Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated:
1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:04,162
WWW.MY-SUBS.CO
1
00:00:08,842 --> 00:00:11,261
Bill writes code for days without sleep.
2
00:00:12,303 --> 00:00:15,598
But instead of going to bed,
he needs to blow off steam.
3
00:00:17,225 --> 00:00:19,394
Hitting the desert roads
of Albuquerque at night,
4
00:00:19,894 --> 00:00:21,980
he drives faster and faster...
5
00:00:25,066 --> 00:00:26,526
pushing the limits of his car...
6
00:00:28,194 --> 00:00:29,070
and the law.
7
00:00:35,493 --> 00:00:38,079
Hello, I'm Bill Gates.
8
00:00:40,582 --> 00:00:42,876
In this video,
you're going to see the future.
9
00:00:43,001 --> 00:00:44,603
Mr. Bill Gates.
10
00:00:44,627 --> 00:00:47,231
Forbes Magazine calls Gates
America's richest person.
11
00:00:47,255 --> 00:00:48,935
Six point three billion dollars.
12
00:00:49,007 --> 00:00:51,986
- Worth 40 billion dollars.
- One hundred billion dollars.
13
00:00:52,010 --> 00:00:54,291
Bill Gates is one
of the most remarkable people...
14
00:00:54,345 --> 00:00:56,306
- Arrogant. Greedy.
- ...I've ever met.
15
00:00:56,389 --> 00:00:58,743
- Predatory, capitalistic brainiac.
- A devil.
16
00:00:58,767 --> 00:00:59,934
Impatient optimist.
17
00:01:00,018 --> 00:01:01,811
- Your brain is a CPU?
- Yes.
18
00:01:01,895 --> 00:01:03,354
He thrives on complexity.
19
00:01:03,438 --> 00:01:05,440
He's the smartest person
I've ever met.
20
00:01:05,523 --> 00:01:06,941
He did drop out of college.
21
00:01:07,025 --> 00:01:09,319
You guys never understood
the first thing about this.
22
00:01:09,402 --> 00:01:12,238
Greatest American businessman
of his generation.
23
00:01:12,322 --> 00:01:14,282
He was changing the world
with software.
24
00:01:14,365 --> 00:01:17,243
Is Bill Gates stifling
technological innovation?
25
00:01:17,327 --> 00:01:19,513
They're supposed to be jealous,
supposed to be agitated.
26
00:01:19,537 --> 00:01:21,539
Bill wants people to think that
he's Edison
27
00:01:21,623 --> 00:01:23,184
- and he's really Rockefeller.
- I'm done.
28
00:01:24,626 --> 00:01:27,045
If he were Edison,
he'd be less dangerous.
29
00:01:27,754 --> 00:01:30,006
Can I just ask you
one more question?
30
00:01:30,090 --> 00:01:31,716
Will the real Bill Gates...
31
00:01:32,008 --> 00:01:34,260
- Damn, Bill.
- ...please stand up?
32
00:01:56,366 --> 00:01:59,202
When Bill Gates stepped down
from Microsoft in 2008,
33
00:01:59,285 --> 00:02:01,788
he was worth more
than 58 billion dollars.
34
00:02:05,750 --> 00:02:08,419
He built that fortune
thinking about computer software,
35
00:02:09,003 --> 00:02:10,839
operating systems, spreadsheets,
36
00:02:11,422 --> 00:02:12,422
and the Internet.
37
00:02:15,301 --> 00:02:16,928
So in August 2012,
38
00:02:17,679 --> 00:02:18,930
what was on his mind?
39
00:02:32,527 --> 00:02:35,155
So basically,
we loop around this way.
40
00:02:35,238 --> 00:02:36,406
Okay, good.
41
00:02:38,116 --> 00:02:40,118
There's a lot of spider webs up here.
42
00:02:40,869 --> 00:02:43,997
Melinda always has me go first
'cause she doesn't like cobwebs.
43
00:02:45,665 --> 00:02:47,125
And I don't mind cobwebs.
44
00:02:47,917 --> 00:02:50,237
I first met Bill
when I was at a film screening.
45
00:02:50,920 --> 00:02:54,048
I walked over to introduce myself
and noticed he was reading.
46
00:02:54,757 --> 00:02:57,969
I looked closer and realized
it was a Minnesota state budget
47
00:02:58,052 --> 00:03:00,138
that he was combing over line by line.
48
00:03:00,930 --> 00:03:03,975
In his tote bag... were 37 other budgets.
49
00:03:05,101 --> 00:03:07,770
Immediately I wondered, who is this guy?
50
00:03:08,730 --> 00:03:10,210
What's your favorite food?
51
00:03:11,232 --> 00:03:13,610
- Hamburger.
- What's your favorite animal?
52
00:03:14,903 --> 00:03:16,070
Dog.
53
00:03:16,154 --> 00:03:18,194
What's your favorite animal
that you eat?
54
00:03:19,991 --> 00:03:20,991
Cow.
55
00:03:21,534 --> 00:03:23,786
- What do you eat for breakfast?
- Nothing.
56
00:03:23,870 --> 00:03:25,264
- Favorite snack?
- Nuts.
57
00:03:25,288 --> 00:03:27,540
- Coffee or tea?
- Way more coffee.
58
00:03:28,124 --> 00:03:29,751
What is your worst fear?
59
00:03:31,878 --> 00:03:32,878
Mmm...
60
00:03:34,172 --> 00:03:36,966
I don't want my brain to stop working.
61
00:03:44,265 --> 00:03:46,893
Even before he left Microsoft
in 2008,
62
00:03:46,976 --> 00:03:48,645
Bill and his wife and partner Melinda
63
00:03:48,728 --> 00:03:51,481
were already building what's now
the world's largest foundation.
64
00:03:52,565 --> 00:03:54,734
They spend
nearly five billion dollars a year,
65
00:03:55,318 --> 00:03:57,195
work on US public education,
66
00:03:57,779 --> 00:03:58,947
women and family planning.
67
00:03:59,781 --> 00:04:02,158
They get antiviral drugs to HIV patients,
68
00:04:02,700 --> 00:04:04,369
vaccines to the poorest kids.
69
00:04:05,536 --> 00:04:07,080
But what I really wanted to know...
70
00:04:08,039 --> 00:04:09,624
what does Bill actually do?
71
00:04:13,586 --> 00:04:14,879
Eight o'clock,
72
00:04:14,963 --> 00:04:16,839
Artificial Intelligence Tech Review,
73
00:04:16,923 --> 00:04:19,008
nine o'clock, TerraPower meeting,
74
00:04:19,092 --> 00:04:21,719
10:30, Microsoft board of directors,
75
00:04:21,803 --> 00:04:23,888
half an hour lunch,
he'll call with Warren Buffett,
76
00:04:23,972 --> 00:04:25,723
12:30, sanitation meeting,
77
00:04:25,807 --> 00:04:27,058
an education strategy review,
78
00:04:27,141 --> 00:04:28,685
interview with a journalist.
79
00:04:28,851 --> 00:04:32,438
And then at the end of the day,
he'll go over to the IV lab
80
00:04:32,522 --> 00:04:33,856
and spend some time there.
81
00:04:35,066 --> 00:04:36,067
Is he on time?
82
00:04:36,150 --> 00:04:40,488
He is on time to the minute
every single meeting without fail.
83
00:04:41,322 --> 00:04:45,118
Time is the one commodity
that he can't buy more of.
84
00:04:45,201 --> 00:04:46,369
It's a limited resource.
85
00:04:46,452 --> 00:04:47,287
It's finite.
86
00:04:47,370 --> 00:04:50,081
He's got the same 24 hours in a day
that the rest of us have.
87
00:04:59,299 --> 00:05:03,094
I watch him sometimes
do his best thinking when he's walking.
88
00:05:04,804 --> 00:05:07,307
In our family space at home
there's a place I will sit down,
89
00:05:07,390 --> 00:05:08,710
and if he's working on something,
90
00:05:09,017 --> 00:05:10,893
he will pace back and forth.
91
00:05:11,936 --> 00:05:13,980
It helps him somehow organize his brain.
92
00:05:15,898 --> 00:05:18,776
You have to pick
a pretty finite number of things
93
00:05:19,360 --> 00:05:21,696
to tell your mind to...
94
00:05:22,613 --> 00:05:23,613
work on.
95
00:05:24,615 --> 00:05:25,742
You have to decide...
96
00:05:26,492 --> 00:05:27,577
what should you care about?
97
00:05:31,622 --> 00:05:35,209
You know, what you'd really like
is for all the children of the world
98
00:05:36,336 --> 00:05:37,712
to be treated equally.
99
00:05:42,258 --> 00:05:45,345
What strikes me
is how optimistic you are.
100
00:05:45,428 --> 00:05:47,430
Do you think
that was just physiological?
101
00:05:48,014 --> 00:05:49,891
Or is that just like your chemistry?
102
00:05:50,475 --> 00:05:51,517
It must be.
103
00:05:52,435 --> 00:05:53,644
When I was very young,
104
00:05:54,228 --> 00:05:55,646
they nicknamed me Happy Boy.
105
00:05:57,899 --> 00:06:01,903
I had an older sister who didn't,
you know, beat me up or anything.
106
00:06:05,406 --> 00:06:06,866
He did smile all the time.
107
00:06:09,327 --> 00:06:11,913
My first memories of him are...
he and I would go
108
00:06:11,996 --> 00:06:15,666
and spend like a night or the weekend
at my grandmother's house.
