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Subs Synced And Uploaded By VITOENCODES 2 00:01:31,301 --> 00:01:34,968 "PROMETHEUS STOLE FIRE FROM THE GODS AND GAVE IT TO MAN. 3 00:01:35,009 --> 00:01:39,801 "FOR THIS HE WAS CHAINED TO A ROCK AND TORTURED FOR ETERNITY." 4 00:01:48,383 --> 00:01:49,550 Dr. Oppenheimer. 5 00:01:51,464 --> 00:01:52,466 Dr. Oppenheimer. 6 00:01:54,091 --> 00:01:57,216 As we begin, I believe you have a statement to read into the record. 7 00:01:59,341 --> 00:02:00,424 Yes, your honor. 8 00:02:00,591 --> 00:02:03,633 We're not judges, Doctor. -No. 9 00:02:10,133 --> 00:02:11,883 Members of the security board, 10 00:02:13,133 --> 00:02:16,883 the so-called interrogatory information in your indictment of me 11 00:02:16,966 --> 00:02:19,758 cannot be fairly understood except in the context 12 00:02:19,841 --> 00:02:21,800 of my life, and my work. 13 00:02:22,633 --> 00:02:24,050 How long did he testify? 14 00:02:25,258 --> 00:02:26,716 Honestly, I forget. 15 00:02:28,550 --> 00:02:30,425 The whole hearing took a month. 16 00:02:30,633 --> 00:02:33,591 An ordeal. -Oh, I've only read the transcripts. 17 00:02:36,633 --> 00:02:38,966 Who'd want to justify their whole life? -You weren't there? 18 00:02:39,341 --> 00:02:40,758 As chairman, I wasn't allowed to be. 19 00:02:41,383 --> 00:02:43,133 Are they really going to ask about it? 20 00:02:44,008 --> 00:02:45,466 It was years ago. 21 00:02:45,508 --> 00:02:46,925 Four years ago. -Five. 22 00:02:48,175 --> 00:02:49,801 Oppenheimer still divides America. 23 00:02:49,824 --> 00:02:51,824 The committee's going to want to know where you stood. 24 00:02:52,966 --> 00:02:56,425 Senator Thurmond asked me to say not to feel that you're on trial. 25 00:02:56,591 --> 00:02:59,550 Oh, funny. I didn't, until you just said that. 26 00:02:59,883 --> 00:03:01,425 Really, Mr. Strauss... -It's Admiral. 27 00:03:01,591 --> 00:03:04,841 Admiral. Admiral Strauss, this is a formality. 28 00:03:04,883 --> 00:03:06,966 President Eisenhower has asked you to be in his cabinet. 29 00:03:07,175 --> 00:03:08,967 The Senate really has no choice but to confirm him. 30 00:03:08,990 --> 00:03:10,758 And if they bring up Oppenheimer? 31 00:03:11,383 --> 00:03:13,717 When they bring up Oppenheimer, you answer honestly, 32 00:03:13,740 --> 00:03:15,800 no senator can deny you did your duty. 33 00:03:16,091 --> 00:03:17,550 It'll be uncomfortable. 34 00:03:18,553 --> 00:03:20,091 Who'd want to justify their whole life? 35 00:03:25,883 --> 00:03:27,425 Why did you leave the United States? 36 00:03:30,133 --> 00:03:33,425 I... I wanted to study the new physics. 37 00:03:33,633 --> 00:03:34,883 Was there nowhere here? 38 00:03:35,800 --> 00:03:38,633 I thought Berkeley had the leading theoretical physics department. 39 00:03:39,466 --> 00:03:41,300 Yes, once I built it. 40 00:03:42,050 --> 00:03:43,301 But first I had to go to Europe. 41 00:03:43,324 --> 00:03:46,383 I went to Cambridge, to study under Patrick Blackett. 42 00:03:46,716 --> 00:03:48,466 Were you happier there than in America? 43 00:03:49,800 --> 00:03:51,133 Happier? -Yes. 44 00:03:55,591 --> 00:03:56,591 No. 45 00:03:57,050 --> 00:03:58,258 No, I, uh... 46 00:04:01,133 --> 00:04:03,133 I was homesick and... 47 00:04:04,049 --> 00:04:05,716 emotionally immature... 48 00:04:07,050 --> 00:04:09,425 Troubled by visions of a... 49 00:04:10,175 --> 00:04:12,466 hidden universe. 50 00:04:24,050 --> 00:04:25,133 Useless in the lab. 51 00:04:30,133 --> 00:04:31,591 Christ, Oppenheimer. 52 00:04:32,795 --> 00:04:33,966 Have you had any sleep? 53 00:04:36,591 --> 00:04:37,592 Start again. 54 00:04:38,091 --> 00:04:39,383 I need to go to a lecture, sir. 55 00:04:40,425 --> 00:04:41,425 Why? 56 00:04:41,966 --> 00:04:42,966 It's Niels Bohr. 57 00:04:46,050 --> 00:04:47,216 I completely forgot. 58 00:04:48,341 --> 00:04:50,133 Alright! Let's go. 59 00:04:52,716 --> 00:04:54,091 Oh no, not you, Oppenheimer. 60 00:04:54,425 --> 00:04:55,758 You finish coating those plates. 61 00:05:36,216 --> 00:05:39,926 Quantum physics is not a step forward. 62 00:05:40,008 --> 00:05:43,758 It is a new way to understand reality. 63 00:05:43,865 --> 00:05:45,676 Einstein's opened the door. 64 00:05:45,699 --> 00:05:49,900 Now we are peering through, seeing a world inside our world, 65 00:05:50,091 --> 00:05:55,675 a world of energy and paradox that not everyone can accept. 66 00:06:39,175 --> 00:06:40,174 You alright? 67 00:06:41,175 --> 00:06:43,508 Nils, meet J. Robert Oppenheimer. 68 00:06:43,883 --> 00:06:45,383 What's the J stand for? 69 00:06:45,591 --> 00:06:46,926 Nothing, apparently. 70 00:06:46,949 --> 00:06:49,425 You were at my lecture. You asked the only good question. 71 00:06:49,633 --> 00:06:51,050 No one's denying his insight. 72 00:06:51,216 --> 00:06:53,591 It's his laboratory work that leaves a little to be desired. 73 00:06:54,925 --> 00:06:55,926 I heard you give the same answer... 74 00:06:55,949 --> 00:06:57,966 At Harvard, yes, and you asked the same question. 75 00:06:58,550 --> 00:06:59,633 Why ask again? 76 00:06:59,791 --> 00:07:01,050 I hadn't liked your answer. 77 00:07:02,693 --> 00:07:05,133 Did you like it better yesterday? -A lot. 78 00:07:05,436 --> 00:07:09,925 You can lift a stone without being ready for the snake that's revealed. 79 00:07:10,175 --> 00:07:11,633 Now it seems you're ready. 80 00:07:12,383 --> 00:07:13,800 But you don't enjoy the lab. 81 00:07:14,966 --> 00:07:17,551 So get out of Cambridge, with its beakers and potions. 82 00:07:17,574 --> 00:07:19,758 Go somewhere they'll let you think. 83 00:07:21,175 --> 00:07:22,175 Where? 84 00:07:23,800 --> 00:07:25,466 Göttingen. -Born. 85 00:07:25,550 --> 00:07:26,567 Born. 86 00:07:26,591 --> 00:07:30,633 Get to Germany, study under Max Born, learn the ways of theory. 87 00:07:31,425 --> 00:07:32,425 I'll send word. 88 00:07:33,383 --> 00:07:34,383 Worm hole. 89 00:07:36,841 --> 00:07:37,800 How's your mathematics? 90 00:07:37,841 --> 00:07:39,925 Not good enough for the physicist he wants to be. 91 00:07:40,050 --> 00:07:42,384 Algebra's like sheet music, 92 00:07:42,407 --> 00:07:46,008 the important thing isn't can you read music, it's can you hear it. 93 00:07:46,300 --> 00:07:48,383 Can you hear the music, Robert? 94 00:07:49,882 --> 00:07:50,885 Yes, I can. 95 00:09:27,200 --> 00:09:28,800 The senator from Wyoming. 96 00:09:29,742 --> 00:09:32,425 Admiral Strauss, I'm interested in your relationship 97 00:09:32,466 --> 00:09:34,133 with Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer. 98 00:09:34,344 --> 00:09:36,091 You met him in 1947. 99 00:09:37,026 --> 00:09:38,008 Correct. 100 00:09:38,466 --> 00:09:40,466 You were a commissioner of the Atomic Energy Commission. 101 00:09:41,050 --> 00:09:44,769 I was, but I actually met Robert in my capacity 102 00:09:44,816 --> 00:09:48,966 as board member of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton. It was... 103 00:09:49,592 --> 00:09:52,858 after the war, he was world-renowned as the great man of physics, 104 00:09:52,925 --> 00:09:57,175 and I was determined to get him to run the Institute. 105 00:10:06,841 --> 00:10:09,341 Dr. Oppenheimer. An honor. 106 00:10:09,633 --> 00:10:10,634 Mr. Strauss. 107 00:10:10,784 --> 00:10:11,800 It's pronounced "Strauss". 108 00:10:13,085 --> 00:10:14,426 "Oppenheimer", "Oppenheimer"... 109 00:10:14,467 --> 00:10:16,341 Either way you say it, they know I'm Jewish. 110 00:10:17,708 --> 00:10:20,341 I'm president of Temple Emanu-El in Manhattan. 111 00:10:20,633 --> 00:10:22,925 "Strauss" is just a Southern pronunciation. 112 00:10:23,392 --> 00:10:27,091 Anyway, welcome to the Institute. I think you'll be very happy here. 113 00:10:27,414 --> 00:10:28,675 Yes, well, you'll love the commute. 114 00:10:29,258 --> 00:10:31,425 The position comes with that house for you and your wife, 115 00:10:31,919 --> 00:10:33,675 and your... is it two children? 116 00:10:33,966 --> 00:10:34,841 Yes, two. 117 00:10:35,362 --> 00:10:37,425 I'm a great admirer of your work. 118 00:10:38,024 --> 00:10:40,425 You're a physicist by training, Mr. Strauss? 119 00:10:40,466 --> 00:10:42,551 I'm sorry, uh, common room, four o'clock tea. 120 00:10:42,574 --> 00:10:45,214 No, I'm not trained in physics or anything else. 121 00:10:45,258 --> 00:10:46,276 I'm a self-made man. 122 00:10:46,341 --> 00:10:47,841 Ah, I can relate to that. 123 00:10:48,550 --> 00:10:50,341 Really? -Yes, my father was one. 124 00:10:52,216 --> 00:10:54,466 And this would be your office. 125 00:11:04,216 --> 00:11:06,050 I'm told he's there in most afternoons. 126 00:11:06,591 --> 00:11:08,343 You know, I've always wondered 127 00:11:08,383 --> 00:11:11,300 why you didn't involve him in the Manhattan Project. 128 00:11:13,598 --> 00:11:15,258 Greatest scientific mind of our time. 129 00:11:15,919 --> 00:11:16,925 Of his time. 130 00:11:17,959 --> 00:11:20,050 Einstein published his Theory of Relativity 131 00:11:20,091 --> 00:11:22,633 more than 40 years ago now. 132 00:11:23,925 --> 00:11:25,925 Could never embrace the quantum world it revealed. 133 00:11:26,508 --> 00:11:27,758 "God doesn't play dice." 134 00:11:28,602 --> 00:11:29,592 Precisely. 135 00:11:30,091 --> 00:11:32,591 You never thought of studying physics formally, Mr. Strauss? 136 00:11:32,800 --> 00:11:35,883 I had offers, but... I chose to sell shoes. 137 00:11:35,966 --> 00:11:38,300 Lewis Strauss was once a lowly shoe salesman. 138 00:11:39,631 --> 00:11:40,925 No, just a shoe salesman. 139 00:11:45,175 --> 00:11:47,634 I'd love to introduce you. -No need. 140 00:11:48,883 --> 00:11:50,133 I've known him for years. 141 00:12:12,175 --> 00:12:13,177 Albert. 142 00:12:18,095 --> 00:12:21,883 What was that? What did you say to him? 143 00:12:24,133 --> 00:12:25,133 Oh, he's fine. 144 00:12:27,383 --> 00:12:31,883 Mr. Strauss, there are... things in my past you ought to be aware of. 145 00:12:32,107 --> 00:12:33,841 Well, as chairman of the AEC, 146 00:12:33,883 --> 00:12:36,515 I have access to your security file. I've read it. 147 00:12:36,528 --> 00:12:38,086 You're not worried? -No. 148 00:12:38,133 --> 00:12:40,425 Why would I be worried, after everything you've done for your country? 149 00:12:40,468 --> 00:12:42,550 Well, times change, Mr. Strauss. 150 00:12:42,716 --> 00:12:44,425 Well, the purpose of this institute 151 00:12:44,508 --> 00:12:46,633 is to provide a haven for independent minds. 152 00:12:47,851 --> 00:12:49,087 That's you. 153 00:12:49,131 --> 00:12:50,490 You are the man for the job. 154 00:12:51,508 --> 00:12:52,592 Well, then I'll consider it. 155 00:12:53,633 --> 00:12:55,300 I'll see you at the AEC meeting tomorrow. 156 00:13:00,520 --> 00:13:03,008 This is one of the most prestigious appointments in the country. 157 00:13:03,216 --> 00:13:04,883 Yes, and a great commute. 158 00:13:05,883 --> 00:13:07,216 That's why I'm considering it. 159 00:13:08,765 --> 00:13:12,405 So Dr. Oppenheimer brought your attention to his past associations 160 00:13:12,591 --> 00:13:13,924 before you appointed him? 161 00:13:14,050 --> 00:13:15,048 Yes. 162 00:13:15,550 --> 00:13:16,841 And they didn't concern you? 163 00:13:16,966 --> 00:13:19,883 Just then I was entirely consumed with what he must have said 164 00:13:19,968 --> 00:13:21,716 to Einstein to sour him on me. 165 00:13:25,791 --> 00:13:26,801 But later? 166 00:13:27,091 --> 00:13:28,633 Well, we all know what happened later. 167 00:13:29,466 --> 00:13:31,426 Doctor, your time in Europe, 168 00:13:31,466 --> 00:13:34,508 you seem to meet with a wide range of other countries' physicists. 169 00:13:34,689 --> 00:13:35,698 Yes, that's right. 170 00:13:35,910 --> 00:13:36,925 Any Russians? 171 00:13:39,011 --> 00:13:41,676 None that spring to mind. If you'll just allow me 172 00:13:41,716 --> 00:13:43,508 to continue with my statement... -Mr. Robb, 173 00:13:43,552 --> 00:13:45,925 you'll have ample opportunity to cross-examine. 174 00:13:49,050 --> 00:13:53,800 After Göttingen, I moved on to Leiden, in Holland, where I first met Isidor Rabi. 175 00:13:54,966 --> 00:13:55,966 Excuse me. 176 00:14:00,883 --> 00:14:03,258 A yank. Lecturing on the new physics. 177 00:14:03,425 --> 00:14:04,420 This I have to hear. 178 00:14:04,506 --> 00:14:06,133 I'm an American myself. 179 00:14:06,716 --> 00:14:07,841 How surprising. 180 00:14:08,998 --> 00:14:10,966 Let me know if you need any help with the English. 181 00:14:25,258 --> 00:14:26,466 Wait, what's he saying? 182 00:14:38,133 --> 00:14:39,132 No, thank you. 183 00:14:39,175 --> 00:14:40,425 It's a long way to Zurich. 184 00:14:41,091 --> 00:14:43,841 If you get any skinnier, we're gonna lose you between the seat cushions. 185 00:14:44,508 --> 00:14:46,595 I'm Rabi. -Oppenheimer. 186 00:14:46,639 --> 00:14:48,300 I caught your lecture on molecules. 187 00:14:49,061 --> 00:14:50,050 Caught some of it. 188 00:14:51,202 --> 00:14:53,258 We're a couple of New York Jews, how do you know Dutch? 189 00:14:53,844 --> 00:14:56,466 Well, I thought I'd better learn it when I got here this semester. 190 00:14:56,526 --> 00:14:59,758 You learned enough Dutch in six weeks to give a lecture on quantum mechanics? 191 00:15:00,010 --> 00:15:01,349 I like to challenge myself. 192 00:15:01,529 --> 00:15:03,675 Quantum physics wasn't challenging enough. 193 00:15:03,791 --> 00:15:05,341 Shvitzer. -Shvitzer? 194 00:15:05,512 --> 00:15:06,512 Show-off. 195 00:15:07,201 --> 00:15:09,133 Dutch in six weeks, but you never learned Yiddish. 196 00:15:09,216 --> 00:15:11,300 They don't speak it so much my side of the park. 197 00:15:11,362 --> 00:15:12,342 Screw you. 198 00:15:13,983 --> 00:15:16,008 You homesick? -Oh, you know it. 199 00:15:17,324 --> 00:15:19,883 Ever get the feeling our kind isn't entirely welcome here? 200 00:15:20,605 --> 00:15:21,592 Physicists? 201 00:15:22,186 --> 00:15:24,216 That's funny. -Not in the department. 202 00:15:25,187 --> 00:15:26,383 They're all Jewish, too. 203 00:15:28,966 --> 00:15:29,964 Eat. 204 00:15:32,425 --> 00:15:34,133 There's this German you have to seek out. 205 00:15:35,546 --> 00:15:36,800 Heisenberg. -Right. 