37 00:03:05,000 --> 00:03:07,833 I thought Berkeley had the leading theoretical physics department. 38 00:03:08,666 --> 00:03:10,500 Yes, once I built it. 39 00:03:11,250 --> 00:03:12,501 But first I had to go to Europe. 40 00:03:12,524 --> 00:03:15,583 I went to Cambridge, to study under Patrick Blackett. 41 00:03:15,916 --> 00:03:17,666 Were you happier there than in America? 42 00:03:19,000 --> 00:03:20,333 Happier? -Yes. 43 00:03:24,791 --> 00:03:25,791 No. 44 00:03:26,250 --> 00:03:27,458 No, I, uh... 45 00:03:30,333 --> 00:03:32,333 I was homesick and... 46 00:03:33,249 --> 00:03:34,916 emotionally immature... 47 00:03:36,250 --> 00:03:38,625 Troubled by visions of a... 48 00:03:39,375 --> 00:03:41,666 hidden universe. 49 00:03:53,250 --> 00:03:54,333 Useless in the lab. 50 00:03:59,333 --> 00:04:00,791 Christ, Oppenheimer. 51 00:04:01,995 --> 00:04:03,166 Have you had any sleep? 52 00:04:05,791 --> 00:04:06,792 Start again. 53 00:04:07,291 --> 00:04:08,583 I need to go to a lecture, sir. 54 00:04:09,625 --> 00:04:10,625 Why? 55 00:04:11,166 --> 00:04:12,166 It's Niels Bohr. 56 00:04:15,250 --> 00:04:16,416 I completely forgot. 57 00:04:17,541 --> 00:04:19,333 Alright! Let's go. 58 00:04:21,916 --> 00:04:23,291 Oh no, not you, Oppenheimer. 59 00:04:23,625 --> 00:04:24,958 You finish coating those plates. 60 00:05:05,416 --> 00:05:09,126 Quantum physics is not a step forward. 61 00:05:09,208 --> 00:05:12,958 It is a new way to understand reality. 62 00:05:13,065 --> 00:05:14,876 Einstein's opened the door. 63 00:05:14,899 --> 00:05:19,100 Now we are peering through, seeing a world inside our world, 64 00:05:19,291 --> 00:05:24,875 a world of energy and paradox that not everyone can accept. 65 00:06:08,375 --> 00:06:09,374 You alright? 66 00:06:10,375 --> 00:06:12,708 Nils, meet J. Robert Oppenheimer. 67 00:06:13,083 --> 00:06:14,583 What's the J stand for? 68 00:06:14,791 --> 00:06:16,126 Nothing, apparently. 69 00:06:16,149 --> 00:06:18,625 You were at my lecture. You asked the only good question. 70 00:06:18,833 --> 00:06:20,250 No one's denying his insight. 71 00:06:20,416 --> 00:06:22,791 It's his laboratory work that leaves a little to be desired. 72 00:06:24,125 --> 00:06:25,126 I heard you give the same answer... 73 00:06:25,149 --> 00:06:27,166 At Harvard, yes, and you asked the same question. 74 00:06:27,750 --> 00:06:28,833 Why ask again? 75 00:06:28,991 --> 00:06:30,250 I hadn't liked your answer. 76 00:06:31,893 --> 00:06:34,333 Did you like it better yesterday? -A lot. 77 00:06:34,636 --> 00:06:39,125 You can lift a stone without being ready for the snake that's revealed. 78 00:06:39,375 --> 00:06:40,833 Now it seems you're ready. 79 00:06:41,583 --> 00:06:43,000 But you don't enjoy the lab. 80 00:06:44,166 --> 00:06:46,751 So get out of Cambridge, with its beakers and potions. 81 00:06:46,774 --> 00:06:48,958 Go somewhere they'll let you think. 82 00:06:50,375 --> 00:06:51,375 Where? 83 00:06:53,000 --> 00:06:54,666 Göttingen. -Born. 84 00:06:54,750 --> 00:06:55,767 Born. 85 00:06:55,791 --> 00:06:59,833 Get to Germany, study under Max Born, learn the ways of theory. 86 00:07:00,625 --> 00:07:01,625 I'll send word. 87 00:07:02,583 --> 00:07:03,583 Worm hole. 88 00:07:06,041 --> 00:07:07,000 How's your mathematics? 89 00:07:07,041 --> 00:07:09,125 Not good enough for the physicist he wants to be. 90 00:07:09,250 --> 00:07:11,584 Algebra's like sheet music, 91 00:07:11,607 --> 00:07:15,208 the important thing isn't can you read music, it's can you hear it. 92 00:07:15,500 --> 00:07:17,583 Can you hear the music, Robert? 93 00:07:19,082 --> 00:07:20,085 Yes, I can. 94 00:08:56,400 --> 00:08:58,000 The senator from Wyoming. 95 00:08:58,942 --> 00:09:01,625 Admiral Strauss, I'm interested in your relationship 96 00:09:01,666 --> 00:09:03,333 with Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer. 97 00:09:03,544 --> 00:09:05,291 You met him in 1947. 98 00:09:06,226 --> 00:09:07,208 Correct. 99 00:09:07,666 --> 00:09:09,666 You were a commissioner of the Atomic Energy Commission. 100 00:09:10,250 --> 00:09:13,969 I was, but I actually met Robert in my capacity 101 00:09:14,016 --> 00:09:18,166 as board member of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton. It was... 102 00:09:18,792 --> 00:09:22,058 after the war, he was world-renowned as the great man of physics, 103 00:09:22,125 --> 00:09:26,375 and I was determined to get him to run the Institute. 104 00:09:36,041 --> 00:09:38,541 Dr. Oppenheimer. An honor. 105 00:09:38,833 --> 00:09:39,834 Mr. Strauss. 106 00:09:39,984 --> 00:09:41,000 It's pronounced "Strauss". 107 00:09:42,285 --> 00:09:43,626 "Oppenheimer", "Oppenheimer"... 108 00:09:43,667 --> 00:09:45,541 Either way you say it, they know I'm Jewish. 109 00:09:46,908 --> 00:09:49,541 I'm president of Temple Emanu-El in Manhattan. 110 00:09:49,833 --> 00:09:52,125 "Strauss" is just a Southern pronunciation. 111 00:09:52,592 --> 00:09:56,291 Anyway, welcome to the Institute. I think you'll be very happy here. 112 00:09:56,614 --> 00:09:57,875 Yes, well, you'll love the commute. 113 00:09:58,458 --> 00:10:00,625 The position comes with that house for you and your wife, 114 00:10:01,119 --> 00:10:02,875 and your... is it two children? 115 00:10:03,166 --> 00:10:04,041 Yes, two. 116 00:10:04,562 --> 00:10:06,625 I'm a great admirer of your work. 117 00:10:07,224 --> 00:10:09,625 You're a physicist by training, Mr. Strauss? 118 00:10:09,666 --> 00:10:11,751 I'm sorry, uh, common room, four o'clock tea. 119 00:10:11,774 --> 00:10:14,414 No, I'm not trained in physics or anything else. 120 00:10:14,458 --> 00:10:15,476 I'm a self-made man. 121 00:10:15,541 --> 00:10:17,041 Ah, I can relate to that. 122 00:10:17,750 --> 00:10:19,541 Really? -Yes, my father was one. 123 00:10:21,416 --> 00:10:23,666 And this would be your office. 124 00:10:33,416 --> 00:10:35,250 I'm told he's there in most afternoons. 125 00:10:35,791 --> 00:10:37,543 You know, I've always wondered 126 00:10:37,583 --> 00:10:40,500 why you didn't involve him in the Manhattan Project. 127 00:10:42,798 --> 00:10:44,458 Greatest scientific mind of our time. 128 00:10:45,119 --> 00:10:46,125 Of his time. 129 00:10:47,159 --> 00:10:49,250 Einstein published his Theory of Relativity 130 00:10:49,291 --> 00:10:51,833 more than 40 years ago now. 131 00:10:53,125 --> 00:10:55,125 Could never embrace the quantum world it revealed. 132 00:10:55,708 --> 00:10:56,958 "God doesn't play dice." 133 00:10:57,802 --> 00:10:58,792 Precisely. 134 00:10:59,291 --> 00:11:01,791 You never thought of studying physics formally, Mr. Strauss? 135 00:11:02,000 --> 00:11:05,083 I had offers, but... I chose to sell shoes. 136 00:11:05,166 --> 00:11:07,500 Lewis Strauss was once a lowly shoe salesman. 137 00:11:08,831 --> 00:11:10,125 No, just a shoe salesman. 138 00:11:14,375 --> 00:11:16,834 I'd love to introduce you. -No need. 139 00:11:18,083 --> 00:11:19,333 I've known him for years. 140 00:11:41,375 --> 00:11:42,377 Albert. 141 00:11:47,295 --> 00:11:51,083 What was that? What did you say to him? 142 00:11:53,333 --> 00:11:54,333 Oh, he's fine. 143 00:11:56,583 --> 00:12:01,083 Mr. Strauss, there are... things in my past you ought to be aware of. 144 00:12:01,307 --> 00:12:03,041 Well, as chairman of the AEC, 145 00:12:03,083 --> 00:12:05,715 I have access to your security file. I've read it. 146 00:12:05,728 --> 00:12:07,286 You're not worried? -No. 147 00:12:07,333 --> 00:12:09,625 Why would I be worried, after everything you've done for your country? 148 00:12:09,668 --> 00:12:11,750 Well, times change, Mr. Strauss. 149 00:12:11,916 --> 00:12:13,625 Well, the purpose of this institute 150 00:12:13,708 --> 00:12:15,833 is to provide a haven for independent minds. 151 00:12:17,051 --> 00:12:18,287 That's you. 152 00:12:18,331 --> 00:12:19,690 You are the man for the job. 153 00:12:20,708 --> 00:12:21,792 Well, then I'll consider it. 154 00:12:22,833 --> 00:12:24,500 I'll see you at the AEC meeting tomorrow. 155 00:12:29,720 --> 00:12:32,208 This is one of the most prestigious appointments in the country. 156 00:12:32,416 --> 00:12:34,083 Yes, and a great commute. 157 00:12:35,083 --> 00:12:36,416 That's why I'm considering it. 158 00:12:37,965 --> 00:12:41,605 So Dr. Oppenheimer brought your attention to his past associations 159 00:12:41,791 --> 00:12:43,124 before you appointed him? 160 00:12:43,250 --> 00:12:44,248 Yes. 161 00:12:44,750 --> 00:12:46,041 And they didn't concern you? 162 00:12:46,166 --> 00:12:49,083 Just then I was entirely consumed with what he must have said 163 00:12:49,168 --> 00:12:50,916 to Einstein to sour him on me. 164 00:12:54,991 --> 00:12:56,001 But later? 165 00:12:56,291 --> 00:12:57,833 Well, we all know what happened later. 166 00:12:58,666 --> 00:13:00,626 Doctor, your time in Europe, 167 00:13:00,666 --> 00:13:03,708 you seem to meet with a wide range of other countries' physicists. 168 00:13:03,889 --> 00:13:04,898 Yes, that's right. 169 00:13:05,110 --> 00:13:06,125 Any Russians? 170 00:13:08,211 --> 00:13:10,876 None that spring to mind. If you'll just allow me 171 00:13:10,916 --> 00:13:12,708 to continue with my statement... -Mr. Robb, 172 00:13:12,752 --> 00:13:15,125 you'll have ample opportunity to cross-examine. 173 00:13:18,250 --> 00:13:23,000 After Göttingen, I moved on to Leiden, in Holland, where I first met Isidor Rabi. 174 00:13:24,166 --> 00:13:25,166 Excuse me. 175 00:13:30,083 --> 00:13:32,458 A yank. Lecturing on the new physics. 176 00:13:32,625 --> 00:13:33,620 This I have to hear. 177 00:13:33,706 --> 00:13:35,333 I'm an American myself. 178 00:13:35,916 --> 00:13:37,041 How surprising. 179 00:13:38,198 --> 00:13:40,166 Let me know if you need any help with the English. 180 00:13:54,458 --> 00:13:55,666 Wait, what's he saying? 181 00:14:07,333 --> 00:14:08,332 No, thank you. 182 00:14:08,375 --> 00:14:09,625 It's a long way to Zurich. 183 00:14:10,291 --> 00:14:13,041 If you get any skinnier, we're gonna lose you between the seat cushions. 184 00:14:13,708 --> 00:14:15,795 I'm Rabi. -Oppenheimer. 185 00:14:15,839 --> 00:14:17,500 I caught your lecture on molecules. 186 00:14:18,261 --> 00:14:19,250 Caught some of it. 187 00:14:20,402 --> 00:14:22,458 We're a couple of New York Jews, how do you know Dutch? 188 00:14:23,044 --> 00:14:25,666 Well, I thought I'd better learn it when I got here this semester. 189 00:14:25,726 --> 00:14:28,958 You learned enough Dutch in six weeks to give a lecture on quantum mechanics? 190 00:14:29,210 --> 00:14:30,549 I like to challenge myself. 191 00:14:30,729 --> 00:14:32,875 Quantum physics wasn't challenging enough. 192 00:14:32,991 --> 00:14:34,541 Shvitzer. -Shvitzer? 193 00:14:34,712 --> 00:14:35,712 Show-off. 194 00:14:36,401 --> 00:14:38,333 Dutch in six weeks, but you never learned Yiddish. 195 00:14:38,416 --> 00:14:40,500 They don't speak it so much my side of the park. 196 00:14:40,562 --> 00:14:41,542 Screw you. 197 00:14:43,183 --> 00:14:45,208 You homesick? -Oh, you know it. 198 00:14:46,524 --> 00:14:49,083 Ever get the feeling our kind isn't entirely welcome here? 199 00:14:49,805 --> 00:14:50,792 Physicists? 200 00:14:51,386 --> 00:14:53,416 That's funny. -Not in the department. 201 00:14:54,387 --> 00:14:55,583 They're all Jewish, too. 202 00:14:58,166 --> 00:14:59,164 Eat. 203 00:15:01,625 --> 00:15:03,333 There's this German you have to seek out. 204 00:15:04,746 --> 00:15:06,000 Heisenberg. -Right. 205 00:15:16,250 --> 00:15:20,126 One might be led to the presumption that behind the quantum world 206 00:15:20,333 --> 00:15:23,792 there still hides a real world in which causality holds, 207 00:15:23,833 --> 00:15:28,208 but such speculations seem to us, to say it explicitly, fruitless. 208 00:15:28,750 --> 00:15:30,291 Thank you. Have a great day. 209 00:15:35,833 --> 00:15:37,041 Wonderful. -Thank you. 210 00:15:37,583 --> 00:15:40,458 Dr. Oppenheimer. -Oppenheimer, yes! 211 00:15:40,878 --> 00:15:42,555 I liked your paper on molecules. 212 00:15:42,599 --> 00:15:44,138 Probably because you inspired it. 213 00:15:44,166 --> 00:15:47,000 If I inspire anything else, let me know. We could publish together. 214 00:15:47,123 --> 00:15:49,250 I have to get back to America. -Why? 215 00:15:49,785 --> 00:15:52,500 There's no one there taking quantum mechanics seriously. 216 00:15:52,747 --> 00:15:53,875 That's exactly why. 217 00:15:54,429 --> 00:15:56,625 He's pining for the canyons of Manhattan. 218 00:15:57,151 --> 00:15:58,666 Canyons of New Mexico. 219 00:15:59,213 --> 00:16:00,990 You're from New Mexico? -No, New York. 220 00:16:01,034 --> 00:16:03,541 But my brother and I have a ranch outside Santa Fe. 221 00:16:04,720 --> 00:16:06,138 That's the America I miss right now. 222 00:16:06,500 --> 00:16:08,791 Then it's best you get home, cowboys. 223 00:16:09,862 --> 00:16:10,854 That's him. 224 00:16:10,982 --> 00:16:12,458 No, me and horses? 225 00:16:12,783 --> 00:16:13,787 I don't think so. 226 00:16:15,103 --> 00:16:16,083 Nice to meet you. 227 00:16:18,208 --> 00:16:20,083 Did you ever encounter Heisenberg again? 228 00:16:20,425 --> 00:16:22,625 Not in person, no, but... 229 00:16:24,625 --> 00:16:26,250 you might say our paths crossed. 230 00:16:28,333 --> 00:16:29,536 On returning to America, 231 00:16:29,560 --> 00:16:32,625 I accepted positions at both Caltech and up at Berkeley. 232 00:16:57,083 --> 00:16:58,625 Dr. Lawrence, I presume? 233 00:17:01,041 --> 00:17:02,083 You must be Oppenheimer. 234 00:17:02,302 --> 00:17:03,302 Yes. 235 00:17:03,482 --> 00:17:05,583 I hear you want to start a school of quantum theory. 236 00:17:06,063 --> 00:17:07,625 I am starting it, next door. 237 00:17:07,708 --> 00:17:09,791 They put you in there? -I asked for it. 238 00:17:09,916 --> 00:17:11,958 Wanted to be close to you experimentalists. 239 00:17:12,166 --> 00:17:13,791 Theory will get you only so far. 240 00:17:14,027 --> 00:17:15,958 We're building a machine to accelerate electrons. 241 00:17:16,228 --> 00:17:17,224 Magnificent. 242 00:17:17,268 --> 00:17:18,291 Would you like to help? 243 00:17:18,629 --> 00:17:21,366 Build it? Oh, no. No, no. 244 00:17:21,458 --> 00:17:24,000 But I am working on theories I'd like to test with it. 245 00:17:24,311 --> 00:17:25,318 When do you start teaching? 246 00:17:25,750 --> 00:17:27,000 I've got my first in an hour. 247 00:17:27,313 --> 00:17:29,000 Seminar? -Pupil. 248 00:17:29,754 --> 00:17:31,750 One student? That's it? 249 00:17:32,708 --> 00:17:34,876 I'm teaching something no one here has dreamt of. 250 00:17:35,166 --> 00:17:37,125 But once people start hearing what you can do with it... 251 00:17:37,166 --> 00:17:38,208 There's no going back. 252 00:17:41,083 --> 00:17:43,750 Oh, I must have missed the... -Mr. Lomanitz? 253 00:17:46,458 --> 00:17:48,208 Yeah. -Yes, this is it. 254 00:17:48,291 --> 00:17:50,041 Please, take a seat. 255 00:17:55,540 --> 00:17:56,958 What do you know about quantum mechanics? 256 00:17:58,221 --> 00:18:00,041 I have a grasp on the basics. 257 00:18:00,083 --> 00:18:01,125 Then you're doing it wrong. 258 00:18:02,206 --> 00:18:04,458 Is life made up of particles or waves? 259 00:18:04,958 --> 00:18:07,208 Quantum mechanics says it's both. How can it be both? 260 00:18:07,693 --> 00:18:08,833 It can't. -It can't. 261 00:18:09,555 --> 00:18:10,574 But it is. 262 00:18:10,625 --> 00:18:13,791 It's paradoxical, and yet, it works. 263 00:18:24,750 --> 00:18:25,751 Thank you. 264 00:18:26,351 --> 00:18:29,125 Mr. Lomanitz. You're gonna be okay. 265 00:18:29,458 --> 00:18:30,439 Mr. Snyder. 266 00:18:31,166 --> 00:18:32,708 Now, let's consider a star. 267 00:18:33,248 --> 00:18:36,459 A star, a vast furnace burning in outer space, 268 00:18:36,500 --> 00:18:39,916 fire pushing outwards against its own gravity, balanced. 269 00:18:41,633 --> 00:18:43,416 But if that furnace cools, 270 00:18:44,166 --> 00:18:46,583 and gravity starts winning, it contracts. 271 00:18:47,125 --> 00:18:49,375 Density increases. -Correct. 272 00:18:49,855 --> 00:18:52,250 Increasing gravity. -Increasing density. 273 00:18:52,500 --> 00:18:54,333 And? -It's a vicious cycle until... 274 00:18:54,916 --> 00:18:55,917 What's the limit here? 275 00:18:57,582 --> 00:18:59,667 I don't know. See where the math takes us. 276 00:18:59,708 --> 00:19:01,745 I guarantee it's somewhere no one's been before us. 277 00:19:01,791 --> 00:19:02,791 Me? 278 00:19:03,532 --> 00:19:05,375 Yes, you. Your math is better than mine. 279 00:19:07,375 --> 00:19:10,458 Dr. Oppenheimer's file contained details 280 00:19:10,500 --> 00:19:11,876 of his activities at Berkeley. 281 00:19:11,916 --> 00:19:15,500 Why would they have started a file on Dr. Oppenheimer before the war? 282 00:19:16,337 --> 00:19:18,583 Well, you'd have to ask Mr. Hoover. 283 00:19:18,845 --> 00:19:20,666 I'm asking you, Admiral Strauss. 284 00:19:21,208 --> 00:19:22,500 Uh, my assumption 285 00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:26,541 is that it was connected to his, uh, 286 00:19:26,851 --> 00:19:29,000 left-wing political activities. 287 00:19:30,833 --> 00:19:33,083 You shouldn't let them bring their politics in the classroom, Oppie. 288 00:19:34,414 --> 00:19:35,417 I wrote that. 289 00:19:35,833 --> 00:19:38,412 Lawrence, you embraced the revolution in physics. 290 00:19:38,458 --> 00:19:39,875 Can't you see it everywhere else? 291 00:19:40,583 --> 00:19:42,792 Picasso, Stravinsky, Freud, Marx. 292 00:19:42,833 --> 00:19:45,291 Well, this is America, Oppie. We had our revolution. 293 00:19:46,636 --> 00:19:49,208 Seriously, keep it out of the lab. 294 00:19:49,541 --> 00:19:51,375 Well, out of the lab, 295 00:19:51,583 --> 00:19:54,208 my landlady is having a discussion group tonight. 296 00:19:54,500 --> 00:19:55,417 Interested? 297 00:19:55,458 --> 00:19:57,376 I have sampled the Berkeley political scene. 298 00:19:57,416 --> 00:20:01,708 It's all just philosophy post-grads and communists talking integration. 299 00:20:01,833 --> 00:20:03,125 You don't care about integration? 300 00:20:03,375 --> 00:20:05,319 I want to vote for it, not talk about it. 301 00:20:05,416 --> 00:20:07,416 Especially on a Friday. Come on, let's eat. 302 00:20:07,883 --> 00:20:09,291 I'm meeting my brother there. 303 00:20:10,041 --> 00:20:13,625 And how would these activities have come to the attention of the FBI? 304 00:20:13,833 --> 00:20:15,791 Well, if I remember correctly, 305 00:20:15,833 --> 00:20:20,042 the FBI was taking license plates outside suspected communist gatherings, 306 00:20:20,085 --> 00:20:21,499 and his name popped up. 307 00:20:30,098 --> 00:20:31,791 Jesus Christ! -Sorry. 308 00:20:31,875 --> 00:20:32,875 Frank! 309 00:20:34,458 --> 00:20:36,750 Uh, you remember Jackie? -Evening. 310 00:20:43,429 --> 00:20:46,625 Robert! I want you to meet Chevalier. 311 00:20:46,853 --> 00:20:49,914 Dr. Haakon Chevalier, Dr. Robert Oppenheimer. 312 00:20:49,958 --> 00:20:50,625 Pleasure. -Pleasure. 313 00:20:50,656 --> 00:20:52,458 This is my little brother, Frank. 314 00:20:52,791 --> 00:20:54,578 And this is... -Still Jackie. 315 00:20:54,625 --> 00:20:55,750 Hello, Still Jackie. 316 00:20:55,882 --> 00:20:59,683 Chevalier, you're in languages? -And your reputation precedes you. 317 00:20:59,750 --> 00:21:00,751 What have you heard? 318 00:21:00,848 --> 00:21:03,028 That you're teaching a radical new approach to physics 319 00:21:03,041 --> 00:21:06,291 I have no chance of understanding, but I haven't heard you're a party member. 320 00:21:06,333 --> 00:21:08,071 Uh, I'm not. -Oh, not yet. 321 00:21:08,125 --> 00:21:09,584 Frank and I are thinking of joining. 322 00:21:09,625 --> 00:21:11,791 Just the other day I was saying... -I support a range of causes. 323 00:21:12,016 --> 00:21:13,016 Spanish Civil War? 324 00:21:13,250 --> 00:21:16,208 A democratic republic being overthrown by fascist thugs. 325 00:21:16,250 --> 00:21:17,541 Who wouldn't? -Our government. 326 00:21:17,620 --> 00:21:20,360 They think that socialism is a bigger threat than fascism. 327 00:21:20,375 --> 00:21:23,000 Not for long. Look at what the Nazis are doing to the Jews. 328 00:21:23,083 --> 00:21:25,666 I send funds to colleagues in Germany to emigrate. 329 00:21:25,708 --> 00:21:27,041 I have to do something. 330 00:21:28,368 --> 00:21:31,208 My own work is so... abstract. 331 00:21:31,250 --> 00:21:32,250 What are you working on? 332 00:21:32,291 --> 00:21:34,583 What happens to stars when they die? 333 00:21:34,791 --> 00:21:36,041 Do stars die? 334 00:21:37,213 --> 00:21:40,793 Well, if they do, they'd cool, then collapse. 335 00:21:40,833 --> 00:21:43,354 In fact, the bigger the star, 336 00:21:43,500 --> 00:21:45,416 the more violent its demise. 337 00:21:45,937 --> 00:21:49,250 Their gravity gets so concentrated, it swallows everything. 338 00:21:50,083 --> 00:21:51,125 Everything, even light. 339 00:21:51,708 --> 00:21:54,625 Can that really happen? -The math says it can. 340 00:21:54,722 --> 00:21:57,791 If we can get published, then perhaps one day an astronomer finds one. 341 00:21:57,833 --> 00:21:59,584 But right now, all I have is theory, 342 00:21:59,625 --> 00:22:01,666 which can't impact people's lives. 343 00:22:01,681 --> 00:22:03,875 Well, if you're going to send money to Spain, 344 00:22:03,916 --> 00:22:05,291 do it through the Communist Party. 345 00:22:05,403 --> 00:22:06,750 They can get it to the front lines. 346 00:22:06,791 --> 00:22:07,958 Mary sent me with these. 347 00:22:09,924 --> 00:22:12,291 I'm Jean. -Robert. 348 00:22:12,625 --> 00:22:15,333 Haakon Chevalier. That union meeting at Serber's last month. 349 00:22:15,846 --> 00:22:17,000 Right, right, yes. 350 00:22:17,458 --> 00:22:18,458 Oh, thank you. 351 00:22:19,047 --> 00:22:20,791 Robert here says he's not a communist. 352 00:22:21,068 --> 00:22:23,083 Well, then he doesn't know enough about it. 353 00:22:23,289 --> 00:22:25,875 Oh, I've read Das Kapital, all three volumes. 354 00:22:25,940 --> 00:22:26,959 Does that count? 355 00:22:26,980 --> 00:22:29,083 It would make you better-read than most party members. 356 00:22:29,182 --> 00:22:31,439 Turgid stuff. There's some thinking, um... 357 00:22:31,483 --> 00:22:32,791 "Ownership is theft." 358 00:22:33,084 --> 00:22:34,500 Property. -Property? 359 00:22:35,085 --> 00:22:36,291 Property, not ownership. 360 00:22:36,446 --> 00:22:38,541 I'm sorry, I read it in the original German. 361 00:22:42,129 --> 00:22:44,666 It's not about the book. It's about the ideas. 362 00:22:44,771 --> 00:22:46,416 And you sound uncommitted. 363 00:22:46,792 --> 00:22:49,833 I'm committed to thinking freely about how to improve our world. 364 00:22:50,734 --> 00:22:52,833 Why limit yourself to one dogma? 365 00:22:52,929 --> 00:22:55,083 You're a physicist. Do you pick and choose rules? 366 00:22:55,916 --> 00:22:59,625 Or do you use the discipline to channel your energies into progress? 367 00:23:00,125 --> 00:23:01,541 I like a little wiggle room. 368 00:23:03,000 --> 00:23:04,541 Do you always toe the party line? 369 00:23:06,677 --> 00:23:08,166 I like my wiggle room, too. 370 00:23:19,208 --> 00:23:20,210 What? 371 00:23:21,208 --> 00:23:22,210 Wait, wait, wait. 372 00:23:26,268 --> 00:23:27,291 Unexpected. 373 00:23:27,969 --> 00:23:28,958 What? 374 00:23:29,189 --> 00:23:30,287 For a physicist. 375 00:23:30,333 --> 00:23:32,666 You only have a shelf full of Freud? 376 00:23:32,916 --> 00:23:36,291 Well, actually, my background's more... -Jungian? 377 00:23:38,551 --> 00:23:39,791 You know analysis? 378 00:23:40,041 --> 00:23:43,250 When I was in post-grad at Cambridge, I had a little trouble. 379 00:23:44,553 --> 00:23:47,070 I'll bite. -I tried to poison my tutor. 380 00:23:47,114 --> 00:23:49,375 Did you hate him? -I liked him very much. 381 00:23:49,958 --> 00:23:51,291 You just needed to get laid. 382 00:23:51,500 --> 00:23:53,084 It took my analysts two years, 383 00:23:53,125 --> 00:23:55,333 and I don't think they ever put it that succinctly. 384 00:23:55,375 --> 00:23:59,041 You have everyone convinced you're more complicated than you actually are. 385 00:23:59,176 --> 00:24:01,416 We're all simple souls, I guess. 386 00:24:01,678 --> 00:24:02,668 I'm not. 387 00:24:05,381 --> 00:24:06,377 What's this? 388 00:24:06,522 --> 00:24:07,507 Sanskrit. 389 00:24:07,803 --> 00:24:08,833 You can read this? 390 00:24:09,583 --> 00:24:10,582 I'm learning. 391 00:24:16,166 --> 00:24:17,166 Read this. 392 00:24:18,652 --> 00:24:19,750 Well, in this part, 393 00:24:20,208 --> 00:24:23,166 Vishnu reveals his multi-armed self... -No. 394 00:24:24,708 --> 00:24:25,875 Read the words. 395 00:24:30,041 --> 00:24:31,875 "And now I am become Death... 396 00:24:38,375 --> 00:24:39,791 "destroyer of worlds." 397 00:25:10,583 --> 00:25:11,583 This'll do. 398 00:25:18,416 --> 00:25:19,500 It'll break before dawn. 399 00:25:20,121 --> 00:25:21,375 Air cools overnight. 400 00:25:21,875 --> 00:25:23,375 Just before dawn, it breaks. 401 00:25:34,170 --> 00:25:37,291 Well, so, I'm getting married. 402 00:25:37,500 --> 00:25:40,208 Frank! congratulations! -Thank you, thank you. 403 00:25:40,250 --> 00:25:42,333 To Jackie? -Yeah, to Jackie. 