109
00:06:16,167 --> 00:06:19,420
And we would play, um,
sort of like make-believe,
110
00:06:19,504 --> 00:06:22,507
like kids would play,
we'd make houses and whatever.
111
00:06:25,718 --> 00:06:27,553
My brother would always be the dog.
112
00:06:31,432 --> 00:06:33,601
He was sort of a towhead,
113
00:06:34,185 --> 00:06:36,312
smiley little... kid.
114
00:06:40,775 --> 00:06:43,879
It was an early morning when
Bill and Melinda read a story in the paper
115
00:06:43,903 --> 00:06:45,823
that would change the course
of their foundation.
116
00:06:50,868 --> 00:06:54,288
The point of my article
was to remind people
117
00:06:54,372 --> 00:06:56,749
that kids around the world are dying
118
00:06:56,833 --> 00:06:59,085
for reasons that are entirely preventable
119
00:06:59,168 --> 00:07:02,171
just because they happen to be born
in Niger and not New York.
120
00:07:05,883 --> 00:07:09,137
We saw this article and I remember
saying to Bill, "This is unbelievable.
121
00:07:09,220 --> 00:07:11,389
People are still dying of diarrhea.
122
00:07:11,472 --> 00:07:13,057
How could that be?"
123
00:07:13,141 --> 00:07:14,781
Because by then, we had a young daughter.
124
00:07:17,854 --> 00:07:21,899
And I knew if this child
that I'm holding had diarrhea,
125
00:07:21,983 --> 00:07:23,901
I'd go to the pharmacy,
I'd go to the doctor.
126
00:07:26,070 --> 00:07:28,865
If I was a mom
in the developing world...
127
00:07:30,575 --> 00:07:32,994
...this child might not make it.
128
00:07:35,913 --> 00:07:39,041
And you can feel, I think, as a parent,
129
00:07:39,125 --> 00:07:42,170
that capacity of how tragic that would be
130
00:07:42,253 --> 00:07:44,881
and how needless and senseless.
131
00:07:44,964 --> 00:07:48,426
Just because the world won't
focus on it. Are you kidding me?
132
00:07:52,096 --> 00:07:55,433
We had made the commitment
that the vast resources
133
00:07:55,516 --> 00:07:57,393
from Microsoft will go back to society.
134
00:07:58,144 --> 00:08:00,062
But what this article did for us
135
00:08:00,146 --> 00:08:03,983
is it really got us thinking about
global health and what could you do?
136
00:08:05,318 --> 00:08:07,653
I...
They had started philanthropy.
137
00:08:07,737 --> 00:08:10,323
They were providing computers
in southern Africa.
138
00:08:10,406 --> 00:08:11,592
And it was kind of frustrating.
139
00:08:11,616 --> 00:08:13,910
Didn't really feel like
it was very effective.
140
00:08:13,993 --> 00:08:16,245
They were searching around
for new issues.
141
00:08:16,954 --> 00:08:19,540
And the most important article
142
00:08:19,624 --> 00:08:21,501
I've ever written
for that reason.
143
00:08:22,043 --> 00:08:24,462
Bill went on to read
the World Development Report
144
00:08:24,545 --> 00:08:26,839
about how many kids
145
00:08:26,923 --> 00:08:28,049
are dying of diarrhea.
146
00:08:30,968 --> 00:08:32,528
At the time this book comes out,
147
00:08:33,137 --> 00:08:37,767
twelve percent of all kids...
die before the age of five.
148
00:08:42,730 --> 00:08:44,690
Three million times a year,
149
00:08:45,441 --> 00:08:48,486
parents are burying children
because of diarrhea.
150
00:08:49,654 --> 00:08:52,532
And in the world
that I'm spending time in,
151
00:08:52,615 --> 00:08:54,325
I've never met a single parent
152
00:08:54,992 --> 00:08:58,246
who had to bury a child
because they died of diarrhea.
153
00:09:00,039 --> 00:09:03,543
So it makes you wonder,
hey, is the world applying
154
00:09:04,126 --> 00:09:06,796
its incredible set of resources
155
00:09:07,797 --> 00:09:10,424
to eliminate these deaths?
156
00:09:15,137 --> 00:09:17,306
What I think is a miracle is that...
157
00:09:17,765 --> 00:09:20,935
a thousand influential people
have this book but never read it.
158
00:09:21,978 --> 00:09:24,939
You happen to be one of the most
influential people and you've read it,
159
00:09:25,022 --> 00:09:26,107
and you understood it,
160
00:09:26,190 --> 00:09:28,859
and you decided, okay,
this is the action I wanna take.
161
00:09:29,443 --> 00:09:31,487
Yeah, this book would sit
on a lot of shelves.
162
00:09:31,571 --> 00:09:33,171
It's... It's not...
163
00:09:33,197 --> 00:09:35,575
It's not a page-turner.
164
00:09:36,742 --> 00:09:38,286
Eight plus four.
165
00:09:38,744 --> 00:09:39,996
Four plus nine.
166
00:09:40,621 --> 00:09:41,747
Twenty plus two.
167
00:09:41,831 --> 00:09:43,457
Nine plus seven.
168
00:09:44,250 --> 00:09:45,418
Seven plus five.
169
00:09:45,543 --> 00:09:47,583
Do you remember the day
when you realized
170
00:09:47,628 --> 00:09:50,047
that you were smarter
than other kids your age?
171
00:09:50,131 --> 00:09:52,466
Three plus six.
Ten plus two.
172
00:09:52,550 --> 00:09:55,344
They used to have these records
they'd put on,
173
00:09:55,428 --> 00:09:57,388
and a voice that would say,
174
00:09:57,471 --> 00:09:59,348
like "13 plus 18."
175
00:09:59,432 --> 00:10:00,683
And I'd write the answer down,
176
00:10:00,766 --> 00:10:01,892
look at other students.
177
00:10:01,976 --> 00:10:03,496
The recording would go fairly quickly.
178
00:10:04,061 --> 00:10:05,271
Thirteen plus 18.
179
00:10:05,354 --> 00:10:07,064
Seventeen plus nine.
180
00:10:07,148 --> 00:10:08,733
Ten plus 32.
181
00:10:08,816 --> 00:10:12,445
And so as I'd write the answers down,
you could see people kinda going...
182
00:10:12,528 --> 00:10:14,822
"Ah! This is too fast."
183
00:10:16,282 --> 00:10:19,285
So I had a sense
that my mind was snappy
184
00:10:19,368 --> 00:10:22,622
on, you know, simple addition type things.
185
00:10:25,249 --> 00:10:27,877
And by 8th grade
you take this math test,
186
00:10:28,252 --> 00:10:29,795
and you do best in the state.
187
00:10:30,046 --> 00:10:30,921
Yeah.
188
00:10:31,005 --> 00:10:33,325
And not just best in the state
from 8th graders.
189
00:10:33,382 --> 00:10:35,176
You did best in the state from every
190
00:10:35,426 --> 00:10:37,470
eighth, 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th grader.
191
00:10:37,553 --> 00:10:39,472
That's pretty mind-blowing.
192
00:10:40,848 --> 00:10:43,559
Which parent pushed you
to be the best?
193
00:10:44,769 --> 00:10:45,769
My mom.
194
00:10:51,692 --> 00:10:53,819
My mom was very engaged
195
00:10:54,487 --> 00:10:57,114
in all of our day-to-day activity.
196
00:10:57,198 --> 00:10:59,784
My... My dad was amazing
as a role model,
197
00:10:59,867 --> 00:11:03,871
but the person who tried to get me
excited about things, that was...
198
00:11:04,497 --> 00:11:06,082
very dominated by my mom.
199
00:11:08,626 --> 00:11:10,211
She was very warm.
200
00:11:10,294 --> 00:11:13,130
She had a very good sense
of how to make people feel comfortable.
201
00:11:13,506 --> 00:11:16,634
She was very socially skilled and...
202
00:11:17,426 --> 00:11:19,887
not in a fake way, in a very genuine way.
203
00:11:19,970 --> 00:11:22,010
She cared about people
and was interested in people.
204
00:11:23,808 --> 00:11:25,017
This is my mom.
205
00:11:26,018 --> 00:11:28,604
This is actually some early medical stuff
206
00:11:28,688 --> 00:11:31,357
being displayed at this university
that my mom must have...
207
00:11:32,233 --> 00:11:33,442
been involved with somehow.
208
00:11:35,152 --> 00:11:38,072
She was very big in the social scene
in the Seattle area.
209
00:11:38,781 --> 00:11:40,908
She was on a lot
of volunteer boards
210
00:11:40,991 --> 00:11:43,285
and did that kind of thing
with United Way
211
00:11:43,369 --> 00:11:46,080
and that ability to be a good board member
212
00:11:46,163 --> 00:11:50,084
then got her other positions
on boards that actually... that paid.
213
00:11:51,377 --> 00:11:53,421
The university,
the insurance company,
214
00:11:53,504 --> 00:11:54,505
the phone company...
215
00:11:55,172 --> 00:11:59,135
There's certainly no doubt
that my involvement in the community
216
00:11:59,218 --> 00:12:02,304
has had a tremendous impact
on the business career
217
00:12:02,388 --> 00:12:03,931
that I now have as well.
218
00:12:04,014 --> 00:12:05,015
That was my mom.
219
00:12:05,099 --> 00:12:06,934
Suit on, put together,
220
00:12:07,017 --> 00:12:09,145
briefcase, walking out the door
to a meeting.