206 00:15:47,050 --> 00:15:50,926 One might be led to the presumption that behind the quantum world 207 00:15:51,133 --> 00:15:54,592 there still hides a real world in which causality holds, 208 00:15:54,633 --> 00:15:59,008 but such speculations seem to us, to say it explicitly, fruitless. 209 00:15:59,550 --> 00:16:01,091 Thank you. Have a great day. 210 00:16:06,633 --> 00:16:07,841 Wonderful. -Thank you. 211 00:16:08,383 --> 00:16:11,258 Dr. Oppenheimer. -Oppenheimer, yes! 212 00:16:11,678 --> 00:16:13,355 I liked your paper on molecules. 213 00:16:13,399 --> 00:16:14,938 Probably because you inspired it. 214 00:16:14,966 --> 00:16:17,800 If I inspire anything else, let me know. We could publish together. 215 00:16:17,923 --> 00:16:20,050 I have to get back to America. -Why? 216 00:16:20,585 --> 00:16:23,300 There's no one there taking quantum mechanics seriously. 217 00:16:23,547 --> 00:16:24,675 That's exactly why. 218 00:16:25,229 --> 00:16:27,425 He's pining for the canyons of Manhattan. 219 00:16:27,951 --> 00:16:29,466 Canyons of New Mexico. 220 00:16:30,013 --> 00:16:31,790 You're from New Mexico? -No, New York. 221 00:16:31,834 --> 00:16:34,341 But my brother and I have a ranch outside Santa Fe. 222 00:16:35,520 --> 00:16:36,938 That's the America I miss right now. 223 00:16:37,300 --> 00:16:39,591 Then it's best you get home, cowboys. 224 00:16:40,662 --> 00:16:41,654 That's him. 225 00:16:41,782 --> 00:16:43,258 No, me and horses? 226 00:16:43,583 --> 00:16:44,587 I don't think so. 227 00:16:45,903 --> 00:16:46,883 Nice to meet you. 228 00:16:49,008 --> 00:16:50,883 Did you ever encounter Heisenberg again? 229 00:16:51,225 --> 00:16:53,425 Not in person, no, but... 230 00:16:55,425 --> 00:16:57,050 you might say our paths crossed. 231 00:16:59,133 --> 00:17:00,336 On returning to America, 232 00:17:00,360 --> 00:17:03,425 I accepted positions at both Caltech and up at Berkeley. 233 00:17:27,883 --> 00:17:29,425 Dr. Lawrence, I presume? 234 00:17:31,841 --> 00:17:32,883 You must be Oppenheimer. 235 00:17:33,102 --> 00:17:34,102 Yes. 236 00:17:34,282 --> 00:17:36,383 I hear you want to start a school of quantum theory. 237 00:17:36,863 --> 00:17:38,425 I am starting it, next door. 238 00:17:38,508 --> 00:17:40,591 They put you in there? -I asked for it. 239 00:17:40,716 --> 00:17:42,758 Wanted to be close to you experimentalists. 240 00:17:42,966 --> 00:17:44,591 Theory will get you only so far. 241 00:17:44,827 --> 00:17:46,758 We're building a machine to accelerate electrons. 242 00:17:47,028 --> 00:17:48,024 Magnificent. 243 00:17:48,068 --> 00:17:49,091 Would you like to help? 244 00:17:49,429 --> 00:17:52,166 Build it? Oh, no. No, no. 245 00:17:52,258 --> 00:17:54,800 But I am working on theories I'd like to test with it. 246 00:17:55,111 --> 00:17:56,118 When do you start teaching? 247 00:17:56,550 --> 00:17:57,800 I've got my first in an hour. 248 00:17:58,113 --> 00:17:59,800 Seminar? -Pupil. 249 00:18:00,554 --> 00:18:02,550 One student? That's it? 250 00:18:03,508 --> 00:18:05,676 I'm teaching something no one here has dreamt of. 251 00:18:05,966 --> 00:18:07,925 But once people start hearing what you can do with it... 252 00:18:07,966 --> 00:18:09,008 There's no going back. 253 00:18:11,883 --> 00:18:14,550 Oh, I must have missed the... -Mr. Lomanitz? 254 00:18:17,258 --> 00:18:19,008 Yeah. -Yes, this is it. 255 00:18:19,091 --> 00:18:20,841 Please, take a seat. 256 00:18:26,340 --> 00:18:27,758 What do you know about quantum mechanics? 257 00:18:29,021 --> 00:18:30,841 I have a grasp on the basics. 258 00:18:30,883 --> 00:18:31,925 Then you're doing it wrong. 259 00:18:33,006 --> 00:18:35,258 Is life made up of particles or waves? 260 00:18:35,758 --> 00:18:38,008 Quantum mechanics says it's both. How can it be both? 261 00:18:38,493 --> 00:18:39,633 It can't. -It can't. 262 00:18:40,355 --> 00:18:41,374 But it is. 263 00:18:41,425 --> 00:18:44,591 It's paradoxical, and yet, it works. 264 00:18:55,550 --> 00:18:56,551 Thank you. 265 00:18:57,151 --> 00:18:59,925 Mr. Lomanitz. You're gonna be okay. 266 00:19:00,258 --> 00:19:01,239 Mr. Snyder. 267 00:19:01,966 --> 00:19:03,508 Now, let's consider a star. 268 00:19:04,048 --> 00:19:07,259 A star, a vast furnace burning in outer space, 269 00:19:07,300 --> 00:19:10,716 fire pushing outwards against its own gravity, balanced. 270 00:19:12,433 --> 00:19:14,216 But if that furnace cools, 271 00:19:14,966 --> 00:19:17,383 and gravity starts winning, it contracts. 272 00:19:17,925 --> 00:19:20,175 Density increases. -Correct. 273 00:19:20,655 --> 00:19:23,050 Increasing gravity. -Increasing density. 274 00:19:23,300 --> 00:19:25,133 And? -It's a vicious cycle until... 275 00:19:25,716 --> 00:19:26,717 What's the limit here? 276 00:19:28,382 --> 00:19:30,467 I don't know. See where the math takes us. 277 00:19:30,508 --> 00:19:32,545 I guarantee it's somewhere no one's been before us. 278 00:19:32,591 --> 00:19:33,591 Me? 279 00:19:34,332 --> 00:19:36,175 Yes, you. Your math is better than mine. 280 00:19:38,175 --> 00:19:41,258 Dr. Oppenheimer's file contained details 281 00:19:41,300 --> 00:19:42,676 of his activities at Berkeley. 282 00:19:42,716 --> 00:19:46,300 Why would they have started a file on Dr. Oppenheimer before the war? 283 00:19:47,137 --> 00:19:49,383 Well, you'd have to ask Mr. Hoover. 284 00:19:49,645 --> 00:19:51,466 I'm asking you, Admiral Strauss. 285 00:19:52,008 --> 00:19:53,300 Uh, my assumption 286 00:19:53,800 --> 00:19:57,341 is that it was connected to his, uh, 287 00:19:57,651 --> 00:19:59,800 left-wing political activities. 288 00:20:01,633 --> 00:20:03,883 You shouldn't let them bring their politics in the classroom, Oppie. 289 00:20:05,214 --> 00:20:06,217 I wrote that. 290 00:20:06,633 --> 00:20:09,212 Lawrence, you embraced the revolution in physics. 291 00:20:09,258 --> 00:20:10,675 Can't you see it everywhere else? 292 00:20:11,383 --> 00:20:13,592 Picasso, Stravinsky, Freud, Marx. 293 00:20:13,633 --> 00:20:16,091 Well, this is America, Oppie. We had our revolution. 294 00:20:17,436 --> 00:20:20,008 Seriously, keep it out of the lab. 295 00:20:20,341 --> 00:20:22,175 Well, out of the lab, 296 00:20:22,383 --> 00:20:25,008 my landlady is having a discussion group tonight. 297 00:20:25,300 --> 00:20:26,217 Interested? 298 00:20:26,258 --> 00:20:28,176 I have sampled the Berkeley political scene. 299 00:20:28,216 --> 00:20:32,508 It's all just philosophy post-grads and communists talking integration. 300 00:20:32,633 --> 00:20:33,925 You don't care about integration? 301 00:20:34,175 --> 00:20:36,119 I want to vote for it, not talk about it. 302 00:20:36,216 --> 00:20:38,216 Especially on a Friday. Come on, let's eat. 303 00:20:38,683 --> 00:20:40,091 I'm meeting my brother there. 304 00:20:40,841 --> 00:20:44,425 And how would these activities have come to the attention of the FBI? 305 00:20:44,633 --> 00:20:46,591 Well, if I remember correctly, 306 00:20:46,633 --> 00:20:50,842 the FBI was taking license plates outside suspected communist gatherings, 307 00:20:50,885 --> 00:20:52,299 and his name popped up. 308 00:21:00,898 --> 00:21:02,591 Jesus Christ! -Sorry. 309 00:21:02,675 --> 00:21:03,675 Frank! 310 00:21:05,258 --> 00:21:07,550 Uh, you remember Jackie? -Evening. 311 00:21:14,229 --> 00:21:17,425 Robert! I want you to meet Chevalier. 312 00:21:17,653 --> 00:21:20,714 Dr. Haakon Chevalier, Dr. Robert Oppenheimer. 313 00:21:20,758 --> 00:21:21,425 Pleasure. -Pleasure. 314 00:21:21,456 --> 00:21:23,258 This is my little brother, Frank. 315 00:21:23,591 --> 00:21:25,378 And this is... -Still Jackie. 316 00:21:25,425 --> 00:21:26,550 Hello, Still Jackie. 317 00:21:26,682 --> 00:21:30,483 Chevalier, you're in languages? -And your reputation precedes you. 318 00:21:30,550 --> 00:21:31,551 What have you heard? 319 00:21:31,648 --> 00:21:33,828 That you're teaching a radical new approach to physics 320 00:21:33,841 --> 00:21:37,091 I have no chance of understanding, but I haven't heard you're a party member. 321 00:21:37,133 --> 00:21:38,871 Uh, I'm not. -Oh, not yet. 322 00:21:38,925 --> 00:21:40,384 Frank and I are thinking of joining. 323 00:21:40,425 --> 00:21:42,591 Just the other day I was saying... -I support a range of causes. 324 00:21:42,816 --> 00:21:43,816 Spanish Civil War? 325 00:21:44,050 --> 00:21:47,008 A democratic republic being overthrown by fascist thugs. 326 00:21:47,050 --> 00:21:48,341 Who wouldn't? -Our government. 327 00:21:48,420 --> 00:21:51,160 They think that socialism is a bigger threat than fascism. 328 00:21:51,175 --> 00:21:53,800 Not for long. Look at what the Nazis are doing to the Jews. 329 00:21:53,883 --> 00:21:56,466 I send funds to colleagues in Germany to emigrate. 330 00:21:56,508 --> 00:21:57,841 I have to do something. 331 00:21:59,168 --> 00:22:02,008 My own work is so... abstract. 332 00:22:02,050 --> 00:22:03,050 What are you working on? 333 00:22:03,091 --> 00:22:05,383 What happens to stars when they die? 334 00:22:05,591 --> 00:22:06,841 Do stars die? 335 00:22:08,013 --> 00:22:11,593 Well, if they do, they'd cool, then collapse. 336 00:22:11,633 --> 00:22:14,154 In fact, the bigger the star, 337 00:22:14,300 --> 00:22:16,216 the more violent its demise. 338 00:22:16,737 --> 00:22:20,050 Their gravity gets so concentrated, it swallows everything. 339 00:22:20,883 --> 00:22:21,925 Everything, even light. 340 00:22:22,508 --> 00:22:25,425 Can that really happen? -The math says it can. 341 00:22:25,522 --> 00:22:28,591 If we can get published, then perhaps one day an astronomer finds one. 342 00:22:28,633 --> 00:22:30,384 But right now, all I have is theory, 343 00:22:30,425 --> 00:22:32,466 which can't impact people's lives. 344 00:22:32,481 --> 00:22:34,675 Well, if you're going to send money to Spain, 345 00:22:34,716 --> 00:22:36,091 do it through the Communist Party. 346 00:22:36,203 --> 00:22:37,550 They can get it to the front lines. 347 00:22:37,591 --> 00:22:38,758 Mary sent me with these. 348 00:22:40,724 --> 00:22:43,091 I'm Jean. -Robert. 349 00:22:43,425 --> 00:22:46,133 Haakon Chevalier. That union meeting at Serber's last month. 350 00:22:46,646 --> 00:22:47,800 Right, right, yes. 351 00:22:48,258 --> 00:22:49,258 Oh, thank you. 352 00:22:49,847 --> 00:22:51,591 Robert here says he's not a communist. 353 00:22:51,868 --> 00:22:53,883 Well, then he doesn't know enough about it. 354 00:22:54,089 --> 00:22:56,675 Oh, I've read Das Kapital, all three volumes. 355 00:22:56,740 --> 00:22:57,759 Does that count? 356 00:22:57,780 --> 00:22:59,883 It would make you better-read than most party members. 357 00:22:59,982 --> 00:23:02,239 Turgid stuff. There's some thinking, um... 358 00:23:02,283 --> 00:23:03,591 "Ownership is theft." 359 00:23:03,884 --> 00:23:05,300 Property. -Property? 360 00:23:05,885 --> 00:23:07,091 Property, not ownership. 361 00:23:07,246 --> 00:23:09,341 I'm sorry, I read it in the original German. 362 00:23:12,929 --> 00:23:15,466 It's not about the book. It's about the ideas. 363 00:23:15,571 --> 00:23:17,216 And you sound uncommitted. 364 00:23:17,592 --> 00:23:20,633 I'm committed to thinking freely about how to improve our world. 365 00:23:21,534 --> 00:23:23,633 Why limit yourself to one dogma? 366 00:23:23,729 --> 00:23:25,883 You're a physicist. Do you pick and choose rules? 367 00:23:26,716 --> 00:23:30,425 Or do you use the discipline to channel your energies into progress? 368 00:23:30,925 --> 00:23:32,341 I like a little wiggle room. 369 00:23:33,800 --> 00:23:35,341 Do you always toe the party line? 370 00:23:37,477 --> 00:23:38,966 I like my wiggle room, too. 371 00:23:50,008 --> 00:23:51,010 What? 372 00:23:52,008 --> 00:23:53,010 Wait, wait, wait. 373 00:23:57,068 --> 00:23:58,091 Unexpected. 374 00:23:58,769 --> 00:23:59,758 What? 375 00:23:59,989 --> 00:24:01,087 For a physicist. 376 00:24:01,133 --> 00:24:03,466 You only have a shelf full of Freud? 377 00:24:03,716 --> 00:24:07,091 Well, actually, my background's more... -Jungian? 378 00:24:09,351 --> 00:24:10,591 You know analysis? 379 00:24:10,841 --> 00:24:14,050 When I was in post-grad at Cambridge, I had a little trouble. 380 00:24:15,353 --> 00:24:17,870 I'll bite. -I tried to poison my tutor. 381 00:24:17,914 --> 00:24:20,175 Did you hate him? -I liked him very much. 382 00:24:20,758 --> 00:24:22,091 You just needed to get laid. 383 00:24:22,300 --> 00:24:23,884 It took my analysts two years, 384 00:24:23,925 --> 00:24:26,133 and I don't think they ever put it that succinctly. 385 00:24:26,175 --> 00:24:29,841 You have everyone convinced you're more complicated than you actually are. 386 00:24:29,976 --> 00:24:32,216 We're all simple souls, I guess. 387 00:24:32,478 --> 00:24:33,468 I'm not. 388 00:24:36,181 --> 00:24:37,177 What's this? 389 00:24:37,322 --> 00:24:38,307 Sanskrit. 390 00:24:38,603 --> 00:24:39,633 You can read this? 391 00:24:40,383 --> 00:24:41,382 I'm learning. 392 00:24:46,966 --> 00:24:47,966 Read this. 393 00:24:49,452 --> 00:24:50,550 Well, in this part, 394 00:24:51,008 --> 00:24:53,966 Vishnu reveals his multi-armed self... -No. 395 00:24:55,508 --> 00:24:56,675 Read the words. 396 00:25:00,841 --> 00:25:02,675 "And now I am become Death... 397 00:25:09,175 --> 00:25:10,591 "destroyer of worlds." 398 00:25:41,383 --> 00:25:42,383 This'll do. 399 00:25:49,216 --> 00:25:50,300 It'll break before dawn. 400 00:25:50,921 --> 00:25:52,175 Air cools overnight. 401 00:25:52,675 --> 00:25:54,175 Just before dawn, it breaks. 402 00:26:04,970 --> 00:26:08,091 Well, so, I'm getting married. 403 00:26:08,300 --> 00:26:11,008 Frank! congratulations! -Thank you, thank you. 404 00:26:11,050 --> 00:26:13,133 To Jackie? -Yeah, to Jackie. 405 00:26:14,466 --> 00:26:17,550 The waitress? -Oppie, you're right. It's letting up. 406 00:26:17,656 --> 00:26:18,925 I'm gonna go see if there's any stars. 407 00:26:19,550 --> 00:26:23,675 All your talk about the common man, but Jackie's not good enough for you, hmm? 408 00:26:24,672 --> 00:26:26,910 We joined the party, and you can't hide your disappointment. 409 00:26:26,966 --> 00:26:28,905 Why? Is that because that's supposed to be your thing? 