404 00:25:43,666 --> 00:25:46,750 The waitress? -Oppie, you're right. It's letting up. 405 00:25:46,856 --> 00:25:48,125 I'm gonna go see if there's any stars. 406 00:25:48,750 --> 00:25:52,875 All your talk about the common man, but Jackie's not good enough for you, hmm? 407 00:25:53,872 --> 00:25:56,110 We joined the party, and you can't hide your disappointment. 408 00:25:56,166 --> 00:25:58,105 Why? Is that because that's supposed to be your thing? 409 00:25:58,233 --> 00:25:59,541 I haven't joined the party, Frank. 410 00:25:59,913 --> 00:26:02,166 And I don't think she should have convinced you to either. 411 00:26:02,374 --> 00:26:05,000 Half of the faculty is communist. -Not that half. 412 00:26:06,695 --> 00:26:09,474 I'm your brother, Frank, and I want you to be cautious. 413 00:26:09,541 --> 00:26:10,750 And I want to wring your neck. 414 00:26:13,083 --> 00:26:16,166 I won't live my life afraid to make a mistake. 415 00:26:18,303 --> 00:26:21,291 You're happy... I'm happy. 416 00:26:21,625 --> 00:26:24,041 So then I'm happy you're happy that I'm happy. 417 00:26:29,333 --> 00:26:31,833 I feel like I can see one of those dark stars that you're working on. 418 00:26:32,666 --> 00:26:33,666 You can't. 419 00:26:34,166 --> 00:26:37,095 That's the whole point. Their gravity swallows light. 420 00:26:38,583 --> 00:26:40,833 It's like a kind of hole in space. 421 00:26:41,875 --> 00:26:42,875 Is Frank okay? 422 00:26:43,166 --> 00:26:45,416 Yes. He just has a shitty brother. 423 00:26:46,875 --> 00:26:48,000 It is special here. 424 00:26:50,750 --> 00:26:51,750 When I was a kid... 425 00:26:53,291 --> 00:26:54,791 I thought if I could find a way... 426 00:26:56,333 --> 00:26:59,875 to combine physics and New Mexico, 427 00:27:00,625 --> 00:27:02,000 my life would be perfect. 428 00:27:04,375 --> 00:27:06,125 Little remote for that. -Yes. 429 00:27:06,916 --> 00:27:08,041 Let's get some sleep. 430 00:27:09,416 --> 00:27:13,083 That mesa we saw today, one of my favorite places in the world. 431 00:27:14,083 --> 00:27:16,416 Tomorrow we'll climb it. -What's it called? 432 00:27:18,083 --> 00:27:19,208 Los Alamos. 433 00:27:23,318 --> 00:27:25,000 I didn't expect to see you today. 434 00:27:26,541 --> 00:27:27,958 Do I have to make an appointment? 435 00:27:32,307 --> 00:27:33,307 Alvarez? 436 00:27:39,375 --> 00:27:41,333 Oppie! Oppie! 437 00:27:42,083 --> 00:27:43,541 What? What is it? 438 00:27:44,166 --> 00:27:45,166 They've done it. 439 00:27:45,487 --> 00:27:47,083 They've done it. Hahn and Strassmann in Germany. 440 00:27:47,128 --> 00:27:48,375 They split the uranium nucleus. 441 00:27:50,490 --> 00:27:51,500 How? 442 00:27:52,958 --> 00:27:54,291 Bombard it with neutrons. 443 00:27:54,753 --> 00:27:55,958 It's a nuclear fission. 444 00:27:56,214 --> 00:27:57,666 They did it. They split the atom. 445 00:27:57,708 --> 00:27:58,708 That's not possible. 446 00:28:05,125 --> 00:28:06,458 I'm gonna try to reproduce it. 447 00:28:13,666 --> 00:28:15,375 See? Can't be done. 448 00:28:16,748 --> 00:28:17,750 Very elegant. 449 00:28:18,829 --> 00:28:19,833 Quite clear. 450 00:28:20,149 --> 00:28:21,166 There's just one problem. 451 00:28:21,350 --> 00:28:22,333 Where? 452 00:28:22,951 --> 00:28:23,958 Next door. 453 00:28:24,583 --> 00:28:25,624 Alvarez did it. 454 00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:27,997 And look. 455 00:28:28,894 --> 00:28:31,281 These fission pulses, they're massive. 456 00:28:31,958 --> 00:28:34,916 I've seen 30 of these in the past ten minutes. 457 00:28:35,982 --> 00:28:37,833 Theory will take you only so far. 458 00:28:39,845 --> 00:28:40,916 During the process... 459 00:28:42,500 --> 00:28:44,750 extra neutrons boil off, which could be used 460 00:28:44,791 --> 00:28:46,750 to split other uranium atoms. 461 00:28:47,050 --> 00:28:48,041 Chain reaction. 462 00:28:48,731 --> 00:28:49,946 You're thinking what I'm thinking. 463 00:28:50,032 --> 00:28:54,083 You, me, and every other physicist around the world who's seen the news. 464 00:28:54,916 --> 00:28:56,666 I just... what, what are we all thinking? 465 00:28:57,698 --> 00:29:00,208 A bomb, Alvarez. 466 00:29:01,625 --> 00:29:02,623 A bomb. 467 00:29:04,125 --> 00:29:06,375 I told you, Robert, no more fucking flowers. 468 00:29:08,458 --> 00:29:11,375 I don't understand what you want from me. -I don't want anything from you! 469 00:29:12,912 --> 00:29:16,416 Well, you say that, and then you call. -Well, don't answer. 470 00:29:17,708 --> 00:29:18,875 I'll always answer. 471 00:29:24,458 --> 00:29:25,458 Fine. 472 00:29:25,935 --> 00:29:27,208 Just no more flowers. 473 00:29:29,083 --> 00:29:30,080 You're not coming? 474 00:29:32,337 --> 00:29:34,250 You have to know when you're beaten, Robert. 475 00:29:36,666 --> 00:29:38,208 It's not that simple, Haak. 476 00:29:38,758 --> 00:29:42,041 Chevalier, good to see you. Barbara, good to see you. 477 00:29:42,083 --> 00:29:44,250 And the illustrious Dr. Oppenheimer. 478 00:29:44,666 --> 00:29:46,250 I'm Eltenton. -Oh, pleasure. 479 00:29:46,274 --> 00:29:47,291 Please, please. 480 00:29:47,333 --> 00:29:50,333 Why don't you say a word about organized labor on campuses? 481 00:29:50,666 --> 00:29:52,958 Yes? Coming through, coming through! 482 00:29:53,000 --> 00:29:54,000 I work at Shell. 483 00:29:54,041 --> 00:29:56,250 We've signed up chemists, we've signed up engineers. 484 00:29:56,541 --> 00:29:58,208 So why not sciences and academia? 485 00:29:58,583 --> 00:30:02,250 Oppie! Oppie! Oppie! Oppie! 486 00:30:12,541 --> 00:30:14,083 Teachers are unionized. 487 00:30:14,750 --> 00:30:15,875 Why not professors? 488 00:30:16,291 --> 00:30:17,375 Don't you have somewhere to be? 489 00:30:17,458 --> 00:30:19,791 Lawrence, academics have rights too. 490 00:30:20,083 --> 00:30:22,125 Look, it's not that. I've got a group coming. 491 00:30:22,402 --> 00:30:24,875 Oh. I'll sit in. -Not this one. 492 00:30:31,506 --> 00:30:33,416 Richard, Dr. Bush. 493 00:30:33,458 --> 00:30:34,791 What brings you two up north? 494 00:30:44,476 --> 00:30:47,375 Richard, you tell Ruth I'll be down in Pasadena Thursday. 495 00:30:57,416 --> 00:30:59,541 Paper on black holes, it's in! 496 00:31:01,440 --> 00:31:02,457 Where's Hartland? 497 00:31:03,083 --> 00:31:05,083 Get Hartland. Get Hartland. 498 00:31:05,208 --> 00:31:08,625 September 1st, 1939? The world's gonna remember this day. 499 00:31:10,375 --> 00:31:12,250 Oh, Hartland, our paper, it's in print. 500 00:31:12,416 --> 00:31:13,625 You've been upstaged. 501 00:31:18,015 --> 00:31:20,416 During the Battle of Britain, I found myself 502 00:31:21,000 --> 00:31:23,166 increasingly out of sympathy with the... 503 00:31:23,625 --> 00:31:26,625 policy of neutrality that communists advocated. 504 00:31:26,666 --> 00:31:29,166 But after Hitler invaded Russia and we became allies, 505 00:31:29,958 --> 00:31:32,000 these communist sympathies, do they return? 506 00:31:32,377 --> 00:31:33,377 No. 507 00:31:34,250 --> 00:31:38,250 I need to make clear that my changing views on Russia 508 00:31:38,291 --> 00:31:41,291 did not mean a sharp break from those who held different views. 509 00:31:41,791 --> 00:31:44,166 For a year or two during a previous marriage, 510 00:31:44,208 --> 00:31:47,125 my wife Kitty had been a Communist Party member. 511 00:31:52,291 --> 00:31:53,583 This is where I keep the good stuff. 512 00:31:53,625 --> 00:31:55,416 Well, I thought this was the Tolmans' house. 513 00:31:55,458 --> 00:31:57,541 I live with them while I'm at Caltech. 514 00:31:57,583 --> 00:31:58,958 Do you two need anything? 515 00:31:59,175 --> 00:32:00,250 We're good, Ruthie. 516 00:32:01,596 --> 00:32:04,375 So, you're a biologist. 517 00:32:04,958 --> 00:32:07,958 Well, somehow I have graduated to housewife. 518 00:32:08,333 --> 00:32:10,416 Can you explain quantum mechanics to me? 519 00:32:10,708 --> 00:32:13,416 Seems baffling. -Yes, it is. 520 00:32:14,791 --> 00:32:16,250 Well, this glass, 521 00:32:17,416 --> 00:32:20,416 this drink... this countertop... 522 00:32:21,812 --> 00:32:22,958 Our bodies. 523 00:32:24,855 --> 00:32:25,875 All of it. 524 00:32:27,041 --> 00:32:28,500 It's mostly empty space. 525 00:32:28,900 --> 00:32:32,208 Groupings of tiny energy waves bound together. 526 00:32:32,291 --> 00:32:33,375 By what? 527 00:32:33,416 --> 00:32:36,583 Forces of attraction strong enough to convince us 528 00:32:37,291 --> 00:32:39,291 that matter is solid. 529 00:32:39,541 --> 00:32:41,708 Stop my body passing through yours. 530 00:32:54,333 --> 00:32:56,083 You're married to Dr. Harrison. 531 00:32:56,583 --> 00:32:57,625 Not very. 532 00:32:59,527 --> 00:33:03,083 There is someone that I feel... 533 00:33:03,416 --> 00:33:04,625 Does she feel that way? 534 00:33:05,188 --> 00:33:06,375 Sometimes. 535 00:33:07,208 --> 00:33:08,207 Not enough. 536 00:33:09,916 --> 00:33:12,208 You know, I'm going to New Mexico. 537 00:33:12,936 --> 00:33:14,625 To my ranch, with friends. 538 00:33:14,875 --> 00:33:15,875 You should come. 539 00:33:17,083 --> 00:33:18,416 I meant, with your husband. 540 00:33:18,838 --> 00:33:19,833 Yes, you did. 541 00:33:20,166 --> 00:33:22,291 Because you know it won't make a bit of difference. 542 00:33:27,115 --> 00:33:28,250 Why did you marry him? 543 00:33:28,750 --> 00:33:32,041 I was lost, and... he was kind. 544 00:33:34,480 --> 00:33:35,500 Lost? 545 00:33:35,791 --> 00:33:38,083 Well, my previous husband had died, and... 546 00:33:38,750 --> 00:33:40,708 at 28, I wasn't really ready to be a widow. 547 00:33:41,333 --> 00:33:43,291 Who was your first husband? -Nobody. 548 00:33:43,586 --> 00:33:45,708 My second husband was Joe Dallet. 549 00:33:45,833 --> 00:33:48,175 He was from money, like me, 550 00:33:48,199 --> 00:33:51,625 but he was a union organizer in Youngstown, Ohio. 551 00:33:51,791 --> 00:33:52,791 I fell hard. 552 00:33:53,875 --> 00:33:55,958 How hard? -Hard enough to spend the next four years 553 00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:57,250 living off beans and pancakes, 554 00:33:57,291 --> 00:33:59,541 handing out the Daily Worker at factory gates. 555 00:34:00,833 --> 00:34:03,166 By '36, I just told Joe I couldn't take it anymore. 556 00:34:03,245 --> 00:34:04,250 Quit the party. 557 00:34:04,333 --> 00:34:05,791 A year later, I wanted him back. 558 00:34:05,833 --> 00:34:08,000 Him, not the Daily Worker. And... 559 00:34:08,500 --> 00:34:10,541 he said: "Swell, I'll meet you on my way to Spain." 560 00:34:10,668 --> 00:34:11,833 Went to fight for the Loyalists? 561 00:34:11,875 --> 00:34:13,666 And then he went to the brigades and I waited. 562 00:34:13,958 --> 00:34:14,958 And... 563 00:34:16,833 --> 00:34:19,458 Joe got himself killed first time he popped his head out of the trench. 564 00:34:21,231 --> 00:34:23,500 Ideology got Joe killed, for nothing. 565 00:34:23,541 --> 00:34:25,333 The Spanish Republic isn't nothing. 566 00:34:25,435 --> 00:34:28,375 My husband offered both our futures to stop one fascist bullet 567 00:34:28,416 --> 00:34:30,416 from embedding itself in a mud bank. 568 00:34:31,561 --> 00:34:33,583 That's the definition of nothing. 569 00:34:33,916 --> 00:34:35,875 Seems a little reductive. -Pragmatic. 570 00:34:37,927 --> 00:34:38,916 Now here I am. 571 00:34:41,750 --> 00:34:43,083 Wherever the hell this is. 572 00:34:50,791 --> 00:34:53,041 I didn't want you to hear it from anyone else. 573 00:34:56,083 --> 00:34:57,833 At least you didn't bring me flowers. 574 00:35:05,541 --> 00:35:07,916 We both know I'm not what you want, Jean. 575 00:35:09,166 --> 00:35:11,166 Yeah, but it's a door closing. 576 00:35:11,958 --> 00:35:12,958 No. 577 00:35:14,904 --> 00:35:16,625 Not as far as I'm concerned, no. 578 00:35:18,551 --> 00:35:20,708 You knocked her up. Fast work. 579 00:35:20,952 --> 00:35:22,375 Can't keep a good man down. 580 00:35:23,583 --> 00:35:24,708 I meant her. 581 00:35:25,752 --> 00:35:26,750 She knew what she wanted. 582 00:35:27,413 --> 00:35:28,583 What about the husband? 583 00:35:29,213 --> 00:35:30,208 We talked. 584 00:35:30,513 --> 00:35:31,875 They're getting a divorce, 585 00:35:31,916 --> 00:35:35,666 so we can get married before she starts showing. 586 00:35:35,916 --> 00:35:37,291 How civilized. 587 00:35:39,541 --> 00:35:40,541 You idiot. 588 00:35:40,875 --> 00:35:42,250 This is your community. 589 00:35:43,250 --> 00:35:45,416 You think the rules don't apply to the golden boy? 590 00:35:46,500 --> 00:35:48,208 Brilliance makes up for a lot. 591 00:35:48,875 --> 00:35:52,291 Don't alienate the only people in the world that understand what you do. 592 00:35:54,166 --> 00:35:55,583 One day you might need them. 593 00:35:55,833 --> 00:35:58,166 F-A-E-C-T! 594 00:35:58,333 --> 00:36:02,458 Federation of Architects, Engineers, Chemists and Technicians. 595 00:36:09,623 --> 00:36:11,458 Lomanitz, what do you get paid a month? 596 00:36:11,824 --> 00:36:12,958 That's not the point, Lawrence. 597 00:36:13,005 --> 00:36:17,541 What do any of you have in common with farm laborers and dock workers? 598 00:36:17,958 --> 00:36:18,961 Plenty. 599 00:36:20,667 --> 00:36:22,584 Everybody out. Now! 600 00:36:27,251 --> 00:36:28,251 Not you. 601 00:36:34,542 --> 00:36:35,544 What are you doing? 602 00:36:36,334 --> 00:36:37,334 It's a trade union. 603 00:36:37,917 --> 00:36:41,114 Filled with communists. -So? I haven't joined the party. 604 00:36:41,158 --> 00:36:44,140 They won't let me bring you onto the project because of this shit. 605 00:36:44,807 --> 00:36:46,640 They won't even let me tell you what the project is. 606 00:36:46,682 --> 00:36:48,807 Oh, I know what the project is. 607 00:36:48,849 --> 00:36:49,932 Oh, really? 608 00:36:49,974 --> 00:36:52,756 We've all heard about Einstein and Szilard's letter to Roosevelt 609 00:36:52,780 --> 00:36:54,224 warning him the Germans could make a bomb, 610 00:36:54,265 --> 00:36:57,474 and I know what it means for the Nazis to have a bomb. 611 00:36:57,682 --> 00:36:58,682 And I don't? 612 00:36:59,169 --> 00:37:01,307 It's not your people they're herding into camps. 613 00:37:02,131 --> 00:37:03,141 It's mine. 614 00:37:04,182 --> 00:37:06,515 You think that I tell them about your politics? 615 00:37:08,599 --> 00:37:10,432 The next time you're coming home from a meeting, 616 00:37:10,557 --> 00:37:12,432 why don't you take a look in the rearview mirror, 617 00:37:12,765 --> 00:37:17,432 listen to the sounds on your phone line, and stop being so goddamn naive? 618 00:37:19,015 --> 00:37:20,265 Why would they care what I do? 619 00:37:20,547 --> 00:37:24,182 Because you're not just self-important, you're actually important. 620 00:37:27,890 --> 00:37:28,891 Okay. 621 00:37:30,390 --> 00:37:31,390 I get it. 622 00:37:31,415 --> 00:37:33,173 If you could just be a little more... 623 00:37:33,197 --> 00:37:36,155 Pragmatic. I'll talk to Lomanitz, I'll talk to the others. 624 00:37:36,199 --> 00:37:37,515 You don't have to worry, it's done. 625 00:37:38,307 --> 00:37:39,308 Lawrence. 626 00:37:44,432 --> 00:37:45,557 Then welcome to the war. 627 00:37:46,557 --> 00:37:49,932 I filled out my first security questionnaire and was informed 628 00:37:49,974 --> 00:37:52,629 that my involvement with left-wing groups would 629 00:37:53,099 --> 00:37:56,140 not prove a bar to my working on the atomic program. 630 00:37:56,170 --> 00:37:58,890 Why were his communist associations 631 00:37:58,932 --> 00:38:01,849 not seen as a security risk during the war? 632 00:38:01,893 --> 00:38:03,643 Senator, I can't possibly answer 633 00:38:03,667 --> 00:38:06,971 for security clearance granted years before I ever met the man. 634 00:38:07,015 --> 00:38:08,224 Fine. What about after? 635 00:38:09,015 --> 00:38:11,496 After the war, Dr. Oppenheimer was 636 00:38:11,520 --> 00:38:14,682 the most respected scientific voice in the world. 637 00:38:14,890 --> 00:38:17,022 That's why I asked him to run the Institute. 638 00:38:17,066 --> 00:38:19,890 That's why he advised the Atomic Energy Commission. 639 00:38:20,140 --> 00:38:21,140 Simple as that. 640 00:38:21,640 --> 00:38:23,015 What are they accusing me of? 641 00:38:23,890 --> 00:38:27,200 I think they just want to know what happened between 1947 and 1954 642 00:38:27,224 --> 00:38:29,765 to change your mind on Oppenheimer's security clearance. 643 00:38:30,015 --> 00:38:31,015 I didn't. 644 00:38:31,140 --> 00:38:33,932 I was chair of the AEC, but it wasn't me 645 00:38:34,474 --> 00:38:37,199 that brought the charges against Robert. -Who did? 646 00:38:37,265 --> 00:38:39,765 Some former staff member of the Joint Congressional Committee. 647 00:38:39,807 --> 00:38:42,265 He was a rabid anti-communist named Borden. 648 00:38:42,669 --> 00:38:45,129 He wrote to the FBI demanding they take action. 649 00:38:45,265 --> 00:38:47,724 The FBI? Why not go to the AEC direct? 650 00:38:47,890 --> 00:38:49,974 You'd get caught holding the knife yourself. 651 00:38:50,715 --> 00:38:52,265 What did Borden have against Oppenheimer? 652 00:38:52,515 --> 00:38:53,724 This is the McCarthy era. 653 00:38:54,848 --> 00:38:58,724 People hounded out of jobs for any hint of red, and... 654 00:38:59,635 --> 00:39:02,765 Reading Oppenheimer's security file, his communist brother, 655 00:39:02,807 --> 00:39:05,557 sister-in-law, fiancée, best friend, wife. 656 00:39:05,849 --> 00:39:08,296 That's before we even get to the Chevalier incident. 657 00:39:08,349 --> 00:39:11,265 But how would Borden have access to Oppenheimer's security file? 658 00:39:11,719 --> 00:39:13,140 Because somebody gave it to him. 659 00:39:14,724 --> 00:39:16,932 Somebody who wanted Robert silenced. 660 00:39:17,640 --> 00:39:19,182 Who? -Who knows? 661 00:39:19,262 --> 00:39:23,140 Robert didn't take care not to upset the power brokers in Washington. 662 00:39:24,104 --> 00:39:26,432 His opinions on the atom became definitive, 663 00:39:26,849 --> 00:39:29,307 and he wasn't always patient with us mere mortals. 664 00:39:33,099 --> 00:39:35,432 I came in for plenty of harsh treatment. 665 00:39:35,474 --> 00:39:38,390 There was an AEC vote 666 00:39:38,890 --> 00:39:41,224 on the export of isotopes to Norway, 667 00:39:41,265 --> 00:39:44,015 and they drafted in Robert to make me look like a fool. 668 00:39:44,065 --> 00:39:47,267 But Dr. Oppenheimer, we've already heard from Admiral Strauss 669 00:39:47,291 --> 00:39:50,390 that these isotopes could be useful to our enemies 670 00:39:50,432 --> 00:39:51,890 in the production of atomic weapons. 671 00:39:51,968 --> 00:39:55,265 Congressman, you could use a shovel in making atomic weapons. 672 00:39:55,390 --> 00:39:56,326 In fact, you do. 673 00:39:56,370 --> 00:39:59,367 You could use a bottle of beer in making atomic weapons. 674 00:39:59,411 --> 00:40:02,057 In fact, you do. I'd say isotopes are 675 00:40:02,099 --> 00:40:04,182 less useful than electronic components, 676 00:40:04,224 --> 00:40:05,849 but more useful than a sandwich. 677 00:40:10,099 --> 00:40:11,599 Genius is no guarantee of wisdom. 678 00:40:12,682 --> 00:40:15,224 How could this man who saw so much be so blind? 679 00:40:25,057 --> 00:40:26,057 Kitty? 680 00:40:31,182 --> 00:40:32,182 Kitty? 681 00:40:33,724 --> 00:40:34,724 Kitty. 682 00:40:35,099 --> 00:40:36,099 The project. 683 00:40:37,057 --> 00:40:38,057 I'm in. 684 00:40:39,140 --> 00:40:41,265 I'm in! -Let's celebrate. 685 00:40:47,390 --> 00:40:48,599 Shouldn't you go to him? 686 00:40:53,682 --> 00:40:56,765 I have been going to him all fucking day. 687 00:41:22,599 --> 00:41:24,224 I don't know how to say this. 688 00:41:25,768 --> 00:41:26,890 I'm ashamed to ask. 689 00:41:27,640 --> 00:41:28,640 Anything. 690 00:41:29,550 --> 00:41:31,265 Take Peter. -Sure. 691 00:41:31,432 --> 00:41:33,432 No, for a while, Haak. 692 00:41:34,182 --> 00:41:35,181 A while. 693 00:41:37,432 --> 00:41:40,474 Does Kitty know you're here? -Yes, of course she knows. 694 00:41:41,599 --> 00:41:42,724 Of course she knows. 695 00:41:43,848 --> 00:41:46,167 We're awful people. Selfish, awful people. 696 00:41:48,765 --> 00:41:49,766 Forget I asked. 697 00:41:49,810 --> 00:41:51,826 Selfish, awful people, 698 00:41:51,870 --> 00:41:54,432 they don't know they're selfish and awful. 699 00:41:55,031 --> 00:41:56,265 Sit, sit, sit. 700 00:41:57,849 --> 00:42:01,765 Robert, you see beyond the world we live in. 701 00:42:03,553 --> 00:42:05,474 There is a price to be paid for that. 702 00:42:06,140 --> 00:42:07,307 Of course we'll help you. 703 00:42:18,682 --> 00:42:20,432 Everything's changing, Robert. 704 00:42:21,140 --> 00:42:22,849 Having a child was always going to change... 705 00:42:22,890 --> 00:42:26,390 No, the world is pivoting in some new direction. 706 00:42:27,557 --> 00:42:28,640 Reforming. 707 00:42:31,182 --> 00:42:32,265 This is your moment. 708 00:42:34,185 --> 00:42:37,224 We're putting together a group to study... -We shouldn't be doing anything. 709 00:42:37,567 --> 00:42:38,556 You should. 710 00:42:39,369 --> 00:42:41,015 Lawrence won't get this done. 711 00:42:41,599 --> 00:42:43,432 Or Tolman or Rabi. You will. 712 00:42:52,974 --> 00:42:54,099 Who are the uniforms? 713 00:42:55,474 --> 00:42:56,474 I thought you might know. 714 00:42:59,114 --> 00:43:00,098 Dr. Oppenheimer. 715 00:43:01,557 --> 00:43:04,849 I'm Colonel Groves. This is Lieutenant Colonel Nichols. 716 00:43:05,099 --> 00:43:06,097 Have that dry cleaned. 717 00:43:11,978 --> 00:43:14,432 Well, if that's how you treat a lieutenant colonel, 718 00:43:14,474 --> 00:43:17,849 I'd hate to see how you treat a... humble physicist. 719 00:43:17,890 --> 00:43:19,765 If I ever meet one, I'll let you know. 720 00:43:20,765 --> 00:43:23,349 Ouch. -Theaters of combat all over the world, 721 00:43:23,390 --> 00:43:24,974 but I have to stay in Washington. 722 00:43:25,765 --> 00:43:27,884 Why? -I built the Pentagon. 723 00:43:27,928 --> 00:43:29,140 The brass likes it so much, 724 00:43:29,182 --> 00:43:32,349 they made me take over the Manhattan Engineer District. 725 00:43:33,171 --> 00:43:35,890 Which is? -Don't be a smartass. 726 00:43:36,140 --> 00:43:37,250 You know damn well what it is. 727 00:43:37,294 --> 00:43:39,811 You and half of every physics department across the country. 728 00:43:39,855 --> 00:43:41,099 That's problem number one. 729 00:43:41,890 --> 00:43:44,849 I thought problem number one would be securing enough uranium ore. 730 00:43:45,182 --> 00:43:48,474 1,200 tons, bought the day I took charge. -Processing? 731 00:43:48,765 --> 00:43:50,724 Just broke ground at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 732 00:43:52,087 --> 00:43:53,724 Now I'm looking for a project director. 733 00:43:54,640 --> 00:43:55,724 And my name came up? 734 00:43:56,224 --> 00:43:57,224 Nope. 735 00:43:58,057 --> 00:44:01,557 Even though you brought quantum physics to America, which made me curious. 736 00:44:02,265 --> 00:44:03,349 What have you found out? 737 00:44:04,718 --> 00:44:08,474 You're a dilettante, a womanizer, a suspected communist. 738 00:44:08,515 --> 00:44:11,140 I'm a New Deal Democrat. -I said "suspected". 739 00:44:11,640 --> 00:44:15,747 Unstable, theatrical, egotistical, neurotic. 740 00:44:15,791 --> 00:44:16,808 Nothing good, no? 741 00:44:16,852 --> 00:44:18,758 Not even "he's brilliant, but..." 742 00:44:18,782 --> 00:44:21,390 Well, brilliance is taken for granted in your circle, so no. 743 00:44:22,140 --> 00:44:25,015 No, the only person who had anything good to say was Richard Tolman. 744 00:44:25,890 --> 00:44:27,599 Tolman thinks you have integrity, 745 00:44:27,849 --> 00:44:32,265 but he also strikes me as a guy who knows more about science than people. 746 00:44:32,765 --> 00:44:33,766 Yet here you are. 747 00:44:34,804 --> 00:44:36,265 You don't take much on trust. 748 00:44:36,474 --> 00:44:37,932 I don't take anything on trust. 749 00:44:42,100 --> 00:44:43,432 Why don't you have a Nobel Prize? 750 00:44:43,781 --> 00:44:45,940 Why aren't you a general? -They're making me one for this. 751 00:44:46,015 --> 00:44:47,420 Perhaps I'll have the same luck. 752 00:44:47,422 --> 00:44:48,959 The Nobel Prize for making a bomb? 753 00:44:49,003 --> 00:44:50,849 Alfred Nobel invented dynamite. 754 00:44:53,905 --> 00:44:54,974 So how would you proceed? 755 00:44:57,077 --> 00:45:01,559 You're talking about turning theory into a practical weapon system 756 00:45:01,807 --> 00:45:04,849 faster than the Nazis. -Who have a 12-month head start. 757 00:45:05,015 --> 00:45:07,015 18. -How could you possibly know that? 758 00:45:07,307 --> 00:45:09,502 Our fast neutron research took six months. 759 00:45:09,546 --> 00:45:12,504 The man they've undoubtedly put in charge will have made that leap instantly. 760 00:45:12,548 --> 00:45:14,688 Who do you think they put in charge? -Werner Heisenberg. 761 00:45:14,890 --> 00:45:19,015 He has the most intuitive understanding of atomic structure I have ever seen. 762 00:45:19,193 --> 00:45:20,724 You know his work? -I know him, 763 00:45:21,015 --> 00:45:23,352 just like I know Walther Bothe, von Weizsäcker, Diebner. 