221
00:12:09,228 --> 00:12:12,606
There was a newspaper article
and there was this photograph
222
00:12:12,690 --> 00:12:13,899
of a boardroom table,
223
00:12:14,567 --> 00:12:17,862
and my mom was the one woman
sitting at the table.
224
00:12:20,030 --> 00:12:22,825
I think we always
had the impression
225
00:12:22,908 --> 00:12:26,495
that she expected us to succeed,
to be successful.
226
00:12:27,413 --> 00:12:30,791
She'd talk about, "Oh, those parents
must be proud their kid's doing that,"
227
00:12:30,875 --> 00:12:33,919
or, "Those parents must feel a little bad
their kid's not doing that."
228
00:12:34,503 --> 00:12:36,422
She had a certain sense of values
229
00:12:36,505 --> 00:12:37,505
that were...
230
00:12:38,048 --> 00:12:42,303
uh... communicated to us
in that kind of indirect way.
231
00:12:44,388 --> 00:12:45,473
She was a force.
232
00:12:49,852 --> 00:12:51,645
And she wanted
233
00:12:51,729 --> 00:12:54,023
our family to be a force.
234
00:14:01,465 --> 00:14:03,676
I did reporting
in both Africa and India,
235
00:14:03,759 --> 00:14:06,303
and I remember in India at one point
236
00:14:06,387 --> 00:14:11,517
I had to pee, and so I asked the woman
I'd just been interviewing,
237
00:14:11,600 --> 00:14:13,769
the family I'd just spent
several hours with,
238
00:14:13,853 --> 00:14:15,437
"So, you know, where can I pee?"
239
00:14:15,521 --> 00:14:19,483
And she pointed me somewhere
and I realized it was taking,
240
00:14:19,567 --> 00:14:21,819
it was taking the urine in this gutter
241
00:14:21,902 --> 00:14:24,488
to where they were collecting
their water to drink.
242
00:14:25,322 --> 00:14:27,116
People were defecating in the same spot.
243
00:14:28,951 --> 00:14:30,703
In many developing countries,
244
00:14:30,786 --> 00:14:34,707
people choose to go outside because
they can't stand using a pit latrine,
245
00:14:35,499 --> 00:14:38,961
a hole in the ground that has
a terrible smell and often overflows.
246
00:14:40,462 --> 00:14:42,172
For half the world's population,
247
00:14:42,756 --> 00:14:44,633
more than four billion people,
248
00:14:45,009 --> 00:14:46,343
there is no good option.
249
00:14:52,766 --> 00:14:56,645
There's a whole area
of global development called WASH.
250
00:14:56,729 --> 00:15:00,733
So WASH stands for water,
sanitation and hygiene.
251
00:15:00,816 --> 00:15:05,613
Most philanthropies that work in that
space of water, sanitation, and hygiene,
252
00:15:05,696 --> 00:15:06,906
work on water.
253
00:15:06,989 --> 00:15:09,742
Like you hear a ton about water,
everybody's into water.
254
00:15:09,825 --> 00:15:12,244
People say,
"Oh, we need clean water." Well...
255
00:15:12,328 --> 00:15:13,913
yes, the water should be clean,
256
00:15:13,996 --> 00:15:15,998
but you can give people clean water.
257
00:15:16,081 --> 00:15:19,126
If their kids are playing in mud
that has human sewage in it,
258
00:15:19,209 --> 00:15:23,797
that's where all the diarrheal infection
is taking place.
259
00:15:23,881 --> 00:15:26,383
Very few philanthropies
260
00:15:26,467 --> 00:15:27,843
work on sanitation.
261
00:15:28,344 --> 00:15:31,138
So sanitationis two main things:
262
00:15:31,722 --> 00:15:34,600
toilets and sewer systems.
263
00:15:34,683 --> 00:15:39,772
They are both areas where there's been
a nearly complete lack of innovation.
264
00:15:40,481 --> 00:15:43,627
So Bill went looking for people
who could apply a new way of thinking
265
00:15:43,651 --> 00:15:44,652
to the problem.
266
00:15:46,487 --> 00:15:48,739
He called mechanical engineer
Peter Janicki.
267
00:15:49,823 --> 00:15:51,659
I have never thought
about sanitation.
268
00:15:51,742 --> 00:15:53,327
I thought about a lot of other things.
269
00:15:53,410 --> 00:15:55,579
If you visit
Peter's aerospace company,
270
00:15:56,288 --> 00:15:59,667
there's a lot of technology in warehouses
you're not allowed to see.
271
00:16:01,126 --> 00:16:04,338
Here, they build top secret parts
for the military and more.
272
00:16:05,381 --> 00:16:07,007
So when Bill first came to me,
273
00:16:07,091 --> 00:16:09,811
and said, "Are you interested in working
on this sanitation problem?"
274
00:16:11,053 --> 00:16:12,304
I thought to myself,
275
00:16:12,388 --> 00:16:13,973
"What sanitation problem?
276
00:16:14,056 --> 00:16:18,227
If there's anything that we've solved,
in my opinion, it's sanitation."
277
00:16:19,228 --> 00:16:22,147
Most of us don't think about
what happens after we flush.
278
00:16:22,231 --> 00:16:25,526
Clean water fills the bowl,
dirty water gets flushed.
279
00:16:26,318 --> 00:16:29,238
Flushed water travels through
a complex network of pipes
280
00:16:29,905 --> 00:16:31,281
and arrives at a treatment center.
281
00:16:31,824 --> 00:16:34,368
There, the water goes through things
like a grit chamber...
282
00:16:36,370 --> 00:16:39,790
...gravity belt thickener,
and a sludge digester.
283
00:16:41,583 --> 00:16:43,168
All to produce safe water.
284
00:16:45,546 --> 00:16:48,215
You start looking at the United States
and the population,
285
00:16:48,298 --> 00:16:49,675
it's a big country,
286
00:16:49,758 --> 00:16:51,802
and there's actually
not that many people live here.
287
00:16:52,344 --> 00:16:54,221
Three hundred million people in America.
288
00:16:54,304 --> 00:16:56,223
Then you start looking
at these other countries.
289
00:16:56,306 --> 00:16:59,685
They have ten times
the population density that we have.
290
00:17:00,227 --> 00:17:01,907
And everybody wants to do
what we're doing.
291
00:17:04,314 --> 00:17:07,609
If you build slums
without putting the piping in,
292
00:17:07,693 --> 00:17:09,778
going back in, getting the water,
293
00:17:10,612 --> 00:17:11,822
building the piping,
294
00:17:11,905 --> 00:17:14,616
it would be tens of billions
for a single city
295
00:17:15,284 --> 00:17:17,911
to go in and build up modern sanitation.
296
00:17:17,995 --> 00:17:21,999
It is not a system that will ever
scale down to very poor countries.
297
00:17:23,125 --> 00:17:25,377
Even if they could afford
to modernize,
298
00:17:25,461 --> 00:17:28,380
that solution requires
way too much energy and water.
299
00:17:29,339 --> 00:17:32,634
So we have a pit in the ground
that smells so bad
300
00:17:32,718 --> 00:17:33,998
that it makes you wanna throw up
301
00:17:34,053 --> 00:17:36,597
or we have multi-million dollar
waste water treatment plants.
302
00:17:36,680 --> 00:17:39,641
Those are our two solutions.
We're like, "Okay, this is the way it is.
303
00:17:39,725 --> 00:17:40,725
Get used to it."
304
00:17:41,560 --> 00:17:43,240
Bill wondered
what it would take
305
00:17:43,604 --> 00:17:46,607
to reimagine both toilets
and sewage systems.
306
00:17:46,690 --> 00:17:48,609
What if you can fund inventors
307
00:17:49,651 --> 00:17:52,362
that could come up with something
that's a tenth the cost?
308
00:17:52,988 --> 00:17:54,448
You know, that's pretty magical.
309
00:17:55,157 --> 00:17:58,368
And you end up saving millions of lives.
310
00:18:01,997 --> 00:18:03,749
When I was six years old...
311
00:18:05,667 --> 00:18:07,294
I can still remember my dad
312
00:18:07,961 --> 00:18:10,589
telling me about the death
of one of my brothers.
313
00:18:12,424 --> 00:18:14,968
And then, at nine years old,
314
00:18:15,052 --> 00:18:16,220
uh...
315
00:18:17,346 --> 00:18:18,346
two more.
316
00:18:19,098 --> 00:18:20,307
And then later,
317
00:18:20,849 --> 00:18:21,849
one more.
318
00:18:25,938 --> 00:18:30,359
I was big enough to understand
what it means to lose...
319
00:18:31,735 --> 00:18:32,861
to lose siblings.
320
00:18:34,029 --> 00:18:35,155
And...
321
00:18:36,406 --> 00:18:37,407
yeah.
322
00:18:39,368 --> 00:18:42,329
I eventually end up
going to the university.
323
00:18:42,955 --> 00:18:45,582
I started learning why people die.
324
00:18:46,208 --> 00:18:48,210
That was the time I realized, yeah,
325
00:18:48,293 --> 00:18:51,046
people die because
of very preventable diseases.
326
00:18:52,297 --> 00:18:53,297
It was like a hit.
327
00:18:55,092 --> 00:18:57,761
I was lucky. I was still alive.
328
00:18:58,345 --> 00:18:59,429
So...
329
00:19:00,389 --> 00:19:01,389
What could I do?