410 00:26:29,033 --> 00:26:30,341 I haven't joined the party, Frank. 411 00:26:30,713 --> 00:26:32,966 And I don't think she should have convinced you to either. 412 00:26:33,174 --> 00:26:35,800 Half of the faculty is communist. -Not that half. 413 00:26:37,495 --> 00:26:40,274 I'm your brother, Frank, and I want you to be cautious. 414 00:26:40,341 --> 00:26:41,550 And I want to wring your neck. 415 00:26:43,883 --> 00:26:46,966 I won't live my life afraid to make a mistake. 416 00:26:49,103 --> 00:26:52,091 You're happy... I'm happy. 417 00:26:52,425 --> 00:26:54,841 So then I'm happy you're happy that I'm happy. 418 00:27:00,133 --> 00:27:02,633 I feel like I can see one of those dark stars that you're working on. 419 00:27:03,466 --> 00:27:04,466 You can't. 420 00:27:04,966 --> 00:27:07,895 That's the whole point. Their gravity swallows light. 421 00:27:09,383 --> 00:27:11,633 It's like a kind of hole in space. 422 00:27:12,675 --> 00:27:13,675 Is Frank okay? 423 00:27:13,966 --> 00:27:16,216 Yes. He just has a shitty brother. 424 00:27:17,675 --> 00:27:18,800 It is special here. 425 00:27:21,550 --> 00:27:22,550 When I was a kid... 426 00:27:24,091 --> 00:27:25,591 I thought if I could find a way... 427 00:27:27,133 --> 00:27:30,675 to combine physics and New Mexico, 428 00:27:31,425 --> 00:27:32,800 my life would be perfect. 429 00:27:35,175 --> 00:27:36,925 Little remote for that. -Yes. 430 00:27:37,716 --> 00:27:38,841 Let's get some sleep. 431 00:27:40,216 --> 00:27:43,883 That mesa we saw today, one of my favorite places in the world. 432 00:27:44,883 --> 00:27:47,216 Tomorrow we'll climb it. -What's it called? 433 00:27:48,883 --> 00:27:50,008 Los Alamos. 434 00:27:54,118 --> 00:27:55,800 I didn't expect to see you today. 435 00:27:57,341 --> 00:27:58,758 Do I have to make an appointment? 436 00:28:03,107 --> 00:28:04,107 Alvarez? 437 00:28:10,175 --> 00:28:12,133 Oppie! Oppie! 438 00:28:12,883 --> 00:28:14,341 What? What is it? 439 00:28:14,966 --> 00:28:15,966 They've done it. 440 00:28:16,287 --> 00:28:17,883 They've done it. Hahn and Strassmann in Germany. 441 00:28:17,928 --> 00:28:19,175 They split the uranium nucleus. 442 00:28:21,290 --> 00:28:22,300 How? 443 00:28:23,758 --> 00:28:25,091 Bombard it with neutrons. 444 00:28:25,553 --> 00:28:26,758 It's a nuclear fission. 445 00:28:27,014 --> 00:28:28,466 They did it. They split the atom. 446 00:28:28,508 --> 00:28:29,508 That's not possible. 447 00:28:35,925 --> 00:28:37,258 I'm gonna try to reproduce it. 448 00:28:44,466 --> 00:28:46,175 See? Can't be done. 449 00:28:47,548 --> 00:28:48,550 Very elegant. 450 00:28:49,629 --> 00:28:50,633 Quite clear. 451 00:28:50,949 --> 00:28:51,966 There's just one problem. 452 00:28:52,150 --> 00:28:53,133 Where? 453 00:28:53,751 --> 00:28:54,758 Next door. 454 00:28:55,383 --> 00:28:56,424 Alvarez did it. 455 00:28:57,800 --> 00:28:58,797 And look. 456 00:28:59,694 --> 00:29:02,081 These fission pulses, they're massive. 457 00:29:02,758 --> 00:29:05,716 I've seen 30 of these in the past ten minutes. 458 00:29:06,782 --> 00:29:08,633 Theory will take you only so far. 459 00:29:10,645 --> 00:29:11,716 During the process... 460 00:29:13,300 --> 00:29:15,550 extra neutrons boil off, which could be used 461 00:29:15,591 --> 00:29:17,550 to split other uranium atoms. 462 00:29:17,850 --> 00:29:18,841 Chain reaction. 463 00:29:19,531 --> 00:29:20,746 You're thinking what I'm thinking. 464 00:29:20,832 --> 00:29:24,883 You, me, and every other physicist around the world who's seen the news. 465 00:29:25,716 --> 00:29:27,466 I just... what, what are we all thinking? 466 00:29:28,498 --> 00:29:31,008 A bomb, Alvarez. 467 00:29:32,425 --> 00:29:33,423 A bomb. 468 00:29:34,925 --> 00:29:37,175 I told you, Robert, no more fucking flowers. 469 00:29:39,258 --> 00:29:42,175 I don't understand what you want from me. -I don't want anything from you! 470 00:29:43,712 --> 00:29:47,216 Well, you say that, and then you call. -Well, don't answer. 471 00:29:48,508 --> 00:29:49,675 I'll always answer. 472 00:29:55,258 --> 00:29:56,258 Fine. 473 00:29:56,735 --> 00:29:58,008 Just no more flowers. 474 00:29:59,883 --> 00:30:00,880 You're not coming? 475 00:30:03,137 --> 00:30:05,050 You have to know when you're beaten, Robert. 476 00:30:07,466 --> 00:30:09,008 It's not that simple, Haak. 477 00:30:09,558 --> 00:30:12,841 Chevalier, good to see you. Barbara, good to see you. 478 00:30:12,883 --> 00:30:15,050 And the illustrious Dr. Oppenheimer. 479 00:30:15,466 --> 00:30:17,050 I'm Eltenton. -Oh, pleasure. 480 00:30:17,074 --> 00:30:18,091 Please, please. 481 00:30:18,133 --> 00:30:21,133 Why don't you say a word about organized labor on campuses? 482 00:30:21,466 --> 00:30:23,758 Yes? Coming through, coming through! 483 00:30:23,800 --> 00:30:24,800 I work at Shell. 484 00:30:24,841 --> 00:30:27,050 We've signed up chemists, we've signed up engineers. 485 00:30:27,341 --> 00:30:29,008 So why not sciences and academia? 486 00:30:29,383 --> 00:30:33,050 Oppie! Oppie! Oppie! Oppie! 487 00:30:43,341 --> 00:30:44,883 Teachers are unionized. 488 00:30:45,550 --> 00:30:46,675 Why not professors? 489 00:30:47,091 --> 00:30:48,175 Don't you have somewhere to be? 490 00:30:48,258 --> 00:30:50,591 Lawrence, academics have rights too. 491 00:30:50,883 --> 00:30:52,925 Look, it's not that. I've got a group coming. 492 00:30:53,202 --> 00:30:55,675 Oh. I'll sit in. -Not this one. 493 00:31:02,306 --> 00:31:04,216 Richard, Dr. Bush. 494 00:31:04,258 --> 00:31:05,591 What brings you two up north? 495 00:31:15,276 --> 00:31:18,175 Richard, you tell Ruth I'll be down in Pasadena Thursday. 496 00:31:28,216 --> 00:31:30,341 Paper on black holes, it's in! 497 00:31:32,240 --> 00:31:33,257 Where's Hartland? 498 00:31:33,883 --> 00:31:35,883 Get Hartland. Get Hartland. 499 00:31:36,008 --> 00:31:39,425 September 1st, 1939? The world's gonna remember this day. 500 00:31:41,175 --> 00:31:43,050 Oh, Hartland, our paper, it's in print. 501 00:31:43,216 --> 00:31:44,425 You've been upstaged. 502 00:31:48,815 --> 00:31:51,216 During the Battle of Britain, I found myself 503 00:31:51,800 --> 00:31:53,966 increasingly out of sympathy with the... 504 00:31:54,425 --> 00:31:57,425 policy of neutrality that communists advocated. 505 00:31:57,466 --> 00:31:59,966 But after Hitler invaded Russia and we became allies, 506 00:32:00,758 --> 00:32:02,800 these communist sympathies, do they return? 507 00:32:03,177 --> 00:32:04,177 No. 508 00:32:05,050 --> 00:32:09,050 I need to make clear that my changing views on Russia 509 00:32:09,091 --> 00:32:12,091 did not mean a sharp break from those who held different views. 510 00:32:12,591 --> 00:32:14,966 For a year or two during a previous marriage, 511 00:32:15,008 --> 00:32:17,925 my wife Kitty had been a Communist Party member. 512 00:32:23,091 --> 00:32:24,383 This is where I keep the good stuff. 513 00:32:24,425 --> 00:32:26,216 Well, I thought this was the Tolmans' house. 514 00:32:26,258 --> 00:32:28,341 I live with them while I'm at Caltech. 515 00:32:28,383 --> 00:32:29,758 Do you two need anything? 516 00:32:29,975 --> 00:32:31,050 We're good, Ruthie. 517 00:32:32,396 --> 00:32:35,175 So, you're a biologist. 518 00:32:35,758 --> 00:32:38,758 Well, somehow I have graduated to housewife. 519 00:32:39,133 --> 00:32:41,216 Can you explain quantum mechanics to me? 520 00:32:41,508 --> 00:32:44,216 Seems baffling. -Yes, it is. 521 00:32:45,591 --> 00:32:47,050 Well, this glass, 522 00:32:48,216 --> 00:32:51,216 this drink... this countertop... 523 00:32:52,612 --> 00:32:53,758 Our bodies. 524 00:32:55,655 --> 00:32:56,675 All of it. 525 00:32:57,841 --> 00:32:59,300 It's mostly empty space. 526 00:32:59,700 --> 00:33:03,008 Groupings of tiny energy waves bound together. 527 00:33:03,091 --> 00:33:04,175 By what? 528 00:33:04,216 --> 00:33:07,383 Forces of attraction strong enough to convince us 529 00:33:08,091 --> 00:33:10,091 that matter is solid. 530 00:33:10,341 --> 00:33:12,508 Stop my body passing through yours. 531 00:33:25,133 --> 00:33:26,883 You're married to Dr. Harrison. 532 00:33:27,383 --> 00:33:28,425 Not very. 533 00:33:30,327 --> 00:33:33,883 There is someone that I feel... 534 00:33:34,216 --> 00:33:35,425 Does she feel that way? 535 00:33:35,988 --> 00:33:37,175 Sometimes. 536 00:33:38,008 --> 00:33:39,007 Not enough. 537 00:33:40,716 --> 00:33:43,008 You know, I'm going to New Mexico. 538 00:33:43,736 --> 00:33:45,425 To my ranch, with friends. 539 00:33:45,675 --> 00:33:46,675 You should come. 540 00:33:47,883 --> 00:33:49,216 I meant, with your husband. 541 00:33:49,638 --> 00:33:50,633 Yes, you did. 542 00:33:50,966 --> 00:33:53,091 Because you know it won't make a bit of difference. 543 00:33:57,915 --> 00:33:59,050 Why did you marry him? 544 00:33:59,550 --> 00:34:02,841 I was lost, and... he was kind. 545 00:34:05,280 --> 00:34:06,300 Lost? 546 00:34:06,591 --> 00:34:08,883 Well, my previous husband had died, and... 547 00:34:09,550 --> 00:34:11,508 at 28, I wasn't really ready to be a widow. 548 00:34:12,133 --> 00:34:14,091 Who was your first husband? -Nobody. 549 00:34:14,386 --> 00:34:16,508 My second husband was Joe Dallet. 550 00:34:16,633 --> 00:34:18,975 He was from money, like me, 551 00:34:18,999 --> 00:34:22,425 but he was a union organizer in Youngstown, Ohio. 552 00:34:22,591 --> 00:34:23,591 I fell hard. 553 00:34:24,675 --> 00:34:26,758 How hard? -Hard enough to spend the next four years 554 00:34:26,800 --> 00:34:28,050 living off beans and pancakes, 555 00:34:28,091 --> 00:34:30,341 handing out the Daily Worker at factory gates. 556 00:34:31,633 --> 00:34:33,966 By '36, I just told Joe I couldn't take it anymore. 557 00:34:34,045 --> 00:34:35,050 Quit the party. 558 00:34:35,133 --> 00:34:36,591 A year later, I wanted him back. 559 00:34:36,633 --> 00:34:38,800 Him, not the Daily Worker. And... 560 00:34:39,300 --> 00:34:41,341 he said: "Swell, I'll meet you on my way to Spain." 561 00:34:41,468 --> 00:34:42,633 Went to fight for the Loyalists? 562 00:34:42,675 --> 00:34:44,466 And then he went to the brigades and I waited. 563 00:34:44,758 --> 00:34:45,758 And... 564 00:34:47,633 --> 00:34:50,258 Joe got himself killed first time he popped his head out of the trench. 565 00:34:52,031 --> 00:34:54,300 Ideology got Joe killed, for nothing. 566 00:34:54,341 --> 00:34:56,133 The Spanish Republic isn't nothing. 567 00:34:56,235 --> 00:34:59,175 My husband offered both our futures to stop one fascist bullet 568 00:34:59,216 --> 00:35:01,216 from embedding itself in a mud bank. 569 00:35:02,361 --> 00:35:04,383 That's the definition of nothing. 570 00:35:04,716 --> 00:35:06,675 Seems a little reductive. -Pragmatic. 571 00:35:08,727 --> 00:35:09,716 Now here I am. 572 00:35:12,550 --> 00:35:13,883 Wherever the hell this is. 573 00:35:21,591 --> 00:35:23,841 I didn't want you to hear it from anyone else. 574 00:35:26,883 --> 00:35:28,633 At least you didn't bring me flowers. 575 00:35:36,341 --> 00:35:38,716 We both know I'm not what you want, Jean. 576 00:35:39,966 --> 00:35:41,966 Yeah, but it's a door closing. 577 00:35:42,758 --> 00:35:43,758 No. 578 00:35:45,704 --> 00:35:47,425 Not as far as I'm concerned, no. 579 00:35:49,351 --> 00:35:51,508 You knocked her up. Fast work. 580 00:35:51,752 --> 00:35:53,175 Can't keep a good man down. 581 00:35:54,383 --> 00:35:55,508 I meant her. 582 00:35:56,552 --> 00:35:57,550 She knew what she wanted. 583 00:35:58,213 --> 00:35:59,383 What about the husband? 584 00:36:00,013 --> 00:36:01,008 We talked. 585 00:36:01,313 --> 00:36:02,675 They're getting a divorce, 586 00:36:02,716 --> 00:36:06,466 so we can get married before she starts showing. 587 00:36:06,716 --> 00:36:08,091 How civilized. 588 00:36:10,341 --> 00:36:11,341 You idiot. 589 00:36:11,675 --> 00:36:13,050 This is your community. 590 00:36:14,050 --> 00:36:16,216 You think the rules don't apply to the golden boy? 591 00:36:17,300 --> 00:36:19,008 Brilliance makes up for a lot. 592 00:36:19,675 --> 00:36:23,091 Don't alienate the only people in the world that understand what you do. 593 00:36:24,966 --> 00:36:26,383 One day you might need them. 594 00:36:26,633 --> 00:36:28,966 F-A-E-C-T! 595 00:36:29,133 --> 00:36:33,258 Federation of Architects, Engineers, Chemists and Technicians. 596 00:36:40,423 --> 00:36:42,258 Lomanitz, what do you get paid a month? 597 00:36:42,624 --> 00:36:43,758 That's not the point, Lawrence. 598 00:36:43,805 --> 00:36:48,341 What do any of you have in common with farm laborers and dock workers? 599 00:36:48,758 --> 00:36:49,761 Plenty. 600 00:36:51,467 --> 00:36:53,384 Everybody out. Now! 601 00:36:58,051 --> 00:36:59,051 Not you. 602 00:37:05,342 --> 00:37:06,344 What are you doing? 603 00:37:07,134 --> 00:37:08,134 It's a trade union. 604 00:37:08,717 --> 00:37:11,914 Filled with communists. -So? I haven't joined the party. 605 00:37:11,958 --> 00:37:14,940 They won't let me bring you onto the project because of this shit. 606 00:37:15,607 --> 00:37:17,440 They won't even let me tell you what the project is. 607 00:37:17,482 --> 00:37:19,607 Oh, I know what the project is. 608 00:37:19,649 --> 00:37:20,732 Oh, really? 609 00:37:20,774 --> 00:37:23,556 We've all heard about Einstein and Szilard's letter to Roosevelt 610 00:37:23,580 --> 00:37:25,024 warning him the Germans could make a bomb, 611 00:37:25,065 --> 00:37:28,274 and I know what it means for the Nazis to have a bomb. 612 00:37:28,482 --> 00:37:29,482 And I don't? 613 00:37:29,969 --> 00:37:32,107 It's not your people they're herding into camps. 614 00:37:32,931 --> 00:37:33,941 It's mine. 615 00:37:34,982 --> 00:37:37,315 You think that I tell them about your politics? 616 00:37:39,399 --> 00:37:41,232 The next time you're coming home from a meeting, 617 00:37:41,357 --> 00:37:43,232 why don't you take a look in the rearview mirror, 618 00:37:43,565 --> 00:37:48,232 listen to the sounds on your phone line, and stop being so goddamn naive? 619 00:37:49,815 --> 00:37:51,065 Why would they care what I do? 620 00:37:51,347 --> 00:37:54,982 Because you're not just self-important, you're actually important. 