764 00:45:23,396 --> 00:45:24,932 In a straight race, the Germans win. 765 00:45:25,778 --> 00:45:27,432 We've got one hope. -Which is? 766 00:45:28,890 --> 00:45:29,891 Antisemitism. 767 00:45:31,974 --> 00:45:32,932 What? 768 00:45:32,960 --> 00:45:35,599 Hitler called quantum physics "Jewish science". 769 00:45:35,640 --> 00:45:36,974 Said it right to Einstein's face. 770 00:45:37,015 --> 00:45:40,515 Our one hope is that Hitler is so blinded by hate 771 00:45:40,557 --> 00:45:42,599 that he's denied Heisenberg proper resources, 772 00:45:42,640 --> 00:45:44,390 because it'll take vast resources. 773 00:45:44,515 --> 00:45:47,224 Our nation's best scientists working together. Right now, they're scattered. 774 00:45:47,323 --> 00:45:48,974 Which gives us compartmentalization. 775 00:45:49,265 --> 00:45:52,240 All minds have to see the whole task to contribute efficiently. 776 00:45:52,284 --> 00:45:54,515 Poor security may cost us the race. 777 00:45:54,557 --> 00:45:55,724 Inefficiency will. 778 00:45:56,633 --> 00:45:58,099 The Germans know more than us anyway. 779 00:45:58,575 --> 00:45:59,724 The Russians don't. 780 00:46:01,457 --> 00:46:04,307 Remind me, who are we at war with? 781 00:46:04,890 --> 00:46:07,724 Somebody with your past doesn't want to be seen downplaying 782 00:46:07,765 --> 00:46:11,099 the importance of security from our communist allies. 783 00:46:12,182 --> 00:46:14,307 Point taken, but... no. 784 00:46:14,728 --> 00:46:16,057 You don't get to say no to me. 785 00:46:16,224 --> 00:46:18,307 It's my job to say no to you when you're wrong. 786 00:46:19,224 --> 00:46:20,599 So you have the job now? 787 00:46:20,682 --> 00:46:22,182 Uh, I'm considering it. 788 00:46:25,513 --> 00:46:27,515 I'm starting to see where you got your reputation. 789 00:46:29,182 --> 00:46:30,390 My favorite response: 790 00:46:31,515 --> 00:46:33,640 "Oppenheimer couldn't run a hamburger stand." 791 00:46:35,599 --> 00:46:36,599 I couldn't. 792 00:46:38,765 --> 00:46:40,599 But I can run the Manhattan Project. 793 00:46:42,130 --> 00:46:43,724 There's a way to balance these things. 794 00:46:44,771 --> 00:46:47,765 Keep the Rad Lab here at Berkeley, under Lawrence. 795 00:46:48,224 --> 00:46:50,265 Met Lab in Chicago, under Szilard. 796 00:46:50,474 --> 00:46:52,432 Large-scale refining, where did you say, Tennessee? 797 00:46:52,849 --> 00:46:54,224 And Hanford. -And Hanford. 798 00:46:54,557 --> 00:46:57,974 All America's industrial-minded scientific innovation, 799 00:46:58,307 --> 00:47:01,474 connected by rail, focused on one goal, 800 00:47:01,724 --> 00:47:03,182 one point in space and time. 801 00:47:03,432 --> 00:47:06,038 And it comes together here, a secret laboratory. 802 00:47:06,082 --> 00:47:08,379 In the middle of nowhere, secure, self-sufficient. 803 00:47:08,423 --> 00:47:09,849 Equipment, housing, the works. 804 00:47:09,964 --> 00:47:11,265 Keep everyone there until it's done. 805 00:47:12,273 --> 00:47:14,974 We'll need a school, stores, a church. -Why? 806 00:47:15,265 --> 00:47:18,057 If we don't let scientists bring their families, we'll never get the best. 807 00:47:18,295 --> 00:47:20,932 You want security, build a town. Build it fast. 808 00:47:21,276 --> 00:47:22,265 Where? 809 00:47:26,265 --> 00:47:27,599 Welcome to Los Alamos. 810 00:47:28,299 --> 00:47:30,390 There's a boys' school we'll have to commandeer, 811 00:47:30,432 --> 00:47:32,390 and the local Indians come up here for burial rites, 812 00:47:32,432 --> 00:47:34,197 but apart from that, nothing. 813 00:47:34,241 --> 00:47:35,724 40 miles. Any direction. 814 00:47:35,974 --> 00:47:37,307 We'll have to find the perfect spot. 815 00:47:38,062 --> 00:47:39,849 For? -Success. 816 00:47:45,575 --> 00:47:47,432 Build him a town. Fast. 817 00:47:49,349 --> 00:47:50,765 Let's go recruit some scientists. 818 00:47:51,807 --> 00:47:53,182 Why would I leave my family? 819 00:47:53,224 --> 00:47:54,974 I told you, you can bring your family. 820 00:47:55,057 --> 00:47:57,182 I'm not a soldier, Oppie. -A soldier? 821 00:47:57,765 --> 00:48:00,057 He's a general. I've got all the soldier I need. 822 00:48:00,698 --> 00:48:01,723 What can I tell them? 823 00:48:02,458 --> 00:48:05,724 Heisenberg, Diebner, Bothe and Bohr. What do these men have in common? 824 00:48:05,890 --> 00:48:08,599 Uh, the greatest minds on atomic theory. -Yes, and? 825 00:48:09,765 --> 00:48:10,766 As much as you like. 826 00:48:12,474 --> 00:48:13,974 Until you feel my boot on your balls. 827 00:48:15,300 --> 00:48:18,807 You know isotopes, and you know explosives better than anyone in the world. 828 00:48:19,122 --> 00:48:20,390 But you can't tell us what you're doing. 829 00:48:24,599 --> 00:48:26,140 I don't know. -The Nazis have them. 830 00:48:26,763 --> 00:48:27,822 Niels Bohr's in Copenhagen. 831 00:48:27,849 --> 00:48:30,849 Under Nazi occupation. Did they stop printing newspapers in Princeton? 832 00:48:31,107 --> 00:48:34,682 Why would we go to the middle of nowhere for who knows how long? 833 00:48:34,724 --> 00:48:36,390 For a year or two. Or three. 834 00:48:38,015 --> 00:48:40,932 General, could you... give us a moment? 835 00:48:42,372 --> 00:48:44,724 It's about unleashing a strong force. 836 00:48:46,479 --> 00:48:47,765 Before the Nazis do. 837 00:48:48,682 --> 00:48:49,682 Oh my god. 838 00:48:50,182 --> 00:48:52,140 Niels won't work for the Nazis. -No, never. 839 00:48:52,265 --> 00:48:54,140 But while they have him, we don't. 840 00:48:54,640 --> 00:48:55,682 That's why I need you. 841 00:48:56,057 --> 00:48:57,640 Why would you think I'd do that? 842 00:48:57,932 --> 00:48:59,307 Why? Why? 843 00:49:00,031 --> 00:49:02,140 How about because this is the most important fucking thing 844 00:49:02,182 --> 00:49:04,057 to ever happen in the history of the world? 845 00:49:04,265 --> 00:49:05,267 How about that? 846 00:49:06,182 --> 00:49:07,183 Fuck. 847 00:49:12,101 --> 00:49:13,974 They're not gonna let me onto this project. 848 00:49:15,180 --> 00:49:16,182 And failing a security check 849 00:49:16,224 --> 00:49:18,640 is not going to be good for a career even after the war. 850 00:49:18,807 --> 00:49:21,099 So you're a fellow traveler. So what? 851 00:49:21,426 --> 00:49:23,125 This is a national emergency. 852 00:49:23,182 --> 00:49:25,599 I've got some skeletons. They put me in charge. 853 00:49:26,182 --> 00:49:27,181 They need us. 854 00:49:27,640 --> 00:49:28,640 Until they don't. 855 00:49:33,015 --> 00:49:35,057 Is there any chance of getting Bohr out of Denmark? 856 00:49:35,178 --> 00:49:37,890 Yeah, no dice. I checked with the British. 857 00:49:38,561 --> 00:49:41,515 Until we get Allied boots back onto the continent, there's just no way. 858 00:49:43,613 --> 00:49:44,724 Is he that important? 859 00:49:44,765 --> 00:49:47,682 How many people do you know who proved Einstein wrong? 860 00:49:49,238 --> 00:49:51,307 You know, it really would be quicker to take a plane. 861 00:49:51,390 --> 00:49:52,432 A plane's too risky. 862 00:49:53,015 --> 00:49:54,015 The country needs us. 863 00:49:57,682 --> 00:49:58,682 What happened, guys? 864 00:49:58,726 --> 00:50:00,890 They say the building's too small for this cyclotron. 865 00:50:03,724 --> 00:50:05,140 Get them together with the architects. 866 00:50:08,894 --> 00:50:10,307 When's this place supposed to open? 867 00:50:13,636 --> 00:50:14,642 Two months. 868 00:50:15,932 --> 00:50:19,099 Robert, you're the great improviser, but this... 869 00:50:20,182 --> 00:50:21,515 you can't do in your head. 870 00:50:22,974 --> 00:50:24,015 Four divisions. 871 00:50:25,390 --> 00:50:28,974 Experimental, theoretical, metallurgical. 872 00:50:29,087 --> 00:50:30,349 Who's running theoretical? 873 00:50:30,390 --> 00:50:31,391 I am. 874 00:50:31,568 --> 00:50:34,182 That's what I was afraid of. You're spread too thin. 875 00:50:35,724 --> 00:50:36,974 So you take theoretical. 876 00:50:40,140 --> 00:50:42,641 I'm not coming here, Robert. 877 00:50:48,932 --> 00:50:49,934 Why not? 878 00:50:56,682 --> 00:51:00,140 You drop a bomb and it falls on the just and the unjust. 879 00:51:01,765 --> 00:51:04,390 I don't wish the culmination of three centuries of physics 880 00:51:04,432 --> 00:51:06,057 to be a weapon of mass destruction. 881 00:51:16,182 --> 00:51:17,183 Izzy... 882 00:51:18,140 --> 00:51:22,265 I don't know if we can be trusted with such a weapon. 883 00:51:24,099 --> 00:51:26,890 But I know the Nazis can't. 884 00:51:31,099 --> 00:51:32,140 We have no choice. 885 00:51:35,099 --> 00:51:36,100 Then... 886 00:51:37,974 --> 00:51:39,182 The second thing you have to do 887 00:51:39,224 --> 00:51:42,307 is appoint Hans Bethe to run the theoretical division. 888 00:51:44,767 --> 00:51:46,557 Wait, what was the first? 889 00:51:46,849 --> 00:51:48,765 Take off that ridiculous uniform. 890 00:51:49,228 --> 00:51:50,349 You're a scientist. 891 00:51:50,629 --> 00:51:52,099 Groves is insisting we join. 892 00:51:52,429 --> 00:51:54,140 Tell Groves to go shit in his hat. 893 00:51:54,723 --> 00:51:56,057 They need us for who we are. 894 00:51:56,385 --> 00:51:57,391 So be yourself. 895 00:51:58,390 --> 00:51:59,392 Only better. 896 00:52:39,515 --> 00:52:40,599 This is the only key. 897 00:52:41,182 --> 00:52:43,099 And Teller's already here. 898 00:52:43,432 --> 00:52:45,795 Shall I just show him in? -No, let's wait for the others. 899 00:52:54,015 --> 00:52:55,016 Let's get started. 900 00:52:55,682 --> 00:52:58,140 Hello, Edward. -Yes. 901 00:52:58,307 --> 00:53:00,622 Gentlemen, so, we will work here 902 00:53:00,646 --> 00:53:03,724 until the T Section at Los Alamos is finished. 903 00:53:03,765 --> 00:53:05,515 Edward, can I...? -This is more important. 904 00:53:08,015 --> 00:53:11,849 When I calculated the chain reaction, I found a rather troubling possibility. 905 00:53:13,140 --> 00:53:15,724 No, this can't be right. 906 00:53:16,640 --> 00:53:18,099 Show me how you did your calculations. 907 00:53:18,399 --> 00:53:19,392 Yes. 908 00:53:23,099 --> 00:53:26,182 Exponential. -No, no, no. No. 909 00:53:29,640 --> 00:53:30,682 This is fantasy. 910 00:53:31,432 --> 00:53:32,890 Teller's calculations can't be right. 911 00:53:33,890 --> 00:53:35,765 Do them yourself while I go to Princeton. 912 00:53:36,208 --> 00:53:38,185 What for? -To talk to Einstein. 913 00:53:38,229 --> 00:53:40,349 Well, there's not much common ground between the two. 914 00:53:40,557 --> 00:53:41,932 That's why I should get his view. 915 00:53:47,390 --> 00:53:48,557 Albert. -Hmm? 916 00:53:49,140 --> 00:53:51,307 Ah, Dr. Oppenheimer. 917 00:53:51,849 --> 00:53:53,224 Have you met Dr. Gödel? 918 00:53:53,598 --> 00:53:55,182 We walk here most days. 919 00:53:55,515 --> 00:53:59,182 Trees have the most inspiring structures. 920 00:53:59,849 --> 00:54:01,640 Albert, might I have a word? 921 00:54:02,182 --> 00:54:03,932 Of course. Excuse me, Kurt. 922 00:54:05,974 --> 00:54:08,515 Some days Kurt refuses to eat. 923 00:54:08,932 --> 00:54:13,307 Even in Princeton, he's convinced that the Nazis can poison his food. 924 00:54:24,792 --> 00:54:27,307 Whose, whose work is this? 925 00:54:27,724 --> 00:54:28,725 Teller's. 926 00:54:30,003 --> 00:54:31,640 What do you take it to mean? 927 00:54:32,504 --> 00:54:34,307 Neutrons smash into the nucleus, 928 00:54:34,349 --> 00:54:37,599 releasing neutrons to smash into other nuclei. 929 00:54:38,515 --> 00:54:39,517 Criticality. 930 00:54:39,705 --> 00:54:42,057 Point of no return. Massive explosive force. 931 00:54:42,365 --> 00:54:44,724 But this time, the chain reaction doesn't stop. 932 00:54:45,682 --> 00:54:47,765 It would ignite the atmosphere. 933 00:54:49,890 --> 00:54:53,849 When we detonate an atomic device, we might start a chain reaction that... 934 00:54:55,015 --> 00:54:56,142 destroys the world. 935 00:54:57,515 --> 00:54:58,807 So here we are, hmm? 936 00:54:59,265 --> 00:55:03,140 Lost in your quantum world of probabilities, 937 00:55:03,599 --> 00:55:05,140 and needing certainty. 938 00:55:06,015 --> 00:55:07,890 Can you run the calculations yourself? 939 00:55:08,932 --> 00:55:11,265 About the only thing you and I have in common 940 00:55:11,307 --> 00:55:13,349 is a disdain for mathematics. 941 00:55:13,515 --> 00:55:15,640 Who's working on this in Berkeley? 942 00:55:15,726 --> 00:55:16,724 Hans Bethe. 943 00:55:16,765 --> 00:55:18,599 Well, he'll get to the truth. 944 00:55:20,640 --> 00:55:22,474 And if the truth is catastrophic? 945 00:55:23,432 --> 00:55:27,599 Then you stop, and you share your findings with the Nazis. 946 00:55:28,593 --> 00:55:30,807 So neither side destroys the world. 947 00:55:34,765 --> 00:55:35,772 Robert. 948 00:55:37,350 --> 00:55:39,307 This is yours, not mine. 949 00:55:53,390 --> 00:55:54,390 Teller's wrong. 950 00:55:55,085 --> 00:55:56,100 He's wrong. 951 00:56:05,929 --> 00:56:09,765 When you know Teller's critical assumptions, the real picture emerges. 952 00:56:09,870 --> 00:56:10,890 Bottom line? 953 00:56:11,765 --> 00:56:14,599 The chances of an out-of-control nuclear reaction are near-zero. 954 00:56:14,832 --> 00:56:15,932 Near-zero. 955 00:56:17,557 --> 00:56:18,932 Oppie, this is good news. 956 00:56:19,015 --> 00:56:20,018 Mm-hmm. 957 00:56:21,195 --> 00:56:22,183 Can you run them again? 958 00:56:22,263 --> 00:56:23,599 Oh, you'll get the same answer. 959 00:56:24,164 --> 00:56:25,807 Until they actually detonate one of these things, 960 00:56:25,849 --> 00:56:27,557 the best assurance you're going to get is this. 961 00:56:28,390 --> 00:56:29,390 Near-zero. 962 00:56:32,907 --> 00:56:34,682 Theory will take you only so far. 963 00:56:35,432 --> 00:56:37,224 Hello! -Hi. 964 00:56:37,388 --> 00:56:38,391 We missed him. 965 00:56:38,769 --> 00:56:39,767 You want to adopt? 966 00:56:39,989 --> 00:56:40,975 She's kidding. 967 00:56:41,030 --> 00:56:42,807 We wanted to see you before we left. 968 00:56:43,430 --> 00:56:45,765 For parts unknown. 969 00:56:46,972 --> 00:56:48,640 You know who I ran into the other day? 970 00:56:49,224 --> 00:56:50,225 Eltenton. 971 00:56:52,140 --> 00:56:54,390 That chemist from Shell? The union guy? 972 00:56:54,574 --> 00:56:57,099 Yeah, the FAECT guy. 973 00:56:58,495 --> 00:57:00,557 He was moaning about how we're handling the war. 974 00:57:01,737 --> 00:57:02,725 How so? 975 00:57:03,417 --> 00:57:05,640 Lack of cooperation with our allies. 976 00:57:06,265 --> 00:57:10,182 Apparently, our government's not sharing any research with the Russians. 977 00:57:10,890 --> 00:57:14,390 He said most scientists think the policy is stupid. 978 00:57:17,765 --> 00:57:19,474 Oh, yeah? -Yeah. 979 00:57:20,280 --> 00:57:24,015 He mentioned that if anyone had anything they wanted to pass on, 980 00:57:25,140 --> 00:57:28,474 going around official channels, that he could help. 981 00:57:37,307 --> 00:57:38,474 That would be treason. 982 00:57:39,814 --> 00:57:40,890 Yes, of course. 983 00:57:42,015 --> 00:57:43,224 I just thought you should know. 984 00:57:46,218 --> 00:57:47,807 The brat is down. 985 00:57:48,379 --> 00:57:49,392 Where are the martinis? 986 00:57:54,849 --> 00:57:55,850 Coming right up. 987 00:57:56,390 --> 00:57:58,099 The conversation ended there. 988 00:57:58,390 --> 00:58:01,390 Nothing in our long-standing friendship would have led me to believe 989 00:58:01,432 --> 00:58:04,349 that Chevalier was actually seeking information, 990 00:58:04,475 --> 00:58:08,724 and I am certain that he had no idea of the work in which I was engaged. 991 00:58:13,807 --> 00:58:18,140 It has long been clear to me that I should have reported this incident at once. 992 00:58:18,625 --> 00:58:21,225 The Oppenheimer situation highlights the tension 993 00:58:21,267 --> 00:58:24,475 between scientists and the security apparatus. 994 00:58:24,768 --> 00:58:27,142 In hopes of learning how the nominee handled such issues 995 00:58:27,184 --> 00:58:28,934 during his time at the AEC, 996 00:58:29,292 --> 00:58:31,892 we'll have a scientist appearing before the committee. 997 00:58:33,214 --> 00:58:34,267 Who are they bringing in? 998 00:58:34,515 --> 00:58:35,518 They hadn't said. 999 00:58:35,755 --> 00:58:39,642 Mr. Chairman, if I may, I'm nominated for Commerce Secretary. 1000 00:58:39,758 --> 00:58:41,975 Why seek the opinion of scientists? 1001 00:58:42,420 --> 00:58:44,184 This is a cabinet post, Admiral. 1002 00:58:44,221 --> 00:58:47,059 We seek a wide range of opinion. 1003 00:58:47,100 --> 00:58:49,350 I'd like to know the name of the scientist testifying. 1004 00:58:49,392 --> 00:58:50,975 I'd like the chance to cross-examine. 1005 00:58:51,475 --> 00:58:52,667 This is not a court. 1006 00:58:54,475 --> 00:58:55,476 Formality, huh? 1007 00:58:55,517 --> 00:58:59,559 No presidential cabinet nominee has failed to be confirmed since 1925. 1008 00:58:59,725 --> 00:59:01,475 This is just how the game is played. 1009 00:59:01,517 --> 00:59:03,809 It's in the bag, Lewis. So play nice. 1010 00:59:04,392 --> 00:59:05,892 They bring in a scientist, so what? 1011 00:59:06,350 --> 00:59:08,475 You don't know scientists like I do, Counselor. 1012 00:59:08,517 --> 00:59:10,684 They resent anyone who questions their judgment, 1013 00:59:10,725 --> 00:59:12,185 especially if you're not one of them. 1014 00:59:12,475 --> 00:59:13,809 I was chair of the AEC. 1015 00:59:14,017 --> 00:59:16,100 I'm easy to blame for what happened to Robert. 1016 00:59:16,142 --> 00:59:17,434 We can't have the Senate thinking 1017 00:59:17,475 --> 00:59:19,850 the scientific community doesn't support you, sir. 1018 00:59:21,142 --> 00:59:22,225 Or should we pivot? 1019 00:59:22,850 --> 00:59:24,225 To what? -And embrace it. 1020 00:59:25,267 --> 00:59:27,267 "I fought Oppenheimer, and the US won." 1021 00:59:27,559 --> 00:59:29,100 I don't think we need to go there. 1022 00:59:29,142 --> 00:59:31,475 Isn't there someone we can call who knows what really happened? 1023 00:59:31,517 --> 00:59:33,100 Teller. -He'll make an impression. 1024 00:59:33,225 --> 00:59:35,017 Can you get the name of the scientist they've called? 1025 00:59:35,100 --> 00:59:37,517 Probably. -Find out if he was based in Chicago 1026 00:59:37,767 --> 00:59:39,184 or Los Alamos during the war. 1027 00:59:39,392 --> 00:59:40,225 Why does that matter? 1028 00:59:40,309 --> 00:59:42,975 Well, if he was based in Chicago, they worked under Szilard and Fermi, 1029 00:59:43,017 --> 00:59:44,975 not the cult to Bobby in Los Alamos. 1030 00:59:45,452 --> 00:59:48,475 Robert built that damn place. He was founder, mayor, sheriff. 1031 00:59:49,309 --> 00:59:50,512 All rolled into one. 1032 01:00:03,225 --> 01:00:04,934 Now all it needs is a saloon. 1033 01:00:34,725 --> 01:00:35,766 There's no kitchen. 1034 01:00:37,227 --> 01:00:39,350 Really? We'll fix that. 1035 01:00:46,475 --> 01:00:48,642 Barbed wire? Guns? 1036 01:00:49,725 --> 01:00:52,100 Oppie... -We're at war, Hans. 1037 01:00:54,970 --> 01:00:55,970 Halifax. 1038 01:00:56,434 --> 01:00:57,517 1917. 1039 01:00:57,642 --> 01:01:00,350 A cargo ship carrying munitions explodes in the harbor. 1040 01:01:02,975 --> 01:01:05,725 A vast and sudden chemical reaction. 1041 01:01:09,517 --> 01:01:12,059 The biggest man-made explosion in history. 1042 01:01:12,963 --> 01:01:15,725 Now, let's calculate how much more destructive it would have been 1043 01:01:15,767 --> 01:01:18,762 if it were a nuclear and not a chemical reaction, 1044 01:01:19,350 --> 01:01:22,017 expressing power in terms of tons of TNT. 1045 01:01:22,488 --> 01:01:23,850 But it will be thousands. 1046 01:01:24,350 --> 01:01:27,100 Well, then, kilotons. 1047 01:01:31,017 --> 01:01:33,434 Using U-235, 1048 01:01:34,309 --> 01:01:35,725 the bomb will need a... -Uh... 1049 01:01:36,678 --> 01:01:39,934 Sorry. Gadget will need a 33-pound sphere 1050 01:01:40,144 --> 01:01:41,392 about this size, 1051 01:01:41,553 --> 01:01:44,892 or using plutonium, a ten-pound sphere. 1052 01:01:46,812 --> 01:01:50,767 Here's the amount of uranium Oak Ridge refined all of last month. 1053 01:01:54,809 --> 01:01:57,512 And the Hanford plant made this much plutonium. 1054 01:01:59,834 --> 01:02:03,642 Now, if we can enrich these amounts, we need a way to detonate them. 1055 01:02:04,767 --> 01:02:05,975 Are we boring you, Edward? 1056 01:02:07,053 --> 01:02:08,184 A little bit, yes. 1057 01:02:08,517 --> 01:02:09,684 May I ask why? 1058 01:02:09,934 --> 01:02:13,184 We all entered this room knowing a fission bomb was possible. 1059 01:02:14,004 --> 01:02:15,725 How about we leave it with something new? 1060 01:02:16,065 --> 01:02:17,060 Such as? 1061 01:02:17,350 --> 01:02:20,892 Instead of uranium or plutonium, we use hydrogen. 1062 01:02:22,029 --> 01:02:24,642 Heavy hydrogen. Deuterium. 1063 01:02:25,707 --> 01:02:28,059 You see, we compact the atoms together 1064 01:02:28,100 --> 01:02:31,267 under great pressure to induce a fusion reaction. 1065 01:02:32,517 --> 01:02:36,392 Then we'll get not kilotons, but megatons. 1066 01:02:37,350 --> 01:02:38,767 Okay, hang on, hang on. 1067 01:02:39,303 --> 01:02:43,142 So how do you generate enough force to fuse hydrogen atoms? 1068 01:02:44,350 --> 01:02:45,517 A small fission bomb. 1069 01:02:46,434 --> 01:02:47,560 There we are! 1070 01:02:49,674 --> 01:02:51,475 Well, since we're going to need one anyway, 1071 01:02:51,517 --> 01:02:53,017 can we get back to the business at hand? 1072 01:02:53,267 --> 01:02:56,475 The isotopes issue wasn't your most important 1073 01:02:56,809 --> 01:02:59,600 policy disagreement with Dr. Oppenheimer. 1074 01:02:59,654 --> 01:03:02,073 It was the hydrogen bomb, wasn't it? 1075 01:03:02,225 --> 01:03:06,975 As colleagues, we agreed to disagree on a great many things, uh... 1076 01:03:07,350 --> 01:03:11,059 And one of them was the need for an H-bomb program, yes. 1077 01:03:24,725 --> 01:03:27,303 Thanks for convening on short notice. 1078 01:03:27,553 --> 01:03:28,595 I can't believe it. 1079 01:03:29,975 --> 01:03:33,225 But here we are. Catch me up. What do we know? 1080 01:03:33,434 --> 01:03:37,434 One of our B-29s over the North Pacific has detected radiation. 1081 01:03:37,848 --> 01:03:40,392 Do we have the filter papers? -There's no doubt what this is. 1082 01:03:40,881 --> 01:03:43,767 White House says there's a doubt. -Wishful thinking, I'm afraid. 1083 01:03:43,809 --> 01:03:46,642 Are those the long-range detection filter papers? 1084 01:03:47,459 --> 01:03:48,767 It's an atomic test. 1085 01:03:52,434 --> 01:03:53,684 The Russians have a bomb. 1086 01:03:54,225 --> 01:03:56,850 We're supposed to be years ahead of them, but this... 1087 01:03:57,642 --> 01:04:00,890 What were you guys doing in Los Alamos? Wasn't security tight? 1088 01:04:00,976 --> 01:04:03,600 Of course it was. You weren't there. -Forgive me, Doctor. 1089 01:04:05,892 --> 01:04:06,893 But I was there. 1090 01:04:08,225 --> 01:04:11,434 We can now consider the actual mechanics of detonation. 1091 01:04:11,767 --> 01:04:14,350 Any ideas? -I call this shooting. 1092 01:04:14,392 --> 01:04:18,267 We fire a chunk of fissionable material into a larger sphere 1093 01:04:18,309 --> 01:04:20,350 with enough force to achieve criticality. 1094 01:04:21,267 --> 01:04:23,983 What do we think? Anyone? -I've been thinking about implosion. 1095 01:04:24,392 --> 01:04:27,475 Explosives around the sphere blast inwards, crushing the material. 1096 01:04:28,517 --> 01:04:31,434 I'd like to investigate that idea. -I'll talk to ordnance. 1097 01:04:31,517 --> 01:04:32,600 Get you blowing things up. 1098 01:04:33,850 --> 01:04:35,678 Progress? -Nice to see you too. 1099 01:04:36,684 --> 01:04:37,975 Meet the British contingent. 1100 01:04:38,309 --> 01:04:40,350 Dr. Oppenheimer. Klaus Fuchs. 1101 01:04:40,684 --> 01:04:43,517 How long have you been British? -Since Hitler told me I wasn't German. 1102 01:04:43,809 --> 01:04:46,517 Ah. Come, welcome to Los Alamos. 1103 01:04:47,559 --> 01:04:48,684 The school's up and running. 1104 01:04:49,090 --> 01:04:51,184 The bar. -Always running. 1105 01:04:52,309 --> 01:04:54,350 And I thought of a way to reduce support staff. 1106 01:04:55,934 --> 01:04:57,642 Is that...? -Mrs. Serber, yes. 1107 01:04:57,812 --> 01:05:01,100 I've offered jobs to all the wives, admin, librarians, computation. 1108 01:05:01,225 --> 01:05:03,184 We cut down on staff, keep families together. 1109 01:05:03,434 --> 01:05:05,350 Are these women qualified? -Don't be absurd. 1110 01:05:05,392 --> 01:05:07,559 These are some of the brightest minds in our community. 1111 01:05:07,600 --> 01:05:09,017 And they're already security cleared. 1112 01:05:09,809 --> 01:05:11,888 I've informed General Groves you've been holding cross-divisional 1113 01:05:11,912 --> 01:05:14,475 open discussions on a nightly basis. -Shut them down. 1114 01:05:14,892 --> 01:05:16,517 Compartmentalization is the key 1115 01:05:16,725 --> 01:05:18,350 to maintaining security... -Only the top men. 1116 01:05:18,392 --> 01:05:20,350 Who presumably communicate with subordinates. 1117 01:05:20,399 --> 01:05:22,234 These men aren't stupid. They can be discreet. 