330
00:19:01,431 --> 00:19:03,767
Doulaye left his village
in Côte D'Ivoire
331
00:19:03,851 --> 00:19:06,478
and moved to Belgium
to study sanitary engineering.
332
00:19:07,312 --> 00:19:11,400
But at the university, he realized
that everyone talked about improvements
333
00:19:11,483 --> 00:19:13,735
that would only work
in developed countries.
334
00:19:14,653 --> 00:19:18,657
I could never imagine those things working
in the places I was coming from.
335
00:19:18,949 --> 00:19:22,327
I had started really questioning
all the professors.
336
00:19:23,370 --> 00:19:25,414
And asked them,
"Can you create new solution?"
337
00:19:25,914 --> 00:19:28,458
For a decade,
Doulaye couldn't find anyone willing
338
00:19:28,542 --> 00:19:29,543
to answer that question.
339
00:19:30,586 --> 00:19:32,296
And then, he got an email,
340
00:19:32,921 --> 00:19:34,923
inviting him to meet Bill
at the foundation.
341
00:19:36,592 --> 00:19:38,510
The only thing I knew was...
342
00:19:39,428 --> 00:19:42,181
he started Microsoft,
he was very successful.
343
00:19:43,599 --> 00:19:46,727
Why in the world someone like this
want to talk about
344
00:19:47,144 --> 00:19:49,271
fecal sludge, pit latrine, and toilet?
345
00:19:50,772 --> 00:19:53,901
Finally, Doulaye found someone
in the western world
346
00:19:53,984 --> 00:19:56,778
who understood what he knew
from experience.
347
00:19:56,862 --> 00:19:58,864
It was the first time in my life
348
00:19:58,947 --> 00:20:03,785
that conversation was not about
whether it is difficult to solve.
349
00:20:05,787 --> 00:20:08,457
The conversation was about
why it doesn't work.
350
00:20:10,000 --> 00:20:11,126
What have you tried?
351
00:20:11,877 --> 00:20:14,004
What have we never dared to try?
352
00:20:14,588 --> 00:20:17,758
Bill and Doulaye spent hours
posing all sorts of questions.
353
00:20:18,508 --> 00:20:21,053
Could a toilet not only collect waste,
354
00:20:21,136 --> 00:20:22,596
but turn it into fuel?
355
00:20:23,889 --> 00:20:25,682
Would burning poop inside the toilet
356
00:20:26,266 --> 00:20:28,769
create enough energy
for it to run itself?
357
00:20:29,394 --> 00:20:32,105
Would it be possible for a toilet to work
358
00:20:32,189 --> 00:20:34,608
without pipes or even outside water?
359
00:20:39,571 --> 00:20:41,490
We came to a conclusion that...
360
00:20:42,491 --> 00:20:43,700
it would be possible.
361
00:20:44,868 --> 00:20:47,621
Bill knew there was still
one big question left to answer.
362
00:20:48,163 --> 00:20:50,457
How could he transform
their scribbles on a whiteboard
363
00:20:51,083 --> 00:20:52,793
into something that actually works?
364
00:20:54,378 --> 00:20:55,879
Measure What Matters,
365
00:20:55,963 --> 00:20:57,506
The Vaccine Race,
366
00:20:57,589 --> 00:20:59,174
Haiti Prioritizes,
367
00:20:59,591 --> 00:21:01,927
Blockchain Revolution,
Strength in Stillness,
368
00:21:02,010 --> 00:21:04,012
Inventions That Changed the World,
369
00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:07,474
How to Make a Mind,
Fundamentals of Deep Learning...
370
00:21:07,557 --> 00:21:10,602
...Quantum Mechanics and Algorithms,
371
00:21:11,144 --> 00:21:13,522
The Book of Why, Bad Blood,
372
00:21:13,605 --> 00:21:14,898
Life 3.0...
373
00:21:16,108 --> 00:21:17,442
Educated,
374
00:21:17,526 --> 00:21:18,526
To Be a Machine,
375
00:21:19,319 --> 00:21:20,445
The Perfect Weapon...
376
00:21:20,821 --> 00:21:21,697
Elastic.
377
00:21:21,780 --> 00:21:23,580
And how often
are you packing this?
378
00:21:23,615 --> 00:21:25,909
This gets refreshed on a weekly basis.
379
00:21:25,993 --> 00:21:29,288
It gets packed and cleaned
for every trip he does, certainly,
380
00:21:29,371 --> 00:21:31,164
because he has more time to read
381
00:21:31,248 --> 00:21:34,251
while he's traveling
for his work for the foundation.
382
00:21:34,334 --> 00:21:37,296
- So this goes everywhere with him?
- This goes everywhere with him.
383
00:21:38,380 --> 00:21:40,841
He is joyous about learning things,
384
00:21:40,924 --> 00:21:42,404
like no one I've ever met in my life.
385
00:21:42,467 --> 00:21:44,428
He doesn't read one book about something,
386
00:21:44,511 --> 00:21:46,763
he'll read, like, five books
about something.
387
00:21:47,347 --> 00:21:50,225
Most of which are too dense
for any mortal to read, right?
388
00:21:50,309 --> 00:21:54,438
And he reads really fast
and synthesizes really well.
389
00:21:54,521 --> 00:21:56,231
The most amazing thing is
390
00:21:56,815 --> 00:22:00,694
he almost always knows more
391
00:22:00,777 --> 00:22:04,114
than the other person he's talking to
about whatever it is, it's unbelievable.
392
00:22:04,740 --> 00:22:07,617
When I've been with him
on vacation, he'll read 14 books.
393
00:22:08,702 --> 00:22:11,288
That's a gift, you know,
to read 150 pages an hour.
394
00:22:12,372 --> 00:22:14,416
I'm gonna say
it's 90 percent retention.
395
00:22:14,916 --> 00:22:16,168
Kind of extraordinary.
396
00:22:16,960 --> 00:22:19,629
One thing about Bill
is he is a multi-processor.
397
00:22:19,713 --> 00:22:23,216
He'll be reading something else
but then processing at the same time.
398
00:22:23,300 --> 00:22:25,052
And when he's off reading, you think,
399
00:22:25,135 --> 00:22:27,095
"Hey, you could have gone to bed
an hour earlier,"
400
00:22:27,179 --> 00:22:30,057
that's actually when he's working out
some of his emotional life.
401
00:22:32,934 --> 00:22:34,614
What do you remember about him?
402
00:22:35,020 --> 00:22:36,063
I remember thinking:
403
00:22:36,146 --> 00:22:38,106
he's kind of weird.
404
00:22:38,190 --> 00:22:40,192
And his friends are weird.
405
00:22:40,275 --> 00:22:41,777
They're kind of nerdy
406
00:22:41,860 --> 00:22:44,112
and they think differently than me.
407
00:22:44,780 --> 00:22:47,491
My brother was happy to be locked
in his room for hours
408
00:22:47,657 --> 00:22:49,409
focusing on one thing or another.
409
00:22:49,910 --> 00:22:53,163
When you're ten and you're walking
into his room, what do you see?
410
00:22:53,246 --> 00:22:54,790
Um, I see a mess.
411
00:22:55,707 --> 00:22:58,293
I see a mess, a total mass,
books all over the place.
412
00:22:58,877 --> 00:23:00,712
I think left to his own devices,
413
00:23:00,796 --> 00:23:03,632
he might have stayed in his room
414
00:23:03,715 --> 00:23:05,884
and read books all day long.
415
00:23:07,928 --> 00:23:10,889
You could just see
that he was different.
416
00:23:13,809 --> 00:23:17,187
I don't think he perceived himself
as being different.
417
00:23:17,896 --> 00:23:22,067
I don't know how much
he was in touch with what was...
418
00:23:22,776 --> 00:23:24,111
more normal,
419
00:23:24,194 --> 00:23:27,280
just 'cause he was so introverted.
420
00:23:29,116 --> 00:23:31,201
He wants to be in his room
and do what?
421
00:23:31,410 --> 00:23:32,410
Um...
422
00:23:32,619 --> 00:23:34,246
Chew pencils.
423
00:23:38,291 --> 00:23:39,876
He was just thinking.
424
00:23:40,377 --> 00:23:42,254
Pondering.
425
00:23:45,841 --> 00:23:49,302
My mom had a hard time
getting him to do things.
426
00:23:50,554 --> 00:23:52,848
They had a really rocky relationship.
427
00:23:53,515 --> 00:23:56,810
She couldn't get to him.
428
00:24:02,274 --> 00:24:04,901
My parents' authority
seemed arbitrary.
429
00:24:05,861 --> 00:24:08,405
I really didn't want
to follow their rules.
430
00:24:08,947 --> 00:24:12,284
I would not speak for days at a time.
431
00:24:14,995 --> 00:24:17,330
I felt like I was in some struggle.
432
00:24:19,249 --> 00:24:20,750
Does Bill get frustrated?
433
00:24:21,084 --> 00:24:22,127
Oh, yes.
434
00:24:22,544 --> 00:24:24,421
Yeah, he's fierce, he is fierce.
435
00:24:24,754 --> 00:24:28,300
It's scary.
I mean, he gets like really frustrated.
436
00:24:30,886 --> 00:24:33,221
Bill wrote to the most
prestigious universities
437
00:24:33,763 --> 00:24:36,243
asking them to think
about fixing the world's toilet problem...
438
00:24:37,017 --> 00:24:39,561
so that together
they could begin saving lives.
439
00:24:42,272 --> 00:24:44,733
Most didn't bother to reply.