621 00:37:58,690 --> 00:37:59,691 Okay. 622 00:38:01,190 --> 00:38:02,190 I get it. 623 00:38:02,215 --> 00:38:03,973 If you could just be a little more... 624 00:38:03,997 --> 00:38:06,955 Pragmatic. I'll talk to Lomanitz, I'll talk to the others. 625 00:38:06,999 --> 00:38:08,315 You don't have to worry, it's done. 626 00:38:09,107 --> 00:38:10,108 Lawrence. 627 00:38:15,232 --> 00:38:16,357 Then welcome to the war. 628 00:38:17,357 --> 00:38:20,732 I filled out my first security questionnaire and was informed 629 00:38:20,774 --> 00:38:23,429 that my involvement with left-wing groups would 630 00:38:23,899 --> 00:38:26,940 not prove a bar to my working on the atomic program. 631 00:38:26,970 --> 00:38:29,690 Why were his communist associations 632 00:38:29,732 --> 00:38:32,649 not seen as a security risk during the war? 633 00:38:32,693 --> 00:38:34,443 Senator, I can't possibly answer 634 00:38:34,467 --> 00:38:37,771 for security clearance granted years before I ever met the man. 635 00:38:37,815 --> 00:38:39,024 Fine. What about after? 636 00:38:39,815 --> 00:38:42,296 After the war, Dr. Oppenheimer was 637 00:38:42,320 --> 00:38:45,482 the most respected scientific voice in the world. 638 00:38:45,690 --> 00:38:47,822 That's why I asked him to run the Institute. 639 00:38:47,866 --> 00:38:50,690 That's why he advised the Atomic Energy Commission. 640 00:38:50,940 --> 00:38:51,940 Simple as that. 641 00:38:52,440 --> 00:38:53,815 What are they accusing me of? 642 00:38:54,690 --> 00:38:58,000 I think they just want to know what happened between 1947 and 1954 643 00:38:58,024 --> 00:39:00,565 to change your mind on Oppenheimer's security clearance. 644 00:39:00,815 --> 00:39:01,815 I didn't. 645 00:39:01,940 --> 00:39:04,732 I was chair of the AEC, but it wasn't me 646 00:39:05,274 --> 00:39:07,999 that brought the charges against Robert. -Who did? 647 00:39:08,065 --> 00:39:10,565 Some former staff member of the Joint Congressional Committee. 648 00:39:10,607 --> 00:39:13,065 He was a rabid anti-communist named Borden. 649 00:39:13,469 --> 00:39:15,929 He wrote to the FBI demanding they take action. 650 00:39:16,065 --> 00:39:18,524 The FBI? Why not go to the AEC direct? 651 00:39:18,690 --> 00:39:20,774 You'd get caught holding the knife yourself. 652 00:39:21,515 --> 00:39:23,065 What did Borden have against Oppenheimer? 653 00:39:23,315 --> 00:39:24,524 This is the McCarthy era. 654 00:39:25,648 --> 00:39:29,524 People hounded out of jobs for any hint of red, and... 655 00:39:30,435 --> 00:39:33,565 Reading Oppenheimer's security file, his communist brother, 656 00:39:33,607 --> 00:39:36,357 sister-in-law, fiancée, best friend, wife. 657 00:39:36,649 --> 00:39:39,096 That's before we even get to the Chevalier incident. 658 00:39:39,149 --> 00:39:42,065 But how would Borden have access to Oppenheimer's security file? 659 00:39:42,519 --> 00:39:43,940 Because somebody gave it to him. 660 00:39:45,524 --> 00:39:47,732 Somebody who wanted Robert silenced. 661 00:39:48,440 --> 00:39:49,982 Who? -Who knows? 662 00:39:50,062 --> 00:39:53,940 Robert didn't take care not to upset the power brokers in Washington. 663 00:39:54,904 --> 00:39:57,232 His opinions on the atom became definitive, 664 00:39:57,649 --> 00:40:00,107 and he wasn't always patient with us mere mortals. 665 00:40:03,899 --> 00:40:06,232 I came in for plenty of harsh treatment. 666 00:40:06,274 --> 00:40:09,190 There was an AEC vote 667 00:40:09,690 --> 00:40:12,024 on the export of isotopes to Norway, 668 00:40:12,065 --> 00:40:14,815 and they drafted in Robert to make me look like a fool. 669 00:40:14,865 --> 00:40:18,067 But Dr. Oppenheimer, we've already heard from Admiral Strauss 670 00:40:18,091 --> 00:40:21,190 that these isotopes could be useful to our enemies 671 00:40:21,232 --> 00:40:22,690 in the production of atomic weapons. 672 00:40:22,768 --> 00:40:26,065 Congressman, you could use a shovel in making atomic weapons. 673 00:40:26,190 --> 00:40:27,126 In fact, you do. 674 00:40:27,170 --> 00:40:30,167 You could use a bottle of beer in making atomic weapons. 675 00:40:30,211 --> 00:40:32,857 In fact, you do. I'd say isotopes are 676 00:40:32,899 --> 00:40:34,982 less useful than electronic components, 677 00:40:35,024 --> 00:40:36,649 but more useful than a sandwich. 678 00:40:40,899 --> 00:40:42,399 Genius is no guarantee of wisdom. 679 00:40:43,482 --> 00:40:46,024 How could this man who saw so much be so blind? 680 00:40:55,857 --> 00:40:56,857 Kitty? 681 00:41:01,982 --> 00:41:02,982 Kitty? 682 00:41:04,524 --> 00:41:05,524 Kitty. 683 00:41:05,899 --> 00:41:06,899 The project. 684 00:41:07,857 --> 00:41:08,857 I'm in. 685 00:41:09,940 --> 00:41:12,065 I'm in! -Let's celebrate. 686 00:41:18,190 --> 00:41:19,399 Shouldn't you go to him? 687 00:41:24,482 --> 00:41:27,565 I have been going to him all fucking day. 688 00:41:53,399 --> 00:41:55,024 I don't know how to say this. 689 00:41:56,568 --> 00:41:57,690 I'm ashamed to ask. 690 00:41:58,440 --> 00:41:59,440 Anything. 691 00:42:00,350 --> 00:42:02,065 Take Peter. -Sure. 692 00:42:02,232 --> 00:42:04,232 No, for a while, Haak. 693 00:42:04,982 --> 00:42:05,981 A while. 694 00:42:08,232 --> 00:42:11,274 Does Kitty know you're here? -Yes, of course she knows. 695 00:42:12,399 --> 00:42:13,524 Of course she knows. 696 00:42:14,648 --> 00:42:16,967 We're awful people. Selfish, awful people. 697 00:42:19,565 --> 00:42:20,566 Forget I asked. 698 00:42:20,610 --> 00:42:22,626 Selfish, awful people, 699 00:42:22,670 --> 00:42:25,232 they don't know they're selfish and awful. 700 00:42:25,831 --> 00:42:27,065 Sit, sit, sit. 701 00:42:28,649 --> 00:42:32,565 Robert, you see beyond the world we live in. 702 00:42:34,353 --> 00:42:36,274 There is a price to be paid for that. 703 00:42:36,940 --> 00:42:38,107 Of course we'll help you. 704 00:42:49,482 --> 00:42:51,232 Everything's changing, Robert. 705 00:42:51,940 --> 00:42:53,649 Having a child was always going to change... 706 00:42:53,690 --> 00:42:57,190 No, the world is pivoting in some new direction. 707 00:42:58,357 --> 00:42:59,440 Reforming. 708 00:43:01,982 --> 00:43:03,065 This is your moment. 709 00:43:04,985 --> 00:43:08,024 We're putting together a group to study... -We shouldn't be doing anything. 710 00:43:08,367 --> 00:43:09,356 You should. 711 00:43:10,169 --> 00:43:11,815 Lawrence won't get this done. 712 00:43:12,399 --> 00:43:14,232 Or Tolman or Rabi. You will. 713 00:43:23,774 --> 00:43:24,899 Who are the uniforms? 714 00:43:26,274 --> 00:43:27,274 I thought you might know. 715 00:43:29,914 --> 00:43:30,898 Dr. Oppenheimer. 716 00:43:32,357 --> 00:43:35,649 I'm Colonel Groves. This is Lieutenant Colonel Nichols. 717 00:43:35,899 --> 00:43:36,897 Have that dry cleaned. 718 00:43:42,778 --> 00:43:45,232 Well, if that's how you treat a lieutenant colonel, 719 00:43:45,274 --> 00:43:48,649 I'd hate to see how you treat a... humble physicist. 720 00:43:48,690 --> 00:43:50,565 If I ever meet one, I'll let you know. 721 00:43:51,565 --> 00:43:54,149 Ouch. -Theaters of combat all over the world, 722 00:43:54,190 --> 00:43:55,774 but I have to stay in Washington. 723 00:43:56,565 --> 00:43:58,684 Why? -I built the Pentagon. 724 00:43:58,728 --> 00:43:59,940 The brass likes it so much, 725 00:43:59,982 --> 00:44:03,149 they made me take over the Manhattan Engineer District. 726 00:44:03,971 --> 00:44:06,690 Which is? -Don't be a smartass. 727 00:44:06,940 --> 00:44:08,050 You know damn well what it is. 728 00:44:08,094 --> 00:44:10,611 You and half of every physics department across the country. 729 00:44:10,655 --> 00:44:11,899 That's problem number one. 730 00:44:12,690 --> 00:44:15,649 I thought problem number one would be securing enough uranium ore. 731 00:44:15,982 --> 00:44:19,274 1,200 tons, bought the day I took charge. -Processing? 732 00:44:19,565 --> 00:44:21,524 Just broke ground at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 733 00:44:22,887 --> 00:44:24,524 Now I'm looking for a project director. 734 00:44:25,440 --> 00:44:26,524 And my name came up? 735 00:44:27,024 --> 00:44:28,024 Nope. 736 00:44:28,857 --> 00:44:32,357 Even though you brought quantum physics to America, which made me curious. 737 00:44:33,065 --> 00:44:34,149 What have you found out? 738 00:44:35,518 --> 00:44:39,274 You're a dilettante, a womanizer, a suspected communist. 739 00:44:39,315 --> 00:44:41,940 I'm a New Deal Democrat. -I said "suspected". 740 00:44:42,440 --> 00:44:46,547 Unstable, theatrical, egotistical, neurotic. 741 00:44:46,591 --> 00:44:47,608 Nothing good, no? 742 00:44:47,652 --> 00:44:49,558 Not even "he's brilliant, but..." 743 00:44:49,582 --> 00:44:52,190 Well, brilliance is taken for granted in your circle, so no. 744 00:44:52,940 --> 00:44:55,815 No, the only person who had anything good to say was Richard Tolman. 745 00:44:56,690 --> 00:44:58,399 Tolman thinks you have integrity, 746 00:44:58,649 --> 00:45:03,065 but he also strikes me as a guy who knows more about science than people. 747 00:45:03,565 --> 00:45:04,566 Yet here you are. 748 00:45:05,604 --> 00:45:07,065 You don't take much on trust. 749 00:45:07,274 --> 00:45:08,732 I don't take anything on trust. 750 00:45:12,900 --> 00:45:14,232 Why don't you have a Nobel Prize? 751 00:45:14,581 --> 00:45:16,740 Why aren't you a general? -They're making me one for this. 752 00:45:16,815 --> 00:45:18,220 Perhaps I'll have the same luck. 753 00:45:18,222 --> 00:45:19,759 The Nobel Prize for making a bomb? 754 00:45:19,803 --> 00:45:21,649 Alfred Nobel invented dynamite. 755 00:45:24,705 --> 00:45:25,774 So how would you proceed? 756 00:45:27,877 --> 00:45:32,359 You're talking about turning theory into a practical weapon system 757 00:45:32,607 --> 00:45:35,649 faster than the Nazis. -Who have a 12-month head start. 758 00:45:35,815 --> 00:45:37,815 18. -How could you possibly know that? 759 00:45:38,107 --> 00:45:40,302 Our fast neutron research took six months. 760 00:45:40,346 --> 00:45:43,304 The man they've undoubtedly put in charge will have made that leap instantly. 761 00:45:43,348 --> 00:45:45,488 Who do you think they put in charge? -Werner Heisenberg. 762 00:45:45,690 --> 00:45:49,815 He has the most intuitive understanding of atomic structure I have ever seen. 763 00:45:49,993 --> 00:45:51,524 You know his work? -I know him, 764 00:45:51,815 --> 00:45:54,152 just like I know Walther Bothe, von Weizsäcker, Diebner. 765 00:45:54,196 --> 00:45:55,732 In a straight race, the Germans win. 766 00:45:56,578 --> 00:45:58,232 We've got one hope. -Which is? 767 00:45:59,690 --> 00:46:00,691 Antisemitism. 768 00:46:02,774 --> 00:46:03,732 What? 769 00:46:03,760 --> 00:46:06,399 Hitler called quantum physics "Jewish science". 770 00:46:06,440 --> 00:46:07,774 Said it right to Einstein's face. 771 00:46:07,815 --> 00:46:11,315 Our one hope is that Hitler is so blinded by hate 772 00:46:11,357 --> 00:46:13,399 that he's denied Heisenberg proper resources, 773 00:46:13,440 --> 00:46:15,190 because it'll take vast resources. 774 00:46:15,315 --> 00:46:18,024 Our nation's best scientists working together. Right now, they're scattered. 775 00:46:18,123 --> 00:46:19,774 Which gives us compartmentalization. 776 00:46:20,065 --> 00:46:23,040 All minds have to see the whole task to contribute efficiently. 777 00:46:23,084 --> 00:46:25,315 Poor security may cost us the race. 778 00:46:25,357 --> 00:46:26,524 Inefficiency will. 779 00:46:27,433 --> 00:46:28,899 The Germans know more than us anyway. 780 00:46:29,375 --> 00:46:30,524 The Russians don't. 781 00:46:32,257 --> 00:46:35,107 Remind me, who are we at war with? 782 00:46:35,690 --> 00:46:38,524 Somebody with your past doesn't want to be seen downplaying 783 00:46:38,565 --> 00:46:41,899 the importance of security from our communist allies. 784 00:46:42,982 --> 00:46:45,107 Point taken, but... no. 785 00:46:45,528 --> 00:46:46,857 You don't get to say no to me. 786 00:46:47,024 --> 00:46:49,107 It's my job to say no to you when you're wrong. 787 00:46:50,024 --> 00:46:51,399 So you have the job now? 788 00:46:51,482 --> 00:46:52,982 Uh, I'm considering it. 789 00:46:56,313 --> 00:46:58,315 I'm starting to see where you got your reputation. 790 00:46:59,982 --> 00:47:01,190 My favorite response: 791 00:47:02,315 --> 00:47:04,440 "Oppenheimer couldn't run a hamburger stand." 792 00:47:06,399 --> 00:47:07,399 I couldn't. 793 00:47:09,565 --> 00:47:11,399 But I can run the Manhattan Project. 794 00:47:12,930 --> 00:47:14,524 There's a way to balance these things. 795 00:47:15,571 --> 00:47:18,565 Keep the Rad Lab here at Berkeley, under Lawrence. 796 00:47:19,024 --> 00:47:21,065 Met Lab in Chicago, under Szilard. 797 00:47:21,274 --> 00:47:23,232 Large-scale refining, where did you say, Tennessee? 798 00:47:23,649 --> 00:47:25,024 And Hanford. -And Hanford. 799 00:47:25,357 --> 00:47:28,774 All America's industrial-minded scientific innovation, 800 00:47:29,107 --> 00:47:32,274 connected by rail, focused on one goal, 801 00:47:32,524 --> 00:47:33,982 one point in space and time. 802 00:47:34,232 --> 00:47:36,838 And it comes together here, a secret laboratory. 803 00:47:36,882 --> 00:47:39,179 In the middle of nowhere, secure, self-sufficient. 804 00:47:39,223 --> 00:47:40,649 Equipment, housing, the works. 805 00:47:40,764 --> 00:47:42,065 Keep everyone there until it's done. 806 00:47:43,073 --> 00:47:45,774 We'll need a school, stores, a church. -Why? 807 00:47:46,065 --> 00:47:48,857 If we don't let scientists bring their families, we'll never get the best. 808 00:47:49,095 --> 00:47:51,732 You want security, build a town. Build it fast. 809 00:47:52,076 --> 00:47:53,065 Where? 810 00:47:57,065 --> 00:47:58,399 Welcome to Los Alamos. 811 00:47:59,099 --> 00:48:01,190 There's a boys' school we'll have to commandeer, 812 00:48:01,232 --> 00:48:03,190 and the local Indians come up here for burial rites, 813 00:48:03,232 --> 00:48:04,997 but apart from that, nothing. 814 00:48:05,041 --> 00:48:06,524 40 miles. Any direction. 815 00:48:06,774 --> 00:48:08,107 We'll have to find the perfect spot. 816 00:48:08,862 --> 00:48:10,649 For? -Success. 817 00:48:16,375 --> 00:48:18,232 Build him a town. Fast. 818 00:48:20,149 --> 00:48:21,565 Let's go recruit some scientists. 