1118 01:05:22,517 --> 01:05:24,225 I don't like it. -You don't like anything enough 1119 01:05:24,267 --> 01:05:25,600 for that to be a fair test. 1120 01:05:31,975 --> 01:05:34,100 Once a week. Top men only. 1121 01:05:34,683 --> 01:05:36,434 I'd like to bring my brother here. -No. 1122 01:05:38,559 --> 01:05:39,558 Nichols? 1123 01:05:41,184 --> 01:05:43,725 I still haven't heard that my security clearance has been approved. 1124 01:05:43,809 --> 01:05:45,684 It hasn't. -I'm going to Chicago tomorrow. 1125 01:05:45,975 --> 01:05:46,976 Well, you should wait. 1126 01:05:47,642 --> 01:05:49,975 You are aware that the Nazis have a two-year head start? 1127 01:05:50,220 --> 01:05:52,100 Dr. Oppenheimer, the fact that your security clearance 1128 01:05:52,142 --> 01:05:54,195 is proving difficult to obtain is not my fault. 1129 01:05:54,517 --> 01:05:55,499 It's yours. 1130 01:05:55,559 --> 01:05:58,323 It may not be your fault, but it's your problem. Because I'm going. 1131 01:05:59,225 --> 01:06:01,225 And how many people were in these, uh... 1132 01:06:02,017 --> 01:06:04,017 open discussions? 1133 01:06:04,100 --> 01:06:06,473 Too many. Compartmentalization was supposed to be the protocol. 1134 01:06:06,512 --> 01:06:07,934 We were in a race against the Nazis. 1135 01:06:07,975 --> 01:06:10,309 And now the race is against the Soviets. 1136 01:06:10,350 --> 01:06:14,892 Not unless we start it. -Robert, they just fired the starting gun. 1137 01:06:15,559 --> 01:06:17,403 What's the nature of the device they detonated? 1138 01:06:17,934 --> 01:06:21,434 Data indicates it may have been a plutonium implosion device. 1139 01:06:21,475 --> 01:06:23,973 Like the one you built at Los Alamos. 1140 01:06:24,600 --> 01:06:25,662 The Russians have a bomb. 1141 01:06:26,309 --> 01:06:29,559 Truman needs to know what's next. -What's next? Arms talks. 1142 01:06:29,809 --> 01:06:30,934 Arms talks? -Obviously. 1143 01:06:32,350 --> 01:06:35,100 What about the Super? Does Truman even know about it? 1144 01:06:35,142 --> 01:06:36,509 Did we brief him on that? 1145 01:06:37,100 --> 01:06:38,150 Not specifically. 1146 01:06:38,434 --> 01:06:41,236 We still don't know if a hydrogen bomb is technically feasible. 1147 01:06:41,309 --> 01:06:43,642 Right, my understanding is that Teller proposed it. 1148 01:06:43,684 --> 01:06:44,809 Yes. -At Los Alamos? 1149 01:06:44,850 --> 01:06:47,142 Teller's designs have always been wildly impractical. 1150 01:06:47,184 --> 01:06:50,184 You'd have to deliver by oxcart, not airplane. 1151 01:06:50,517 --> 01:06:52,225 Oppie! -I'm sorry, Dr. Lawrence, 1152 01:06:52,267 --> 01:06:53,559 do you want to comment? 1153 01:06:55,392 --> 01:06:56,394 No. 1154 01:06:58,392 --> 01:07:00,434 Because if it can put us ahead again, 1155 01:07:00,997 --> 01:07:05,475 the President of the United States needs to know about it. 1156 01:07:07,559 --> 01:07:10,350 And if the Russians know about it already from a spy, 1157 01:07:10,552 --> 01:07:13,544 at Los Alamos, then we've got to get going. 1158 01:07:13,590 --> 01:07:16,169 There's no proof there was a spy at Los Alamos. 1159 01:07:16,517 --> 01:07:17,517 Robert. 1160 01:07:22,559 --> 01:07:23,934 They put it under the football stadium? 1161 01:07:24,350 --> 01:07:25,642 The field's not in use anymore. 1162 01:07:26,267 --> 01:07:27,313 Just as well. 1163 01:07:30,350 --> 01:07:32,100 Oppie! -Dr. Fermi. 1164 01:07:35,100 --> 01:07:37,809 I hear you've got a little town. -Yes, come and see. 1165 01:07:39,225 --> 01:07:42,267 Who could think straight in a place like that, huh? 1166 01:07:43,475 --> 01:07:44,975 Everybody will go crazy. 1167 01:07:46,267 --> 01:07:48,309 Thank you the vote of confidence, Szilard. 1168 01:07:49,767 --> 01:07:52,267 Do we really... do we really need that in the notes? 1169 01:07:53,410 --> 01:07:54,770 Are you gonna try it out? 1170 01:07:55,434 --> 01:07:56,434 We did. 1171 01:07:56,975 --> 01:08:00,017 The first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. 1172 01:08:01,017 --> 01:08:02,059 Didn't Groves tell you? 1173 01:08:03,142 --> 01:08:04,152 No. 1174 01:08:11,780 --> 01:08:12,934 Dr. Oppenheimer? 1175 01:08:14,059 --> 01:08:15,267 I tried personnel. 1176 01:08:15,434 --> 01:08:18,017 They asked if I could type. -Can you? 1177 01:08:18,142 --> 01:08:20,850 Harvard forgot to teach that on the graduate chemistry course. 1178 01:08:22,892 --> 01:08:25,309 Condon, put Mrs. Hornig here on the plutonium team. 1179 01:08:31,225 --> 01:08:33,017 What the hell were you doing in Chicago? 1180 01:08:33,434 --> 01:08:34,892 Visiting the met. -Why? 1181 01:08:34,934 --> 01:08:36,100 You can't... -Why? 1182 01:08:36,142 --> 01:08:37,475 Because we, we have every right... 1183 01:08:37,517 --> 01:08:41,517 You have just the rights that I give you. No more, no less. 1184 01:08:42,017 --> 01:08:44,975 We are adults trying to run a project here. This is ridiculous. 1185 01:08:45,767 --> 01:08:46,769 Tell him! 1186 01:08:48,195 --> 01:08:50,725 Compartmentalization is the protocol we agreed to. 1187 01:08:52,142 --> 01:08:55,392 Enough of this madhouse. Nobody can work under these conditions. 1188 01:08:55,434 --> 01:08:59,059 You know what? Generalissimo, I quit! 1189 01:08:59,934 --> 01:09:00,934 Thanks for nothing. 1190 01:09:03,517 --> 01:09:04,517 Better off without him. 1191 01:09:06,184 --> 01:09:08,934 Aren't you more concerned about his discretion out there? 1192 01:09:10,225 --> 01:09:11,226 We'll have him killed. 1193 01:09:13,475 --> 01:09:14,476 I'm just kidding. 1194 01:09:15,600 --> 01:09:17,267 No, he hates me, not America. 1195 01:09:17,934 --> 01:09:20,517 You know, General, not everyone has levers to pull like mine. 1196 01:09:21,434 --> 01:09:22,434 I don't think I understand. 1197 01:09:23,017 --> 01:09:26,552 You didn't hire me despite my left-wing past. You hired me because of it. 1198 01:09:27,725 --> 01:09:29,184 So you could control me. 1199 01:09:29,934 --> 01:09:33,403 No, I'm not that subtle. I'm just a humble soldier. 1200 01:09:34,142 --> 01:09:37,642 You're neither humble, nor just a soldier. You studied engineering at MIT. 1201 01:09:37,850 --> 01:09:40,017 Guilty as charged. -Well, now we understand each other, 1202 01:09:40,059 --> 01:09:41,892 perhaps you can get me my security clearance, 1203 01:09:41,934 --> 01:09:43,809 so I can perform this miracle for you. 1204 01:09:50,059 --> 01:09:51,225 General Groves, were you aware 1205 01:09:51,267 --> 01:09:54,642 of Dr. Oppenheimer's left-wing associations when you appointed him? 1206 01:09:54,809 --> 01:09:56,934 I was aware that there were suspicions about him. 1207 01:09:56,975 --> 01:09:59,975 I was aware he had a very extreme liberal background. 1208 01:10:00,226 --> 01:10:03,404 In your opinion, would he ever consciously commit a disloyal act? 1209 01:10:03,498 --> 01:10:05,100 I would be amazed if he did. 1210 01:10:05,248 --> 01:10:07,794 So you had complete confidence in his integrity? 1211 01:10:08,013 --> 01:10:10,767 At Los Alamos, yes. Which is where I really knew him. 1212 01:10:10,975 --> 01:10:13,443 Do you know that your security officers on the project 1213 01:10:13,498 --> 01:10:15,809 advised you against the clearance of Dr. Oppenheimer? 1214 01:10:15,850 --> 01:10:19,725 They could not, and would not, clear him until I insisted. 1215 01:10:19,892 --> 01:10:21,767 And it's safe to say that you had pretty good knowledge 1216 01:10:21,809 --> 01:10:24,100 of Dr. Oppenheimer's security file. -I did. 1217 01:10:25,350 --> 01:10:27,767 Well, then there's only really one question I need answered here today. 1218 01:10:27,850 --> 01:10:32,100 In light of the current AEC guidelines, would you clear Dr. Oppenheimer today? 1219 01:10:32,688 --> 01:10:33,809 Do you have the guidelines? 1220 01:10:41,684 --> 01:10:43,934 Under current AEC guidelines, 1221 01:10:44,080 --> 01:10:47,100 would you clear Dr. Oppenheimer today? 1222 01:10:59,392 --> 01:11:00,809 Physics and New Mexico, huh? 1223 01:11:02,354 --> 01:11:04,600 My god. What a trek. 1224 01:11:05,517 --> 01:11:07,975 That's why you need a liaison. -I'm appointing Lomanitz. 1225 01:11:09,559 --> 01:11:11,434 You're gonna be okay. This way, gentlemen. 1226 01:11:21,934 --> 01:11:23,587 Dr. Lawrence. -Leslie. 1227 01:11:24,350 --> 01:11:26,309 I'd like to remind you what we talked about at Berkeley. 1228 01:11:26,475 --> 01:11:28,267 Compartmentalization, I understand completely. 1229 01:11:43,642 --> 01:11:44,934 Greetings from Berkeley. 1230 01:11:45,100 --> 01:11:48,017 I am here to update you on our progress and solicit your input. 1231 01:11:48,478 --> 01:11:50,849 To do so, I am going to have to share a few things that 1232 01:11:50,892 --> 01:11:52,600 General Groves told me not to. 1233 01:11:53,392 --> 01:11:56,142 Sorry General, I said I understood, not that I agreed. 1234 01:11:56,559 --> 01:11:59,517 Okay. Gentlemen, to business! 1235 01:12:00,017 --> 01:12:01,934 There were rumors of espionage 1236 01:12:01,975 --> 01:12:03,975 at Los Alamos. -Unsubstantiated. 1237 01:12:04,017 --> 01:12:06,350 I'm told that there were communists 1238 01:12:06,392 --> 01:12:07,934 on the project. -We didn't knowingly employ... 1239 01:12:07,975 --> 01:12:10,100 I just want to know, were any of them involved 1240 01:12:10,142 --> 01:12:11,559 in discussions of the Super? 1241 01:12:11,934 --> 01:12:14,475 I seem to remember you demanding your brother come to Los Alamos. 1242 01:12:14,517 --> 01:12:17,239 My brother had left the party by then. -What about Lomanitz? 1243 01:12:17,434 --> 01:12:20,434 Lomanitz was never employed at Los Alamos. He was a liaison. 1244 01:12:20,725 --> 01:12:23,225 Our security was tight, as former Colonel Nichols well knows. 1245 01:12:23,267 --> 01:12:25,941 Our security was as tight as it could be given the personalities involved, 1246 01:12:25,965 --> 01:12:27,034 but attempts were made. 1247 01:12:27,434 --> 01:12:30,017 What is that supposed to mean? -We've all read his file here. 1248 01:12:31,350 --> 01:12:32,934 Do we need to talk about Jean Tatlock? 1249 01:12:34,642 --> 01:12:36,142 Or the Chevalier incident? 1250 01:12:40,767 --> 01:12:41,769 Excuse me. 1251 01:12:44,434 --> 01:12:46,309 Lomanitz, line one! 1252 01:12:53,267 --> 01:12:55,225 Hello, Rossi. What? 1253 01:12:56,267 --> 01:12:57,267 Okay, just calm down. 1254 01:12:58,559 --> 01:12:59,642 There's been another screwup. 1255 01:12:59,850 --> 01:13:03,017 Lomanitz just got drafted. -We are at war, Doctor. 1256 01:13:03,142 --> 01:13:06,225 Don't be an asshole, Nichols. We need this kid. Fix it, will you? 1257 01:13:06,767 --> 01:13:07,714 It wasn't a mistake. 1258 01:13:07,738 --> 01:13:10,603 Your friend Lomanitz has been trying to unionize the radiation lab. 1259 01:13:10,892 --> 01:13:13,642 He promised to quit all that. -Well, he hasn't. 1260 01:13:14,600 --> 01:13:17,521 The security officer at Berkeley is concerned about communist infiltration 1261 01:13:17,608 --> 01:13:20,767 through that union, the FA... -FAECT. 1262 01:13:23,975 --> 01:13:27,225 While I'm there next week, I'll... drop in to see him. 1263 01:13:29,600 --> 01:13:31,071 Your Q clearance came through. 1264 01:13:34,850 --> 01:13:38,102 It's important you not maintain or renew any questionable associations. 1265 01:13:43,559 --> 01:13:45,475 Doctor, did you think social contacts 1266 01:13:45,517 --> 01:13:49,767 between a person engaged on secret war work and communists was dangerous? 1267 01:13:49,809 --> 01:13:52,559 My awareness of the danger would be greater today. 1268 01:13:53,725 --> 01:13:56,100 I mean, it's fair to say that during the war years, 1269 01:13:56,642 --> 01:13:59,434 you felt that such contacts were potentially dangerous. 1270 01:14:06,142 --> 01:14:08,059 Were conceivably dangerous, yes. 1271 01:14:09,100 --> 01:14:10,101 I mean, really! 1272 01:14:11,267 --> 01:14:12,350 Known communists. 1273 01:14:15,559 --> 01:14:16,567 Look... 1274 01:14:17,892 --> 01:14:21,684 I've had a lot of secrets in my head for a long time. 1275 01:14:23,102 --> 01:14:27,308 Doesn't matter who I associate with, I don't talk about those secrets. 1276 01:14:35,059 --> 01:14:36,184 You said in your statement 1277 01:14:37,684 --> 01:14:42,059 that you had to see Jean Tatlock in 1943. 1278 01:14:44,017 --> 01:14:45,026 You left. 1279 01:14:46,850 --> 01:14:47,853 Not a word. 1280 01:14:48,684 --> 01:14:50,267 What did you think that would do to me? 1281 01:14:51,934 --> 01:14:52,934 I wrote. 1282 01:14:53,309 --> 01:14:54,434 Pages of nothing. 1283 01:14:57,892 --> 01:14:58,892 Where did you go? 1284 01:15:01,017 --> 01:15:02,517 I can't tell you. -Why not? 1285 01:15:02,600 --> 01:15:03,892 Because you're a communist. 1286 01:15:07,142 --> 01:15:08,559 Why did you have to see her? 1287 01:15:09,059 --> 01:15:13,392 She had indicated a great desire to see me before we left. 1288 01:15:13,517 --> 01:15:17,517 At that time I couldn't, but I felt that she had to see me. 1289 01:15:18,517 --> 01:15:22,553 She was undergoing psychiatric treatment. She was extremely unhappy. 1290 01:15:22,915 --> 01:15:25,184 Did you find out why she had to see you? 1291 01:15:30,559 --> 01:15:31,892 Because she was still in love with me. 1292 01:15:39,975 --> 01:15:41,434 You spent the night together, didn't you? 1293 01:15:49,684 --> 01:15:50,682 Yes. 1294 01:15:57,100 --> 01:16:01,934 You drop in and out of my life, and you don't have to tell me why. 1295 01:16:03,059 --> 01:16:05,755 And that's power. -Not that I enjoy. 1296 01:16:07,017 --> 01:16:09,392 I'd rather be here for you as you need. 1297 01:16:09,892 --> 01:16:11,850 But you have other priorities now. 1298 01:16:12,743 --> 01:16:14,434 I have a wife and child. 1299 01:16:15,809 --> 01:16:18,059 That's not what either of us is talking about. 1300 01:16:21,975 --> 01:16:25,017 Jean... you asked me to come. 1301 01:16:26,559 --> 01:16:27,767 And I'm glad I did. 1302 01:16:29,225 --> 01:16:30,559 But I can't see you again. 1303 01:16:34,100 --> 01:16:35,392 But what if I need you? 1304 01:16:39,684 --> 01:16:41,600 You said you would always answer. 1305 01:16:44,850 --> 01:16:45,851 Not a word? 1306 01:16:47,350 --> 01:16:49,309 Did you think that consistent with good security? 1307 01:16:49,517 --> 01:16:50,684 As a matter of fact, it was. 1308 01:16:51,600 --> 01:16:52,602 Not a word. 1309 01:16:53,767 --> 01:16:55,100 When did you see her after that? 1310 01:17:03,934 --> 01:17:05,059 I never saw her again. 1311 01:17:12,059 --> 01:17:14,061 I can make the last train back to Princeton. 1312 01:17:15,100 --> 01:17:17,767 Kitty, I didn't say anything that I hadn't already told you. 1313 01:17:17,809 --> 01:17:19,767 Today you said it to history, didn't you? 1314 01:17:19,809 --> 01:17:21,017 This is a closed hearing. 1315 01:17:23,267 --> 01:17:25,725 If they don't release the transcript, I'm sure you will. 1316 01:17:25,767 --> 01:17:28,142 I was under oath. -Well, you were under an oath to me 1317 01:17:28,184 --> 01:17:29,309 when you went to see Jean. 1318 01:17:30,934 --> 01:17:31,935 You know, you... 1319 01:17:33,142 --> 01:17:35,767 You sit there, day after day, 1320 01:17:36,725 --> 01:17:38,684 letting them pick our lives to pieces. 1321 01:17:41,600 --> 01:17:42,684 Why won't you fight? 1322 01:17:46,475 --> 01:17:48,892 Robert, I'm not putting her up there. 1323 01:17:55,017 --> 01:17:57,600 Dr. Oppenheimer! This is an honor. Please, take a seat. 1324 01:17:57,850 --> 01:18:00,732 No need. I just wanted to check whether I should... 1325 01:18:01,225 --> 01:18:03,645 talk to Lomanitz while I'm here, given your concerns. 1326 01:18:03,802 --> 01:18:06,568 I'd say that's really up to you, Professor, but I'd be cautious. 1327 01:18:07,059 --> 01:18:08,059 Understood. 1328 01:18:08,267 --> 01:18:10,684 Oh, and, um, as regards to the union, 1329 01:18:10,725 --> 01:18:14,059 I wanted to give you a heads up on a man named Eltenton. 1330 01:18:14,309 --> 01:18:15,308 A heads up? 1331 01:18:15,350 --> 01:18:18,725 Yes, just that he might bear watching, is all. 1332 01:18:20,350 --> 01:18:21,684 I'd love to get more details. 1333 01:18:22,809 --> 01:18:25,142 I have an appointment now, and I leave early tomorrow. 1334 01:18:25,256 --> 01:18:26,642 Well, come back as early as you like. 1335 01:18:27,434 --> 01:18:28,475 Since you haven't time now. 1336 01:18:29,892 --> 01:18:33,225 You went back the next morning. -I did. I had to, really. 1337 01:18:34,684 --> 01:18:35,850 This time there was another man. 1338 01:18:38,059 --> 01:18:41,957 He said his name was Pash. -Pash. You met Colonel Pash? 1339 01:18:42,100 --> 01:18:46,975 Colonel Pash, could you please read from your memo dated June 29, 1943? 1340 01:18:49,225 --> 01:18:51,642 "Results of surveillance conducted on subject 1341 01:18:51,684 --> 01:18:54,392 "indicate further possible Communist Party connections." 1342 01:18:54,576 --> 01:18:58,142 "Subject met with and spent considerable time with one Jean Tatlock, 1343 01:18:58,184 --> 01:19:00,392 "a communist, the record of whom is attached." 1344 01:19:00,434 --> 01:19:02,892 The subject being Dr. Oppenheimer? -Yes. 1345 01:19:03,142 --> 01:19:06,100 Whom you had not met? -Not then, but soon after. 1346 01:19:06,274 --> 01:19:08,684 He's the head of security for the project. Shouldn't I know him? 1347 01:19:08,814 --> 01:19:10,267 No, he should know you. 1348 01:19:11,100 --> 01:19:12,850 I would never put you in a room with Pash. 1349 01:19:12,892 --> 01:19:13,909 Why not? 1350 01:19:14,017 --> 01:19:15,684 When Pash first heard about Lomanitz, 1351 01:19:16,017 --> 01:19:18,619 he told the FBI he was going to kidnap him, 1352 01:19:19,059 --> 01:19:20,184 take him out on a boat, 1353 01:19:20,725 --> 01:19:23,017 and interrogate him in the Russian manner. 1354 01:19:26,309 --> 01:19:28,475 General Groves has placed in me a certain responsibility, 1355 01:19:28,517 --> 01:19:32,934 and it's like having a child who I can't see, by remote control. 1356 01:19:34,309 --> 01:19:35,642 So to actually meet you is... 1357 01:19:37,642 --> 01:19:39,384 I won't take up too much of your time. -Oh, no. 1358 01:19:39,485 --> 01:19:41,184 Not at all. Whatever time you choose. 1359 01:19:42,517 --> 01:19:44,735 Mr. Johnson told me of the conversation you had yesterday, 1360 01:19:44,829 --> 01:19:47,392 which I'm very interested in. It's had me worried all day. 1361 01:19:48,350 --> 01:19:51,725 Yes, well, I didn't want to talk to Lomanitz without authorization. 1362 01:19:52,017 --> 01:19:53,850 That's not the particular interest that I have. 1363 01:19:53,892 --> 01:19:55,184 It's something a little bit more... 1364 01:19:57,017 --> 01:19:58,434 In my opinion, more serious. 1365 01:19:58,509 --> 01:19:59,850 And then when the FBI pointed out 1366 01:19:59,892 --> 01:20:02,725 that such information wouldn't be admissible in court, 1367 01:20:02,767 --> 01:20:04,475 Pash made it clear he had no intention 1368 01:20:04,517 --> 01:20:06,704 of leaving any witness left to prosecute. 1369 01:20:07,059 --> 01:20:10,146 Now, the FBI talked him down, but that's the man you're dancing with. 1370 01:20:10,434 --> 01:20:12,850 I gather you've heard there are other parties 1371 01:20:12,892 --> 01:20:14,725 interested in the work of the radiation lab? 1372 01:20:16,017 --> 01:20:20,142 A man attached to the Soviet consul indicated, 1373 01:20:20,684 --> 01:20:24,184 through intermediate people, to people on this project, 1374 01:20:24,267 --> 01:20:27,434 that he was in a position to transmit information. 1375 01:20:27,642 --> 01:20:29,934 Well, why would anyone on the project want to do that? 1376 01:20:32,017 --> 01:20:35,475 Frankly, I can see that there might be an argument for the Commander-in-Chief 1377 01:20:35,517 --> 01:20:38,914 informing the Russians, they're our allies, after all, but... 1378 01:20:38,977 --> 01:20:41,312 I don't like the idea of it going out the back door. 1379 01:20:41,684 --> 01:20:43,892 It might not hurt to be on the lookout for it. 1380 01:20:45,309 --> 01:20:46,559 And you said that to Pash. 1381 01:20:47,100 --> 01:20:50,934 I was trying to put it in the context of "Russia's not Germany". 1382 01:20:51,528 --> 01:20:55,892 Boris Pash is the son of a Russian Orthodox bishop. 1383 01:20:55,934 --> 01:21:00,059 Born here, but in 1918 he went back to Russia to fight the Bolsheviks. 1384 01:21:00,559 --> 01:21:03,059 This is a man who has killed communists with his own hands. 1385 01:21:03,642 --> 01:21:05,975 I'm not the judge of who should or should not have information. 1386 01:21:06,517 --> 01:21:08,767 It's my business to stop it from going through illegally. 1387 01:21:09,225 --> 01:21:10,434 Could you be a little more specific? 1388 01:21:13,725 --> 01:21:18,309 There's a man whose name was mentioned to me, a couple of times, Eltenton. 1389 01:21:20,059 --> 01:21:22,267 I believe he's a chemist who works at Shell. 1390 01:21:23,017 --> 01:21:25,892 He talked to a friend of his, 1391 01:21:25,975 --> 01:21:28,642 who's an acquaintance of someone on the project. 1392 01:21:31,059 --> 01:21:33,017 And you thought Pash would be satisfied with that? 1393 01:21:33,100 --> 01:21:36,850 I was attempting to give them Eltenton without opening a can of worms. 1394 01:21:36,892 --> 01:21:38,517 I told them a cock-and-bull story. 1395 01:21:38,850 --> 01:21:41,017 Did you lie to General Groves, too? -No. 1396 01:21:41,517 --> 01:21:44,017 I admitted to him that I'd lied to Pash. 1397 01:21:44,142 --> 01:21:47,142 Do you recall this conversation about the Chevalier incident? 1398 01:21:48,017 --> 01:21:49,934 I've seen so many versions of it, uh... 1399 01:21:50,470 --> 01:21:53,142 Wasn't confused before, but I'm certainly getting there now. 1400 01:21:53,399 --> 01:21:56,225 And what was your conclusion? -That he was under the influence 1401 01:21:56,267 --> 01:21:59,725 of the typical American schoolboy attitude 1402 01:21:59,767 --> 01:22:02,934 that there's something wicked about telling on a friend. 1403 01:22:03,392 --> 01:22:07,184 Well now, might we know through whom the contact was made? 1404 01:22:08,350 --> 01:22:11,892 That would involve people who are not to be involved in this. 1405 01:22:12,225 --> 01:22:14,892 Is that someone a member of the project? 1406 01:22:15,608 --> 01:22:18,913 A member of the faculty, yes, but not in the project, no. 1407 01:22:19,075 --> 01:22:20,075 Ah... 1408 01:22:20,725 --> 01:22:24,934 So Eltenton made his approach through a member of the faculty here at Berkeley. 1409 01:22:27,225 --> 01:22:29,559 As far as I know, as far as I know, yes. 1410 01:22:29,850 --> 01:22:34,100 But there... may have been... more than one person involved. 1411 01:22:39,350 --> 01:22:42,059 Gentlemen, if I... if I seem uncooperative, 1412 01:22:42,100 --> 01:22:44,684 I think you can understand it's because of my insistence 1413 01:22:44,725 --> 01:22:46,731 on not getting innocent people into trouble. 1414 01:22:47,517 --> 01:22:50,267 You're trying to protect your friend. Who's protecting you? 1415 01:22:50,738 --> 01:22:51,728 Well, you could. 1416 01:22:52,238 --> 01:22:54,767 If you gave me the name... -If you order me to, I'll do it. 1417 01:22:55,009 --> 01:22:57,850 That's a mistake, Robert. You need to volunteer this name. 1418 01:22:59,517 --> 01:23:00,845 Did he give you the name? 1419 01:23:00,978 --> 01:23:02,392 He did. -But not then, did he? 1420 01:23:02,559 --> 01:23:03,559 No. -No, in fact, 1421 01:23:03,600 --> 01:23:04,975 it was some months later, wasn't it? 1422 01:23:05,975 --> 01:23:06,808 It was. 1423 01:23:07,017 --> 01:23:09,184 You see me as persistent. -Well, you are... 1424 01:23:09,989 --> 01:23:11,559 you are persistent, but that is your job. 1425 01:23:11,825 --> 01:23:15,083 And, and my job is to protect the people that work for me. 1426 01:23:15,356 --> 01:23:17,017 Instead of us going on certain steps, 1427 01:23:17,559 --> 01:23:18,934 which may come to your attention... 1428 01:23:20,850 --> 01:23:22,392 and be disturbing to you, 1429 01:23:23,017 --> 01:23:24,892 I would like to discuss those with you first. 1430 01:23:25,725 --> 01:23:28,934 I'm not formulating a plan, I'll just have to digest the whole thing. 1431 01:23:33,892 --> 01:23:36,975 In the months in between your interview with Dr. Oppenheimer, 1432 01:23:37,017 --> 01:23:41,100 and his eventual naming of Chevalier, did you expend resources trying to find 1433 01:23:41,142 --> 01:23:44,392 the name of the intermediary? -Considerable resources, yes. 1434 01:23:45,142 --> 01:23:47,267 Without the name, our job was extremely difficult. 1435 01:23:47,431 --> 01:23:50,559 And when did you receive the name? -I was gone by the time Oppenheimer 1436 01:23:50,600 --> 01:23:52,117 finally offered it up. -Gone? 1437 01:23:52,559 --> 01:23:54,618 They felt my time would be better spent in Europe, 1438 01:23:54,809 --> 01:23:56,975 determining the status of the Nazi bomb project. 1439 01:23:57,489 --> 01:23:58,489 Who did? 1440 01:23:59,642 --> 01:24:00,643 General Groves. 1441 01:24:01,642 --> 01:24:02,767 He transferred me to London. 1442 01:24:10,017 --> 01:24:11,809 It's a little early for a Christmas party. 1443 01:24:11,892 --> 01:24:12,892 Something's up. 1444 01:24:13,767 --> 01:24:14,809 Tolman's been away. 1445 01:24:16,142 --> 01:24:17,147 Where? 