440
00:24:51,907 --> 00:24:54,117
When he's frustrated, it's,
441
00:24:54,201 --> 00:24:55,952
"Let's go faster."
442
00:24:57,162 --> 00:24:58,580
"Let's solve the problems.
443
00:24:58,663 --> 00:25:01,708
And let's figure out
what's between us and victory."
444
00:25:05,253 --> 00:25:07,672
What is the longest
you've played on a single day?
445
00:25:08,798 --> 00:25:10,008
Oh, eight hours.
446
00:25:10,091 --> 00:25:11,843
- Eight hours?
- Eight or nine.
447
00:25:11,927 --> 00:25:14,489
What's the hottest you've played,
what temperature you've played in?
448
00:25:14,513 --> 00:25:15,430
A hundred and six.
449
00:25:15,514 --> 00:25:17,224
Who first taught you how to play tennis?
450
00:25:17,307 --> 00:25:18,683
Uh, my parents.
451
00:25:18,767 --> 00:25:20,560
In the summers we played.
452
00:25:20,644 --> 00:25:23,063
We came up and went to Hood Canal and...
453
00:25:23,980 --> 00:25:26,816
They wanted us to do all the sports,
454
00:25:26,900 --> 00:25:28,985
so even baseball,
455
00:25:29,569 --> 00:25:31,238
swimming...
456
00:25:31,363 --> 00:25:32,197
...football.
457
00:25:32,280 --> 00:25:34,199
Favorite memory
from Camp Cheerio.
458
00:25:35,116 --> 00:25:37,035
Uh, you know, having my dad...
459
00:25:37,786 --> 00:25:38,828
who's the mayor...
460
00:25:39,871 --> 00:25:41,581
lead the singing march.
461
00:25:41,665 --> 00:25:44,876
We had a lot of songs,
but the theme song was
462
00:25:45,877 --> 00:25:46,877
from the...
463
00:25:47,546 --> 00:25:49,381
Bridge Over the River Kwai song, it was...
464
00:25:49,464 --> 00:25:51,675
♪ March on the road to Cheerio ♪
465
00:25:53,677 --> 00:25:54,761
♪ Here we go ♪
466
00:25:54,970 --> 00:25:57,222
♪ Time for a real sensation ♪
467
00:25:57,389 --> 00:25:59,683
♪ At the place that we all know ♪
468
00:25:59,766 --> 00:26:01,268
♪ Pam-pa-ram-pa-ram-pa ♪
469
00:26:03,562 --> 00:26:05,456
Why do you love that so much?
470
00:26:05,480 --> 00:26:09,025
Well, just because I was a kid
and those were good times.
471
00:26:10,277 --> 00:26:12,821
We'd go with nine
or ten different families
472
00:26:12,904 --> 00:26:14,781
and we'd rent out the whole resort.
473
00:26:17,450 --> 00:26:18,770
This tradition of Cheerio
474
00:26:19,119 --> 00:26:21,037
was built around games.
475
00:26:22,247 --> 00:26:24,332
There was a tennis tournament
for the adults.
476
00:26:25,750 --> 00:26:27,919
There were Olympic games for the kids.
477
00:26:29,045 --> 00:26:31,089
There was a gunny sack race,
478
00:26:31,339 --> 00:26:32,549
there was a running race,
479
00:26:32,632 --> 00:26:34,884
there was an obstacle course,
carry an egg on a spoon.
480
00:26:35,844 --> 00:26:38,930
Nothing fancy,
but definitely competitive.
481
00:26:47,856 --> 00:26:48,856
Oh, no.
482
00:26:49,441 --> 00:26:50,441
Almost.
483
00:26:51,693 --> 00:26:53,987
Bill knew that the best
and brightest engineers
484
00:26:54,070 --> 00:26:56,615
are too often focused
on well-funded projects
485
00:26:56,698 --> 00:27:00,160
for business and the military.
486
00:27:00,243 --> 00:27:03,413
So he had to find a way
to get them to think about toilets.
487
00:27:04,623 --> 00:27:05,790
At Cheerio...
488
00:27:06,666 --> 00:27:09,586
getting your spot on the podium
was really important.
489
00:27:13,506 --> 00:27:14,758
He wanted to win.
490
00:27:15,175 --> 00:27:16,468
Through that.
491
00:27:17,344 --> 00:27:19,344
My brother happens
to be very competitive.
492
00:27:20,889 --> 00:27:23,183
But I think
that competitive thing
493
00:27:23,767 --> 00:27:25,560
got him going.
494
00:27:28,271 --> 00:27:29,271
Nice.
495
00:27:32,609 --> 00:27:34,736
Bill went back
to eight universities.
496
00:27:36,154 --> 00:27:39,115
But instead of asking them
to present their designs in private...
497
00:27:42,535 --> 00:27:44,496
he had another idea.
498
00:27:44,663 --> 00:27:46,831
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
499
00:27:46,915 --> 00:27:49,542
is leading a competition
to invent a new toilet that doesn't...
500
00:27:49,626 --> 00:27:52,420
From technology
to toilets, Bill Gates and his wife...
501
00:27:52,504 --> 00:27:55,131
This wasn't a day
for your everyday throne.
502
00:27:55,215 --> 00:27:57,652
Microsoft mogul Bill Gates
is looking for ways
503
00:27:57,676 --> 00:28:00,261
to flush out contaminated drinking water
around the world.
504
00:28:00,345 --> 00:28:02,265
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
505
00:28:02,305 --> 00:28:04,025
is offering nearly seven million dollars...
506
00:28:04,057 --> 00:28:07,078
All entrants must operate
without running water, electricity,
507
00:28:07,102 --> 00:28:08,186
or a septic system.
508
00:28:08,269 --> 00:28:10,772
The foundation expects
to use prototypes within the next...
509
00:28:10,855 --> 00:28:12,535
Prototypes include a toilet
510
00:28:12,565 --> 00:28:13,900
that uses microwave energy
511
00:28:13,983 --> 00:28:16,069
to turn human waste into electricity...
512
00:28:16,152 --> 00:28:18,905
Some bottles turn urine
into water for flushing
513
00:28:18,988 --> 00:28:21,116
or used insects to eat it.
514
00:28:21,199 --> 00:28:24,199
The maggot is not a very choosy thing
when it comes to what it wants to eat.
515
00:28:27,288 --> 00:28:30,333
Even Bill was amazed by just
how audacious these ideas were.
516
00:28:37,006 --> 00:28:40,593
But he also knew it would take years
for even one to become a reality.
517
00:28:41,469 --> 00:28:43,638
And still, every day,
518
00:28:43,930 --> 00:28:44,973
thousands were dying.
519
00:28:46,641 --> 00:28:49,269
You have pit latrines
in communities,
520
00:28:49,853 --> 00:28:51,438
and eventually they fill up.
521
00:28:51,521 --> 00:28:53,041
Now what do you do with this material?
522
00:28:53,106 --> 00:28:55,859
It's absolutely full of pathogens.
523
00:28:56,568 --> 00:28:57,902
And they have no place to put it.
524
00:29:00,280 --> 00:29:02,240
It's gotta go to a sewer treatment plant.
525
00:29:02,323 --> 00:29:05,118
In other parts of the world,
modern sewage treatment
526
00:29:05,201 --> 00:29:06,578
simply doesn't exist...
527
00:29:06,828 --> 00:29:08,037
even in urban areas.
528
00:29:08,163 --> 00:29:09,283
I traveled and I saw
529
00:29:09,330 --> 00:29:11,124
a whole bunch
of wastewater treatment plants.
530
00:29:11,207 --> 00:29:12,792
None of them were running.
531
00:29:13,752 --> 00:29:15,253
The sewer was just going around them.
532
00:29:15,336 --> 00:29:17,297
They build them
but they can't afford to run them.
533
00:29:19,299 --> 00:29:22,635
In Dakar, most human waste
pours into canals
534
00:29:22,719 --> 00:29:24,554
that flow directly into the Hann Bay.
535
00:29:26,139 --> 00:29:29,476
There, infectious diseases spread
at alarming rates.
536
00:29:35,064 --> 00:29:37,650
Just as Bill asked Doulaye
to help him reinvent the toilet,
537
00:29:38,735 --> 00:29:41,488
he wondered if Peter could help invent
a new treatment plant.
538
00:29:42,530 --> 00:29:43,865
One that doesn't waste water,
539
00:29:44,574 --> 00:29:46,284
or require a lot of energy.
540
00:29:46,618 --> 00:29:49,204
I was a little bit discouraged
at first because...
541
00:29:50,038 --> 00:29:52,078
I couldn't think
of a technical solution.
542
00:29:52,415 --> 00:29:54,375
A lot of people
were looking at filtration.
543
00:29:54,459 --> 00:29:56,259
They were like,
"I gotta filter this somehow."
544
00:29:56,336 --> 00:29:59,547
And in my view, you can't filter something
545
00:29:59,631 --> 00:30:01,800
that's so radically different every time.
546
00:30:07,013 --> 00:30:09,098
So this is, uh, sewer sludge.
547
00:30:09,808 --> 00:30:11,288
What do you think's growing in there?
548
00:30:12,018 --> 00:30:13,018
Tomatoes.
549
00:30:13,812 --> 00:30:14,812
You know why?
550
00:30:15,271 --> 00:30:16,648
Because people eat tomatoes.
551
00:30:17,232 --> 00:30:18,858
And the seeds go through the person
552
00:30:18,942 --> 00:30:20,068
and they end up here.
553
00:30:21,569 --> 00:30:23,029
Looks like it's pretty dry.