819 00:48:22,607 --> 00:48:23,982 Why would I leave my family? 820 00:48:24,024 --> 00:48:25,774 I told you, you can bring your family. 821 00:48:25,857 --> 00:48:27,982 I'm not a soldier, Oppie. -A soldier? 822 00:48:28,565 --> 00:48:30,857 He's a general. I've got all the soldier I need. 823 00:48:31,498 --> 00:48:32,523 What can I tell them? 824 00:48:33,258 --> 00:48:36,524 Heisenberg, Diebner, Bothe and Bohr. What do these men have in common? 825 00:48:36,690 --> 00:48:39,399 Uh, the greatest minds on atomic theory. -Yes, and? 826 00:48:40,565 --> 00:48:41,566 As much as you like. 827 00:48:43,274 --> 00:48:44,774 Until you feel my boot on your balls. 828 00:48:46,100 --> 00:48:49,607 You know isotopes, and you know explosives better than anyone in the world. 829 00:48:49,922 --> 00:48:51,190 But you can't tell us what you're doing. 830 00:48:55,399 --> 00:48:56,940 I don't know. -The Nazis have them. 831 00:48:57,563 --> 00:48:58,622 Niels Bohr's in Copenhagen. 832 00:48:58,649 --> 00:49:01,649 Under Nazi occupation. Did they stop printing newspapers in Princeton? 833 00:49:01,907 --> 00:49:05,482 Why would we go to the middle of nowhere for who knows how long? 834 00:49:05,524 --> 00:49:07,190 For a year or two. Or three. 835 00:49:08,815 --> 00:49:11,732 General, could you... give us a moment? 836 00:49:13,172 --> 00:49:15,524 It's about unleashing a strong force. 837 00:49:17,279 --> 00:49:18,565 Before the Nazis do. 838 00:49:19,482 --> 00:49:20,482 Oh my god. 839 00:49:20,982 --> 00:49:22,940 Niels won't work for the Nazis. -No, never. 840 00:49:23,065 --> 00:49:24,940 But while they have him, we don't. 841 00:49:25,440 --> 00:49:26,482 That's why I need you. 842 00:49:26,857 --> 00:49:28,440 Why would you think I'd do that? 843 00:49:28,732 --> 00:49:30,107 Why? Why? 844 00:49:30,831 --> 00:49:32,940 How about because this is the most important fucking thing 845 00:49:32,982 --> 00:49:34,857 to ever happen in the history of the world? 846 00:49:35,065 --> 00:49:36,067 How about that? 847 00:49:36,982 --> 00:49:37,983 Fuck. 848 00:49:42,901 --> 00:49:44,774 They're not gonna let me onto this project. 849 00:49:45,980 --> 00:49:46,982 And failing a security check 850 00:49:47,024 --> 00:49:49,440 is not going to be good for a career even after the war. 851 00:49:49,607 --> 00:49:51,899 So you're a fellow traveler. So what? 852 00:49:52,226 --> 00:49:53,925 This is a national emergency. 853 00:49:53,982 --> 00:49:56,399 I've got some skeletons. They put me in charge. 854 00:49:56,982 --> 00:49:57,981 They need us. 855 00:49:58,440 --> 00:49:59,440 Until they don't. 856 00:50:03,815 --> 00:50:05,857 Is there any chance of getting Bohr out of Denmark? 857 00:50:05,978 --> 00:50:08,690 Yeah, no dice. I checked with the British. 858 00:50:09,361 --> 00:50:12,315 Until we get Allied boots back onto the continent, there's just no way. 859 00:50:14,413 --> 00:50:15,524 Is he that important? 860 00:50:15,565 --> 00:50:18,482 How many people do you know who proved Einstein wrong? 861 00:50:20,038 --> 00:50:22,107 You know, it really would be quicker to take a plane. 862 00:50:22,190 --> 00:50:23,232 A plane's too risky. 863 00:50:23,815 --> 00:50:24,815 The country needs us. 864 00:50:28,482 --> 00:50:29,482 What happened, guys? 865 00:50:29,526 --> 00:50:31,690 They say the building's too small for this cyclotron. 866 00:50:34,524 --> 00:50:35,940 Get them together with the architects. 867 00:50:39,694 --> 00:50:41,107 When's this place supposed to open? 868 00:50:44,436 --> 00:50:45,442 Two months. 869 00:50:46,732 --> 00:50:49,899 Robert, you're the great improviser, but this... 870 00:50:50,982 --> 00:50:52,315 you can't do in your head. 871 00:50:53,774 --> 00:50:54,815 Four divisions. 872 00:50:56,190 --> 00:50:59,774 Experimental, theoretical, metallurgical. 873 00:50:59,887 --> 00:51:01,149 Who's running theoretical? 874 00:51:01,190 --> 00:51:02,191 I am. 875 00:51:02,368 --> 00:51:04,982 That's what I was afraid of. You're spread too thin. 876 00:51:06,524 --> 00:51:07,774 So you take theoretical. 877 00:51:10,940 --> 00:51:13,441 I'm not coming here, Robert. 878 00:51:19,732 --> 00:51:20,734 Why not? 879 00:51:27,482 --> 00:51:30,940 You drop a bomb and it falls on the just and the unjust. 880 00:51:32,565 --> 00:51:35,190 I don't wish the culmination of three centuries of physics 881 00:51:35,232 --> 00:51:36,857 to be a weapon of mass destruction. 882 00:51:46,982 --> 00:51:47,983 Izzy... 883 00:51:48,940 --> 00:51:53,065 I don't know if we can be trusted with such a weapon. 884 00:51:54,899 --> 00:51:57,690 But I know the Nazis can't. 885 00:52:01,899 --> 00:52:02,940 We have no choice. 886 00:52:05,899 --> 00:52:06,900 Then... 887 00:52:08,774 --> 00:52:09,982 The second thing you have to do 888 00:52:10,024 --> 00:52:13,107 is appoint Hans Bethe to run the theoretical division. 889 00:52:15,567 --> 00:52:17,357 Wait, what was the first? 890 00:52:17,649 --> 00:52:19,565 Take off that ridiculous uniform. 891 00:52:20,028 --> 00:52:21,149 You're a scientist. 892 00:52:21,429 --> 00:52:22,899 Groves is insisting we join. 893 00:52:23,229 --> 00:52:24,940 Tell Groves to go shit in his hat. 894 00:52:25,523 --> 00:52:26,857 They need us for who we are. 895 00:52:27,185 --> 00:52:28,191 So be yourself. 896 00:52:29,190 --> 00:52:30,192 Only better. 897 00:53:10,315 --> 00:53:11,399 This is the only key. 898 00:53:11,982 --> 00:53:13,899 And Teller's already here. 899 00:53:14,232 --> 00:53:16,595 Shall I just show him in? -No, let's wait for the others. 900 00:53:24,815 --> 00:53:25,816 Let's get started. 901 00:53:26,482 --> 00:53:28,940 Hello, Edward. -Yes. 902 00:53:29,107 --> 00:53:31,422 Gentlemen, so, we will work here 903 00:53:31,446 --> 00:53:34,524 until the T Section at Los Alamos is finished. 904 00:53:34,565 --> 00:53:36,315 Edward, can I...? -This is more important. 905 00:53:38,815 --> 00:53:42,649 When I calculated the chain reaction, I found a rather troubling possibility. 906 00:53:43,940 --> 00:53:46,524 No, this can't be right. 907 00:53:47,440 --> 00:53:48,899 Show me how you did your calculations. 908 00:53:49,199 --> 00:53:50,192 Yes. 909 00:53:53,899 --> 00:53:56,982 Exponential. -No, no, no. No. 910 00:54:00,440 --> 00:54:01,482 This is fantasy. 911 00:54:02,232 --> 00:54:03,690 Teller's calculations can't be right. 912 00:54:04,690 --> 00:54:06,565 Do them yourself while I go to Princeton. 913 00:54:07,008 --> 00:54:08,985 What for? -To talk to Einstein. 914 00:54:09,029 --> 00:54:11,149 Well, there's not much common ground between the two. 915 00:54:11,357 --> 00:54:12,732 That's why I should get his view. 916 00:54:18,190 --> 00:54:19,357 Albert. -Hmm? 917 00:54:19,940 --> 00:54:22,107 Ah, Dr. Oppenheimer. 918 00:54:22,649 --> 00:54:24,024 Have you met Dr. Gödel? 919 00:54:24,398 --> 00:54:25,982 We walk here most days. 920 00:54:26,315 --> 00:54:29,982 Trees have the most inspiring structures. 921 00:54:30,649 --> 00:54:32,440 Albert, might I have a word? 922 00:54:32,982 --> 00:54:34,732 Of course. Excuse me, Kurt. 923 00:54:36,774 --> 00:54:39,315 Some days Kurt refuses to eat. 924 00:54:39,732 --> 00:54:44,107 Even in Princeton, he's convinced that the Nazis can poison his food. 925 00:54:55,592 --> 00:54:58,107 Whose, whose work is this? 926 00:54:58,524 --> 00:54:59,525 Teller's. 927 00:55:00,803 --> 00:55:02,440 What do you take it to mean? 928 00:55:03,304 --> 00:55:05,107 Neutrons smash into the nucleus, 929 00:55:05,149 --> 00:55:08,399 releasing neutrons to smash into other nuclei. 930 00:55:09,315 --> 00:55:10,317 Criticality. 931 00:55:10,505 --> 00:55:12,857 Point of no return. Massive explosive force. 932 00:55:13,165 --> 00:55:15,524 But this time, the chain reaction doesn't stop. 933 00:55:16,482 --> 00:55:18,565 It would ignite the atmosphere. 934 00:55:20,690 --> 00:55:24,649 When we detonate an atomic device, we might start a chain reaction that... 935 00:55:25,815 --> 00:55:26,942 destroys the world. 936 00:55:28,315 --> 00:55:29,607 So here we are, hmm? 937 00:55:30,065 --> 00:55:33,940 Lost in your quantum world of probabilities, 938 00:55:34,399 --> 00:55:35,940 and needing certainty. 939 00:55:36,815 --> 00:55:38,690 Can you run the calculations yourself? 940 00:55:39,732 --> 00:55:42,065 About the only thing you and I have in common 941 00:55:42,107 --> 00:55:44,149 is a disdain for mathematics. 942 00:55:44,315 --> 00:55:46,440 Who's working on this in Berkeley? 943 00:55:46,526 --> 00:55:47,524 Hans Bethe. 944 00:55:47,565 --> 00:55:49,399 Well, he'll get to the truth. 945 00:55:51,440 --> 00:55:53,274 And if the truth is catastrophic? 946 00:55:54,232 --> 00:55:58,399 Then you stop, and you share your findings with the Nazis. 947 00:55:59,393 --> 00:56:01,607 So neither side destroys the world. 948 00:56:05,565 --> 00:56:06,572 Robert. 949 00:56:08,150 --> 00:56:10,107 This is yours, not mine. 950 00:56:24,190 --> 00:56:25,190 Teller's wrong. 951 00:56:25,885 --> 00:56:26,900 He's wrong. 952 00:56:36,729 --> 00:56:40,565 When you know Teller's critical assumptions, the real picture emerges. 953 00:56:40,670 --> 00:56:41,690 Bottom line? 954 00:56:42,565 --> 00:56:45,399 The chances of an out-of-control nuclear reaction are near-zero. 955 00:56:45,632 --> 00:56:46,732 Near-zero. 956 00:56:48,357 --> 00:56:49,732 Oppie, this is good news. 957 00:56:49,815 --> 00:56:50,818 Mm-hmm. 958 00:56:51,995 --> 00:56:52,983 Can you run them again? 959 00:56:53,063 --> 00:56:54,399 Oh, you'll get the same answer. 960 00:56:54,964 --> 00:56:56,607 Until they actually detonate one of these things, 961 00:56:56,649 --> 00:56:58,357 the best assurance you're going to get is this. 962 00:56:59,190 --> 00:57:00,190 Near-zero. 963 00:57:03,707 --> 00:57:05,482 Theory will take you only so far. 964 00:57:06,232 --> 00:57:08,024 Hello! -Hi. 965 00:57:08,188 --> 00:57:09,191 We missed him. 966 00:57:09,569 --> 00:57:10,567 You want to adopt? 967 00:57:10,789 --> 00:57:11,775 She's kidding. 968 00:57:11,830 --> 00:57:13,607 We wanted to see you before we left. 969 00:57:14,230 --> 00:57:16,565 For parts unknown. 970 00:57:17,772 --> 00:57:19,440 You know who I ran into the other day? 971 00:57:20,024 --> 00:57:21,025 Eltenton. 972 00:57:22,940 --> 00:57:25,190 That chemist from Shell? The union guy? 973 00:57:25,374 --> 00:57:27,899 Yeah, the FAECT guy. 974 00:57:29,295 --> 00:57:31,357 He was moaning about how we're handling the war. 975 00:57:32,537 --> 00:57:33,525 How so? 976 00:57:34,217 --> 00:57:36,440 Lack of cooperation with our allies. 977 00:57:37,065 --> 00:57:40,982 Apparently, our government's not sharing any research with the Russians. 978 00:57:41,690 --> 00:57:45,190 He said most scientists think the policy is stupid. 979 00:57:48,565 --> 00:57:50,274 Oh, yeah? -Yeah. 980 00:57:51,080 --> 00:57:54,815 He mentioned that if anyone had anything they wanted to pass on, 981 00:57:55,940 --> 00:57:59,274 going around official channels, that he could help. 982 00:58:08,107 --> 00:58:09,274 That would be treason. 983 00:58:10,614 --> 00:58:11,690 Yes, of course. 984 00:58:12,815 --> 00:58:14,024 I just thought you should know. 985 00:58:17,018 --> 00:58:18,607 The brat is down. 986 00:58:19,179 --> 00:58:20,192 Where are the martinis? 987 00:58:25,649 --> 00:58:26,650 Coming right up. 988 00:58:27,190 --> 00:58:28,899 The conversation ended there. 989 00:58:29,190 --> 00:58:32,190 Nothing in our long-standing friendship would have led me to believe 990 00:58:32,232 --> 00:58:35,149 that Chevalier was actually seeking information, 991 00:58:35,275 --> 00:58:39,524 and I am certain that he had no idea of the work in which I was engaged. 992 00:58:44,607 --> 00:58:48,940 It has long been clear to me that I should have reported this incident at once. 993 00:58:49,425 --> 00:58:52,025 The Oppenheimer situation highlights the tension 994 00:58:52,067 --> 00:58:55,275 between scientists and the security apparatus. 995 00:58:55,568 --> 00:58:57,942 In hopes of learning how the nominee handled such issues 996 00:58:57,984 --> 00:58:59,734 during his time at the AEC, 997 00:59:00,092 --> 00:59:02,692 we'll have a scientist appearing before the committee. 998 00:59:04,014 --> 00:59:05,067 Who are they bringing in? 999 00:59:05,315 --> 00:59:06,318 They hadn't said. 1000 00:59:06,555 --> 00:59:10,442 Mr. Chairman, if I may, I'm nominated for Commerce Secretary. 1001 00:59:10,558 --> 00:59:12,775 Why seek the opinion of scientists? 1002 00:59:13,220 --> 00:59:14,984 This is a cabinet post, Admiral. 1003 00:59:15,021 --> 00:59:17,859 We seek a wide range of opinion. 1004 00:59:17,900 --> 00:59:20,150 I'd like to know the name of the scientist testifying. 1005 00:59:20,192 --> 00:59:21,775 I'd like the chance to cross-examine. 1006 00:59:22,275 --> 00:59:23,467 This is not a court. 1007 00:59:25,275 --> 00:59:26,276 Formality, huh? 1008 00:59:26,317 --> 00:59:30,359 No presidential cabinet nominee has failed to be confirmed since 1925. 1009 00:59:30,525 --> 00:59:32,275 This is just how the game is played. 1010 00:59:32,317 --> 00:59:34,609 It's in the bag, Lewis. So play nice. 1011 00:59:35,192 --> 00:59:36,692 They bring in a scientist, so what? 1012 00:59:37,150 --> 00:59:39,275 You don't know scientists like I do, Counselor. 1013 00:59:39,317 --> 00:59:41,484 They resent anyone who questions their judgment, 1014 00:59:41,525 --> 00:59:42,985 especially if you're not one of them. 1015 00:59:43,275 --> 00:59:44,609 I was chair of the AEC. 1016 00:59:44,817 --> 00:59:46,900 I'm easy to blame for what happened to Robert. 1017 00:59:46,942 --> 00:59:48,234 We can't have the Senate thinking 1018 00:59:48,275 --> 00:59:50,650 the scientific community doesn't support you, sir. 1019 00:59:51,942 --> 00:59:53,025 Or should we pivot? 1020 00:59:53,650 --> 00:59:55,025 To what? -And embrace it. 1021 00:59:56,067 --> 00:59:58,067 "I fought Oppenheimer, and the US won." 1022 00:59:58,359 --> 00:59:59,900 I don't think we need to go there. 1023 00:59:59,942 --> 01:00:02,275 Isn't there someone we can call who knows what really happened? 1024 01:00:02,317 --> 01:00:03,900 Teller. -He'll make an impression. 