1446 01:24:17,618 --> 01:24:18,600 Ruth won't tell. 1447 01:24:28,892 --> 01:24:29,934 Come on, Ruthie. 1448 01:24:30,184 --> 01:24:31,850 If you can't tell me, who can you tell? 1449 01:24:32,642 --> 01:24:34,434 Compartmentalization, Oppie. 1450 01:24:35,225 --> 01:24:37,038 What makes you think I know where he is, anyway? 1451 01:24:37,267 --> 01:24:38,767 Because you do a pretty good job 1452 01:24:38,809 --> 01:24:40,940 of knowing where Mr. Tolman is when it counts. 1453 01:24:41,934 --> 01:24:42,937 Like now? 1454 01:24:42,975 --> 01:24:46,017 Attention! 1455 01:24:49,278 --> 01:24:50,892 Early Christmas present for you all. 1456 01:24:59,434 --> 01:25:01,684 The British pilot put me in the bomb bay. 1457 01:25:01,725 --> 01:25:05,100 He showed me the oxygen, you know, but I messed it up. 1458 01:25:05,363 --> 01:25:08,100 Um, when they opened me up in Scotland, I was unconscious. 1459 01:25:08,559 --> 01:25:10,517 But I pretended I'd been napping. 1460 01:25:11,517 --> 01:25:12,684 Please enjoy your party. 1461 01:25:14,184 --> 01:25:16,559 Is it big enough? -To end the war? 1462 01:25:17,574 --> 01:25:19,267 To end all war. 1463 01:25:22,975 --> 01:25:26,475 Uh, Heisenberg sought me out in Copenhagen. 1464 01:25:27,350 --> 01:25:30,809 It was chilling, my old student working for the Nazis. 1465 01:25:30,850 --> 01:25:34,392 He told me some things to draw me out. 1466 01:25:35,350 --> 01:25:38,267 Sustained fission reactions in uranium. 1467 01:25:38,392 --> 01:25:40,309 That sounds more like a reactor than a bomb. 1468 01:25:40,684 --> 01:25:42,309 Did he mention gaseous diffusion? 1469 01:25:42,684 --> 01:25:45,017 He seemed more focused on heavy water. 1470 01:25:45,350 --> 01:25:47,809 As a moderator? -Yes, instead of graphite. 1471 01:25:51,309 --> 01:25:52,309 What? 1472 01:25:53,191 --> 01:25:54,225 He took a wrong turn. 1473 01:25:55,142 --> 01:25:56,145 We're ahead. 1474 01:25:56,225 --> 01:25:57,697 And with you here to help us, Niels... 1475 01:25:58,184 --> 01:26:01,475 Sorry, could you give us a moment, gentlemen? 1476 01:26:08,309 --> 01:26:10,309 I am not here to help, Robert. 1477 01:26:11,017 --> 01:26:12,652 I knew you could do this without me. 1478 01:26:12,934 --> 01:26:15,517 Then why did you come? -To talk about after. 1479 01:26:15,725 --> 01:26:19,517 The power you're about to reveal will forever outlive the Nazis. 1480 01:26:20,725 --> 01:26:22,184 And the world is not prepared. 1481 01:26:22,642 --> 01:26:26,059 "You can lift the stone without being ready for the snake that's revealed." 1482 01:26:26,100 --> 01:26:29,017 We have to make the politicians understand this isn't a new weapon. 1483 01:26:30,059 --> 01:26:31,141 It's a new world. 1484 01:26:31,946 --> 01:26:34,059 I'll be out there doing what I can, but you... 1485 01:26:35,059 --> 01:26:37,392 You're an American Prometheus. 1486 01:26:37,746 --> 01:26:41,553 The man who gave them the power to destroy themselves. 1487 01:26:41,850 --> 01:26:43,350 And they'll respect that. 1488 01:26:43,526 --> 01:26:45,350 Your work really begins. 1489 01:26:50,142 --> 01:26:52,350 I'm sorry, Oppie, but there's a call. 1490 01:26:54,350 --> 01:26:55,517 From San Francisco. 1491 01:27:02,892 --> 01:27:03,894 Robert! 1492 01:27:08,434 --> 01:27:09,418 Robert? 1493 01:27:10,100 --> 01:27:11,104 Robert. 1494 01:27:11,559 --> 01:27:12,559 Robert. 1495 01:27:12,642 --> 01:27:13,767 God, what's the matter? 1496 01:27:14,434 --> 01:27:15,435 What happened? 1497 01:27:17,225 --> 01:27:18,267 Her father called. 1498 01:27:19,309 --> 01:27:20,892 He found her yesterday in the bath. 1499 01:27:22,642 --> 01:27:23,645 Who? 1500 01:27:24,975 --> 01:27:27,725 She's taken pills. Left a note, not signed. 1501 01:27:29,642 --> 01:27:32,350 She took barbiturates, but there was chloral hydrate in her blood. 1502 01:27:36,309 --> 01:27:37,309 There was a note. 1503 01:27:37,975 --> 01:27:39,017 Jean Tatlock? 1504 01:27:46,142 --> 01:27:47,143 We were together. 1505 01:27:47,982 --> 01:27:49,309 She said she needed me. I... 1506 01:27:52,309 --> 01:27:53,310 I told her I... 1507 01:27:53,809 --> 01:27:54,810 I wouldn't... 1508 01:27:55,225 --> 01:27:56,227 I told her I... 1509 01:27:57,267 --> 01:27:58,517 No, it was me, it was me. 1510 01:28:01,734 --> 01:28:03,559 You don't get to commit the sin 1511 01:28:03,781 --> 01:28:06,913 and then have us all feel sorry for you that it had consequences. 1512 01:28:10,309 --> 01:28:12,309 Now you pull yourself together. 1513 01:28:16,434 --> 01:28:18,017 You know, people here depend on you. 1514 01:28:21,059 --> 01:28:22,892 Donald, would you like to contribute here? 1515 01:28:22,934 --> 01:28:24,017 Please, help me out. -You're on your own, pal. 1516 01:28:24,059 --> 01:28:26,909 Bob, I'm not quitting my job because plutonium is radioactive. 1517 01:28:26,979 --> 01:28:29,142 We just don't know what it might do 1518 01:28:29,184 --> 01:28:31,475 to the female reproductive system. -Your reproductive system 1519 01:28:31,517 --> 01:28:34,059 is more exposed than mine, presumably. -Can we please? 1520 01:28:34,434 --> 01:28:37,642 The implosion device is nowhere. -We can't rush everything. Oppie, please. 1521 01:28:37,684 --> 01:28:40,225 Well, there's rushing and there's getting on with it, so pick one. 1522 01:28:40,267 --> 01:28:41,934 Wait, wait, wait. Neddermeyer is doing his job. 1523 01:28:42,309 --> 01:28:44,892 Teller's not helping. You're not helping. 1524 01:28:44,934 --> 01:28:47,767 I've been asking for calculations on the implosion lenses for weeks. 1525 01:28:47,809 --> 01:28:49,934 The British can do it. Fuchs. -Absolutely. 1526 01:28:50,267 --> 01:28:53,392 It's your job, Teller. -I'm engaged in research. 1527 01:28:53,517 --> 01:28:55,632 On a hydrogen bomb we're not even building! 1528 01:29:04,642 --> 01:29:05,892 I won't work with that man. 1529 01:29:06,100 --> 01:29:08,267 Oh. Let him go. 1530 01:29:08,934 --> 01:29:10,559 He's a prima donna! -I agree. 1531 01:29:11,100 --> 01:29:12,267 He should leave Los Alamos. -Okay. 1532 01:29:13,494 --> 01:29:16,642 Kisti, you replace Neddermeyer. Seth, I'm putting you on plutonium. 1533 01:29:16,684 --> 01:29:19,975 Lilli, you go on for Kisti, because he needs you. 1534 01:29:20,309 --> 01:29:21,934 Fuchs, you take Teller's role. 1535 01:29:21,975 --> 01:29:24,058 I'm putting you exclusively on the implosion device. 1536 01:29:24,642 --> 01:29:28,184 And no one is leaving Los Alamos. 1537 01:29:42,975 --> 01:29:46,017 They won't let me leave! -No, I won't let you leave. 1538 01:29:47,934 --> 01:29:50,059 Forget Hans, forget fission. 1539 01:29:50,819 --> 01:29:52,934 Stay here, research what you want. 1540 01:29:53,725 --> 01:29:55,767 Fusion, the hydrogen bomb, whatever. 1541 01:29:56,059 --> 01:29:58,642 We'll meet to discuss it. -You don't have time to meet. 1542 01:29:59,100 --> 01:30:02,559 You're a politician now, Robert. You've left physics behind many, many years ago. 1543 01:30:04,184 --> 01:30:05,179 Once a week. 1544 01:30:05,892 --> 01:30:07,184 One hour, you and me. 1545 01:30:13,642 --> 01:30:15,142 Now raise this fucking barrier! 1546 01:30:20,225 --> 01:30:23,392 So the Super was under development on your watch at Los Alamos? 1547 01:30:24,059 --> 01:30:25,048 Yes. 1548 01:30:25,475 --> 01:30:28,892 And yet, after the war, you tried to deny it was viable. 1549 01:30:29,059 --> 01:30:32,184 No, no, no. I pointed out technical difficulties with it. 1550 01:30:32,350 --> 01:30:33,975 Didn't you try to kill it at the AEC meeting 1551 01:30:34,017 --> 01:30:35,559 after the Russian bomb test? -No. 1552 01:30:35,767 --> 01:30:38,600 But that was the recommendation of the AEC, was it not? 1553 01:30:38,934 --> 01:30:41,684 After hours of discussion about the best response. 1554 01:30:42,225 --> 01:30:47,184 An H-bomb is 1,000 times the power of an A-bomb. 1555 01:30:48,350 --> 01:30:51,559 Its only intended target would be the largest cities. 1556 01:30:52,434 --> 01:30:54,392 It's a weapon of mass genocide. -Izzy. 1557 01:30:54,600 --> 01:30:56,684 Draw some circles on this side of the map, 1558 01:30:57,100 --> 01:30:59,475 where they would target us, starting with New York. 1559 01:30:59,517 --> 01:31:00,559 That's fair. -D.C. 1560 01:31:00,725 --> 01:31:03,309 It's a weapon of attack with no defensive value. 1561 01:31:03,642 --> 01:31:04,998 Deterrence. -Deterrence? 1562 01:31:05,017 --> 01:31:08,850 Do we really need more deterrence than our current arsenal of atomic bombs? 1563 01:31:08,934 --> 01:31:13,142 You, you drown in ten feet of water or 10,000, what's the difference? 1564 01:31:13,392 --> 01:31:15,475 We can already drown Russia. They know it... 1565 01:31:15,517 --> 01:31:17,559 Now they can drown us with... -We're just escalating... 1566 01:31:28,892 --> 01:31:33,642 As I said, Teller's designs are still as impractical as they were during the war. 1567 01:31:33,725 --> 01:31:36,475 A hydrogen bomb can be made to work, Oppie. You know that. 1568 01:31:36,517 --> 01:31:39,475 I don't believe we should commit all our resources to that chance. 1569 01:31:39,517 --> 01:31:42,600 Then how would you have Truman reassure the American people? 1570 01:31:42,642 --> 01:31:44,892 Simply by limiting the spread of atomic weapons 1571 01:31:44,934 --> 01:31:47,142 through international control on nuclear energy. 1572 01:31:48,059 --> 01:31:49,809 By which you mean world government. 1573 01:31:50,017 --> 01:31:52,517 The United Nations, as Roosevelt intended. 1574 01:31:52,684 --> 01:31:56,475 Well, I asked what Truman should do, right? The world's changed. 1575 01:31:56,517 --> 01:32:00,100 It's not fascism but communism that now threatens our survival. 1576 01:32:00,392 --> 01:32:03,725 Lewis, do you understand, if we build a hydrogen bomb, 1577 01:32:03,850 --> 01:32:06,225 the Russians will have no choice but to build their own? 1578 01:32:06,309 --> 01:32:07,767 Could they be working on one already? 1579 01:32:08,121 --> 01:32:10,892 Based on information gathered from the spy at Los Alamos... 1580 01:32:10,934 --> 01:32:12,475 No spy at Los Alamos. -Gentlemen... 1581 01:32:12,517 --> 01:32:14,475 There wasn't? -Let's not get sidetracked. 1582 01:32:15,350 --> 01:32:17,938 I say we use this moment to gain concessions from the Russians 1583 01:32:17,962 --> 01:32:21,100 by committing that we will not build a hydrogen bomb. 1584 01:32:21,184 --> 01:32:22,850 Thereby revealing its existence. 1585 01:32:22,892 --> 01:32:24,818 Which you seem convinced they already know. 1586 01:32:25,059 --> 01:32:26,070 Alright. 1587 01:32:26,225 --> 01:32:29,892 At this point, I'd like the committee members to meet in privacy 1588 01:32:29,934 --> 01:32:31,994 to finalize our recommendations. 1589 01:32:33,600 --> 01:32:35,684 I'm just not sure you want to go down this route. 1590 01:32:35,725 --> 01:32:37,875 Lewis, with respect, we are the advisory committee. 1591 01:32:37,899 --> 01:32:39,184 We will give them our advice. 1592 01:32:39,892 --> 01:32:40,903 Good night. 1593 01:32:45,059 --> 01:32:46,892 Dr. Oppenheimer? Hi. 1594 01:32:47,684 --> 01:32:50,575 William Borden. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. 1595 01:32:50,619 --> 01:32:51,661 Oh, yes, yes. 1596 01:32:51,963 --> 01:32:53,225 During the war, I was a pilot. 1597 01:32:54,809 --> 01:32:59,348 One night, flying back from a raid, I saw an amazing sight. 1598 01:32:59,392 --> 01:33:02,809 Like a meteor. A V2 rocket headed to England. 1599 01:33:03,975 --> 01:33:05,938 I can't help but imagine what it will be 1600 01:33:05,962 --> 01:33:09,934 for such an enemy rocket to carry an atomic warhead. 1601 01:33:19,309 --> 01:33:21,225 Let's make sure we're not the ones to make that possible. 1602 01:33:28,017 --> 01:33:30,225 Oppie, I don't think you want to go up against Strauss. 1603 01:33:31,059 --> 01:33:33,100 If we both speak, they listen to me. 1604 01:33:33,767 --> 01:33:37,517 When you speak, they hear a prophet. When Strauss speaks, they hear themselves. 1605 01:33:37,793 --> 01:33:38,892 They'll listen to a prophet. 1606 01:33:39,767 --> 01:33:42,475 A prophet can't be wrong. Not once. 1607 01:33:42,975 --> 01:33:46,106 Did you accuse Oppenheimer of sabotaging the development of the Super? 1608 01:33:46,392 --> 01:33:50,354 I was never one of those to bandy around terms like sabotage. 1609 01:33:50,975 --> 01:33:54,309 But Mr. Borden was? -As I understand it, possibly. 1610 01:33:54,600 --> 01:33:58,225 How was Mr. Borden able to put together such a detailed indictment? 1611 01:33:58,267 --> 01:34:00,934 He was no longer a government employee, yet he appears to have had 1612 01:34:01,004 --> 01:34:03,730 unlimited access to Dr. Oppenheimer's file. 1613 01:34:04,017 --> 01:34:06,475 Might Mr. Nichols have given him access to the file? 1614 01:34:06,642 --> 01:34:08,934 Or someone else at the AEC? 1615 01:34:09,142 --> 01:34:11,017 That's a very serious accusation, Senator. 1616 01:34:11,767 --> 01:34:13,059 Is it your intention to suggest 1617 01:34:13,100 --> 01:34:15,809 that Dr. Oppenheimer is disloyal to the United States? 1618 01:34:16,600 --> 01:34:20,434 I've always assumed, and still assume, that he's loyal to the United States. 1619 01:34:21,267 --> 01:34:23,008 I believe this, and I shall believe it, 1620 01:34:23,032 --> 01:34:25,267 until I see very conclusive proof to the opposite. 1621 01:34:25,809 --> 01:34:29,580 Do you or do you not believe that Dr. Oppenheimer is a security risk? 1622 01:34:38,850 --> 01:34:41,809 If I may, look, when Hitler blew his brains out in that bunker, 1623 01:34:41,850 --> 01:34:44,184 it is my humble opinion that there is no need 1624 01:34:44,267 --> 01:34:46,684 for that bomb to be seen anywhere except that test site. 1625 01:34:48,017 --> 01:34:49,975 Well, we at least have to take a moment to think about 1626 01:34:50,017 --> 01:34:53,142 whether the means justify the ends any longer because... 1627 01:34:56,225 --> 01:34:58,350 Germany is about to surrender. 1628 01:35:00,475 --> 01:35:04,600 It's no longer the enemy who are the greatest threat to mankind. 1629 01:35:04,642 --> 01:35:05,668 It's our work. 1630 01:35:08,184 --> 01:35:10,392 Hitler's dead. It's true. 1631 01:35:12,559 --> 01:35:13,725 But the Japanese fight on. 1632 01:35:14,350 --> 01:35:15,767 Their defeat seems assured. 1633 01:35:16,241 --> 01:35:18,267 Not if you're a G.I. preparing to invade. 1634 01:35:20,100 --> 01:35:21,184 We can end this war. 1635 01:35:21,355 --> 01:35:24,392 But how do we justify using this weapon on human beings? 1636 01:35:27,975 --> 01:35:29,100 We're theorists. 1637 01:35:30,142 --> 01:35:31,152 Yes? 1638 01:35:32,225 --> 01:35:36,600 We imagine a future, and our imaginings horrify us. 1639 01:35:37,642 --> 01:35:39,934 They won't fear it until they understand it, 1640 01:35:40,017 --> 01:35:42,392 and they won't understand it until they've used it. 1641 01:35:42,850 --> 01:35:46,142 When the world learns the terrible secret of Los Alamos, 1642 01:35:46,767 --> 01:35:50,184 our work here will ensure a peace mankind has never seen. 1643 01:35:50,350 --> 01:35:53,392 A peace based on the kind of international cooperation 1644 01:35:53,434 --> 01:35:55,350 that Roosevelt always envisaged. 1645 01:36:00,725 --> 01:36:03,517 Progress? -Two years and a billion dollars' worth. 1646 01:36:04,897 --> 01:36:07,892 Hard to put a price on it. -Not really, just add up the bills. 1647 01:36:07,934 --> 01:36:11,725 Rural free deliveries. 80 babies delivered the first year. 1648 01:36:12,434 --> 01:36:14,225 This year we've had ten, a month. 1649 01:36:15,017 --> 01:36:17,434 Birth control is a little out of my jurisdiction, General. 1650 01:36:18,600 --> 01:36:19,684 Clearly. -General. 1651 01:36:25,559 --> 01:36:28,475 Head down, everybody. Fuchs, head down. 1652 01:36:36,184 --> 01:36:37,185 That's the one! 1653 01:36:37,642 --> 01:36:38,767 Two viable bombs. 1654 01:36:39,236 --> 01:36:40,227 I need a date. 1655 01:36:43,100 --> 01:36:44,100 September. 1656 01:36:44,381 --> 01:36:45,381 July. 1657 01:36:45,756 --> 01:36:47,225 That's the sweet spot, gentlemen. 1658 01:36:48,142 --> 01:36:49,142 August. 1659 01:36:49,754 --> 01:36:50,764 July. 1660 01:36:51,434 --> 01:36:52,475 Tests in July. 1661 01:36:53,392 --> 01:36:54,434 But I need my brother. 1662 01:36:58,934 --> 01:37:01,309 Frank knows the desert. He's left politics behind. 1663 01:37:01,350 --> 01:37:03,143 He's been working with Lawrence for two years now. 1664 01:37:10,725 --> 01:37:11,767 What do we call the test? 1665 01:37:13,915 --> 01:37:14,933 "Batter my heart, 1666 01:37:15,725 --> 01:37:16,809 "three-person'd God." 1667 01:37:17,370 --> 01:37:18,392 What? 1668 01:37:20,059 --> 01:37:21,061 Trinity. 1669 01:37:29,059 --> 01:37:32,475 You insisted on bringing on your brother Frank, a known communist. 1670 01:37:32,517 --> 01:37:33,518 Former communist. 1671 01:37:34,215 --> 01:37:35,850 You brought a known former communist... 1672 01:37:36,684 --> 01:37:39,975 onto America's most secret and important defense project. 1673 01:37:40,059 --> 01:37:42,767 I knew my brother could be trusted. Absolutely. 1674 01:37:43,350 --> 01:37:46,309 And you thought your judgment was sound on who on the team could be trusted? 1675 01:37:47,225 --> 01:37:48,225 Fuchs, head down. 1676 01:37:48,892 --> 01:37:50,142 Okay. Everybody ready? 1677 01:38:00,142 --> 01:38:02,517 I hope you learned something. -Yeah, we've learned we're gonna need 1678 01:38:02,559 --> 01:38:04,975 to be a lot further away. -Well, figure it out, fast. 1679 01:38:05,267 --> 01:38:07,559 We leave for Washington in the morning. We're going to give him a date. 1680 01:38:23,475 --> 01:38:25,267 You're a long way from Chicago, Leo. 1681 01:38:25,350 --> 01:38:28,184 If we don't act now, they're going to use this thing against Japan. 1682 01:38:28,705 --> 01:38:30,975 We booked a meeting with Truman, but somebody killed it. 1683 01:38:31,934 --> 01:38:33,809 You're meeting the Secretary of War. 1684 01:38:34,142 --> 01:38:37,642 Just because we're building it, doesn't mean we get to decide how it's used. 1685 01:38:38,600 --> 01:38:40,059 History will judge us, Robert. 1686 01:38:41,517 --> 01:38:43,142 In Chicago, we put together a petition. 1687 01:38:44,225 --> 01:38:45,725 I'm not... I'm not getting into this. 1688 01:38:51,184 --> 01:38:52,850 Just tell me your concerns, and I'll relate them. 1689 01:38:52,920 --> 01:38:55,569 My concerns? Germany's defeated. 1690 01:38:56,142 --> 01:38:57,559 Japan's not going to hold out alone. 1691 01:38:57,600 --> 01:38:59,772 How could you know that? You got us into this. 1692 01:39:00,142 --> 01:39:03,100 You and Einstein, with your letter to Roosevelt saying we could build a bomb. 1693 01:39:03,142 --> 01:39:04,267 Against Germany. 1694 01:39:04,309 --> 01:39:06,865 That's not how weapons manufacture works, Szilard. 1695 01:39:07,267 --> 01:39:08,600 Oppie, you have to help. 1696 01:39:08,642 --> 01:39:10,365 Fermi's in the meeting. Lawrence is in the meeting. 1697 01:39:10,412 --> 01:39:13,225 They're not you. You're the great salesman of science. 1698 01:39:13,684 --> 01:39:15,559 You can convince anyone of anything. 1699 01:39:17,142 --> 01:39:18,143 Even yourself. 1700 01:39:19,059 --> 01:39:20,064 Excuse me. 1701 01:39:21,267 --> 01:39:25,642 The firestorm in Tokyo killed 100,000 people, mostly civilians. 1702 01:39:27,309 --> 01:39:30,309 I worry about America when we do these things and no one protests. 1703 01:39:30,767 --> 01:39:33,809 Pearl Harbor, and three years of brutal conflict in the Pacific, 1704 01:39:34,080 --> 01:39:36,392 buys a lot of latitude with the American public. 1705 01:39:36,963 --> 01:39:38,517 Enough to unleash the atomic bomb? 1706 01:39:38,761 --> 01:39:42,142 Uh, the A-bomb might not cause as much damage as the Tokyo bombings. 1707 01:39:42,559 --> 01:39:43,550 What are we estimating? 1708 01:39:43,898 --> 01:39:45,767 In a medium-sized city, uh... 1709 01:39:46,475 --> 01:39:48,634 20,000 or 30,000 dead. 1710 01:39:48,725 --> 01:39:50,809 Yes, but don't underestimate 1711 01:39:50,850 --> 01:39:54,400 the psychological impact of an atomic explosion. 1712 01:39:55,017 --> 01:39:57,975 A pillar of fire, 10,000 feet tall, 1713 01:39:58,892 --> 01:40:00,767 deadly neutron effects for a mile, 1714 01:40:00,934 --> 01:40:04,642 in all directions, from one single device. 1715 01:40:05,059 --> 01:40:08,475 Dropped from a barely-noticed B-29, the atomic bomb will be... 1716 01:40:09,767 --> 01:40:12,267 a terrible revelation of divine power. 1717 01:40:13,059 --> 01:40:15,350 If that's true, it would be definitive. 1718 01:40:15,850 --> 01:40:17,225 World War II would be over. 1719 01:40:17,892 --> 01:40:18,934 Our boys would come home. 1720 01:40:19,650 --> 01:40:20,643 Military targets? 1721 01:40:21,892 --> 01:40:23,600 But there aren't any big enough. 1722 01:40:24,017 --> 01:40:27,017 Perhaps a vital war plant, 1723 01:40:27,059 --> 01:40:29,684 with workers housed nearby. 1724 01:40:29,725 --> 01:40:32,600 And we could issue a warning to reduce civilian casualties. 1725 01:40:32,850 --> 01:40:34,934 They'd send everything they have up against us, 1726 01:40:34,975 --> 01:40:36,684 and I'd be up in that plane. 1727 01:40:37,068 --> 01:40:39,600 If we announce it, and it fails to go off, 1728 01:40:40,084 --> 01:40:42,559 we'd scupper any chance of a Japanese surrender. 1729 01:40:43,017 --> 01:40:47,142 Is there no way to demonstrate a bomb to Japan to provoke surrender? 1730 01:40:47,254 --> 01:40:50,225 We intend to demonstrate it in the most unambiguous terms. 1731 01:40:50,662 --> 01:40:51,662 Twice. 1732 01:40:51,717 --> 01:40:53,569 Once to show the weapon's power, 1733 01:40:53,639 --> 01:40:56,892 and a second to show that we can keep doing this until they surrender. 1734 01:40:57,434 --> 01:40:59,767 We have a list of 12 cities to choose from. 1735 01:41:00,634 --> 01:41:01,642 Sorry, 11. 1736 01:41:02,634 --> 01:41:04,559 I've taken Kyoto off the list, 1737 01:41:04,600 --> 01:41:07,059 due to its cultural significance to the Japanese people. 1738 01:41:08,225 --> 01:41:10,184 Also, my wife and I honeymooned there. 1739 01:41:11,184 --> 01:41:12,309 It's a magnificent city. 1740 01:41:16,350 --> 01:41:17,725 Let me make this simple for you, gentlemen. 1741 01:41:17,767 --> 01:41:20,309 According to my intelligence, which I cannot share with you, 1742 01:41:20,350 --> 01:41:22,184 the Japanese people will not surrender, 1743 01:41:22,767 --> 01:41:24,184 under any circumstances, 1744 01:41:24,475 --> 01:41:27,600 short of a successful and total invasion of the home islands. 1745 01:41:28,392 --> 01:41:30,767 Many lives would be lost, American and Japanese. 1746 01:41:31,559 --> 01:41:34,934 The use of the atomic bomb on Japanese cities will save lives. 1747 01:41:35,350 --> 01:41:37,184 If we retain moral advantage. 1748 01:41:38,225 --> 01:41:39,934 How so? -Well, if we use this weapon 1749 01:41:39,975 --> 01:41:42,350 without informing our allies, they'll see it as a threat, 1750 01:41:42,392 --> 01:41:43,725 and we'll be in an arms race. 1751 01:41:44,100 --> 01:41:45,892 How open can we be with the Soviets? 1752 01:41:46,184 --> 01:41:50,100 Secrecy won't stop the Soviets from becoming part of the atomic world. 1753 01:41:50,350 --> 01:41:53,684 We've been told they have no uranium. -You've been misinformed. 1754 01:41:53,725 --> 01:41:55,434 A Russian bomb is a matter of time. 1755 01:41:55,475 --> 01:41:58,475 The program needs to continue at full pace after the war. 1756 01:41:59,742 --> 01:42:01,434 Secretary Simpson, if I may, 1757 01:42:01,642 --> 01:42:05,600 not all scientists on the project are in agreement. 1758 01:42:05,642 --> 01:42:08,309 In fact, this might be a moment to consider other opinions. 1759 01:42:08,892 --> 01:42:11,184 If you talk to scientists... -The Manhattan Project has been plagued 1760 01:42:11,225 --> 01:42:14,057 from the start by certain scientists of... 1761 01:42:14,267 --> 01:42:17,017 doubtful discretion, and uncertain loyalty. 1762 01:42:17,142 --> 01:42:18,892 One of 'em just tried to meet with the President. 1763 01:42:19,184 --> 01:42:20,517 Now, we need these men, 1764 01:42:20,934 --> 01:42:22,309 but as soon as it's practical, 1765 01:42:22,350 --> 01:42:24,684 we should sever any such scientists from the program. 1766 01:42:24,725 --> 01:42:25,767 Wouldn't you agree, Doctor? 1767 01:42:27,517 --> 01:42:29,309 If a Russian bomb is inevitable, 1768 01:42:30,059 --> 01:42:32,975 perhaps we should invite their top scientist to Trinity. 1769 01:42:33,017 --> 01:42:36,392 President Truman has no intention of raising expectations 1770 01:42:36,684 --> 01:42:39,142 that Stalin be included in the atomic project. 1771 01:42:39,600 --> 01:42:40,975 Informing him of our breakthrough, 1772 01:42:41,000 --> 01:42:42,975 and presenting it as a means to win the war, 1773 01:42:43,000 --> 01:42:44,725 need not make unkeepable promises. 1774 01:42:45,041 --> 01:42:46,934 But, the Potsdam Peace Conference in July 1775 01:42:46,975 --> 01:42:50,100 will be President Truman's last chance to have that conversation. 1776 01:42:51,392 --> 01:42:52,975 Can you give us a working bomb by then? 1777 01:42:54,309 --> 01:42:55,310 Absolutely. 