554
00:30:27,575 --> 00:30:30,575
Believe it or not, there's
actually a lot of really good stuff in...
555
00:30:30,620 --> 00:30:31,620
in shit.
556
00:30:31,704 --> 00:30:33,122
There's a lot of water.
557
00:30:33,206 --> 00:30:34,958
And so I started looking at it, saying,
558
00:30:35,667 --> 00:30:36,543
"I can boil it."
559
00:30:38,711 --> 00:30:41,548
Bill and Peter knew
that boiling poop would generate steam,
560
00:30:42,090 --> 00:30:44,250
and that steam generates energy...
561
00:30:44,509 --> 00:30:47,053
...and energy is necessary
to power a sewage system.
562
00:30:48,555 --> 00:30:52,684
But what if a treatment center
could use poop to power itself forever?
563
00:30:54,978 --> 00:30:56,521
"And just maybe," they asked...
564
00:30:57,689 --> 00:31:00,817
"could that steam produce
clean, drinkable water?"
565
00:31:06,030 --> 00:31:08,384
So, by the time you were 12,
things got really bad
566
00:31:08,408 --> 00:31:09,576
with your mother, right?
567
00:31:09,909 --> 00:31:12,912
Yeah, I definitely gave my mom
a hard time
568
00:31:12,996 --> 00:31:15,790
not following along with what she wanted
569
00:31:15,874 --> 00:31:18,042
and really trying to detach myself.
570
00:31:18,126 --> 00:31:20,479
And what...
So how did you express that frustration?
571
00:31:20,503 --> 00:31:22,463
Oh, just disobedience, disrespect.
572
00:31:22,547 --> 00:31:24,924
I mean, it's kind of embarrassing
to think about it...
573
00:31:25,425 --> 00:31:26,426
now.
574
00:31:27,760 --> 00:31:29,947
In an argument over dinner...
575
00:31:29,971 --> 00:31:32,974
...Bill shouted at his mother
in what he describes today as
576
00:31:33,600 --> 00:31:36,936
"Utter, totally sarcastic,
smart-ass kid rudeness."
577
00:31:37,645 --> 00:31:40,732
In a rare burst of anger, Bill's dad
threw a glass of water at Bill's face.
578
00:31:41,649 --> 00:31:43,329
They actually got
some counseling.
579
00:31:43,401 --> 00:31:46,112
They pretended that it was
a whole family problem
580
00:31:46,195 --> 00:31:47,530
and we all went.
581
00:31:47,614 --> 00:31:51,284
Um, but then it became clear
that it was my mother and my brother.
582
00:31:54,037 --> 00:31:55,413
I said to him, "Hey,
583
00:31:55,496 --> 00:31:57,290
I'm at war with my parents.
584
00:31:57,373 --> 00:31:59,250
I don't know if you can help me or not."
585
00:31:59,334 --> 00:32:02,337
And he said,
"Well, that's it's not a very fair war.
586
00:32:03,129 --> 00:32:05,298
You're gonna inflict more pain on them
587
00:32:05,381 --> 00:32:06,633
than they inflict on you.
588
00:32:07,216 --> 00:32:08,801
And they're really on your side."
589
00:32:08,885 --> 00:32:12,764
So, you know, I'm... Basically, I had
the wrong way of looking at things.
590
00:32:12,847 --> 00:32:14,950
It took him about three months
to convince me of that,
591
00:32:14,974 --> 00:32:16,267
but it was brilliant.
592
00:32:16,351 --> 00:32:19,511
I think it was sorta, "At some point,
you've gotta let your mother have her way.
593
00:32:20,146 --> 00:32:23,191
That's just the way life is and you've
gotta let your mother have her way."
594
00:32:26,444 --> 00:32:27,904
The real question was how
595
00:32:28,488 --> 00:32:30,073
I would do in the real world.
596
00:32:32,992 --> 00:32:36,454
Pushing up against them
where they really cared about me,
597
00:32:36,537 --> 00:32:38,623
that wasn't the real world.
598
00:32:39,290 --> 00:32:43,795
She was intentional about creating
opportunities for him to be social.
599
00:32:43,878 --> 00:32:44,754
I mean, for example,
600
00:32:44,837 --> 00:32:48,967
when my dad would go
to American Bar Association meetings,
601
00:32:49,509 --> 00:32:50,969
they would have him come
602
00:32:51,052 --> 00:32:53,763
and be a greeter or do something
603
00:32:53,846 --> 00:32:56,057
that forced that engagement.
604
00:32:57,225 --> 00:32:58,559
Even at Cheerio
605
00:32:59,185 --> 00:33:01,521
there were sort of
beautifully engineered interactions
606
00:33:01,604 --> 00:33:04,148
between the children and the parents.
607
00:33:04,232 --> 00:33:08,069
One of the things that the parents
would organize is a drawing to see
608
00:33:08,403 --> 00:33:10,488
whose house you would go to for dinners.
609
00:33:10,571 --> 00:33:12,824
So you had to learn to follow their rules,
610
00:33:12,907 --> 00:33:15,702
eat their food, and socialize.
611
00:33:19,247 --> 00:33:22,375
So if your parents had left him
alone and not forced him to deal
612
00:33:22,458 --> 00:33:23,458
in the real world,
613
00:33:24,043 --> 00:33:25,670
do you think he'd be the same guy?
614
00:33:25,920 --> 00:33:27,839
I don't think so.
615
00:33:27,922 --> 00:33:30,049
You don't know, but I don't think so.
616
00:33:30,133 --> 00:33:32,593
I think my parents had a lot to do...
617
00:33:33,428 --> 00:33:34,971
with how he turned out.
618
00:33:35,054 --> 00:33:38,266
Please welcome Mr. Bill Gates.
619
00:33:49,027 --> 00:33:51,587
So it's viable they could get it
value engineered down.
620
00:33:52,405 --> 00:33:56,075
It's not out of the realm that they could
get it to the price point that we want.
621
00:33:56,659 --> 00:33:59,996
There critical challenge there
is with the heat exchanger,
622
00:34:00,079 --> 00:34:01,330
is the heat recovery.
623
00:34:01,414 --> 00:34:05,376
So we are really looking at the best
company in the world
624
00:34:05,460 --> 00:34:06,711
who have expertise in that.
625
00:34:06,794 --> 00:34:09,255
Do you see there being
just one manufacturer
626
00:34:09,338 --> 00:34:11,382
ultimately in China or multiples?
627
00:34:12,008 --> 00:34:13,968
The way they're structured...
628
00:34:14,052 --> 00:34:15,178
Melinda brings...
629
00:34:15,803 --> 00:34:16,804
just a great...
630
00:34:17,680 --> 00:34:19,849
different point of view
that makes you more effective.
631
00:34:20,433 --> 00:34:22,435
Yeah, well,
she's totally my partner.
632
00:34:22,518 --> 00:34:25,118
There's real partners
and there's superficial partners.
633
00:34:25,646 --> 00:34:27,565
And you chose to make her a real partner.
634
00:34:27,648 --> 00:34:30,610
No, she's a real partner.
'Cause she is, you know, totally...
635
00:34:31,861 --> 00:34:33,780
equal in how we do these things.
636
00:34:34,447 --> 00:34:38,493
We weren't quite there yet
when he left Microsoft, to be frank.
637
00:34:38,576 --> 00:34:40,078
'Cause he'd run the company, right?
638
00:34:40,161 --> 00:34:42,580
He was the CEO of the company
and the chairman of the board.
639
00:34:43,623 --> 00:34:44,874
I knew he was for it,
640
00:34:44,957 --> 00:34:48,169
we just needed to change
a few of our ways of working together.
641
00:34:49,212 --> 00:34:51,964
It doesn't feel like
there's any inequality.
642
00:34:52,048 --> 00:34:54,809
You know, even though he's the one
that started Microsoft and not her.
643
00:34:54,842 --> 00:34:56,482
Like he appreciates everything about her,
644
00:34:56,552 --> 00:34:59,347
as opposed to, like,
complaining about her or something.
645
00:34:59,430 --> 00:35:01,724
I've never heard him complain about her.
646
00:35:01,808 --> 00:35:04,688
He's the only person I know who I've never
heard complain about his wife.
647
00:35:06,604 --> 00:35:08,397
I was good at math
in high school.
648
00:35:08,481 --> 00:35:12,110
My high school teacher
decided to go to the head principal
649
00:35:12,193 --> 00:35:14,987
when she saw these Apple computers
at a conference.
650
00:35:15,071 --> 00:35:17,671
So we started programming in high school.
651
00:35:18,324 --> 00:35:20,368
Between math and puzzles,
which I love both,
652
00:35:20,451 --> 00:35:23,162
it was like this whole puzzle,
and I just loved it.
653
00:35:25,289 --> 00:35:28,209
I started working at Microsoft
in 1983,
654
00:35:28,751 --> 00:35:32,296
and in '87, we hired seven MBAs,
655
00:35:32,380 --> 00:35:33,840
six guys and her.
656
00:35:33,923 --> 00:35:37,677
And she had gone to Duke
and gotten a degree in computer science
657
00:35:37,760 --> 00:35:39,512
and an MBA in five years.
658
00:35:40,179 --> 00:35:44,976
So the other people in this "pledge class"
of MBA's were all like 26 years old.
659
00:35:45,059 --> 00:35:48,688
She was maybe 22 and a half, right,
and she was the only woman.