1025 01:00:04,025 --> 01:00:05,817 Can you get the name of the scientist they've called? 1026 01:00:05,900 --> 01:00:08,317 Probably. -Find out if he was based in Chicago 1027 01:00:08,567 --> 01:00:09,984 or Los Alamos during the war. 1028 01:00:10,192 --> 01:00:11,025 Why does that matter? 1029 01:00:11,109 --> 01:00:13,775 Well, if he was based in Chicago, they worked under Szilard and Fermi, 1030 01:00:13,817 --> 01:00:15,775 not the cult to Bobby in Los Alamos. 1031 01:00:16,252 --> 01:00:19,275 Robert built that damn place. He was founder, mayor, sheriff. 1032 01:00:20,109 --> 01:00:21,312 All rolled into one. 1033 01:00:34,025 --> 01:00:35,734 Now all it needs is a saloon. 1034 01:01:05,525 --> 01:01:06,566 There's no kitchen. 1035 01:01:08,027 --> 01:01:10,150 Really? We'll fix that. 1036 01:01:17,275 --> 01:01:19,442 Barbed wire? Guns? 1037 01:01:20,525 --> 01:01:22,900 Oppie... -We're at war, Hans. 1038 01:01:25,770 --> 01:01:26,770 Halifax. 1039 01:01:27,234 --> 01:01:28,317 1917. 1040 01:01:28,442 --> 01:01:31,150 A cargo ship carrying munitions explodes in the harbor. 1041 01:01:33,775 --> 01:01:36,525 A vast and sudden chemical reaction. 1042 01:01:40,317 --> 01:01:42,859 The biggest man-made explosion in history. 1043 01:01:43,763 --> 01:01:46,525 Now, let's calculate how much more destructive it would have been 1044 01:01:46,567 --> 01:01:49,562 if it were a nuclear and not a chemical reaction, 1045 01:01:50,150 --> 01:01:52,817 expressing power in terms of tons of TNT. 1046 01:01:53,288 --> 01:01:54,650 But it will be thousands. 1047 01:01:55,150 --> 01:01:57,900 Well, then, kilotons. 1048 01:02:01,817 --> 01:02:04,234 Using U-235, 1049 01:02:05,109 --> 01:02:06,525 the bomb will need a... -Uh... 1050 01:02:07,478 --> 01:02:10,734 Sorry. Gadget will need a 33-pound sphere 1051 01:02:10,944 --> 01:02:12,192 about this size, 1052 01:02:12,353 --> 01:02:15,692 or using plutonium, a ten-pound sphere. 1053 01:02:17,612 --> 01:02:21,567 Here's the amount of uranium Oak Ridge refined all of last month. 1054 01:02:25,609 --> 01:02:28,312 And the Hanford plant made this much plutonium. 1055 01:02:30,634 --> 01:02:34,442 Now, if we can enrich these amounts, we need a way to detonate them. 1056 01:02:35,567 --> 01:02:36,775 Are we boring you, Edward? 1057 01:02:37,853 --> 01:02:38,984 A little bit, yes. 1058 01:02:39,317 --> 01:02:40,484 May I ask why? 1059 01:02:40,734 --> 01:02:43,984 We all entered this room knowing a fission bomb was possible. 1060 01:02:44,804 --> 01:02:46,525 How about we leave it with something new? 1061 01:02:46,865 --> 01:02:47,860 Such as? 1062 01:02:48,150 --> 01:02:51,692 Instead of uranium or plutonium, we use hydrogen. 1063 01:02:52,829 --> 01:02:55,442 Heavy hydrogen. Deuterium. 1064 01:02:56,507 --> 01:02:58,859 You see, we compact the atoms together 1065 01:02:58,900 --> 01:03:02,067 under great pressure to induce a fusion reaction. 1066 01:03:03,317 --> 01:03:07,192 Then we'll get not kilotons, but megatons. 1067 01:03:08,150 --> 01:03:09,567 Okay, hang on, hang on. 1068 01:03:10,103 --> 01:03:13,942 So how do you generate enough force to fuse hydrogen atoms? 1069 01:03:15,150 --> 01:03:16,317 A small fission bomb. 1070 01:03:17,234 --> 01:03:18,360 There we are! 1071 01:03:20,474 --> 01:03:22,275 Well, since we're going to need one anyway, 1072 01:03:22,317 --> 01:03:23,817 can we get back to the business at hand? 1073 01:03:24,067 --> 01:03:27,275 The isotopes issue wasn't your most important 1074 01:03:27,609 --> 01:03:30,400 policy disagreement with Dr. Oppenheimer. 1075 01:03:30,454 --> 01:03:32,873 It was the hydrogen bomb, wasn't it? 1076 01:03:33,025 --> 01:03:37,775 As colleagues, we agreed to disagree on a great many things, uh... 1077 01:03:38,150 --> 01:03:41,859 And one of them was the need for an H-bomb program, yes. 1078 01:03:55,525 --> 01:03:58,103 Thanks for convening on short notice. 1079 01:03:58,353 --> 01:03:59,395 I can't believe it. 1080 01:04:00,775 --> 01:04:04,025 But here we are. Catch me up. What do we know? 1081 01:04:04,234 --> 01:04:08,234 One of our B-29s over the North Pacific has detected radiation. 1082 01:04:08,648 --> 01:04:11,192 Do we have the filter papers? -There's no doubt what this is. 1083 01:04:11,681 --> 01:04:14,567 White House says there's a doubt. -Wishful thinking, I'm afraid. 1084 01:04:14,609 --> 01:04:17,442 Are those the long-range detection filter papers? 1085 01:04:18,259 --> 01:04:19,567 It's an atomic test. 1086 01:04:23,234 --> 01:04:24,484 The Russians have a bomb. 1087 01:04:25,025 --> 01:04:27,650 We're supposed to be years ahead of them, but this... 1088 01:04:28,442 --> 01:04:31,690 What were you guys doing in Los Alamos? Wasn't security tight? 1089 01:04:31,776 --> 01:04:34,400 Of course it was. You weren't there. -Forgive me, Doctor. 1090 01:04:36,692 --> 01:04:37,693 But I was there. 1091 01:04:39,025 --> 01:04:42,234 We can now consider the actual mechanics of detonation. 1092 01:04:42,567 --> 01:04:45,150 Any ideas? -I call this shooting. 1093 01:04:45,192 --> 01:04:49,067 We fire a chunk of fissionable material into a larger sphere 1094 01:04:49,109 --> 01:04:51,150 with enough force to achieve criticality. 1095 01:04:52,067 --> 01:04:54,783 What do we think? Anyone? -I've been thinking about implosion. 1096 01:04:55,192 --> 01:04:58,275 Explosives around the sphere blast inwards, crushing the material. 1097 01:04:59,317 --> 01:05:02,234 I'd like to investigate that idea. -I'll talk to ordnance. 1098 01:05:02,317 --> 01:05:03,400 Get you blowing things up. 1099 01:05:04,650 --> 01:05:06,478 Progress? -Nice to see you too. 1100 01:05:07,484 --> 01:05:08,775 Meet the British contingent. 1101 01:05:09,109 --> 01:05:11,150 Dr. Oppenheimer. Klaus Fuchs. 1102 01:05:11,484 --> 01:05:14,317 How long have you been British? -Since Hitler told me I wasn't German. 1103 01:05:14,609 --> 01:05:17,317 Ah. Come, welcome to Los Alamos. 1104 01:05:18,359 --> 01:05:19,484 The school's up and running. 1105 01:05:19,890 --> 01:05:21,984 The bar. -Always running. 1106 01:05:23,109 --> 01:05:25,150 And I thought of a way to reduce support staff. 1107 01:05:26,734 --> 01:05:28,442 Is that...? -Mrs. Serber, yes. 1108 01:05:28,612 --> 01:05:31,900 I've offered jobs to all the wives, admin, librarians, computation. 1109 01:05:32,025 --> 01:05:33,984 We cut down on staff, keep families together. 1110 01:05:34,234 --> 01:05:36,150 Are these women qualified? -Don't be absurd. 1111 01:05:36,192 --> 01:05:38,359 These are some of the brightest minds in our community. 1112 01:05:38,400 --> 01:05:39,817 And they're already security cleared. 1113 01:05:40,609 --> 01:05:42,688 I've informed General Groves you've been holding cross-divisional 1114 01:05:42,712 --> 01:05:45,275 open discussions on a nightly basis. -Shut them down. 1115 01:05:45,692 --> 01:05:47,317 Compartmentalization is the key 1116 01:05:47,525 --> 01:05:49,150 to maintaining security... -Only the top men. 1117 01:05:49,192 --> 01:05:51,150 Who presumably communicate with subordinates. 1118 01:05:51,199 --> 01:05:53,034 These men aren't stupid. They can be discreet. 1119 01:05:53,317 --> 01:05:55,025 I don't like it. -You don't like anything enough 1120 01:05:55,067 --> 01:05:56,400 for that to be a fair test. 1121 01:06:02,775 --> 01:06:04,900 Once a week. Top men only. 1122 01:06:05,483 --> 01:06:07,234 I'd like to bring my brother here. -No. 1123 01:06:09,359 --> 01:06:10,358 Nichols? 1124 01:06:11,984 --> 01:06:14,525 I still haven't heard that my security clearance has been approved. 1125 01:06:14,609 --> 01:06:16,484 It hasn't. -I'm going to Chicago tomorrow. 1126 01:06:16,775 --> 01:06:17,776 Well, you should wait. 1127 01:06:18,442 --> 01:06:20,775 You are aware that the Nazis have a two-year head start? 1128 01:06:21,020 --> 01:06:22,900 Dr. Oppenheimer, the fact that your security clearance 1129 01:06:22,942 --> 01:06:24,995 is proving difficult to obtain is not my fault. 1130 01:06:25,317 --> 01:06:26,299 It's yours. 1131 01:06:26,359 --> 01:06:29,123 It may not be your fault, but it's your problem. Because I'm going. 1132 01:06:30,025 --> 01:06:32,025 And how many people were in these, uh... 1133 01:06:32,817 --> 01:06:34,817 open discussions? 1134 01:06:34,900 --> 01:06:37,273 Too many. Compartmentalization was supposed to be the protocol. 1135 01:06:37,312 --> 01:06:38,734 We were in a race against the Nazis. 1136 01:06:38,775 --> 01:06:41,109 And now the race is against the Soviets. 1137 01:06:41,150 --> 01:06:45,692 Not unless we start it. -Robert, they just fired the starting gun. 1138 01:06:46,359 --> 01:06:48,203 What's the nature of the device they detonated? 1139 01:06:48,734 --> 01:06:52,234 Data indicates it may have been a plutonium implosion device. 1140 01:06:52,275 --> 01:06:54,773 Like the one you built at Los Alamos. 1141 01:06:55,400 --> 01:06:56,462 The Russians have a bomb. 1142 01:06:57,109 --> 01:07:00,359 Truman needs to know what's next. -What's next? Arms talks. 1143 01:07:00,609 --> 01:07:01,734 Arms talks? -Obviously. 1144 01:07:03,150 --> 01:07:05,900 What about the Super? Does Truman even know about it? 1145 01:07:05,942 --> 01:07:07,309 Did we brief him on that? 1146 01:07:07,900 --> 01:07:08,950 Not specifically. 1147 01:07:09,234 --> 01:07:12,036 We still don't know if a hydrogen bomb is technically feasible. 1148 01:07:12,109 --> 01:07:14,442 Right, my understanding is that Teller proposed it. 1149 01:07:14,484 --> 01:07:15,609 Yes. -At Los Alamos? 1150 01:07:15,650 --> 01:07:17,942 Teller's designs have always been wildly impractical. 1151 01:07:17,984 --> 01:07:20,984 You'd have to deliver by oxcart, not airplane. 1152 01:07:21,317 --> 01:07:23,025 Oppie! -I'm sorry, Dr. Lawrence, 1153 01:07:23,067 --> 01:07:24,359 do you want to comment? 1154 01:07:26,192 --> 01:07:27,194 No. 1155 01:07:29,192 --> 01:07:31,234 Because if it can put us ahead again, 1156 01:07:31,797 --> 01:07:36,275 the President of the United States needs to know about it. 1157 01:07:38,359 --> 01:07:41,150 And if the Russians know about it already from a spy, 1158 01:07:41,352 --> 01:07:44,344 at Los Alamos, then we've got to get going. 1159 01:07:44,390 --> 01:07:46,969 There's no proof there was a spy at Los Alamos. 1160 01:07:47,317 --> 01:07:48,317 Robert. 1161 01:07:53,359 --> 01:07:54,734 They put it under the football stadium? 1162 01:07:55,150 --> 01:07:56,442 The field's not in use anymore. 1163 01:07:57,067 --> 01:07:58,113 Just as well. 1164 01:08:01,150 --> 01:08:02,900 Oppie! -Dr. Fermi. 1165 01:08:05,900 --> 01:08:08,609 I hear you've got a little town. -Yes, come and see. 1166 01:08:10,025 --> 01:08:13,067 Who could think straight in a place like that, huh? 1167 01:08:14,275 --> 01:08:15,775 Everybody will go crazy. 1168 01:08:17,067 --> 01:08:19,109 Thank you the vote of confidence, Szilard. 1169 01:08:20,567 --> 01:08:23,067 Do we really... do we really need that in the notes? 1170 01:08:24,210 --> 01:08:25,570 Are you gonna try it out? 1171 01:08:26,234 --> 01:08:27,234 We did. 1172 01:08:27,775 --> 01:08:30,817 The first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. 1173 01:08:31,817 --> 01:08:32,859 Didn't Groves tell you? 1174 01:08:33,942 --> 01:08:34,952 No. 1175 01:08:42,580 --> 01:08:43,734 Dr. Oppenheimer? 1176 01:08:44,859 --> 01:08:46,067 I tried personnel. 1177 01:08:46,234 --> 01:08:48,817 They asked if I could type. -Can you? 1178 01:08:48,942 --> 01:08:51,650 Harvard forgot to teach that on the graduate chemistry course. 1179 01:08:53,692 --> 01:08:56,109 Condon, put Mrs. Hornig here on the plutonium team. 1180 01:09:02,025 --> 01:09:03,817 What the hell were you doing in Chicago? 1181 01:09:04,234 --> 01:09:05,692 Visiting the met. -Why? 1182 01:09:05,734 --> 01:09:06,900 You can't... -Why? 1183 01:09:06,942 --> 01:09:08,275 Because we, we have every right... 1184 01:09:08,317 --> 01:09:12,317 You have just the rights that I give you. No more, no less. 1185 01:09:12,817 --> 01:09:15,775 We are adults trying to run a project here. This is ridiculous. 1186 01:09:16,567 --> 01:09:17,569 Tell him! 1187 01:09:18,995 --> 01:09:21,525 Compartmentalization is the protocol we agreed to. 1188 01:09:22,942 --> 01:09:26,192 Enough of this madhouse. Nobody can work under these conditions. 1189 01:09:26,234 --> 01:09:29,859 You know what? Generalissimo, I quit! 1190 01:09:30,734 --> 01:09:31,734 Thanks for nothing. 1191 01:09:34,317 --> 01:09:35,317 Better off without him. 1192 01:09:36,984 --> 01:09:39,734 Aren't you more concerned about his discretion out there? 1193 01:09:41,025 --> 01:09:42,026 We'll have him killed. 1194 01:09:44,275 --> 01:09:45,276 I'm just kidding. 1195 01:09:46,400 --> 01:09:48,067 No, he hates me, not America. 1196 01:09:48,734 --> 01:09:51,317 You know, General, not everyone has levers to pull like mine. 1197 01:09:52,234 --> 01:09:53,234 I don't think I understand. 1198 01:09:53,817 --> 01:09:57,352 You didn't hire me despite my left-wing past. You hired me because of it. 1199 01:09:58,525 --> 01:09:59,984 So you could control me. 1200 01:10:00,734 --> 01:10:04,203 No, I'm not that subtle. I'm just a humble soldier. 1201 01:10:04,942 --> 01:10:08,442 You're neither humble, nor just a soldier. You studied engineering at MIT. 1202 01:10:08,650 --> 01:10:10,817 Guilty as charged. -Well, now we understand each other, 1203 01:10:10,859 --> 01:10:12,692 perhaps you can get me my security clearance, 1204 01:10:12,734 --> 01:10:14,609 so I can perform this miracle for you. 1205 01:10:20,859 --> 01:10:22,025 General Groves, were you aware 1206 01:10:22,067 --> 01:10:25,442 of Dr. Oppenheimer's left-wing associations when you appointed him? 1207 01:10:25,609 --> 01:10:27,734 I was aware that there were suspicions about him. 1208 01:10:27,775 --> 01:10:30,775 I was aware he had a very extreme liberal background. 1209 01:10:31,026 --> 01:10:34,204 In your opinion, would he ever consciously commit a disloyal act? 1210 01:10:34,298 --> 01:10:35,900 I would be amazed if he did. 1211 01:10:36,048 --> 01:10:38,594 So you had complete confidence in his integrity? 