1778 01:42:55,400 --> 01:42:57,100 We will test fire before the conference. 1779 01:43:02,350 --> 01:43:04,934 Ground zero. Observation posts 1780 01:43:04,975 --> 01:43:08,725 at 10,000 yards, north, south, and west. 1781 01:43:08,767 --> 01:43:11,225 Where do we trigger from? -South, 10,000. 1782 01:43:12,017 --> 01:43:15,142 And base camp is ten miles south here. 1783 01:43:15,392 --> 01:43:20,517 And there's a further observation post on that hill, 20 miles away. 1784 01:43:20,850 --> 01:43:23,115 What's that, Frank? Trigger lines already went in. 1785 01:43:23,517 --> 01:43:27,142 The Air Force requested a line of lights for their B-29. 1786 01:43:27,267 --> 01:43:29,248 What B-29? Our bomb's on the tower. 1787 01:43:29,684 --> 01:43:30,934 They want to use the test 1788 01:43:30,975 --> 01:43:33,309 to confirm a safe operating distance. -That's risky. 1789 01:43:33,642 --> 01:43:35,350 But not as risky as dropping one over Japan, 1790 01:43:35,392 --> 01:43:37,309 and hoping that we were right about the blast radius. 1791 01:43:37,517 --> 01:43:39,809 Don't let 'em slow us down, we're firing on the 15th. 1792 01:43:39,850 --> 01:43:42,267 The 15th? That's not... -The 15th. 1793 01:43:43,883 --> 01:43:44,883 15th. 1794 01:43:46,225 --> 01:43:48,291 So I'll be here at South Observation Point 1795 01:43:48,315 --> 01:43:50,059 with Frank and Kistiakowsky. 1796 01:43:50,850 --> 01:43:53,309 You'll all be assigned to Base Camp, 1797 01:43:53,517 --> 01:43:55,934 West Observation, or Far Observation. 1798 01:44:06,142 --> 01:44:08,059 Hey, whoa, whoa! Careful with that knife. 1799 01:44:11,309 --> 01:44:12,725 Are those safe distances? 1800 01:44:13,505 --> 01:44:14,975 They're based on your calculations. 1801 01:44:15,225 --> 01:44:18,059 Time to stand behind your science, Hans. Literally. 1802 01:44:48,017 --> 01:44:49,475 What about the radiation cloud? 1803 01:44:49,892 --> 01:44:52,767 Without high winds, it should settle within 2-3 miles. 1804 01:44:52,809 --> 01:44:54,434 Evacuation measures are in place. 1805 01:44:55,184 --> 01:44:57,892 But we need good weather for visibility, so it has to be fine. 1806 01:44:59,642 --> 01:45:00,644 Everybody out! 1807 01:45:11,059 --> 01:45:13,890 We go on the night of the 15th. It's a hard deadline. 1808 01:45:14,100 --> 01:45:16,517 So if anyone has anything, speak now. 1809 01:45:18,255 --> 01:45:20,725 Okay, stop, stop! Everybody, mattresses. 1810 01:45:21,184 --> 01:45:22,892 Put the mattress there, underneath. 1811 01:45:40,142 --> 01:45:42,267 We could use a final implosion test. 1812 01:45:44,725 --> 01:45:46,850 It couldn't hurt. -Do it. 1813 01:45:48,491 --> 01:45:50,225 Is there anything else that might stop us? 1814 01:46:25,297 --> 01:46:26,351 It's happening, isn't it? 1815 01:46:29,100 --> 01:46:30,146 I'll send a message. 1816 01:46:31,267 --> 01:46:32,517 If it's gone our way: 1817 01:46:34,309 --> 01:46:35,310 "Take in the sheets." 1818 01:46:39,684 --> 01:46:40,685 Robert. 1819 01:46:43,684 --> 01:46:44,685 Break a leg. 1820 01:46:58,059 --> 01:46:59,062 Look. 1821 01:47:51,350 --> 01:47:54,267 Oppie's taken a very modest three kilotons. 1822 01:47:54,559 --> 01:47:56,725 Teller's view is 45. -20! 1823 01:47:56,892 --> 01:47:59,184 20,000 tons of TNT. 1824 01:47:59,225 --> 01:48:02,434 And does anyone want the side action on atmospheric ignition? 1825 01:48:05,184 --> 01:48:06,517 Are you saying we'll have to delay? 1826 01:48:07,017 --> 01:48:08,309 I'm saying it would be prudent. 1827 01:48:08,350 --> 01:48:09,642 This weather, has it reached the site? 1828 01:48:15,595 --> 01:48:17,850 Bethe is calling to tell you the implosion test failed. 1829 01:48:17,892 --> 01:48:19,809 Hello, Hans? Yes, he's here. 1830 01:48:21,392 --> 01:48:22,399 Yes. 1831 01:48:25,100 --> 01:48:26,100 Is he wrong? 1832 01:48:26,300 --> 01:48:27,300 No. -No? 1833 01:48:27,753 --> 01:48:28,738 No. 1834 01:48:29,460 --> 01:48:30,642 So we're about to fire a dud? 1835 01:48:31,540 --> 01:48:32,809 No. -Explain! 1836 01:48:33,098 --> 01:48:34,392 Well, I can't. I just, I... 1837 01:48:34,570 --> 01:48:37,109 I just know, I know the implosion lenses will work. 1838 01:48:37,142 --> 01:48:39,725 If we fire these detonators and they don't trigger a reaction, 1839 01:48:39,767 --> 01:48:43,017 two years' worth of plutonium will be scattered across White Sands. 1840 01:48:43,184 --> 01:48:45,892 A month of my salary against ten bucks says it lights. 1841 01:48:47,017 --> 01:48:48,017 Oh, Jesus! 1842 01:48:54,975 --> 01:48:58,181 The wind's pickin' up at zero, not the rain. Lightning's circling. 1843 01:48:58,456 --> 01:49:00,769 Think it might be time to tell your men to get away 1844 01:49:00,793 --> 01:49:02,809 from the steel tower with the atomic bomb? 1845 01:49:06,559 --> 01:49:08,070 Let's get to South Observation. 1846 01:49:08,148 --> 01:49:10,142 Pull 'em out, and we can make our determination there. 1847 01:49:16,225 --> 01:49:18,100 The team hasn't slept in two nights! 1848 01:49:18,517 --> 01:49:21,767 If we stand down and make the bomb safe, we won't be back here for weeks! 1849 01:49:21,841 --> 01:49:23,100 And we'll miss Potsdam! 1850 01:49:23,475 --> 01:49:26,642 I gotta get word to Truman by seven, our window's closing. 1851 01:49:26,731 --> 01:49:29,017 What is this doing? -Raining, blowing, lightning. 1852 01:49:29,059 --> 01:49:31,161 For how long, damnit? -Holdin' strong! 1853 01:49:31,255 --> 01:49:32,517 It'll break before dawn. 1854 01:49:32,892 --> 01:49:34,475 How could you know that? -I know this desert. 1855 01:49:34,517 --> 01:49:37,184 Storm cools overnight. Just before dawn, storm breaks. 1856 01:49:37,475 --> 01:49:38,489 You could be right, 1857 01:49:38,513 --> 01:49:40,731 but schedule as late as possible. -Five-thirty. 1858 01:49:41,475 --> 01:49:43,975 Sign your forecast. If you're wrong, I'll hang you. 1859 01:49:44,100 --> 01:49:47,059 Tell 'em all. Five-thirty. -Five-thirty, five-thirty! 1860 01:49:49,850 --> 01:49:54,559 Three years, 4,000 people, two billion dollars. 1861 01:49:54,809 --> 01:49:56,225 Well, if it doesn't go off, 1862 01:49:57,309 --> 01:49:58,350 we're both finished. 1863 01:50:01,392 --> 01:50:03,059 I'm betting on three kilotons. 1864 01:50:04,267 --> 01:50:05,934 Anything less, they won't get what it is. 1865 01:50:06,892 --> 01:50:10,385 Now, what did Fermi mean by, uh, atmospheric ignition? 1866 01:50:10,600 --> 01:50:13,017 Well, we had a moment where it looked like the chain reaction 1867 01:50:13,059 --> 01:50:15,350 from an atomic device might never stop. 1868 01:50:16,600 --> 01:50:18,025 Setting fire to the atmosphere. 1869 01:50:18,475 --> 01:50:21,017 Why's Fermi still taking side bets on it? 1870 01:50:21,809 --> 01:50:23,361 Call it gallows humor. 1871 01:50:26,392 --> 01:50:30,886 Wait, are we saying there's a chance that when we push that button, 1872 01:50:31,392 --> 01:50:32,559 we destroy the world? 1873 01:50:32,809 --> 01:50:35,642 Nothing in our research over three years supports that conclusion, 1874 01:50:36,475 --> 01:50:39,225 except as the most remote possibility. 1875 01:50:40,184 --> 01:50:42,267 How remote? -Chances are near-zero. 1876 01:50:43,850 --> 01:50:44,851 Near-zero? 1877 01:50:46,100 --> 01:50:47,600 What do you want from theory alone? 1878 01:50:50,184 --> 01:50:51,934 Zero would be nice. 1879 01:50:55,559 --> 01:50:58,142 In exactly one hour... 1880 01:50:58,517 --> 01:51:01,309 and 58 minutes, we'll know. 1881 01:51:08,267 --> 01:51:09,268 It's letting up. 1882 01:51:22,350 --> 01:51:24,517 The arming party's left zero, they're heading this way. 1883 01:51:24,559 --> 01:51:25,559 Throw on your switches. 1884 01:51:25,767 --> 01:51:28,475 Turn the cars! Ready for emergency evacuation. 1885 01:51:47,100 --> 01:51:49,475 ...welder's glass. Everybody take their places. 1886 01:51:50,350 --> 01:51:52,142 Everybody take a welder's glass! 1887 01:51:54,017 --> 01:51:55,559 Everybody take a welder's glass! 1888 01:52:47,267 --> 01:52:48,270 20 minutes. 1889 01:52:52,600 --> 01:52:53,601 20 minutes! 1890 01:53:04,934 --> 01:53:05,934 That's 20! 1891 01:53:09,642 --> 01:53:10,642 On the leg, please. 1892 01:53:12,275 --> 01:53:13,850 Feynman? -No. 1893 01:53:14,767 --> 01:53:16,725 The glass stops the UV. 1894 01:53:17,225 --> 01:53:18,350 What stops the glass? 1895 01:53:20,309 --> 01:53:21,310 I'm heading to base camp. 1896 01:53:21,705 --> 01:53:22,705 Best of luck. 1897 01:53:23,725 --> 01:53:24,728 Robert? 1898 01:53:26,225 --> 01:53:27,309 Try not to blow up the world. 1899 01:53:39,767 --> 01:53:42,272 Watch that needle. If the detonators don't charge, 1900 01:53:42,389 --> 01:53:44,100 and the voltage drops below one volt, 1901 01:53:44,267 --> 01:53:46,684 you hit that button, you abort. Understood? 1902 01:53:47,506 --> 01:53:48,506 Understood. 1903 01:53:56,100 --> 01:53:57,968 Two minutes to detonation. 1904 01:53:58,444 --> 01:53:59,444 Everybody down! 1905 01:54:00,559 --> 01:54:03,267 Do not turn around until you see light reflected on the hills. 1906 01:54:04,684 --> 01:54:07,434 Then look at the explosion only through your welder's glass. 1907 01:54:07,475 --> 01:54:10,017 90 seconds to detonation. 1908 01:54:11,809 --> 01:54:14,142 80 seconds to detonation. 1909 01:54:15,059 --> 01:54:16,293 Is it rubbed in? 1910 01:54:17,100 --> 01:54:18,118 Yeah. 1911 01:54:24,767 --> 01:54:27,434 60 seconds to detonation. 1912 01:54:42,350 --> 01:54:44,100 These things are hard on your heart. 1913 01:54:44,725 --> 01:54:45,725 30 seconds. 1914 01:54:51,475 --> 01:54:52,517 Detonators charged! 1915 01:55:03,100 --> 01:55:04,310 17. 1916 01:55:04,397 --> 01:55:05,623 16. 1917 01:55:06,131 --> 01:55:07,341 15. 1918 01:55:07,725 --> 01:55:08,725 14. 1919 01:55:09,710 --> 01:55:10,726 13. 1920 01:55:11,434 --> 01:55:12,436 12. 1921 01:55:12,934 --> 01:55:13,937 11. 1922 01:55:14,835 --> 01:55:15,854 Ten. 1923 01:55:17,017 --> 01:55:18,023 Nine. 1924 01:55:18,975 --> 01:55:19,969 Eight. 1925 01:55:21,225 --> 01:55:22,234 Seven. 1926 01:55:23,725 --> 01:55:24,745 Six. 1927 01:55:26,642 --> 01:55:27,654 Five. 1928 01:55:29,267 --> 01:55:30,267 Four. 1929 01:55:31,809 --> 01:55:32,809 Three. 1930 01:55:34,350 --> 01:55:35,350 Two. 1931 01:55:36,642 --> 01:55:37,434 One. 1932 01:57:10,684 --> 01:57:12,965 "And now I am become Death... 1933 01:57:15,354 --> 01:57:16,809 "the destroyer of worlds." 1934 01:57:50,517 --> 01:57:51,517 It worked. 1935 01:58:27,292 --> 01:58:28,477 You owe me ten dollars! 1936 01:58:31,268 --> 01:58:33,975 Come on! -I... I'm good for it, Kisti. 1937 01:58:35,083 --> 01:58:36,083 You are! 1938 01:58:37,013 --> 01:58:38,103 Yes, you are! 1939 01:59:15,833 --> 01:59:17,291 Get me Potsdam right away. 1940 01:59:29,100 --> 01:59:30,166 Get a message to Kitty. 1941 01:59:30,791 --> 01:59:32,958 We can't say anything. -Tell her to take in the sheets. 1942 01:59:48,818 --> 01:59:50,458 Hello? -Hi, Kitty? 1943 01:59:50,499 --> 01:59:53,583 What? What? Charlotte? Charlotte, go ahead. Go ahead. 1944 01:59:53,666 --> 01:59:55,249 Oh, um, well, I don't know, 1945 01:59:55,291 --> 01:59:57,749 he just said to tell you to bring in the sheets. 1946 02:00:00,958 --> 02:00:01,960 Kitty? 1947 02:00:03,583 --> 02:00:05,791 Kitty? Kitty, are you still there? 1948 02:00:13,208 --> 02:00:16,333 If they detonate it too high in the air, the blast won't be as powerful. 1949 02:00:16,749 --> 02:00:19,958 With respect, Dr. Oppenheimer, we'll take it from here. 1950 02:00:30,833 --> 02:00:32,964 Did Truman brief Stalin at Potsdam? 1951 02:00:33,916 --> 02:00:36,291 "Brief" would be an overstatement. 1952 02:00:36,333 --> 02:00:39,916 He referred to a powerful new weapon. 1953 02:00:40,624 --> 02:00:45,291 Stalin... hoped we'd use it against Japan. 1954 02:00:46,833 --> 02:00:47,833 That's it? 1955 02:00:48,416 --> 02:00:51,624 Robert, we've given them an ace. It's for them to play the hand. 1956 02:00:54,041 --> 02:00:55,124 You're aiming for the sixth? 1957 02:00:56,276 --> 02:00:58,041 It's up to the CO in the Pacific. 1958 02:00:59,916 --> 02:01:01,124 Should I come with you to Washington? 1959 02:01:03,333 --> 02:01:04,333 What for? 1960 02:01:06,818 --> 02:01:07,999 Well, you keep me informed. 1961 02:01:09,849 --> 02:01:10,849 Of course. 1962 02:01:13,124 --> 02:01:14,125 As best I can. 1963 02:01:32,416 --> 02:01:34,833 Would the Japanese surrender if they knew what was coming? 1964 02:01:36,374 --> 02:01:37,379 I don't know. 1965 02:01:40,333 --> 02:01:41,708 Have you seen Szilard's petition? 1966 02:01:42,374 --> 02:01:44,249 How the hell does Szilard know about the Japanese? 1967 02:01:45,083 --> 02:01:46,083 You're not signing it, are you? 1968 02:01:47,208 --> 02:01:48,916 Many people have. A lot of people. 1969 02:01:49,669 --> 02:01:50,677 Edward... 1970 02:01:52,208 --> 02:01:54,999 the fact that we built this bomb does not give us any more, 1971 02:01:55,041 --> 02:01:56,666 any more right or responsibility 1972 02:01:56,791 --> 02:01:58,958 to decide how it's used than anyone else. 1973 02:01:59,333 --> 02:02:00,916 But we're the only people who know about it. 1974 02:02:01,666 --> 02:02:04,208 I've told Stimson the various opinions of the community. 1975 02:02:04,791 --> 02:02:05,790 But what's your opinion? 1976 02:02:07,333 --> 02:02:08,333 Once it's used... 1977 02:02:09,874 --> 02:02:11,541 nuclear war, perhaps... 1978 02:02:12,541 --> 02:02:13,744 all war... 1979 02:02:15,150 --> 02:02:16,166 becomes unthinkable. 1980 02:02:17,124 --> 02:02:18,833 Until somebody builds a bigger one. 1981 02:02:40,166 --> 02:02:41,333 I thought they would call. 1982 02:02:41,708 --> 02:02:43,041 It's only the fifth. 1983 02:02:45,705 --> 02:02:47,333 In Japan, it's the sixth. 1984 02:03:00,541 --> 02:03:01,537 Charlotte? 1985 02:03:04,124 --> 02:03:05,126 Try Groves. 1986 02:03:06,678 --> 02:03:07,667 Anything? 1987 02:03:10,124 --> 02:03:12,374 Charlotte? -Truman's on the radio. 1988 02:03:13,833 --> 02:03:15,749 16 hours ago, 1989 02:03:16,749 --> 02:03:18,499 an American airplane 1990 02:03:18,916 --> 02:03:21,893 dropped one bomb on Hiroshima, 1991 02:03:23,583 --> 02:03:26,470 and destroyed its usefulness to the enemy. 1992 02:03:28,749 --> 02:03:30,833 The bomb has more power 1993 02:03:31,291 --> 02:03:34,333 than 20,000 tons of TNT. 1994 02:03:36,833 --> 02:03:38,541 It is an atomic bomb. 1995 02:03:41,458 --> 02:03:45,791 It is a harnessing of the basic power of the universe. 1996 02:03:48,583 --> 02:03:49,586 Groves on one. 1997 02:03:55,791 --> 02:03:56,788 General? 1998 02:03:56,833 --> 02:03:58,999 I'm very proud of you, and all of your people. 1999 02:03:59,708 --> 02:04:00,708 It went alright? 2000 02:04:01,291 --> 02:04:03,541 Apparently it went with a tremendous bang. 2001 02:04:04,819 --> 02:04:08,624 Well, everyone here is feeling reasonably good about it. 2002 02:04:10,409 --> 02:04:11,624 It's been a long road. 2003 02:04:12,083 --> 02:04:14,249 I think one of the wisest things I ever did 2004 02:04:14,291 --> 02:04:16,791 was when I selected the director of Los Alamos. 2005 02:04:20,208 --> 02:04:23,833 We have spent more than two billion dollars 2006 02:04:24,333 --> 02:04:27,833 on the greatest scientific gamble in history, 2007 02:04:28,708 --> 02:04:30,166 and we have won. 2008 02:04:36,083 --> 02:04:38,791 Oppie! Oppie! Oppie! 2009 02:05:58,708 --> 02:05:59,708 The world... 2010 02:06:01,749 --> 02:06:02,833 will remember this day. 2011 02:06:22,166 --> 02:06:23,416 It's too soon to... 2012 02:06:24,416 --> 02:06:25,999 It's too soon to determine 2013 02:06:26,374 --> 02:06:28,083 what the results of the bombing are. 2014 02:06:31,583 --> 02:06:33,124 But I'll bet the Japanese didn't like it. 2015 02:06:53,999 --> 02:06:55,000 I'm so proud. 2016 02:06:56,666 --> 02:06:58,416 So proud of what you have accomplished. 2017 02:07:06,333 --> 02:07:08,958 I just wish we had it in time to use against the Germans. 2018 02:08:58,708 --> 02:08:59,692 Dr. Oppenheimer? 2019 02:09:01,124 --> 02:09:02,108 Dr. Oppenheimer? 2020 02:09:03,416 --> 02:09:04,406 Nice picture. 2021 02:09:05,249 --> 02:09:06,374 President Truman will see you now. 2022 02:09:21,249 --> 02:09:23,999 Dr. Oppenheimer, it's an honor. 2023 02:09:24,041 --> 02:09:25,700 Mr. President. -Please. 2024 02:09:26,041 --> 02:09:27,060 Thank you. 2025 02:09:27,708 --> 02:09:28,833 Secretary Byrnes. 2026 02:09:31,624 --> 02:09:34,416 How's it feel to be the most famous man in the world? 2027 02:09:35,541 --> 02:09:38,166 You helped save a lot of American lives. 2028 02:09:38,830 --> 02:09:42,775 What we did at Hiroshima was... -And Nagasaki. 2029 02:09:43,958 --> 02:09:45,338 Obviously. 2030 02:09:46,124 --> 02:09:49,166 Your invention let us bring our boys home. 2031 02:09:49,208 --> 02:09:52,307 Well, it was hardly... my invention. 2032 02:09:52,708 --> 02:09:54,624 It was you on the cover of Time. 2033 02:09:57,666 --> 02:10:01,166 Jim tells me you're concerned about an arms race with the Soviets. 2034 02:10:01,458 --> 02:10:02,499 Ah, yes, ah... 2035 02:10:04,166 --> 02:10:05,151 Well, um... 2036 02:10:05,624 --> 02:10:09,499 it's that, uh, now is our chance to secure... 2037 02:10:10,874 --> 02:10:13,666 international cooperation on atomic energy, 2038 02:10:13,708 --> 02:10:15,958 and-and-and I'm concerned... 2039 02:10:15,999 --> 02:10:18,796 Do you know when the Soviets are gonna have the bomb? 2040 02:10:19,249 --> 02:10:20,749 I don't think I could give a... 2041 02:10:20,874 --> 02:10:21,874 Never! 2042 02:10:23,124 --> 02:10:24,124 Never. 2043 02:10:24,749 --> 02:10:27,999 Mr. President, the Russians have good physicists, 2044 02:10:28,041 --> 02:10:30,666 and, and abundant resources... -Abundant? 2045 02:10:30,749 --> 02:10:31,750 Yes. 2046 02:10:32,281 --> 02:10:33,999 I don't think so. 2047 02:10:34,499 --> 02:10:37,708 Well, they'll put everything they have in... 2048 02:10:41,791 --> 02:10:45,249 I hear you're leaving Los Alamos. 2049 02:10:46,666 --> 02:10:47,927 What should we do with it? 2050 02:10:48,291 --> 02:10:49,624 Give it back to the Indians. 2051 02:10:57,874 --> 02:11:00,249 Um, Dr. Oppenheimer... 2052 02:11:01,249 --> 02:11:03,708 if what you say about the Soviets is true, 2053 02:11:04,416 --> 02:11:08,291 we have to build up Los Alamos, not shut it down. 2054 02:11:12,124 --> 02:11:13,291 Mr. President... 2055 02:11:15,041 --> 02:11:16,041 Umm... 2056 02:11:19,208 --> 02:11:22,624 I feel that I have blood on my hands. 2057 02:11:42,624 --> 02:11:45,624 You think anyone in Hiroshima, or... 2058 02:11:46,692 --> 02:11:50,624 Nagasaki, gives a shit who built the bomb? 2059 02:11:54,458 --> 02:11:56,083 They care who dropped it. 2060 02:11:57,458 --> 02:11:58,459 I did. 2061 02:12:01,291 --> 02:12:03,249 Hiroshima isn't about you. 2062 02:12:10,041 --> 02:12:11,333 Dr. Oppenheimer. 2063 02:12:23,041 --> 02:12:25,249 Don't let that crybaby back in here! 2064 02:12:30,917 --> 02:12:33,791 Robert saw that hand-wringing got him nowhere. 2065 02:12:34,833 --> 02:12:37,083 By the time I met him, he'd fully embraced 2066 02:12:37,124 --> 02:12:39,041 his "Father of the Bomb" reputation. 2067 02:12:39,958 --> 02:12:42,499 And used his profile to influence policy. 2068 02:12:51,666 --> 02:12:53,083 Doctor, in the years following the war, 2069 02:12:53,124 --> 02:12:55,374 would you say that you exerted a great influence 2070 02:12:55,416 --> 02:12:57,249 on the atomic policies of the USA? 2071 02:12:57,291 --> 02:12:59,458 I think "great" would be an overstatement. 2072 02:12:59,666 --> 02:13:01,874 Really? I mean, look at the issue of isotopes. 2073 02:13:01,916 --> 02:13:05,499 Were you not personally responsible for destroying all opposition to their export? 2074 02:13:05,721 --> 02:13:07,541 ...could use a bottle of beer 2075 02:13:08,166 --> 02:13:10,084 in making atomic weapons. In fact, you do. 2076 02:13:10,499 --> 02:13:14,249 I was the spokesman, but the opinion among scientists was unanimous. 2077 02:13:14,541 --> 02:13:17,583 All along, with McCarthy on the rise, he knew he was vulnerable. 2078 02:13:18,350 --> 02:13:21,833 His brother was blacklisted by every university in the country. 2079 02:13:23,499 --> 02:13:26,208 Lomanitz wound up working the railroad, laying track. 2080 02:13:28,374 --> 02:13:30,374 Chevalier went into exile. 2081 02:13:32,666 --> 02:13:35,166 But none of that stopped Robert 2082 02:13:35,208 --> 02:13:37,888 from pushing the GAC to recommend arms control, 2083 02:13:37,912 --> 02:13:38,916 instead of the H-Bomb. 2084 02:13:41,208 --> 02:13:44,333 He was devastated when Truman rejected their recommendation. 2085 02:13:46,624 --> 02:13:48,291 I miss Richard more than I can bear. 2086 02:13:48,624 --> 02:13:50,083 I know, Ruth. I know. 2087 02:13:50,520 --> 02:13:53,416 I'm just glad he didn't live to see where this has all gone. 2088 02:13:56,583 --> 02:13:59,291 Here comes the birthday boy, to gloat... 2089 02:13:59,750 --> 02:14:00,735 Have fun. 2090 02:14:02,250 --> 02:14:04,166 Robert, my son and his fiancée 2091 02:14:04,208 --> 02:14:06,708 are desperate to meet the father of the atomic bomb, so... 2092 02:14:06,732 --> 02:14:07,724 Hello. 2093 02:14:15,958 --> 02:14:16,960 Is this a bad time? 2094 02:14:17,958 --> 02:14:19,002 What do you think, Lewis? 2095 02:14:19,625 --> 02:14:21,208 Well, I think it must have been a blow for you. 2096 02:14:21,875 --> 02:14:22,876 For the world. 2097 02:14:24,500 --> 02:14:27,250 The world? What does Fuchs mean to the rest of the world? 2098 02:14:29,166 --> 02:14:30,193 Fuchs? 2099 02:14:30,623 --> 02:14:31,624 Klaus Fuchs? 2100 02:14:33,633 --> 02:14:35,750 Oh dear. You haven't heard. 2101 02:14:39,083 --> 02:14:41,000 Klaus Fuchs, the British scientist 2102 02:14:41,041 --> 02:14:43,625 that you put onto the implosion team at Los Alamos. 2103 02:14:44,750 --> 02:14:45,875 Turns out he was... 2104 02:14:46,469 --> 02:14:48,750 He was spying for the Soviets the whole time. 2105 02:14:49,310 --> 02:14:50,300 I'm sorry. 2106 02:14:56,208 --> 02:14:58,732 After the truth about Fuchs came out, 2107 02:14:59,000 --> 02:15:01,041 the FBI stepped up surveillance on him. 2108 02:15:01,250 --> 02:15:02,750 He knew his phone was tapped. 2109 02:15:03,916 --> 02:15:05,000 He was followed everywhere. 2110 02:15:06,125 --> 02:15:07,250 His trash picked through. 2111 02:15:11,291 --> 02:15:13,375 But he never stopped speaking his mind. 2112 02:15:13,916 --> 02:15:15,083 A man of conviction. 2113 02:15:15,666 --> 02:15:18,375 And maybe he thought fame could actually protect him. 2114 02:15:20,750 --> 02:15:23,083 When Eisenhower took office, he saw one more chance. 2115 02:15:25,333 --> 02:15:26,250 He took it. 2116 02:15:26,292 --> 02:15:29,458 America and Russia may be likened... 2117 02:15:30,833 --> 02:15:32,833 to two scorpions in a bottle. 2118 02:15:33,069 --> 02:15:36,291 Each capable of killing the other, 2119 02:15:36,500 --> 02:15:39,258 but only at the risk of his own life. 2120 02:15:39,958 --> 02:15:42,000 Now, there are various aspects of this policy... 2121 02:15:42,041 --> 02:15:46,416 A lot of scientists blame me, but how was I supposed to protect him? 2122 02:15:46,458 --> 02:15:48,500 ...are too secret for discussion. 2123 02:15:48,708 --> 02:15:50,541 Candor is the only remedy. 2124 02:15:50,750 --> 02:15:54,375 Officials in Washington need to start leveling with the American people. 2125 02:15:56,000 --> 02:15:58,208 That was the last straw for Robert's enemies. 2126 02:15:58,250 --> 02:16:00,873 So he had to lose his security clearance. 2127 02:16:01,041 --> 02:16:03,250 And with it, his credibility. 2128 02:16:03,791 --> 02:16:05,416 But how could they do it? 2129 02:16:05,958 --> 02:16:07,208 He was a war hero. 2130 02:16:07,250 --> 02:16:09,291 He'd already told everyone about his past. 2131 02:16:09,333 --> 02:16:10,994 Borden dredged it all up. 2132 02:16:11,333 --> 02:16:14,625 How could Borden get access to Oppenheimer's FBI file? 2133 02:16:14,666 --> 02:16:15,666 Could it have been Nichols? 2134 02:16:16,000 --> 02:16:17,541 No, I can't imagine he'd do that. 2135 02:16:18,416 --> 02:16:22,125 Whoever did unleashed a firestorm that burned a path in the White House, 2136 02:16:22,500 --> 02:16:24,500 right to my desk at the AEC. 2137 02:16:25,458 --> 02:16:26,875 You seen 'em in there, right? 2138 02:16:27,666 --> 02:16:30,049 I've worked my whole life to get here. 2139 02:16:30,916 --> 02:16:33,041 The cabinet of the United States of America, 2140 02:16:33,083 --> 02:16:34,791 and now, in front of the entire country, 2141 02:16:35,166 --> 02:16:36,666 they want to put me back in my place. 2142 02:16:38,541 --> 02:16:39,958 A lowly shoe salesman. 2143 02:16:40,987 --> 02:16:42,833 Lewis, we can win this thing. 2144 02:16:43,125 --> 02:16:45,125 I think we can get the Senate to grasp 2145 02:16:45,166 --> 02:16:47,416 that you did your duty, painful though it was. 2146 02:16:47,625 --> 02:16:50,541 Now, will Hill's testimony back us up? -Hill will be fine. 2147 02:16:50,583 --> 02:16:53,916 I don't really know him, but he was one of Szilard's boys in Chicago. 2148 02:16:53,958 --> 02:16:55,657 And they'd never forgave Robert for not 2149 02:16:55,681 --> 02:16:57,916 supporting the petition against bombing Japan. 