660
00:35:48,771 --> 00:35:52,275
Within a very short time,
Melinda was running her own division,
661
00:35:52,358 --> 00:35:54,193
overseeing hundreds of people.
662
00:35:54,277 --> 00:35:55,695
In the consumer division,
663
00:35:55,778 --> 00:35:58,573
we were trying to think through
the human experience,
664
00:35:58,698 --> 00:35:59,949
the user experience.
665
00:36:00,032 --> 00:36:03,327
Bill has amazing scientists
666
00:36:03,411 --> 00:36:06,497
and innovative ideas
for getting new toilet technology.
667
00:36:06,581 --> 00:36:08,749
It will absolute change
the developing world.
668
00:36:08,833 --> 00:36:11,127
But if they can't think about
669
00:36:11,210 --> 00:36:14,922
the experience of, a mom is the one
who takes her child to the toilet...
670
00:36:15,006 --> 00:36:16,340
The moms tell me in the villages,
671
00:36:16,424 --> 00:36:19,010
"If men can see over the wall,
I'm not going in there.
672
00:36:19,093 --> 00:36:20,678
It's not safe and it's not private.
673
00:36:21,179 --> 00:36:24,056
If I can't take my child
into the little stall with me
674
00:36:24,140 --> 00:36:26,267
it doesn't work,
I can't leave the child outside."
675
00:36:27,018 --> 00:36:30,521
That's where I'm willing to be a bit
of grist with Bill. I'll poke him a bit.
676
00:36:30,605 --> 00:36:32,940
Like, "Well, how are you thinking
about this piece
677
00:36:33,024 --> 00:36:34,901
and how are you thinking about that?"
678
00:36:35,067 --> 00:36:37,153
We listen and respect each other
679
00:36:37,236 --> 00:36:41,365
and then we come to a common viewpoint,
and that's what we take forward.
680
00:36:41,949 --> 00:36:44,785
And what are you hoping to get
out of the toilet fair
681
00:36:44,869 --> 00:36:46,704
this time that's gonna happen in China?
682
00:36:47,079 --> 00:36:50,082
At the last one there was a bit of,
"We're still in a science mode."
683
00:36:50,166 --> 00:36:51,751
- Mmm.
- Could this work?
684
00:36:53,794 --> 00:36:57,006
Our hope is to show enough momentum
that that's no longer the question.
685
00:37:00,218 --> 00:37:02,578
When you arrive,
you will be straight on the stage
686
00:37:03,221 --> 00:37:04,889
to deliver your keynote.
687
00:37:04,972 --> 00:37:08,684
This is going to be
a very big historic moment.
688
00:37:11,229 --> 00:37:12,605
At the top of page three,
689
00:37:13,231 --> 00:37:14,941
underneath the lectern
690
00:37:15,024 --> 00:37:18,110
there is a shelf with the, uh...
691
00:37:19,445 --> 00:37:20,279
the poop prop.
692
00:37:20,363 --> 00:37:22,323
So you'll be standing there and it's...
693
00:37:23,157 --> 00:37:24,492
it's just right under there.
694
00:37:24,575 --> 00:37:25,575
Okay.
695
00:37:32,375 --> 00:37:34,175
Can you say a few words
for me please?
696
00:37:34,669 --> 00:37:38,130
I'm trying this strange microphone.
697
00:37:38,214 --> 00:37:39,214
You got that?
698
00:37:39,924 --> 00:37:41,133
Thumbs up. Thank you.
699
00:37:41,884 --> 00:37:45,221
There's two bottles of water in the podium
that have already been cracked.
700
00:37:46,097 --> 00:37:47,723
Do they look different than the feces?
701
00:37:47,848 --> 00:37:50,101
They're on the bottom shelf.
702
00:37:50,184 --> 00:37:51,224
He didn't get that.
703
00:37:51,269 --> 00:37:52,561
Believe me, that was a...
704
00:37:52,645 --> 00:37:54,981
Do I set 'em there?
Because then nobody wants them.
705
00:37:55,606 --> 00:37:57,166
So they're on the bottom shelf.
706
00:37:58,693 --> 00:38:01,133
And we've been working
all these years to fund
707
00:38:01,195 --> 00:38:03,489
the early stage research.
708
00:38:03,572 --> 00:38:06,701
Now's the time to take it
and drive it to maturity.
709
00:38:09,662 --> 00:38:12,415
Six years
after the first toilet fair,
710
00:38:12,498 --> 00:38:14,667
the engineers have refined
their early prototypes.
711
00:38:17,211 --> 00:38:19,380
What began as a brainstorm
on a whiteboard
712
00:38:19,463 --> 00:38:20,923
had finally come to life.
713
00:38:22,633 --> 00:38:26,012
This toilet utilizes a screw to separate
urine from feces.
714
00:38:27,638 --> 00:38:30,516
Burning the waste generates energy
to power the screw.
715
00:38:31,726 --> 00:38:32,935
All that's left...
716
00:38:34,020 --> 00:38:35,438
a small pile of ash.
717
00:38:38,607 --> 00:38:41,694
This squat toilet dries then burns waste
718
00:38:41,777 --> 00:38:43,946
to create heat that disinfects the urine.
719
00:38:46,407 --> 00:38:48,117
And this one is powered by solar panels,
720
00:38:48,200 --> 00:38:51,245
and uses an oxygen composting process.
721
00:38:51,871 --> 00:38:55,333
The by-products:
fertilizer and water for flushing.
722
00:38:55,833 --> 00:38:58,377
We really do see ourselves on a cusp
723
00:38:58,461 --> 00:39:00,087
of a sanitation revolution.
724
00:39:00,880 --> 00:39:04,842
Many of these toilets require
no outside electricity or plumbing.
725
00:39:05,718 --> 00:39:09,263
And they were ready to replace
the pit latrine forever.
726
00:39:09,347 --> 00:39:10,848
But the capital cost?
727
00:39:10,931 --> 00:39:14,643
For the time being,
about $50,000, uh, US dollars.
728
00:39:14,727 --> 00:39:17,813
The cost of this now is around,
uh, 50,000.
729
00:39:18,647 --> 00:39:20,191
For all the progress,
730
00:39:20,274 --> 00:39:23,110
Bill knew that a $50,000 toilet
was way out of reach.
731
00:39:23,736 --> 00:39:27,615
This thing's gonna have
to cost less than $500.
732
00:39:27,698 --> 00:39:31,327
And right now we're more
than ten times greater than that.
733
00:39:32,161 --> 00:39:33,204
The solution:
734
00:39:33,746 --> 00:39:37,833
find a partner in this room
to manufacture it and bring the cost down.
735
00:39:39,001 --> 00:39:41,087
I brought a little exhibit here.
736
00:39:41,170 --> 00:39:43,297
This is a...
737
00:39:44,006 --> 00:39:46,008
container of human feces.
738
00:39:46,092 --> 00:39:49,220
Inside there could be over 200 million
739
00:39:49,303 --> 00:39:51,597
rotavirus particles,
740
00:39:51,680 --> 00:39:54,100
twenty billion shigella bacteria,
741
00:39:54,183 --> 00:39:57,103
and a hundred thousand
parasitic worm eggs.
742
00:39:57,186 --> 00:39:59,105
That's what kids,
when they're out playing,
743
00:39:59,188 --> 00:40:01,148
they're being exposed to all the time.
744
00:40:02,691 --> 00:40:05,528
If he failed,
it would be seven years of work
745
00:40:05,903 --> 00:40:08,906
and 200 million dollars wasted.
746
00:40:13,786 --> 00:40:15,955
As a businessman,
what are your blindsides?
747
00:40:16,038 --> 00:40:19,917
What are the moments that you feel like,
"Oh, this is what I'm not so good at"?
748
00:40:20,835 --> 00:40:26,006
Well, innovation-based businesses
are the only ones that I bring anything...
749
00:40:27,007 --> 00:40:27,842
to it all.
750
00:40:30,177 --> 00:40:33,681
I like to push the level of risk
of doing things
751
00:40:34,265 --> 00:40:35,850
that wouldn't happen
752
00:40:35,933 --> 00:40:37,643
without leadership and vision.
753
00:40:38,144 --> 00:40:40,020
In only 18 months,
754
00:40:40,104 --> 00:40:42,440
Peter and his team were able to build
a working prototype
755
00:40:42,523 --> 00:40:44,233
of a stand-alone treatment plant.
756
00:40:44,733 --> 00:40:46,944
They called it the Omni Processor.
757
00:40:47,027 --> 00:40:49,822
And the machine worked exactly the way
they imagined it would.
758
00:40:49,905 --> 00:40:52,783
So this is the solution when,
you empty pit latrines,
759
00:40:52,867 --> 00:40:54,910
and instead of dumping all this stuff
in the river,
760
00:40:54,994 --> 00:40:57,288
you bring it
to a centralized Omni Processor.
761
00:40:59,915 --> 00:41:01,167
It evaporates the water,
762
00:41:01,250 --> 00:41:03,669
solids go into a fire,
763
00:41:03,752 --> 00:41:04,962
we burn them,
764
00:41:05,045 --> 00:41:07,173
we boil more steam,
765
00:41:07,256 --> 00:41:10,259
and drive a steam engine to make
electricity to drive the whole process.
766
00:41:11,302 --> 00:41:14,930
It requires no external power
and no outside water.
767
00:41:15,014 --> 00:41:17,892
And in the end, the only byproducts
768
00:41:17,975 --> 00:41:19,810
are electricity, ash,
769
00:41:20,394 --> 00:41:22,229
and clean, drinkable water.