1212 01:10:38,813 --> 01:10:41,567 At Los Alamos, yes. Which is where I really knew him. 1213 01:10:41,775 --> 01:10:44,243 Do you know that your security officers on the project 1214 01:10:44,298 --> 01:10:46,609 advised you against the clearance of Dr. Oppenheimer? 1215 01:10:46,650 --> 01:10:50,525 They could not, and would not, clear him until I insisted. 1216 01:10:50,692 --> 01:10:52,567 And it's safe to say that you had pretty good knowledge 1217 01:10:52,609 --> 01:10:54,900 of Dr. Oppenheimer's security file. -I did. 1218 01:10:56,150 --> 01:10:58,567 Well, then there's only really one question I need answered here today. 1219 01:10:58,650 --> 01:11:02,900 In light of the current AEC guidelines, would you clear Dr. Oppenheimer today? 1220 01:11:03,488 --> 01:11:04,609 Do you have the guidelines? 1221 01:11:12,484 --> 01:11:14,734 Under current AEC guidelines, 1222 01:11:14,880 --> 01:11:17,900 would you clear Dr. Oppenheimer today? 1223 01:11:30,192 --> 01:11:31,609 Physics and New Mexico, huh? 1224 01:11:33,154 --> 01:11:35,400 My god. What a trek. 1225 01:11:36,317 --> 01:11:38,775 That's why you need a liaison. -I'm appointing Lomanitz. 1226 01:11:40,359 --> 01:11:42,234 You're gonna be okay. This way, gentlemen. 1227 01:11:52,734 --> 01:11:54,387 Dr. Lawrence. -Leslie. 1228 01:11:55,150 --> 01:11:57,109 I'd like to remind you what we talked about at Berkeley. 1229 01:11:57,275 --> 01:11:59,067 Compartmentalization, I understand completely. 1230 01:12:14,442 --> 01:12:15,734 Greetings from Berkeley. 1231 01:12:15,900 --> 01:12:18,817 I am here to update you on our progress and solicit your input. 1232 01:12:19,278 --> 01:12:21,649 To do so, I am going to have to share a few things that 1233 01:12:21,692 --> 01:12:23,400 General Groves told me not to. 1234 01:12:24,192 --> 01:12:26,942 Sorry General, I said I understood, not that I agreed. 1235 01:12:27,359 --> 01:12:30,317 Okay. Gentlemen, to business! 1236 01:12:30,817 --> 01:12:32,734 There were rumors of espionage 1237 01:12:32,775 --> 01:12:34,775 at Los Alamos. -Unsubstantiated. 1238 01:12:34,817 --> 01:12:37,150 I'm told that there were communists 1239 01:12:37,192 --> 01:12:38,734 on the project. -We didn't knowingly employ... 1240 01:12:38,775 --> 01:12:40,900 I just want to know, were any of them involved 1241 01:12:40,942 --> 01:12:42,359 in discussions of the Super? 1242 01:12:42,734 --> 01:12:45,275 I seem to remember you demanding your brother come to Los Alamos. 1243 01:12:45,317 --> 01:12:48,039 My brother had left the party by then. -What about Lomanitz? 1244 01:12:48,234 --> 01:12:51,234 Lomanitz was never employed at Los Alamos. He was a liaison. 1245 01:12:51,525 --> 01:12:54,025 Our security was tight, as former Colonel Nichols well knows. 1246 01:12:54,067 --> 01:12:56,741 Our security was as tight as it could be given the personalities involved, 1247 01:12:56,765 --> 01:12:57,834 but attempts were made. 1248 01:12:58,234 --> 01:13:00,817 What is that supposed to mean? -We've all read his file here. 1249 01:13:02,150 --> 01:13:03,734 Do we need to talk about Jean Tatlock? 1250 01:13:05,442 --> 01:13:06,942 Or the Chevalier incident? 1251 01:13:11,567 --> 01:13:12,569 Excuse me. 1252 01:13:15,234 --> 01:13:17,109 Lomanitz, line one! 1253 01:13:24,067 --> 01:13:26,025 Hello, Rossi. What? 1254 01:13:27,067 --> 01:13:28,067 Okay, just calm down. 1255 01:13:29,359 --> 01:13:30,442 There's been another screwup. 1256 01:13:30,650 --> 01:13:33,817 Lomanitz just got drafted. -We are at war, Doctor. 1257 01:13:33,942 --> 01:13:37,025 Don't be an asshole, Nichols. We need this kid. Fix it, will you? 1258 01:13:37,567 --> 01:13:38,514 It wasn't a mistake. 1259 01:13:38,538 --> 01:13:41,403 Your friend Lomanitz has been trying to unionize the radiation lab. 1260 01:13:41,692 --> 01:13:44,442 He promised to quit all that. -Well, he hasn't. 1261 01:13:45,400 --> 01:13:48,321 The security officer at Berkeley is concerned about communist infiltration 1262 01:13:48,408 --> 01:13:51,567 through that union, the FA... -FAECT. 1263 01:13:54,775 --> 01:13:58,025 While I'm there next week, I'll... drop in to see him. 1264 01:14:00,400 --> 01:14:01,871 Your Q clearance came through. 1265 01:14:05,650 --> 01:14:08,902 It's important you not maintain or renew any questionable associations. 1266 01:14:14,359 --> 01:14:16,275 Doctor, did you think social contacts 1267 01:14:16,317 --> 01:14:20,567 between a person engaged on secret war work and communists was dangerous? 1268 01:14:20,609 --> 01:14:23,359 My awareness of the danger would be greater today. 1269 01:14:24,525 --> 01:14:26,900 I mean, it's fair to say that during the war years, 1270 01:14:27,442 --> 01:14:30,234 you felt that such contacts were potentially dangerous. 1271 01:14:36,942 --> 01:14:38,859 Were conceivably dangerous, yes. 1272 01:14:39,900 --> 01:14:40,901 I mean, really! 1273 01:14:42,067 --> 01:14:43,150 Known communists. 1274 01:14:46,359 --> 01:14:47,367 Look... 1275 01:14:48,692 --> 01:14:52,484 I've had a lot of secrets in my head for a long time. 1276 01:14:53,902 --> 01:14:58,108 Doesn't matter who I associate with, I don't talk about those secrets. 1277 01:15:05,859 --> 01:15:06,984 You said in your statement 1278 01:15:08,484 --> 01:15:12,859 that you had to see Jean Tatlock in 1943. 1279 01:15:14,817 --> 01:15:15,826 You left. 1280 01:15:17,650 --> 01:15:18,653 Not a word. 1281 01:15:19,484 --> 01:15:21,067 What did you think that would do to me? 1282 01:15:22,734 --> 01:15:23,734 I wrote. 1283 01:15:24,109 --> 01:15:25,234 Pages of nothing. 1284 01:15:28,692 --> 01:15:29,692 Where did you go? 1285 01:15:31,817 --> 01:15:33,317 I can't tell you. -Why not? 1286 01:15:33,400 --> 01:15:34,692 Because you're a communist. 1287 01:15:37,942 --> 01:15:39,359 Why did you have to see her? 1288 01:15:39,859 --> 01:15:44,192 She had indicated a great desire to see me before we left. 1289 01:15:44,317 --> 01:15:48,317 At that time I couldn't, but I felt that she had to see me. 1290 01:15:49,317 --> 01:15:53,353 She was undergoing psychiatric treatment. She was extremely unhappy. 1291 01:15:53,715 --> 01:15:55,984 Did you find out why she had to see you? 1292 01:16:01,359 --> 01:16:02,692 Because she was still in love with me. 1293 01:16:10,775 --> 01:16:12,234 You spent the night together, didn't you? 1294 01:16:20,484 --> 01:16:21,482 Yes. 1295 01:16:27,900 --> 01:16:32,734 You drop in and out of my life, and you don't have to tell me why. 1296 01:16:33,859 --> 01:16:36,555 And that's power. -Not that I enjoy. 1297 01:16:37,817 --> 01:16:40,192 I'd rather be here for you as you need. 1298 01:16:40,692 --> 01:16:42,650 But you have other priorities now. 1299 01:16:43,543 --> 01:16:45,234 I have a wife and child. 1300 01:16:46,609 --> 01:16:48,859 That's not what either of us is talking about. 1301 01:16:52,775 --> 01:16:55,817 Jean... you asked me to come. 1302 01:16:57,359 --> 01:16:58,567 And I'm glad I did. 1303 01:17:00,025 --> 01:17:01,359 But I can't see you again. 1304 01:17:04,900 --> 01:17:06,192 But what if I need you? 1305 01:17:10,484 --> 01:17:12,400 You said you would always answer. 1306 01:17:15,650 --> 01:17:16,651 Not a word? 1307 01:17:18,150 --> 01:17:20,109 Did you think that consistent with good security? 1308 01:17:20,317 --> 01:17:21,484 As a matter of fact, it was. 1309 01:17:22,400 --> 01:17:23,402 Not a word. 1310 01:17:24,567 --> 01:17:25,900 When did you see her after that? 1311 01:17:34,734 --> 01:17:35,859 I never saw her again. 1312 01:17:42,859 --> 01:17:44,861 I can make the last train back to Princeton. 1313 01:17:45,900 --> 01:17:48,567 Kitty, I didn't say anything that I hadn't already told you. 1314 01:17:48,609 --> 01:17:50,567 Today you said it to history, didn't you? 1315 01:17:50,609 --> 01:17:51,817 This is a closed hearing. 1316 01:17:54,067 --> 01:17:56,525 If they don't release the transcript, I'm sure you will. 1317 01:17:56,567 --> 01:17:58,942 I was under oath. -Well, you were under an oath to me 1318 01:17:58,984 --> 01:18:00,109 when you went to see Jean. 1319 01:18:01,734 --> 01:18:02,735 You know, you... 1320 01:18:03,942 --> 01:18:06,567 You sit there, day after day, 1321 01:18:07,525 --> 01:18:09,484 letting them pick our lives to pieces. 1322 01:18:12,400 --> 01:18:13,484 Why won't you fight? 1323 01:18:17,275 --> 01:18:19,692 Robert, I'm not putting her up there. 1324 01:18:25,817 --> 01:18:28,400 Dr. Oppenheimer! This is an honor. Please, take a seat. 1325 01:18:28,650 --> 01:18:31,532 No need. I just wanted to check whether I should... 1326 01:18:32,025 --> 01:18:34,445 talk to Lomanitz while I'm here, given your concerns. 1327 01:18:34,602 --> 01:18:37,368 I'd say that's really up to you, Professor, but I'd be cautious. 1328 01:18:37,859 --> 01:18:38,859 Understood. 1329 01:18:39,067 --> 01:18:41,484 Oh, and, um, as regards to the union, 1330 01:18:41,525 --> 01:18:44,859 I wanted to give you a heads up on a man named Eltenton. 1331 01:18:45,109 --> 01:18:46,108 A heads up? 1332 01:18:46,150 --> 01:18:49,525 Yes, just that he might bear watching, is all. 1333 01:18:51,150 --> 01:18:52,484 I'd love to get more details. 1334 01:18:53,609 --> 01:18:55,942 I have an appointment now, and I leave early tomorrow. 1335 01:18:56,056 --> 01:18:57,442 Well, come back as early as you like. 1336 01:18:58,234 --> 01:18:59,275 Since you haven't time now. 1337 01:19:00,692 --> 01:19:04,025 You went back the next morning. -I did. I had to, really. 1338 01:19:05,484 --> 01:19:06,650 This time there was another man. 1339 01:19:08,859 --> 01:19:12,757 He said his name was Pash. -Pash. You met Colonel Pash? 1340 01:19:12,900 --> 01:19:17,775 Colonel Pash, could you please read from your memo dated June 29, 1943? 1341 01:19:20,025 --> 01:19:22,442 "Results of surveillance conducted on subject 1342 01:19:22,484 --> 01:19:25,192 "indicate further possible Communist Party connections." 1343 01:19:25,376 --> 01:19:28,942 "Subject met with and spent considerable time with one Jean Tatlock, 1344 01:19:28,984 --> 01:19:31,192 "a communist, the record of whom is attached." 1345 01:19:31,234 --> 01:19:33,692 The subject being Dr. Oppenheimer? -Yes. 1346 01:19:33,942 --> 01:19:36,900 Whom you had not met? -Not then, but soon after. 1347 01:19:37,074 --> 01:19:39,484 He's the head of security for the project. Shouldn't I know him? 1348 01:19:39,614 --> 01:19:41,067 No, he should know you. 1349 01:19:41,900 --> 01:19:43,650 I would never put you in a room with Pash. 1350 01:19:43,692 --> 01:19:44,709 Why not? 1351 01:19:44,817 --> 01:19:46,484 When Pash first heard about Lomanitz, 1352 01:19:46,817 --> 01:19:49,419 he told the FBI he was going to kidnap him, 1353 01:19:49,859 --> 01:19:50,984 take him out on a boat, 1354 01:19:51,525 --> 01:19:53,817 and interrogate him in the Russian manner. 1355 01:19:57,109 --> 01:19:59,275 General Groves has placed in me a certain responsibility, 1356 01:19:59,317 --> 01:20:03,734 and it's like having a child who I can't see, by remote control. 1357 01:20:05,109 --> 01:20:06,442 So to actually meet you is... 1358 01:20:08,442 --> 01:20:10,184 I won't take up too much of your time. -Oh, no. 1359 01:20:10,285 --> 01:20:11,984 Not at all. Whatever time you choose. 1360 01:20:13,317 --> 01:20:15,535 Mr. Johnson told me of the conversation you had yesterday, 1361 01:20:15,629 --> 01:20:18,192 which I'm very interested in. It's had me worried all day. 1362 01:20:19,150 --> 01:20:22,525 Yes, well, I didn't want to talk to Lomanitz without authorization. 1363 01:20:22,817 --> 01:20:24,650 That's not the particular interest that I have. 1364 01:20:24,692 --> 01:20:25,984 It's something a little bit more... 1365 01:20:27,817 --> 01:20:29,234 In my opinion, more serious. 1366 01:20:29,309 --> 01:20:30,650 And then when the FBI pointed out 1367 01:20:30,692 --> 01:20:33,525 that such information wouldn't be admissible in court, 1368 01:20:33,567 --> 01:20:35,275 Pash made it clear he had no intention 1369 01:20:35,317 --> 01:20:37,504 of leaving any witness left to prosecute. 1370 01:20:37,859 --> 01:20:40,946 Now, the FBI talked him down, but that's the man you're dancing with. 1371 01:20:41,234 --> 01:20:43,650 I gather you've heard there are other parties 1372 01:20:43,692 --> 01:20:45,525 interested in the work of the radiation lab? 1373 01:20:46,817 --> 01:20:50,942 A man attached to the Soviet consul indicated, 1374 01:20:51,484 --> 01:20:54,984 through intermediate people, to people on this project, 1375 01:20:55,067 --> 01:20:58,234 that he was in a position to transmit information. 1376 01:20:58,442 --> 01:21:00,734 Well, why would anyone on the project want to do that? 1377 01:21:02,817 --> 01:21:06,275 Frankly, I can see that there might be an argument for the Commander-in-Chief 1378 01:21:06,317 --> 01:21:09,714 informing the Russians, they're our allies, after all, but... 1379 01:21:09,777 --> 01:21:12,112 I don't like the idea of it going out the back door. 1380 01:21:12,484 --> 01:21:14,692 It might not hurt to be on the lookout for it. 1381 01:21:16,109 --> 01:21:17,359 And you said that to Pash. 1382 01:21:17,900 --> 01:21:21,734 I was trying to put it in the context of "Russia's not Germany". 1383 01:21:22,328 --> 01:21:26,692 Boris Pash is the son of a Russian Orthodox bishop. 1384 01:21:26,734 --> 01:21:30,859 Born here, but in 1918 he went back to Russia to fight the Bolsheviks. 1385 01:21:31,359 --> 01:21:33,859 This is a man who has killed communists with his own hands. 1386 01:21:34,442 --> 01:21:36,775 I'm not the judge of who should or should not have information. 1387 01:21:37,317 --> 01:21:39,567 It's my business to stop it from going through illegally. 1388 01:21:40,025 --> 01:21:41,234 Could you be a little more specific? 1389 01:21:44,525 --> 01:21:49,109 There's a man whose name was mentioned to me, a couple of times, Eltenton. 1390 01:21:50,859 --> 01:21:53,067 I believe he's a chemist who works at Shell. 1391 01:21:53,817 --> 01:21:56,692 He talked to a friend of his, 1392 01:21:56,775 --> 01:21:59,442 who's an acquaintance of someone on the project. 1393 01:22:01,859 --> 01:22:03,817 And you thought Pash would be satisfied with that? 1394 01:22:03,900 --> 01:22:07,650 I was attempting to give them Eltenton without opening a can of worms. 