2150 02:16:59,208 --> 02:17:02,208 This was taken 31 days after the bombing. 2151 02:17:03,541 --> 02:17:07,708 Virtually everyone in the streets, for nearly a mile around, 2152 02:17:08,541 --> 02:17:10,125 was instantly and seriously... 2153 02:17:10,958 --> 02:17:11,946 burned. 2154 02:17:12,958 --> 02:17:16,317 The Japanese spoke of people who 2155 02:17:16,541 --> 02:17:20,291 wore striped clothing, upon whom the skin was burned in stripes. 2156 02:17:21,583 --> 02:17:23,505 There were many who thought themselves lucky, 2157 02:17:24,238 --> 02:17:26,458 who climbed out of the ruins of their homes, 2158 02:17:26,875 --> 02:17:28,000 only slightly injured. 2159 02:17:29,867 --> 02:17:30,875 But they died anyway. 2160 02:17:32,333 --> 02:17:34,666 They died days, or weeks later, 2161 02:17:35,590 --> 02:17:38,125 from iridium-like rays emitted in great numbers 2162 02:17:38,791 --> 02:17:40,375 at the moment of the explosion. 2163 02:17:42,250 --> 02:17:43,916 Did you read this crap in the papers? 2164 02:17:44,291 --> 02:17:45,875 A British physicist is saying 2165 02:17:46,125 --> 02:17:48,791 the atomic bombings were not the last act of World War II, 2166 02:17:49,102 --> 02:17:51,833 but the first act of this cold war with Russia. 2167 02:17:52,492 --> 02:17:53,481 Which physicist? 2168 02:17:53,833 --> 02:17:56,083 I think you knew him. Patrick Blackett. 2169 02:17:59,458 --> 02:18:02,333 He may not be wrong. Stimson is now telling me 2170 02:18:02,416 --> 02:18:05,333 we bombed an enemy that was essentially defeated. 2171 02:18:05,541 --> 02:18:07,666 Robert, you've all the influence now. 2172 02:18:09,005 --> 02:18:09,992 Please, 2173 02:18:10,708 --> 02:18:12,750 urge them to continue my research on the Super. 2174 02:18:13,083 --> 02:18:14,708 I neither can nor will, Edward. 2175 02:18:15,110 --> 02:18:16,108 Why not? 2176 02:18:16,458 --> 02:18:18,110 It's not the right use of our resources. 2177 02:18:18,625 --> 02:18:19,958 Is that what you really believe? 2178 02:18:20,941 --> 02:18:24,708 J. Robert Oppenheimer? Sphinx-like guru of the atom? 2179 02:18:26,375 --> 02:18:27,875 Nobody knows what you believe. 2180 02:18:29,083 --> 02:18:30,625 Do you? Hmm? 2181 02:18:31,500 --> 02:18:35,333 One final time, our program director, Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer. 2182 02:18:37,208 --> 02:18:39,166 I hope that in years to come, 2183 02:18:39,500 --> 02:18:41,791 you will look back on your work here with pride. 2184 02:18:42,875 --> 02:18:46,808 But today, that pride must be tempered with a profound concern. 2185 02:18:48,848 --> 02:18:52,333 If atomic weapons are to be added to the arsenals of a warring world, 2186 02:18:54,083 --> 02:18:57,916 then the day will come when people will curse the name of Los Alamos. 2187 02:19:02,375 --> 02:19:03,391 Uh, sorry, Admiral. 2188 02:19:04,291 --> 02:19:05,458 Stopped off to get this. 2189 02:19:06,583 --> 02:19:07,833 Seems pretty favorable. 2190 02:19:09,125 --> 02:19:11,208 There's Oppenheimer. What's the caption? 2191 02:19:11,336 --> 02:19:14,273 Uh, "J. Robert Oppenheimer. Strauss fought him... 2192 02:19:16,209 --> 02:19:17,291 "and the US won." 2193 02:19:18,875 --> 02:19:19,875 That'll work. 2194 02:19:20,266 --> 02:19:21,958 Those were your words from the other day. 2195 02:19:22,208 --> 02:19:23,209 We needed to pivot. 2196 02:19:24,031 --> 02:19:26,672 But how would you know what Time Magazine was gonna write? 2197 02:19:26,875 --> 02:19:28,416 Henry Luce is a friend. 2198 02:19:36,333 --> 02:19:38,541 You sat here and let me tell you how it's done, 2199 02:19:39,333 --> 02:19:41,166 but you've been far ahead all along. 2200 02:19:41,725 --> 02:19:43,708 Survival in Washington. 2201 02:19:44,625 --> 02:19:46,250 It's about knowing how to get things done. 2202 02:19:47,333 --> 02:19:48,357 Right. 2203 02:19:50,500 --> 02:19:51,791 What was it you said about Borden? 2204 02:19:52,465 --> 02:19:54,208 Why get caught holding the knife yourself? 2205 02:19:56,721 --> 02:19:59,375 I'm beginning to think Borden was holding the knife for you. 2206 02:20:02,479 --> 02:20:04,333 It's gonna come down to how much influence 2207 02:20:04,375 --> 02:20:06,291 Borden's been able to exert on Teller. 2208 02:20:07,541 --> 02:20:08,791 Did I say something funny? 2209 02:20:08,955 --> 02:20:13,375 Just "Borden, Borden, Borden", when we all know that it's Strauss. 2210 02:20:13,833 --> 02:20:15,791 Lewis brought me to Princeton, Kitty. 2211 02:20:16,458 --> 02:20:18,949 And then you humiliated him in front of Congress. 2212 02:20:19,029 --> 02:20:20,583 But more useful than a sandwich! 2213 02:20:24,583 --> 02:20:25,585 How'd I do? 2214 02:20:27,000 --> 02:20:28,416 Maybe a little too well, Robert. 2215 02:20:29,083 --> 02:20:30,228 That was six years ago. 2216 02:20:30,375 --> 02:20:33,750 You know, they're truly vindictive, patient as saints. 2217 02:20:34,041 --> 02:20:36,458 Strauss has been perfectly clear that he is neutral. 2218 02:20:37,500 --> 02:20:40,291 Wake up! It is Strauss! 2219 02:20:40,500 --> 02:20:42,416 It's always been Strauss, and you know it! 2220 02:20:43,416 --> 02:20:44,750 Why won't you fight him? 2221 02:20:48,375 --> 02:20:51,981 It wasn't Nichols, or Hoover, or one of Truman's guys. 2222 02:20:52,039 --> 02:20:53,039 It was you. 2223 02:20:53,532 --> 02:20:54,750 You gave the file to Borden. 2224 02:20:54,958 --> 02:20:56,416 You set him on Oppenheimer. 2225 02:20:56,583 --> 02:20:57,750 You convinced him... -Borden... 2226 02:20:59,166 --> 02:21:01,125 didn't take any convincing. 2227 02:21:01,542 --> 02:21:03,041 Take your time, use the entire file. 2228 02:21:03,416 --> 02:21:05,500 Write up your conclusions, send them to the FBI. 2229 02:21:05,833 --> 02:21:08,000 The material's obviously extensive, 2230 02:21:08,041 --> 02:21:10,083 but there's nothing new here. 2231 02:21:10,333 --> 02:21:11,458 Your conclusions will be. 2232 02:21:12,473 --> 02:21:13,791 And they'll have to be answered. 2233 02:21:14,666 --> 02:21:16,166 Hoover passes them to McCarthy? 2234 02:21:16,625 --> 02:21:19,208 Oppenheimer's too slippery for that self-promoting clown. 2235 02:21:19,833 --> 02:21:20,958 I've talked it over with Hoover. 2236 02:21:21,000 --> 02:21:24,416 He'll hold McCarthy at bay while you do this with the AEC. 2237 02:21:25,000 --> 02:21:26,875 Trial? -No, no trial. 2238 02:21:26,916 --> 02:21:29,416 You can't give Oppenheimer a platform. 2239 02:21:29,875 --> 02:21:30,916 You can't martyr him. 2240 02:21:31,901 --> 02:21:35,083 We need a systematic destruction of Oppenheimer's credibility, 2241 02:21:35,125 --> 02:21:38,333 so he can never again speak on matters of national security. 2242 02:21:39,541 --> 02:21:40,543 Then what? 2243 02:21:42,041 --> 02:21:45,083 A shabby little room. Far from the limelight. 2244 02:21:51,125 --> 02:21:55,250 A simple bureaucratic procedure. His Q clearance. It's up for renewal. 2245 02:21:55,625 --> 02:21:58,208 You send your accusations to the FBI... 2246 02:22:00,708 --> 02:22:03,666 Hoover sends them to the AEC. You're forced to act. 2247 02:22:04,416 --> 02:22:05,708 You write up an indictment. 2248 02:22:06,250 --> 02:22:09,500 You tell Oppenheimer his security clearance is not being renewed. 2249 02:22:10,250 --> 02:22:11,916 But offer him the chance to appeal. 2250 02:22:12,083 --> 02:22:14,166 As you can see, Robert, it's not yet signed. 2251 02:22:14,541 --> 02:22:16,041 May I keep this? -No. 2252 02:22:16,916 --> 02:22:20,416 If you do decide to appeal, they'll have to send you a copy. 2253 02:22:20,958 --> 02:22:25,500 When he appeals, and trust me, he will, I appoint a board. 2254 02:22:26,500 --> 02:22:28,250 They will, of course, have counsel. 2255 02:22:29,208 --> 02:22:30,791 Prosecutor? -In all but name. 2256 02:22:31,000 --> 02:22:32,958 Who? -Roger Robb. 2257 02:22:33,000 --> 02:22:33,998 Ouch. 2258 02:22:34,041 --> 02:22:37,291 Robb will have security clearance to examine Oppenheimer's file. 2259 02:22:37,416 --> 02:22:39,958 As will the Gray Board. Defense counsel will not. 2260 02:22:41,666 --> 02:22:42,666 A closed hearing. 2261 02:22:42,916 --> 02:22:47,000 The so-called interrogatory information in your indictment of me... 2262 02:22:47,041 --> 02:22:50,666 No audience, no reporters, no burden of proof. 2263 02:22:51,166 --> 02:22:52,167 No burden of proof? 2264 02:22:54,166 --> 02:22:55,166 We're not convicting. 2265 02:22:56,333 --> 02:22:57,875 We're just denying. 2266 02:23:03,791 --> 02:23:05,708 What is it you said? 2267 02:23:06,708 --> 02:23:09,875 This is just how the game is played. 2268 02:23:10,708 --> 02:23:12,125 Well, forgive my naivete. 2269 02:23:13,041 --> 02:23:16,541 Amateurs seek the sun, get eaten. 2270 02:23:18,083 --> 02:23:21,125 Power stays in the shadows. 2271 02:23:21,416 --> 02:23:24,333 But, sir, you're... you're out of the shadows now. 2272 02:23:24,375 --> 02:23:26,166 Yeah, that's why this has to work. 2273 02:23:26,333 --> 02:23:27,319 Well... 2274 02:23:29,261 --> 02:23:30,958 Teller's testifying this morning. 2275 02:23:31,208 --> 02:23:32,458 That'll help. And then... 2276 02:23:33,847 --> 02:23:35,147 Hill is in the afternoon. 2277 02:23:35,172 --> 02:23:36,416 Hill is gonna help us too. 2278 02:23:39,791 --> 02:23:42,125 As you can see, Robert, it's not yet signed. 2279 02:23:43,041 --> 02:23:44,333 May I keep this? -No. 2280 02:23:47,166 --> 02:23:51,583 If you do decide to appeal, then they'll have to send you a copy. 2281 02:23:55,625 --> 02:23:57,541 Take my car and driver, I insist. 2282 02:24:02,500 --> 02:24:04,375 I'll have to consult my lawyers, Lewis. 2283 02:24:04,583 --> 02:24:07,250 Of course. But don't take too long. 2284 02:24:07,416 --> 02:24:08,916 I can't keep Nichols at bay. 2285 02:24:15,583 --> 02:24:17,393 I'm sorry it's come to this, Robert. 2286 02:24:17,958 --> 02:24:18,959 I think it's wrong. 2287 02:24:32,458 --> 02:24:35,416 Nichols wants me to fight, so he can get it all on the record. 2288 02:24:35,997 --> 02:24:37,375 Strauss wants me to walk away. 2289 02:24:37,817 --> 02:24:42,271 Strauss knows that you can't do that. You'd be accepting the charges. 2290 02:24:43,167 --> 02:24:44,375 You'll lose your job. 2291 02:24:44,708 --> 02:24:47,458 You will lose your reputation. We'll lose our house. 2292 02:24:47,750 --> 02:24:49,000 Robert, we have to fight. 2293 02:24:52,500 --> 02:24:54,541 As AEC counsel, I can't represent you. 2294 02:24:55,125 --> 02:24:56,250 I'll call Lloyd Garrison. 2295 02:24:56,875 --> 02:24:57,876 Oh, he's good. 2296 02:24:58,125 --> 02:25:01,125 The best, but I have to warn you. 2297 02:25:02,916 --> 02:25:04,125 This won't be a fair fight. 2298 02:25:05,000 --> 02:25:08,958 During your interview with Boris Pash in 1943, did you refer to microfilm? 2299 02:25:09,208 --> 02:25:12,416 No. -Tab 11, page one, paragraph three. 2300 02:25:12,458 --> 02:25:15,875 You never said, "man of the consulate, expert in the use of microfilm"? 2301 02:25:15,916 --> 02:25:16,916 I'm sorry, I'm sorry... -No. 2302 02:25:16,958 --> 02:25:19,333 I would like to know what document Mr. Robb is quoting from, 2303 02:25:19,375 --> 02:25:20,816 and if we might be furnished with a copy. 2304 02:25:21,208 --> 02:25:23,041 The document is classified, Mr. Garrison. 2305 02:25:23,208 --> 02:25:25,458 I think we should get back to firsthand information. 2306 02:25:25,500 --> 02:25:26,500 This is firsthand. 2307 02:25:26,958 --> 02:25:27,972 How so, Roger? 2308 02:25:30,125 --> 02:25:31,458 There was a recording of the interview. 2309 02:25:36,541 --> 02:25:39,375 You let my client sit here and potentially perjure himself, 2310 02:25:39,416 --> 02:25:41,583 and all this time, you had a recording? 2311 02:25:41,833 --> 02:25:44,666 Nobody told your client to misrepresent his former answers. 2312 02:25:44,708 --> 02:25:46,416 Misrepresent? It was 12 years ago! 2313 02:25:47,000 --> 02:25:48,017 Can we hear this recording? 2314 02:25:48,250 --> 02:25:49,502 You don't have the clearance, Mr. Garrison. 2315 02:25:49,549 --> 02:25:51,375 But you're reading it into the record! 2316 02:25:51,791 --> 02:25:56,083 Please, please. Is this proceeding interested in entrapment or in truth? 2317 02:25:56,583 --> 02:26:00,541 If it's truth, where's the disclosure? Where's the witness list? 2318 02:26:00,583 --> 02:26:03,416 Mr. Garrison, this isn't a trial, as you are well aware. 2319 02:26:03,458 --> 02:26:07,291 Evidentiary rules do not apply. We are dealing with national security. 2320 02:26:07,416 --> 02:26:08,625 Yes, sir, with all due respect, 2321 02:26:08,666 --> 02:26:12,875 I fail to see how national security prevents the prosecution from 2322 02:26:12,916 --> 02:26:15,083 providing us with a list of witnesses! -Perhaps we are in need 2323 02:26:15,125 --> 02:26:17,416 of a brief recess. -Gentlemen. You have my words. 2324 02:26:17,458 --> 02:26:20,291 If you say they're from a transcript, then I'll accept it. 2325 02:26:20,333 --> 02:26:23,041 I've already explained I made up a cock-and-bull story. 2326 02:26:23,208 --> 02:26:26,250 And why would anyone make up such an elaborate story? 2327 02:26:26,291 --> 02:26:27,500 Because I was an idiot. 2328 02:26:28,750 --> 02:26:29,751 Why lie? 2329 02:26:29,916 --> 02:26:34,072 Well, clearly with the intention of not revealing who the intermediary was. 2330 02:26:34,208 --> 02:26:36,541 Your friend, Haakon Chevalier, the communist. 2331 02:26:37,166 --> 02:26:38,170 Is he still your friend? 2332 02:26:39,083 --> 02:26:40,093 Yes. 2333 02:26:43,500 --> 02:26:45,208 Dr. Rabi, thank you for coming. 2334 02:26:45,619 --> 02:26:47,416 You know who else the prosecution has called? 2335 02:26:47,666 --> 02:26:51,666 Teller, obviously. They've asked Lawrence. 2336 02:26:52,083 --> 02:26:54,333 What did he say? -He wasn't going to help them, 2337 02:26:55,000 --> 02:26:56,083 but... -But? 2338 02:26:56,947 --> 02:27:01,208 Strauss told him that you and Ruth Tolman had been having an affair for years. 2339 02:27:01,541 --> 02:27:03,375 The whole time you lived with them in Pasadena. 2340 02:27:04,250 --> 02:27:07,375 He convinced Lawrence that Richard died of a broken heart. 2341 02:27:07,416 --> 02:27:09,286 That's absurd. -What part? 2342 02:27:09,375 --> 02:27:12,416 A broken heart. Richard never found out. 2343 02:27:13,625 --> 02:27:14,833 Is Lawrence gonna testify? 2344 02:27:15,416 --> 02:27:16,419 I don't know. 2345 02:27:17,291 --> 02:27:21,375 Dr. Rabi, what governmental positions do you currently hold? 2346 02:27:21,916 --> 02:27:24,833 I am the chairman of the general advisory committee 2347 02:27:24,875 --> 02:27:27,166 to the AEC, succeeding Dr. Oppenheimer. 2348 02:27:27,750 --> 02:27:29,666 And how long have you known Dr. Oppenheimer? 2349 02:27:30,666 --> 02:27:34,500 Since 1928. I... I know him quite well. 2350 02:27:34,828 --> 02:27:38,375 Well enough to speak to the bearing of his loyalty and character? 2351 02:27:39,062 --> 02:27:42,291 Dr. Oppenheimer is a man of upstanding character. 2352 02:27:43,166 --> 02:27:46,583 And he is loyal to the United States, to his friends, 2353 02:27:47,041 --> 02:27:48,916 to the institutions of which he is part. 2354 02:27:51,041 --> 02:27:52,041 Eat. 2355 02:28:11,458 --> 02:28:12,458 Who was that? 2356 02:28:12,666 --> 02:28:13,666 Nothing to worry about. 2357 02:28:17,333 --> 02:28:18,833 After the Russian A-bomb test, 2358 02:28:18,875 --> 02:28:21,291 did Dr. Lawrence come to see you about the hydrogen bomb? 2359 02:28:21,550 --> 02:28:23,083 You'd be better off asking him. 2360 02:28:23,375 --> 02:28:24,416 Well, I fully intend to. 2361 02:28:25,588 --> 02:28:29,208 Would you say that Dr. Oppenheimer was unalterably opposed to the H-bomb? 2362 02:28:29,583 --> 02:28:32,583 No, he, he thought that a fusion program 2363 02:28:32,625 --> 02:28:35,416 would come at the expense of our awfully good fission program. 2364 02:28:35,500 --> 02:28:37,083 But that proved not to be the case. 2365 02:28:37,625 --> 02:28:39,083 In the event, both could be done. 2366 02:28:39,583 --> 02:28:42,208 Suppose that this board did not feel satisfied 2367 02:28:42,250 --> 02:28:45,701 that in his testimony here Dr. Oppenheimer had been wholly truthful, 2368 02:28:46,416 --> 02:28:48,291 what would you say whether or not he should be cleared? 2369 02:28:48,583 --> 02:28:50,833 Why go through all this against a man 2370 02:28:50,875 --> 02:28:52,958 who has accomplished what Dr. Oppenheimer has? 2371 02:28:53,000 --> 02:28:54,083 Look at his record. 2372 02:28:54,750 --> 02:28:57,000 We have an A-bomb, and a whole series of it. 2373 02:28:57,125 --> 02:28:59,666 We have a whole series of Super bombs. What more do you want? 2374 02:29:00,670 --> 02:29:01,670 Mermaids? 2375 02:29:02,291 --> 02:29:05,125 But I've known Secretary Strauss for many years. 2376 02:29:05,482 --> 02:29:08,625 And I feel it a necessity to express the warm support 2377 02:29:09,174 --> 02:29:11,541 for science and scientists Lewis has shown. 2378 02:29:11,791 --> 02:29:12,792 We'll break now. 2379 02:29:13,208 --> 02:29:17,166 Unless there's any immediate business. -Senator, I'd like to once again request 2380 02:29:17,666 --> 02:29:20,250 that we're furnished with a list of witnesses. 2381 02:29:20,416 --> 02:29:21,958 And I will remind the nominee 2382 02:29:22,000 --> 02:29:24,689 that we don't always have that information in advance. 2383 02:29:24,958 --> 02:29:27,333 We do know that Dr. Hill will be here after lunch. 2384 02:29:27,846 --> 02:29:30,708 Mr. Chairman, our next scheduled witness, Dr. Lawrence, 2385 02:29:30,791 --> 02:29:33,500 has apparently come down with colitis. 2386 02:29:36,875 --> 02:29:39,112 So we'll proceed with William Borden instead. 2387 02:29:40,166 --> 02:29:42,500 Mr. Borden, welcome. Please take a seat. 2388 02:29:44,333 --> 02:29:45,335 Mr. Borden, 2389 02:29:46,671 --> 02:29:49,291 during your investigation into Dr. Oppenheimer, 2390 02:29:49,333 --> 02:29:51,000 did you reach certain conclusions? 2391 02:29:51,583 --> 02:29:53,333 I did. -And did there come a time 2392 02:29:53,375 --> 02:29:56,541 when you expressed those conclusions in a letter to Mr. J. Edgar Hoover, 2393 02:29:56,708 --> 02:29:59,500 of the Federal Bureau of Investigation? -That is correct. 2394 02:29:59,541 --> 02:30:02,166 Prior to the writing of the letter, did you discuss the writing of the letter 2395 02:30:02,208 --> 02:30:04,416 with anybody attached to the Atomic Energy Commission? 2396 02:30:04,958 --> 02:30:06,083 I did not. -Excellent. 2397 02:30:06,125 --> 02:30:08,041 Do you have a copy of the letter? -I have one in front of me. 2398 02:30:08,116 --> 02:30:10,250 Would you please be so kind as to read it, sir? 2399 02:30:11,541 --> 02:30:13,958 "Dear Mr. Hoover, the purpose of this letter 2400 02:30:14,000 --> 02:30:16,333 "is to state..." -I'm sorry, I'm sorry, if I could have... 2401 02:30:16,958 --> 02:30:19,708 What is the purpose of the delay? He's simply going to read the letter. 2402 02:30:20,958 --> 02:30:23,250 Mr. Chairman, this is the first I've seen of this letter. 2403 02:30:23,708 --> 02:30:26,623 And I see statements here, at least one, 2404 02:30:26,647 --> 02:30:29,083 of a kind that I don't think anyone would like to see go into the record. 2405 02:30:29,125 --> 02:30:31,541 These are accusations that have not previously been made, 2406 02:30:31,833 --> 02:30:33,666 that are not part of the indictment from Nichols. 2407 02:30:33,708 --> 02:30:36,250 Accusations of a kind that I don't think belong here. 2408 02:30:36,291 --> 02:30:38,416 The witness wrote this letter on his own initiative, 2409 02:30:38,458 --> 02:30:40,708 laying out evidence that has already been before the board. 2410 02:30:40,916 --> 02:30:42,541 His conclusions are valid testimony, 2411 02:30:42,583 --> 02:30:45,833 just like the positive conclusions of friends of Dr. Oppenheimer. 2412 02:30:45,875 --> 02:30:47,000 It cuts both ways. 2413 02:30:47,500 --> 02:30:49,750 How long has counsel been in possession of this letter? 2414 02:30:49,906 --> 02:30:53,333 I don't think I should be subject to cross-examination by you, Mr. Garrison. 2415 02:30:53,375 --> 02:30:56,500 Mr. Garrison, given that we on the board have all read the letter, 2416 02:30:56,541 --> 02:30:58,208 wouldn't it be better to have it in the record? 2417 02:30:59,666 --> 02:31:00,667 Let's proceed. 2418 02:31:02,791 --> 02:31:03,833 "Dear Mr. Hoover, 2419 02:31:04,791 --> 02:31:07,208 "the purpose of this letter is to state my opinion, 2420 02:31:07,598 --> 02:31:11,051 "based upon years of study of the available classified evidence, 2421 02:31:11,875 --> 02:31:13,541 "that, more probably than not, 2422 02:31:13,958 --> 02:31:17,916 "J. Robert Oppenheimer is an agent of the Soviet Union. 2423 02:31:18,777 --> 02:31:20,916 "The following conclusions are justified. 2424 02:31:21,333 --> 02:31:25,708 "One, between 1929 and 1942, more probably than not, 2425 02:31:25,856 --> 02:31:29,375 "J. Robert Oppenheimer was a sufficiently hardened communist 2426 02:31:29,583 --> 02:31:31,833 "that he volunteered information to the Soviets. 2427 02:31:32,250 --> 02:31:34,458 "Two, more probably than not, 2428 02:31:34,500 --> 02:31:37,916 "he has since been functioning as an espionage agent. 2429 02:31:38,875 --> 02:31:39,859 "Three. 2430 02:31:40,166 --> 02:31:44,125 "More probably than not, he has since acted under a Soviet directive 2431 02:31:44,166 --> 02:31:46,958 "in influencing United States military policy." 2432 02:31:47,009 --> 02:31:49,291 I'm sorry, Robert. -"Atomic energy, intelligence and..." 2433 02:31:49,416 --> 02:31:53,791 Is anyone ever going to tell the truth about what's happening here? 2434 02:31:54,250 --> 02:31:57,041 We will now hear from Dr. David Hill. 2435 02:32:07,416 --> 02:32:10,250 Dr. Hill, would you care to make a statement? 2436 02:32:12,500 --> 02:32:13,514 Thank you. 2437 02:32:13,771 --> 02:32:17,458 I've been asked to testify about Lewis Strauss, 2438 02:32:17,750 --> 02:32:22,625 a man who has given years of service in high positions of government, 2439 02:32:22,791 --> 02:32:27,291 and who is known to be earnest, hard-working, and intelligent. 2440 02:32:29,000 --> 02:32:30,791 The views I have to express are my own, 2441 02:32:31,458 --> 02:32:34,708 but I believe that much I have to say will help to indicate why 2442 02:32:35,875 --> 02:32:39,750 most of the scientists in this country would prefer to see Mr. Strauss 2443 02:32:40,774 --> 02:32:42,625 completely out of government. 2444 02:32:44,610 --> 02:32:48,708 You're referring to the hostility of certain scientists, 2445 02:32:48,833 --> 02:32:52,583 directed toward Mr. Strauss, because of his commitment to security, 2446 02:32:52,625 --> 02:32:55,166 as demonstrated in the Oppenheimer affair? 2447 02:32:58,166 --> 02:32:59,182 No. 2448 02:32:59,416 --> 02:33:04,208 Because of the personal vindictiveness he demonstrated against Dr. Oppenheimer. 2449 02:33:06,250 --> 02:33:09,041 Order! Order! 2450 02:33:09,458 --> 02:33:12,666 It appears to most scientists around this country 2451 02:33:14,142 --> 02:33:17,083 that Robert Oppenheimer is now being pilloried, 2452 02:33:17,125 --> 02:33:21,166 and put through an ordeal, because he expressed his honest opinions. 2453 02:33:21,916 --> 02:33:25,083 Dr. Bush, I thought I was performing a service to my country 2454 02:33:25,125 --> 02:33:28,458 when hearing this case. -No board, in this country, 2455 02:33:29,000 --> 02:33:32,791 should sit in judgment of a man because he expressed his strong opinions. 2456 02:33:33,125 --> 02:33:35,416 If you want to try that case, you should try me. 2457 02:33:36,416 --> 02:33:39,041 Excuse me, gentlemen, if I've... become stirred. 2458 02:33:40,291 --> 02:33:41,289 But I am. 2459 02:33:41,677 --> 02:33:45,750 Dr. Hill, we've already heard that Mr. Strauss did not bring the charges, 2460 02:33:45,791 --> 02:33:48,791 or participate in the hearings against Dr. Oppenheimer. 2461 02:33:48,833 --> 02:33:50,541 The Oppenheimer matter was... 2462 02:33:51,416 --> 02:33:56,083 initiated, and carried through, largely through the animus of Lewis Strauss. 2463 02:33:57,625 --> 02:34:00,496 Oppenheimer made mincemeat out of Strauss's position 2464 02:34:00,543 --> 02:34:02,640 on the shipments of isotopes to Norway, 2465 02:34:02,703 --> 02:34:05,875 and Strauss never forgave him this public humiliation. 2466 02:34:06,791 --> 02:34:10,208 Another controversy between them centered around their differences in judgment 2467 02:34:10,250 --> 02:34:13,194 on how the H-bomb would contribute to national security. 2468 02:34:13,483 --> 02:34:16,750 Strauss turned to the personnel security system in order to 2469 02:34:17,000 --> 02:34:19,375 destroy Oppenheimer's effectiveness, 2470 02:34:19,500 --> 02:34:22,291 and Strauss was able to find a few ambitious men 2471 02:34:22,750 --> 02:34:26,375 who also disagreed with Oppenheimer's positions and envied him 2472 02:34:26,500 --> 02:34:28,500 his prestige in government circles. 2473 02:34:28,875 --> 02:34:32,750 I've always assumed, and still assume, that he is loyal to the United States. 