770
00:41:22,313 --> 00:41:24,899
We're, you know,
looking at all these water samples
771
00:41:24,982 --> 00:41:26,692
coming out of the Omni Processor.
772
00:41:28,444 --> 00:41:31,004
You know where it came from,
you can see the pile of shit
773
00:41:31,030 --> 00:41:32,615
that it came from five minutes ago.
774
00:41:33,324 --> 00:41:36,619
He just grabs a glass
and he takes a look at it
775
00:41:36,702 --> 00:41:39,497
and boom! Just tastes like water.
776
00:41:39,622 --> 00:41:43,125
But building a prototype
in just 18 months wasn't enough.
777
00:41:43,209 --> 00:41:45,961
Bill pushed Peter
to get this machine up and running
778
00:41:46,045 --> 00:41:47,254
where people needed it.
779
00:41:47,880 --> 00:41:50,257
I have access to hundreds
of mechanics
780
00:41:50,341 --> 00:41:52,092
and engineers and electricians,
781
00:41:52,176 --> 00:41:53,844
and getting it to run every day
782
00:41:54,428 --> 00:41:55,596
is a piece of cake.
783
00:41:55,679 --> 00:41:57,389
But sending it to Dakar
784
00:41:57,473 --> 00:41:59,350
and getting it up and running...
785
00:41:59,433 --> 00:42:01,393
but to actually do that
is kind of a big deal.
786
00:42:05,940 --> 00:42:07,441
Early on at Microsoft,
787
00:42:07,525 --> 00:42:11,153
my mom became
sort of his right-hand person.
788
00:42:11,862 --> 00:42:13,102
When he bought a house,
789
00:42:13,155 --> 00:42:15,032
making sure he actually
had a house cleaner,
790
00:42:15,115 --> 00:42:16,283
helping him have a wardrobe
791
00:42:16,367 --> 00:42:18,619
when he was getting a photograph taken
for some magazine.
792
00:42:19,328 --> 00:42:21,330
I think he was very happy
with that
793
00:42:21,413 --> 00:42:25,251
'cause as a 25, 26-year-old guy,
794
00:42:25,334 --> 00:42:28,420
he, that was great, "I don't have to worry
about all this stuff."
795
00:42:30,005 --> 00:42:33,509
She made him be really thoughtful
early in his life at Microsoft
796
00:42:33,592 --> 00:42:37,346
about what it meant to be a community
contributor and the importance of that.
797
00:42:37,429 --> 00:42:40,766
She introduced him
back into the community, she,
798
00:42:40,849 --> 00:42:43,477
you know, got him involved in United Way.
799
00:42:44,061 --> 00:42:46,313
She was his guidepost.
800
00:42:48,607 --> 00:42:51,318
I never thought that he,
you know, at that point,
801
00:42:51,402 --> 00:42:52,802
that he'd get anybody to marry him.
802
00:42:56,282 --> 00:42:57,950
Melinda and my mom got along really well.
803
00:42:58,033 --> 00:43:01,120
I think my mom did a great job
of sort of realizing
804
00:43:01,203 --> 00:43:03,706
that she needed to step back a little bit.
805
00:43:06,875 --> 00:43:09,962
Do you think he knew
how serious her cancer was?
806
00:43:10,629 --> 00:43:11,629
Yeah. Yeah.
807
00:43:12,381 --> 00:43:15,217
She was becoming very frail.
808
00:43:16,594 --> 00:43:17,928
It was pretty clear...
809
00:43:19,388 --> 00:43:21,056
she had at most...
810
00:43:21,890 --> 00:43:23,267
a year to live.
811
00:43:24,602 --> 00:43:26,282
He did everything he could and...
812
00:43:26,854 --> 00:43:28,689
he looked into trials
813
00:43:28,772 --> 00:43:31,984
and what the different options were
for treatment, and...
814
00:43:32,901 --> 00:43:37,656
it was just a little too early
in the progression of cancer research
815
00:43:37,740 --> 00:43:38,991
to really help her.
816
00:43:46,415 --> 00:43:47,916
My mom loved Melinda
817
00:43:48,000 --> 00:43:50,085
and thought that she was a great...
818
00:43:50,711 --> 00:43:53,047
addition to the family
and perfect for my brother.
819
00:43:58,135 --> 00:44:01,096
Right around the time that Bill
and Melinda we're getting married,
820
00:44:01,472 --> 00:44:03,265
she was quite ill.
821
00:44:09,355 --> 00:44:12,107
She died the June after they got married.
822
00:44:14,818 --> 00:44:15,986
She died of breast cancer.
823
00:44:20,240 --> 00:44:22,080
What was the worst day in your life?
824
00:44:28,040 --> 00:44:30,167
Mmm, like the day my mother died.
825
00:44:42,680 --> 00:44:46,475
My mom had been fading quite a bit.
826
00:44:50,521 --> 00:44:53,232
And so I'm driving...
827
00:44:54,274 --> 00:44:56,110
to the house I grew up in.
828
00:44:57,236 --> 00:44:58,676
And I'm speeding...
829
00:44:59,113 --> 00:45:01,240
...and I get pulled over.
830
00:45:02,866 --> 00:45:05,828
The officer walks up...
831
00:45:06,578 --> 00:45:08,831
and I was just sobbing.
832
00:45:10,791 --> 00:45:14,378
And I say,
"My mom died and I'm going home."
833
00:45:17,673 --> 00:45:20,175
Even though we had expected it...
834
00:45:22,469 --> 00:45:23,637
and here it was.
835
00:45:27,349 --> 00:45:28,475
Mom was gone.
836
00:45:37,818 --> 00:45:40,404
When things are difficult
emotionally,
837
00:45:40,487 --> 00:45:43,198
he goes to his safe space,
which is intellect.
838
00:45:43,866 --> 00:45:45,951
It's hard for him to feel pain.
839
00:45:47,244 --> 00:45:49,246
I think it was
an extraordinary loss for him.
840
00:45:49,329 --> 00:45:51,749
And I kind of wonder,
you know, whether there was some...
841
00:45:52,040 --> 00:45:53,040
um...
842
00:45:54,918 --> 00:45:56,920
some things
that were left undone for him.
843
00:45:58,130 --> 00:46:00,466
She would be so prou...
844
00:46:00,549 --> 00:46:02,509
I mean, it's a shame she's not here
845
00:46:02,593 --> 00:46:04,762
'cause she would be so proud of him.
846
00:46:07,514 --> 00:46:08,682
But she...
847
00:46:09,850 --> 00:46:11,143
Yeah. Um...
848
00:46:12,394 --> 00:46:14,229
It's a shame she's not here.
849
00:46:15,856 --> 00:46:18,656
If she could see you today,
you think she'd be proud of you?
850
00:46:19,193 --> 00:46:20,360
I think so.
851
00:46:22,738 --> 00:46:23,738
Uh...
852
00:46:24,156 --> 00:46:26,492
She never thought my table manners
were perfect.
853
00:46:26,575 --> 00:46:28,619
I don't think I've, uh...
854
00:46:28,994 --> 00:46:29,995
solved that.
855
00:46:30,078 --> 00:46:32,164
So she'd have,
you know, still things that...
856
00:46:32,664 --> 00:46:35,083
uh, she'd encourage me to do better on.
857
00:46:44,134 --> 00:46:46,804
Taking his brain and putting it
858
00:46:47,596 --> 00:46:49,389
in our family with my mom...
859
00:46:51,600 --> 00:46:53,560
pushing him to do the social stuff...
860
00:46:57,481 --> 00:47:00,234
that's all stuff that got him...
861
00:47:01,109 --> 00:47:03,195
sort of to focus his brain...
862
00:47:04,238 --> 00:47:07,574
not just on the learning
and the educational part,
863
00:47:07,658 --> 00:47:08,951
but more on the doing part.
864
00:47:15,833 --> 00:47:17,417
Today in Dakar,
865
00:47:17,501 --> 00:47:19,962
the Omni Processor is treating one-third
866
00:47:20,045 --> 00:47:21,672
of the city's fecal sludge...
867
00:47:25,008 --> 00:47:27,135
and providing clean, drinkable water.
868
00:47:29,888 --> 00:47:34,309
In journalism we tend to cover
what happened today.
869
00:47:35,269 --> 00:47:37,896
We're all over a press conference,
an explosion.
870
00:47:38,522 --> 00:47:40,399
We don't cover things that happen
every day.
871
00:47:43,151 --> 00:47:45,529
We tend to miss those stories
872
00:47:45,612 --> 00:47:47,614
about the everyday suffering.
873
00:47:50,033 --> 00:47:53,704
And we miss the story about everyday
improvement in living conditions.
874
00:47:59,918 --> 00:48:03,046
Because things that happen every day
875
00:48:03,130 --> 00:48:04,590
are never quite news.
876
00:48:06,341 --> 00:48:09,428
There's this battle for eyeballs
in the journalism world.
877
00:48:10,053 --> 00:48:13,807
And covering global health
is not a way to get eyeballs.
878
00:48:20,063 --> 00:48:22,608
This article was
quickly forgotten
879
00:48:22,691 --> 00:48:27,112
except that it had a couple
of important readers in Seattle.
880
00:48:30,824 --> 00:48:32,284
In November 2018,
881
00:48:32,951 --> 00:48:36,121
Lixil, one of the world's
largest manufacturers,
882
00:48:36,705 --> 00:48:39,041
announced it would develop
one of Bill's toilets.
70821
Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.