2474 02:34:33,541 --> 02:34:35,263 I believe this, and I shall believe it, 2475 02:34:35,287 --> 02:34:37,499 until I see very conclusive proof to the opposite. 2476 02:34:38,125 --> 02:34:41,833 Do you or do you not believe that Dr. Oppenheimer is a security risk? 2477 02:34:45,750 --> 02:34:49,127 In a great number of cases, I have seen Dr. Oppenheimer act in a way 2478 02:34:49,187 --> 02:34:52,208 which was, to me, exceedingly hard to understand. 2479 02:34:52,569 --> 02:34:54,889 I thoroughly disagreed with him in numerous issues, 2480 02:34:55,125 --> 02:34:58,416 and his actions frankly appeared to me confused and complicated. 2481 02:34:58,500 --> 02:35:03,147 To this extent, I feel I want to see the vital interests of this country 2482 02:35:03,458 --> 02:35:07,125 in hands which I understand better, and therefore trust more. 2483 02:35:08,333 --> 02:35:09,608 Thank you, Doctor. -Thank you. 2484 02:35:13,861 --> 02:35:14,876 I'm sorry. 2485 02:35:17,666 --> 02:35:19,583 You shook his fucking hand!? 2486 02:35:20,875 --> 02:35:22,750 Oh, I would have spit in his face. 2487 02:35:22,791 --> 02:35:24,885 I'm not sure the Board would have appreciated that. 2488 02:35:25,000 --> 02:35:26,541 Is it not gentlemanly enough for you? 2489 02:35:26,583 --> 02:35:29,416 Well, I think you're all being too goddamn gentlemanly. 2490 02:35:29,486 --> 02:35:33,291 Gray must see what Robb is doing. Why doesn't he just shut him down? 2491 02:35:33,564 --> 02:35:35,625 And you, shaking Teller's hand. 2492 02:35:35,885 --> 02:35:38,916 You need to stop playing the martyr. 2493 02:35:40,125 --> 02:35:44,478 Under the current AEC guidelines, would you clear Dr. Oppenheimer today? 2494 02:35:50,875 --> 02:35:55,458 Under my interpretation of the Atomic Energy Act, 2495 02:35:55,500 --> 02:35:59,875 which did not exist when I hired Dr. Oppenheimer in 1942, 2496 02:36:01,416 --> 02:36:06,500 I would not clear him today if I were on the commission. 2497 02:36:07,125 --> 02:36:08,485 Good. Thank you, General. That is all. 2498 02:36:08,555 --> 02:36:10,375 But I don't think I'd clear any of those guys. 2499 02:36:11,172 --> 02:36:12,168 That's all. 2500 02:36:15,250 --> 02:36:18,016 Dr. Oppenheimer had no responsibility in the selection 2501 02:36:18,063 --> 02:36:19,953 or the clearance of Klaus Fuchs, did he? 2502 02:36:20,125 --> 02:36:21,208 No. None at all. 2503 02:36:21,500 --> 02:36:24,833 And you wouldn't want to leave this board with any suggestion today that 2504 02:36:25,007 --> 02:36:27,795 you're here questioning his basic loyalty to the United States 2505 02:36:27,819 --> 02:36:29,297 in the operation of Los Alamos? 2506 02:36:29,750 --> 02:36:33,709 By no means. I hope I didn't lead anyone to believe otherwise for an instant. 2507 02:36:35,083 --> 02:36:36,093 Thank you, General. 2508 02:36:53,750 --> 02:36:56,666 Okay. We shouldn't keep them waiting. -She'll be here. 2509 02:36:57,500 --> 02:36:59,166 Do you even want her here? 2510 02:36:59,375 --> 02:37:01,833 Only a fool or an adolescent presumes 2511 02:37:01,875 --> 02:37:05,375 to know someone else's relationship, and you're neither, Lloyd. 2512 02:37:08,166 --> 02:37:10,666 Kitty and I are grown-ups. 2513 02:37:11,958 --> 02:37:13,541 We've walked through fire together. 2514 02:37:14,541 --> 02:37:15,541 She'll do fine. 2515 02:37:16,916 --> 02:37:20,534 Would you describe your views on communism as pro, anti, neutral? 2516 02:37:20,833 --> 02:37:21,958 Very strongly against. 2517 02:37:22,000 --> 02:37:24,625 I've had nothing to do with communism in, since... 2518 02:37:25,000 --> 02:37:26,708 since 1936. Since... 2519 02:37:27,958 --> 02:37:29,375 Since before I met Robert. 2520 02:37:31,487 --> 02:37:32,503 That's all. 2521 02:37:33,750 --> 02:37:36,458 The record demonstrates that Oppenheimer was not interrogated 2522 02:37:36,500 --> 02:37:39,513 by impartial and disinterested counsel for the Gray Board. 2523 02:37:39,833 --> 02:37:42,105 He was interrogated by a prosecutor who used 2524 02:37:42,130 --> 02:37:44,666 all the tricks of a rather ingenious legal background. 2525 02:37:44,762 --> 02:37:49,000 You are charging now that the Gray Board permitted a prosecution. 2526 02:37:49,708 --> 02:37:50,875 If I were on the Gray Board, 2527 02:37:51,791 --> 02:37:53,875 I would have protested against the tactics 2528 02:37:53,916 --> 02:37:56,708 of the man who served in fact as the prosecuting counsel. 2529 02:37:56,791 --> 02:37:58,458 A man appointed not by the Board, 2530 02:37:59,849 --> 02:38:01,408 but by Lewis Strauss. 2531 02:38:04,000 --> 02:38:05,001 Who was this? 2532 02:38:06,583 --> 02:38:07,595 I'm sorry? 2533 02:38:08,333 --> 02:38:09,333 Who was this? 2534 02:38:09,875 --> 02:38:10,875 Roger Robb. 2535 02:38:11,541 --> 02:38:12,666 Mrs. Oppenheimer. 2536 02:38:17,487 --> 02:38:19,458 Did you have a Communist Party membership card? 2537 02:38:21,375 --> 02:38:23,549 I'm... I'm not sure. 2538 02:38:23,620 --> 02:38:24,792 Not sure? 2539 02:38:27,583 --> 02:38:28,573 Well... 2540 02:38:32,250 --> 02:38:33,258 Well? 2541 02:38:42,000 --> 02:38:44,583 I mean, presumably, the act of joining the party 2542 02:38:45,000 --> 02:38:47,958 required sending some money and receiving a card, no? 2543 02:38:58,291 --> 02:38:59,293 Sorry. 2544 02:39:00,416 --> 02:39:01,430 Yes. 2545 02:39:03,916 --> 02:39:07,375 It's just, it was all so very long ago, Mr. Robb, wasn't it? 2546 02:39:07,400 --> 02:39:08,947 Not really. -Long enough to have forgotten. 2547 02:39:08,986 --> 02:39:12,083 Did you return the card, or rip it up? -The card whose existence I've forgotten? 2548 02:39:12,125 --> 02:39:14,958 Your Communist Party membership card? -Haven't the slightest idea. 2549 02:39:18,291 --> 02:39:22,125 Can a distinction be made between Soviet communism and communism? 2550 02:39:22,791 --> 02:39:24,041 Well, in the days when I was a member, 2551 02:39:24,083 --> 02:39:26,000 I thought they were definitely two things. -Oh? 2552 02:39:26,083 --> 02:39:28,833 I thought that the Communist Party of the United States 2553 02:39:28,875 --> 02:39:32,458 was concerned with our domestic problems. I now no longer believe this. 2554 02:39:32,583 --> 02:39:35,041 I believe the whole thing's linked together and spread all over the world, 2555 02:39:35,083 --> 02:39:38,958 and I have believed this since I left the party 16 years ago. 2556 02:39:39,083 --> 02:39:41,458 But... -17 years ago. My mistake. 2557 02:39:41,958 --> 02:39:43,879 But you... -Sorry, 18. 2558 02:39:44,833 --> 02:39:45,980 18 years ago. 2559 02:39:47,500 --> 02:39:50,125 Are you familiar with the fact your husband was making contributions 2560 02:39:50,166 --> 02:39:52,791 to the Spanish Civil War as late as 1942? 2561 02:39:52,833 --> 02:39:55,000 I knew that Robert gave money from time to time. 2562 02:39:55,041 --> 02:39:57,666 Did you know this money was going into Communist Party channels? 2563 02:39:57,750 --> 02:39:59,625 Don't you mean through? -Pardon? 2564 02:39:59,666 --> 02:40:02,500 I think you mean through Communist Party channels, don't you? 2565 02:40:02,916 --> 02:40:03,900 Yes. -Yes? 2566 02:40:04,076 --> 02:40:05,916 Yes. -Yes. 2567 02:40:06,000 --> 02:40:09,226 Then would it be fair to say that this meant that by 1942, 2568 02:40:09,257 --> 02:40:12,041 your husband had not stopped having anything to do with the Communist Party? 2569 02:40:13,458 --> 02:40:16,125 You don't have to answer that yes or no, you can answer that any way you wish. 2570 02:40:16,250 --> 02:40:19,041 I know that, thank you. It's your question. 2571 02:40:19,985 --> 02:40:21,291 It's not properly phrased. 2572 02:40:21,333 --> 02:40:23,099 Do you understand what I'm getting at? -I do. 2573 02:40:23,124 --> 02:40:25,622 Then why don't you answer it that way? -Because I don't like your phrase, 2574 02:40:26,125 --> 02:40:27,916 "having anything to do with the Communist Party," 2575 02:40:27,958 --> 02:40:30,958 because Robert never had anything to do with the Communist Party as such. 2576 02:40:31,291 --> 02:40:33,583 I know he gave money to Spanish refugees. 2577 02:40:33,750 --> 02:40:36,875 I know he took an intellectual interest in communist ideas. 2578 02:40:36,916 --> 02:40:38,417 Are there two types of communists? 2579 02:40:38,791 --> 02:40:41,208 Intellectual communists, and your plain old regular commie? 2580 02:40:42,750 --> 02:40:44,321 Well, I couldn't answer that one. 2581 02:40:45,583 --> 02:40:46,570 I couldn't either. 2582 02:40:53,875 --> 02:40:54,859 Good evening. 2583 02:40:55,208 --> 02:40:56,541 Robert, you can't win this thing. 2584 02:40:56,750 --> 02:40:59,000 It's a kangaroo court with a predetermined outcome. 2585 02:40:59,041 --> 02:41:00,375 Why put yourself through more of it? 2586 02:41:01,416 --> 02:41:02,750 I have my reasons. 2587 02:41:04,458 --> 02:41:05,459 Alright. 2588 02:41:06,000 --> 02:41:07,020 Good night. 2589 02:41:11,708 --> 02:41:12,791 He has a point. 2590 02:41:14,333 --> 02:41:16,625 I'm not sure you understand, Albert. -No? 2591 02:41:17,821 --> 02:41:20,083 I left my country, never to return. 2592 02:41:21,348 --> 02:41:22,958 You served your country well. 2593 02:41:23,791 --> 02:41:26,166 If this is the reward she offers you, then... 2594 02:41:27,355 --> 02:41:29,375 perhaps you should turn your back on her. 2595 02:41:30,708 --> 02:41:32,458 Damn it, I happen to love this country. 2596 02:41:33,541 --> 02:41:35,250 Then tell them to go to hell. 2597 02:41:36,125 --> 02:41:39,666 Interestingly enough, this is no longer a confirmation hearing. 2598 02:41:39,970 --> 02:41:41,333 It's now a trial... 2599 02:41:41,966 --> 02:41:43,166 about a trial! 2600 02:41:43,375 --> 02:41:44,374 For god's sakes! 2601 02:41:44,791 --> 02:41:47,500 It's not good he's telling everyone you initiated the hearings. 2602 02:41:47,541 --> 02:41:49,625 He can't prove a goddamn thing. 2603 02:41:49,666 --> 02:41:53,125 He certainly can't prove that I gave the file to Borden. 2604 02:41:53,208 --> 02:41:55,750 We're not in court, sir. There's no burden of proof. 2605 02:41:56,375 --> 02:41:57,833 Right, they're not convicting. 2606 02:41:59,166 --> 02:42:00,416 They're just denying. 2607 02:42:01,041 --> 02:42:03,833 Why would Hill come here to tear me down? What's his angle? 2608 02:42:03,999 --> 02:42:05,958 Do people need a reason to do the right thing? 2609 02:42:06,500 --> 02:42:08,583 As he sees it. -I told you. 2610 02:42:08,708 --> 02:42:11,120 Oppenheimer's been poisoning the scientists against me 2611 02:42:11,144 --> 02:42:12,750 right from that first meeting. 2612 02:42:12,916 --> 02:42:15,663 I don't know what Oppenheimer said to him that day, 2613 02:42:15,718 --> 02:42:18,436 but Einstein wouldn't even meet my eye. 2614 02:42:20,333 --> 02:42:22,250 Oppenheimer knows how to manipulate his own. 2615 02:42:22,875 --> 02:42:23,916 At Los Alamos, 2616 02:42:24,458 --> 02:42:26,750 he preyed on the naivete of scientists 2617 02:42:26,791 --> 02:42:28,916 who thought they get a say in how we use their work. 2618 02:42:29,208 --> 02:42:31,375 They'll never think he was that naive himself. 2619 02:42:32,083 --> 02:42:35,208 Doctor, during your work on the hydrogen bomb, 2620 02:42:35,482 --> 02:42:38,083 were you... deterred by any moral qualms? 2621 02:42:39,066 --> 02:42:40,083 Yes, of course. 2622 02:42:40,541 --> 02:42:42,290 But you still got on with your work, didn't you? 2623 02:42:42,357 --> 02:42:44,416 Yes, because this was work of exploration, 2624 02:42:44,458 --> 02:42:46,500 it was not the preparation of a weapon. 2625 02:42:46,791 --> 02:42:48,713 You mean it was more of an academic excursion? 2626 02:42:48,760 --> 02:42:52,083 No, it is not an academic thing, whether you can build a hydrogen bomb. 2627 02:42:52,125 --> 02:42:53,333 It's a matter of life and death. 2628 02:42:53,375 --> 02:42:55,625 By 1942, you were actively pushing the development 2629 02:42:55,666 --> 02:42:56,666 of the hydrogen bomb, weren't you? 2630 02:42:56,708 --> 02:42:58,000 Pushing is not the right word. 2631 02:42:58,083 --> 02:42:59,958 Supporting it and working on it, yes. 2632 02:43:00,000 --> 02:43:02,333 So when did these moral qualms become so strong 2633 02:43:02,395 --> 02:43:05,541 that you actively opposed the development of the hydrogen bomb? 2634 02:43:05,708 --> 02:43:08,375 When it was suggested that it be the policy of the United States 2635 02:43:08,416 --> 02:43:10,041 to make these things at all costs, 2636 02:43:10,083 --> 02:43:12,375 without regard to the balance between these weapons 2637 02:43:12,541 --> 02:43:14,666 and atomic weapons as part of our arsenal. 2638 02:43:16,416 --> 02:43:18,473 What do moral qualms have to do with that? 2639 02:43:19,875 --> 02:43:21,833 What do moral qualms have to do with it? -Yes. 2640 02:43:21,916 --> 02:43:24,250 Oppenheimer wanted to own the atomic bomb. 2641 02:43:24,291 --> 02:43:26,125 He wanted to be The Man Who Moved the Earth. 2642 02:43:26,166 --> 02:43:30,400 He talks about putting the nuclear genie back in the bottle. 2643 02:43:30,708 --> 02:43:32,658 Well, I'm here to tell you that I know, 2644 02:43:33,166 --> 02:43:37,500 J. Robert Oppenheimer, if he could do it all over, he'd do it all the same. 2645 02:43:37,705 --> 02:43:41,083 You know he's never once said that he regrets Hiroshima? 2646 02:43:41,375 --> 02:43:43,416 He'd do it all over. Why? 2647 02:43:44,086 --> 02:43:48,250 Because it made him the most important man who ever lived. 2648 02:43:49,250 --> 02:43:51,914 We freely used the atomic bomb. 2649 02:43:51,958 --> 02:43:54,166 In fact, Doctor, you assisted in selecting the target 2650 02:43:54,208 --> 02:43:56,041 to drop the atomic bomb on Japan, didn't you? 2651 02:43:56,875 --> 02:43:58,402 Yes... -Well then, you knew, did you not, 2652 02:43:58,426 --> 02:44:00,875 that by dropping that atomic bomb on the target you selected, 2653 02:44:00,916 --> 02:44:03,541 that thousands of civilians would be killed or injured. Is that correct? 2654 02:44:04,167 --> 02:44:05,958 Yes, not as many as turned out. 2655 02:44:06,000 --> 02:44:08,417 Oh. Then how many were killed or injured? 2656 02:44:09,000 --> 02:44:11,453 70,000. -70,000, both Hiroshima and... 2657 02:44:11,498 --> 02:44:14,333 110,000 to both. -On the day of each bombing? 2658 02:44:16,000 --> 02:44:17,062 Yes. -Yes. 2659 02:44:17,083 --> 02:44:18,498 And in the weeks and years that followed? 2660 02:44:18,542 --> 02:44:21,691 It has been put at somewhere between 50,000 and 100,000. 2661 02:44:21,728 --> 02:44:23,357 220,000 dead, at least. 2662 02:44:23,439 --> 02:44:25,399 Yes. -Any moral scruples about that? 2663 02:44:27,441 --> 02:44:28,448 Terrible ones. 2664 02:44:28,482 --> 02:44:32,149 But yet you testified in here that the bombing of Hiroshima was very successful. 2665 02:44:32,542 --> 02:44:35,457 Technically successful. -Oh! Technically it was very successful. 2666 02:44:35,517 --> 02:44:37,877 And it is also alleged to have helped to end the war. 2667 02:44:37,918 --> 02:44:40,835 Would you have been supportive of the dropping of a hydrogen bomb on Hiroshima? 2668 02:44:41,252 --> 02:44:42,627 That would make no sense at all. 2669 02:44:42,793 --> 02:44:45,453 Why? -The target is too small. 2670 02:44:45,508 --> 02:44:47,497 Well, supposing there had been a target in Japan 2671 02:44:47,521 --> 02:44:49,282 big enough for a thermonuclear weapon, 2672 02:44:49,321 --> 02:44:50,793 would you have been opposed to the dropping of it? 2673 02:44:50,835 --> 02:44:52,791 This was not a problem with which I was confronted. 2674 02:44:52,793 --> 02:44:54,418 Well, I'm confronting you with it now, sir. 2675 02:44:54,543 --> 02:44:55,835 It was all part of his plan. 2676 02:44:56,043 --> 02:44:59,918 He wanted the glorious, insincere guilt of the self-important 2677 02:44:59,960 --> 02:45:02,335 to wear like a fucking crown and say, 2678 02:45:02,377 --> 02:45:07,377 "No, we cannot go down this road," even as he knew we'd have to. 2679 02:45:07,710 --> 02:45:10,511 Would you have been opposed to the dropping of a thermonuclear weapon 2680 02:45:10,535 --> 02:45:13,240 on Japan because of moral scruples? -Yes, I believe I would, sir. 2681 02:45:13,333 --> 02:45:15,627 Did you oppose the dropping of an atomic bomb on Hiroshima 2682 02:45:15,668 --> 02:45:16,749 because of moral scruples? 2683 02:45:16,850 --> 02:45:19,210 We set forth our... -No, you, you, you, you! 2684 02:45:19,252 --> 02:45:20,293 I'm asking you... -I set... 2685 02:45:20,335 --> 02:45:22,710 You, you, you! -I set forth our arguments 2686 02:45:22,752 --> 02:45:24,756 against dropping it, but I did not endorse them. 2687 02:45:25,002 --> 02:45:28,002 You mean after working night and day for three years building the bomb, 2688 02:45:28,168 --> 02:45:30,053 you then argued against the use of it? 2689 02:45:30,418 --> 02:45:34,127 I was asked by the Secretary of War what the views of scientists were. 2690 02:45:34,168 --> 02:45:36,627 I gave them the views against and the views for. 2691 02:45:36,668 --> 02:45:38,585 You supported the dropping of the atom bomb 2692 02:45:38,627 --> 02:45:39,835 on Japan, didn't you? -What do you mean... 2693 02:45:39,877 --> 02:45:41,466 You supported it... -What do you mean, support? 2694 02:45:41,543 --> 02:45:43,093 Well, you helped pick the target, didn't you? 2695 02:45:43,124 --> 02:45:46,543 I did my job. I was not in a policy-making position at Los Alamos. 2696 02:45:46,627 --> 02:45:48,584 I would have done anything I was asked to do. 2697 02:45:48,632 --> 02:45:50,960 Well, then, you would have built the H-bomb too, wouldn't you? 2698 02:45:51,002 --> 02:45:53,266 But I couldn't... -I didn't ask you that, Doctor! 2699 02:45:53,460 --> 02:45:57,710 And the GAC report, which you co-authored after the Soviet atomic test said: 2700 02:45:57,833 --> 02:46:00,793 "A Super bomb should never be built!" 2701 02:46:00,875 --> 02:46:02,108 What we meant, what I meant... 2702 02:46:02,250 --> 02:46:03,750 What you, who? -Look, what I meant... 2703 02:46:03,792 --> 02:46:04,811 Who? 2704 02:46:05,958 --> 02:46:08,792 Well, wouldn't the Russians do anything to increase their strength? 2705 02:46:09,667 --> 02:46:11,708 If we did it, they would have to do it! 2706 02:46:11,750 --> 02:46:13,833 Our efforts would only fuel their efforts, 2707 02:46:13,875 --> 02:46:15,792 just as it had with the atomic bomb! 2708 02:46:16,042 --> 02:46:18,458 Just as it had with the atomic bomb, exactly! 2709 02:46:19,750 --> 02:46:23,750 No moral scruples in 1945, plenty in 1949. 2710 02:46:28,250 --> 02:46:29,277 Dr. Oppenheimer... 2711 02:46:31,667 --> 02:46:36,042 when did your strong moral convictions develop with respect to the hydrogen bomb? 2712 02:46:44,126 --> 02:46:45,584 When it became clear to me 2713 02:46:47,251 --> 02:46:50,084 that we would tend to use any weapon we had. 2714 02:46:53,492 --> 02:46:58,126 J. Robert Oppenheimer the martyr, I gave him exactly what he wanted. 2715 02:46:58,917 --> 02:47:00,398 To be remembered for Trinity, 2716 02:47:00,549 --> 02:47:02,334 not Hiroshima! 2717 02:47:03,209 --> 02:47:05,209 Not Nagasaki! 2718 02:47:08,334 --> 02:47:09,834 He should be thanking me. 2719 02:47:11,167 --> 02:47:12,168 Well, he's not. 2720 02:47:15,751 --> 02:47:17,126 Do we still have enough votes? 2721 02:47:17,417 --> 02:47:19,232 Or is the crowning moment of my career 2722 02:47:19,256 --> 02:47:22,209 about to become the most public humiliation of my life? 2723 02:47:23,235 --> 02:47:24,667 Full Senate's about to vote. 2724 02:47:25,876 --> 02:47:26,856 You'll scrape through. 2725 02:47:26,913 --> 02:47:28,709 Great, then gather the fucking press. 2726 02:47:28,792 --> 02:47:31,421 Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer, this board, 2727 02:47:31,584 --> 02:47:33,626 having heard testimony from you 2728 02:47:33,667 --> 02:47:36,499 and many of your current and former colleagues, 2729 02:47:37,001 --> 02:47:40,834 has come to the unanimous conclusion that you are a loyal citizen. 2730 02:47:43,459 --> 02:47:44,473 However... 2731 02:47:45,292 --> 02:47:48,626 In the light of your continuing associations, 2732 02:47:48,667 --> 02:47:51,792 and disregard for the security apparatus of this country, 2733 02:47:52,251 --> 02:47:55,542 together with your somewhat disturbing conduct 2734 02:47:55,626 --> 02:47:57,292 on the hydrogen bomb program, 2735 02:47:57,959 --> 02:47:59,376 and the regrettable lack of candor 2736 02:47:59,417 --> 02:48:01,417 in certain of your responses to this board, 2737 02:48:02,459 --> 02:48:04,126 we have voted, two-to-one, 2738 02:48:05,292 --> 02:48:08,334 to deny the renewal of your security clearance. 2739 02:48:08,459 --> 02:48:11,495 A full written opinion, with a dissent from Mr. Evans, 2740 02:48:11,959 --> 02:48:14,501 will be issued to the AEC in the coming days. 2741 02:48:15,042 --> 02:48:16,042 That is all. 2742 02:48:27,002 --> 02:48:28,002 Robert. 2743 02:48:29,126 --> 02:48:30,126 Robert. 2744 02:48:33,292 --> 02:48:34,292 Don't... 2745 02:48:37,292 --> 02:48:38,459 Don't take in the sheets. 2746 02:48:44,526 --> 02:48:46,251 Two minutes. Two minutes! 2747 02:48:46,834 --> 02:48:47,959 You'll get your shot! 2748 02:48:51,959 --> 02:48:53,417 Is it official? 2749 02:48:55,376 --> 02:48:58,915 Well, there were a couple of unexpected holdouts. 2750 02:49:04,334 --> 02:49:06,251 I'm denied. Yeah? 2751 02:49:07,084 --> 02:49:08,583 I'm afraid so, sir. -Alright. 2752 02:49:16,501 --> 02:49:17,584 Who were the holdouts? 2753 02:49:17,785 --> 02:49:20,511 Um, there were three. 2754 02:49:20,644 --> 02:49:23,126 Led by the junior senator from Massachusetts. 2755 02:49:23,214 --> 02:49:24,834 Young guy trying to make a name for himself, 2756 02:49:24,876 --> 02:49:26,751 didn't like what you did to Oppenheimer. 2757 02:49:27,751 --> 02:49:28,736 What's his name? 2758 02:49:29,501 --> 02:49:31,042 Uh, Kennedy. 2759 02:49:31,477 --> 02:49:32,501 John F. Kennedy. 2760 02:49:36,557 --> 02:49:37,544 Kitty? 2761 02:49:44,001 --> 02:49:47,369 Did you think that if you let them tar and feather you, 2762 02:49:47,709 --> 02:49:49,334 then the world would forgive you? 2763 02:49:53,369 --> 02:49:54,369 It won't. 2764 02:49:57,141 --> 02:49:58,141 We'll see. 2765 02:50:12,766 --> 02:50:14,251 You told me I'd be okay. 2766 02:50:15,001 --> 02:50:17,070 Yeah, well, I didn't have all the facts, did I? 2767 02:50:17,209 --> 02:50:18,227 Here's a fact. 2768 02:50:18,417 --> 02:50:22,084 President Eisenhower pinned the Medal of Freedom on my chest last year, 2769 02:50:22,459 --> 02:50:24,667 because I've always done what's right for this country. 2770 02:50:24,959 --> 02:50:28,667 They don't want me in the cabinet room? Well, that's... that's fine. 2771 02:50:29,626 --> 02:50:31,792 Maybe they should just invite Oppenheimer instead. 2772 02:50:32,022 --> 02:50:33,042 Maybe they will. 2773 02:50:34,000 --> 02:50:36,985 I told you. He turned the scientists against me, 2774 02:50:37,063 --> 02:50:39,084 one by one, starting with Einstein. 2775 02:50:39,126 --> 02:50:41,709 I told you about that. Einstein. Einstein by the pond. 2776 02:50:41,751 --> 02:50:44,108 You did, but you know, sir, since nobody... 2777 02:50:44,667 --> 02:50:47,042 really knows what they said to each other that day, 2778 02:50:47,084 --> 02:50:50,209 is it possible they didn't talk about you at all? 2779 02:50:50,876 --> 02:50:52,917 Is it possible they spoke about something, uh... 2780 02:50:54,084 --> 02:50:55,126 more important? 2781 02:51:10,459 --> 02:51:11,464 Thank you. 2782 02:51:12,001 --> 02:51:13,000 Albert. 2783 02:51:16,376 --> 02:51:17,709 The man of the moment. 2784 02:51:22,042 --> 02:51:26,204 You once held a reception for me in Berkeley. 2785 02:51:26,251 --> 02:51:28,268 You gave me an award, hmm? -Yes. 2786 02:51:29,709 --> 02:51:34,209 You all thought that I had lost the ability to understand what I'd started. 2787 02:51:35,151 --> 02:51:36,151 So... 2788 02:51:36,542 --> 02:51:40,464 The award really wasn't for me, it was for all of you, hmm? 2789 02:51:42,792 --> 02:51:44,501 Now it's your turn 2790 02:51:45,001 --> 02:51:49,084 to deal with the consequences of your achievement. 2791 02:51:50,626 --> 02:51:53,751 And one day, when they've punished you enough, 2792 02:51:56,209 --> 02:51:59,584 they'll serve you salmon and potato salad. 2793 02:52:04,251 --> 02:52:05,292 Make speeches. 2794 02:52:06,913 --> 02:52:08,042 Give you a medal. 2795 02:52:10,542 --> 02:52:11,562 Hello, Frank. 2796 02:52:12,210 --> 02:52:13,667 You're happy, I'm happy. 2797 02:52:20,543 --> 02:52:22,876 Pat you on the back, tell you all is forgiven. 2798 02:52:25,001 --> 02:52:26,126 Just remember... 2799 02:52:28,174 --> 02:52:29,792 it won't be for you. 2800 02:52:35,043 --> 02:52:36,167 It'll be for them. 2801 02:52:50,048 --> 02:52:51,048 Albert... 2802 02:52:53,293 --> 02:52:55,792 when I came to you with those calculations, 2803 02:52:56,501 --> 02:52:58,501 we thought we might start a chain reaction 2804 02:52:58,542 --> 02:53:01,626 that would destroy the entire world. 2805 02:53:03,459 --> 02:53:06,418 I remember it well. What of it? 2806 02:53:10,418 --> 02:53:11,500 I believe we did. 219887

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