1395 01:22:07,692 --> 01:22:09,317 I told them a cock-and-bull story. 1396 01:22:09,650 --> 01:22:11,817 Did you lie to General Groves, too? -No. 1397 01:22:12,317 --> 01:22:14,817 I admitted to him that I'd lied to Pash. 1398 01:22:14,942 --> 01:22:17,942 Do you recall this conversation about the Chevalier incident? 1399 01:22:18,817 --> 01:22:20,734 I've seen so many versions of it, uh... 1400 01:22:21,270 --> 01:22:23,942 Wasn't confused before, but I'm certainly getting there now. 1401 01:22:24,199 --> 01:22:27,025 And what was your conclusion? -That he was under the influence 1402 01:22:27,067 --> 01:22:30,525 of the typical American schoolboy attitude 1403 01:22:30,567 --> 01:22:33,734 that there's something wicked about telling on a friend. 1404 01:22:34,192 --> 01:22:37,984 Well now, might we know through whom the contact was made? 1405 01:22:39,150 --> 01:22:42,692 That would involve people who are not to be involved in this. 1406 01:22:43,025 --> 01:22:45,692 Is that someone a member of the project? 1407 01:22:46,408 --> 01:22:49,713 A member of the faculty, yes, but not in the project, no. 1408 01:22:49,875 --> 01:22:50,875 Ah... 1409 01:22:51,525 --> 01:22:55,734 So Eltenton made his approach through a member of the faculty here at Berkeley. 1410 01:22:58,025 --> 01:23:00,359 As far as I know, as far as I know, yes. 1411 01:23:00,650 --> 01:23:04,900 But there... may have been... more than one person involved. 1412 01:23:10,150 --> 01:23:12,859 Gentlemen, if I... if I seem uncooperative, 1413 01:23:12,900 --> 01:23:15,484 I think you can understand it's because of my insistence 1414 01:23:15,525 --> 01:23:17,531 on not getting innocent people into trouble. 1415 01:23:18,317 --> 01:23:21,067 You're trying to protect your friend. Who's protecting you? 1416 01:23:21,538 --> 01:23:22,528 Well, you could. 1417 01:23:23,038 --> 01:23:25,567 If you gave me the name... -If you order me to, I'll do it. 1418 01:23:25,809 --> 01:23:28,650 That's a mistake, Robert. You need to volunteer this name. 1419 01:23:30,317 --> 01:23:31,645 Did he give you the name? 1420 01:23:31,778 --> 01:23:33,192 He did. -But not then, did he? 1421 01:23:33,359 --> 01:23:34,359 No. -No, in fact, 1422 01:23:34,400 --> 01:23:35,775 it was some months later, wasn't it? 1423 01:23:36,775 --> 01:23:37,608 It was. 1424 01:23:37,817 --> 01:23:39,984 You see me as persistent. -Well, you are... 1425 01:23:40,789 --> 01:23:42,359 you are persistent, but that is your job. 1426 01:23:42,625 --> 01:23:45,883 And, and my job is to protect the people that work for me. 1427 01:23:46,156 --> 01:23:47,817 Instead of us going on certain steps, 1428 01:23:48,359 --> 01:23:49,734 which may come to your attention... 1429 01:23:51,650 --> 01:23:53,192 and be disturbing to you, 1430 01:23:53,817 --> 01:23:55,692 I would like to discuss those with you first. 1431 01:23:56,525 --> 01:23:59,734 I'm not formulating a plan, I'll just have to digest the whole thing. 1432 01:24:04,692 --> 01:24:07,775 In the months in between your interview with Dr. Oppenheimer, 1433 01:24:07,817 --> 01:24:11,900 and his eventual naming of Chevalier, did you expend resources trying to find 1434 01:24:11,942 --> 01:24:15,192 the name of the intermediary? -Considerable resources, yes. 1435 01:24:15,942 --> 01:24:18,067 Without the name, our job was extremely difficult. 1436 01:24:18,231 --> 01:24:21,359 And when did you receive the name? -I was gone by the time Oppenheimer 1437 01:24:21,400 --> 01:24:22,917 finally offered it up. -Gone? 1438 01:24:23,359 --> 01:24:25,418 They felt my time would be better spent in Europe, 1439 01:24:25,609 --> 01:24:27,775 determining the status of the Nazi bomb project. 1440 01:24:28,289 --> 01:24:29,289 Who did? 1441 01:24:30,442 --> 01:24:31,443 General Groves. 1442 01:24:32,442 --> 01:24:33,567 He transferred me to London. 1443 01:24:40,817 --> 01:24:42,609 It's a little early for a Christmas party. 1444 01:24:42,692 --> 01:24:43,692 Something's up. 1445 01:24:44,567 --> 01:24:45,609 Tolman's been away. 1446 01:24:46,942 --> 01:24:47,947 Where? 1447 01:24:48,418 --> 01:24:49,400 Ruth won't tell. 1448 01:24:59,692 --> 01:25:00,734 Come on, Ruthie. 1449 01:25:00,984 --> 01:25:02,650 If you can't tell me, who can you tell? 1450 01:25:03,442 --> 01:25:05,234 Compartmentalization, Oppie. 1451 01:25:06,025 --> 01:25:07,838 What makes you think I know where he is, anyway? 1452 01:25:08,067 --> 01:25:09,567 Because you do a pretty good job 1453 01:25:09,609 --> 01:25:11,740 of knowing where Mr. Tolman is when it counts. 1454 01:25:12,734 --> 01:25:13,737 Like now? 1455 01:25:13,775 --> 01:25:16,817 Attention! 1456 01:25:20,078 --> 01:25:21,692 Early Christmas present for you all. 1457 01:25:30,234 --> 01:25:32,484 The British pilot put me in the bomb bay. 1458 01:25:32,525 --> 01:25:35,900 He showed me the oxygen, you know, but I messed it up. 1459 01:25:36,163 --> 01:25:38,900 Um, when they opened me up in Scotland, I was unconscious. 1460 01:25:39,359 --> 01:25:41,317 But I pretended I'd been napping. 1461 01:25:42,317 --> 01:25:43,484 Please enjoy your party. 1462 01:25:44,984 --> 01:25:47,359 Is it big enough? -To end the war? 1463 01:25:48,374 --> 01:25:50,067 To end all war. 1464 01:25:53,775 --> 01:25:57,275 Uh, Heisenberg sought me out in Copenhagen. 1465 01:25:58,150 --> 01:26:01,609 It was chilling, my old student working for the Nazis. 1466 01:26:01,650 --> 01:26:05,192 He told me some things to draw me out. 1467 01:26:06,150 --> 01:26:09,067 Sustained fission reactions in uranium. 1468 01:26:09,192 --> 01:26:11,109 That sounds more like a reactor than a bomb. 1469 01:26:11,484 --> 01:26:13,109 Did he mention gaseous diffusion? 1470 01:26:13,484 --> 01:26:15,817 He seemed more focused on heavy water. 1471 01:26:16,150 --> 01:26:18,609 As a moderator? -Yes, instead of graphite. 1472 01:26:22,109 --> 01:26:23,109 What? 1473 01:26:23,991 --> 01:26:25,025 He took a wrong turn. 1474 01:26:25,942 --> 01:26:26,945 We're ahead. 1475 01:26:27,025 --> 01:26:28,497 And with you here to help us, Niels... 1476 01:26:28,984 --> 01:26:32,275 Sorry, could you give us a moment, gentlemen? 1477 01:26:39,109 --> 01:26:41,109 I am not here to help, Robert. 1478 01:26:41,817 --> 01:26:43,452 I knew you could do this without me. 1479 01:26:43,734 --> 01:26:46,317 Then why did you come? -To talk about after. 1480 01:26:46,525 --> 01:26:50,317 The power you're about to reveal will forever outlive the Nazis. 1481 01:26:51,525 --> 01:26:52,984 And the world is not prepared. 1482 01:26:53,442 --> 01:26:56,859 "You can lift the stone without being ready for the snake that's revealed." 1483 01:26:56,900 --> 01:26:59,817 We have to make the politicians understand this isn't a new weapon. 1484 01:27:00,859 --> 01:27:01,941 It's a new world. 1485 01:27:02,746 --> 01:27:04,859 I'll be out there doing what I can, but you... 1486 01:27:05,859 --> 01:27:08,192 You're an American Prometheus. 1487 01:27:08,546 --> 01:27:12,353 The man who gave them the power to destroy themselves. 1488 01:27:12,650 --> 01:27:14,150 And they'll respect that. 1489 01:27:14,326 --> 01:27:16,150 Your work really begins. 1490 01:27:20,942 --> 01:27:23,150 I'm sorry, Oppie, but there's a call. 1491 01:27:25,150 --> 01:27:26,317 From San Francisco. 1492 01:27:33,692 --> 01:27:34,694 Robert! 1493 01:27:39,234 --> 01:27:40,218 Robert? 1494 01:27:40,900 --> 01:27:41,904 Robert. 1495 01:27:42,359 --> 01:27:43,359 Robert. 1496 01:27:43,442 --> 01:27:44,567 God, what's the matter? 1497 01:27:45,234 --> 01:27:46,235 What happened? 1498 01:27:48,025 --> 01:27:49,067 Her father called. 1499 01:27:50,109 --> 01:27:51,692 He found her yesterday in the bath. 1500 01:27:53,442 --> 01:27:54,445 Who? 1501 01:27:55,775 --> 01:27:58,525 She's taken pills. Left a note, not signed. 1502 01:28:00,442 --> 01:28:03,150 She took barbiturates, but there was chloral hydrate in her blood. 1503 01:28:07,109 --> 01:28:08,109 There was a note. 1504 01:28:08,775 --> 01:28:09,817 Jean Tatlock? 1505 01:28:16,942 --> 01:28:17,943 We were together. 1506 01:28:18,782 --> 01:28:20,109 She said she needed me. I... 1507 01:28:23,109 --> 01:28:24,110 I told her I... 1508 01:28:24,609 --> 01:28:25,610 I wouldn't... 1509 01:28:26,025 --> 01:28:27,027 I told her I... 1510 01:28:28,067 --> 01:28:29,317 No, it was me, it was me. 1511 01:28:32,534 --> 01:28:34,359 You don't get to commit the sin 1512 01:28:34,581 --> 01:28:37,713 and then have us all feel sorry for you that it had consequences. 1513 01:28:41,109 --> 01:28:43,109 Now you pull yourself together. 1514 01:28:47,234 --> 01:28:48,817 You know, people here depend on you. 1515 01:28:51,859 --> 01:28:53,692 Donald, would you like to contribute here? 1516 01:28:53,734 --> 01:28:54,817 Please, help me out. -You're on your own, pal. 1517 01:28:54,859 --> 01:28:57,709 Bob, I'm not quitting my job because plutonium is radioactive. 1518 01:28:57,779 --> 01:28:59,942 We just don't know what it might do 1519 01:28:59,984 --> 01:29:02,275 to the female reproductive system. -Your reproductive system 1520 01:29:02,317 --> 01:29:04,859 is more exposed than mine, presumably. -Can we please? 1521 01:29:05,234 --> 01:29:08,442 The implosion device is nowhere. -We can't rush everything. Oppie, please. 1522 01:29:08,484 --> 01:29:11,025 Well, there's rushing and there's getting on with it, so pick one. 1523 01:29:11,067 --> 01:29:12,734 Wait, wait, wait. Neddermeyer is doing his job. 1524 01:29:13,109 --> 01:29:15,692 Teller's not helping. You're not helping. 1525 01:29:15,734 --> 01:29:18,567 I've been asking for calculations on the implosion lenses for weeks. 1526 01:29:18,609 --> 01:29:20,734 The British can do it. Fuchs. -Absolutely. 1527 01:29:21,067 --> 01:29:24,192 It's your job, Teller. -I'm engaged in research. 1528 01:29:24,317 --> 01:29:26,432 On a hydrogen bomb we're not even building! 1529 01:29:35,442 --> 01:29:36,692 I won't work with that man. 1530 01:29:36,900 --> 01:29:39,067 Oh. Let him go. 1531 01:29:39,734 --> 01:29:41,359 He's a prima donna! -I agree. 1532 01:29:41,900 --> 01:29:43,067 He should leave Los Alamos. -Okay. 1533 01:29:44,294 --> 01:29:47,442 Kisti, you replace Neddermeyer. Seth, I'm putting you on plutonium. 1534 01:29:47,484 --> 01:29:50,775 Lilli, you go on for Kisti, because he needs you. 1535 01:29:51,109 --> 01:29:52,734 Fuchs, you take Teller's role. 1536 01:29:52,775 --> 01:29:54,858 I'm putting you exclusively on the implosion device. 1537 01:29:55,442 --> 01:29:58,984 And no one is leaving Los Alamos. 1538 01:30:13,775 --> 01:30:16,817 They won't let me leave! -No, I won't let you leave. 1539 01:30:18,734 --> 01:30:20,859 Forget Hans, forget fission. 1540 01:30:21,619 --> 01:30:23,734 Stay here, research what you want. 1541 01:30:24,525 --> 01:30:26,567 Fusion, the hydrogen bomb, whatever. 1542 01:30:26,859 --> 01:30:29,442 We'll meet to discuss it. -You don't have time to meet. 1543 01:30:29,900 --> 01:30:33,359 You're a politician now, Robert. You've left physics behind many, many years ago. 1544 01:30:34,984 --> 01:30:35,979 Once a week. 1545 01:30:36,692 --> 01:30:37,984 One hour, you and me. 1546 01:30:44,442 --> 01:30:45,942 Now raise this fucking barrier! 1547 01:30:51,025 --> 01:30:54,192 So the Super was under development on your watch at Los Alamos? 1548 01:30:54,859 --> 01:30:55,848 Yes. 1549 01:30:56,275 --> 01:30:59,692 And yet, after the war, you tried to deny it was viable. 1550 01:30:59,859 --> 01:31:02,984 No, no, no. I pointed out technical difficulties with it. 1551 01:31:03,150 --> 01:31:04,775 Didn't you try to kill it at the AEC meeting 1552 01:31:04,817 --> 01:31:06,359 after the Russian bomb test? -No. 1553 01:31:06,567 --> 01:31:09,400 But that was the recommendation of the AEC, was it not? 1554 01:31:09,734 --> 01:31:12,484 After hours of discussion about the best response. 1555 01:31:13,025 --> 01:31:17,984 An H-bomb is 1,000 times the power of an A-bomb. 1556 01:31:19,150 --> 01:31:22,359 Its only intended target would be the largest cities. 1557 01:31:23,234 --> 01:31:25,192 It's a weapon of mass genocide. -Izzy. 1558 01:31:25,400 --> 01:31:27,484 Draw some circles on this side of the map, 1559 01:31:27,900 --> 01:31:30,275 where they would target us, starting with New York. 1560 01:31:30,317 --> 01:31:31,359 That's fair. -D.C. 1561 01:31:31,525 --> 01:31:34,109 It's a weapon of attack with no defensive value. 1562 01:31:34,442 --> 01:31:35,798 Deterrence. -Deterrence? 1563 01:31:35,817 --> 01:31:39,650 Do we really need more deterrence than our current arsenal of atomic bombs? 1564 01:31:39,734 --> 01:31:43,942 You, you drown in ten feet of water or 10,000, what's the difference? 1565 01:31:44,192 --> 01:31:46,275 We can already drown Russia. They know it... 1566 01:31:46,317 --> 01:31:48,359 Now they can drown us with... -We're just escalating... 1567 01:31:59,692 --> 01:32:04,442 As I said, Teller's designs are still as impractical as they were during the war. 1568 01:32:04,525 --> 01:32:07,275 A hydrogen bomb can be made to work, Oppie. You know that. 1569 01:32:07,317 --> 01:32:10,275 I don't believe we should commit all our resources to that chance. 1570 01:32:10,317 --> 01:32:13,400 Then how would you have Truman reassure the American people? 1571 01:32:13,442 --> 01:32:15,692 Simply by limiting the spread of atomic weapons 1572 01:32:15,734 --> 01:32:17,942 through international control on nuclear energy. 1573 01:32:18,859 --> 01:32:20,609 By which you mean world government. 1574 01:32:20,817 --> 01:32:23,317 The United Nations, as Roosevelt intended. 1575 01:32:23,484 --> 01:32:27,275 Well, I asked what Truman should do, right? The world's changed. 1576 01:32:27,317 --> 01:32:30,900 It's not fascism but communism that now threatens our survival. 1577 01:32:31,192 --> 01:32:34,525 Lewis, do you understand, if we build a hydrogen bomb, 1578 01:32:34,650 --> 01:32:37,025 the Russians will have no choice but to build their own? 1579 01:32:37,109 --> 01:32:38,567 Could they be working on one already? 1580 01:32:38,921 --> 01:32:41,692 Based on information gathered from the spy at Los Alamos... 1581 01:32:41,734 --> 01:32:43,275 No spy at Los Alamos. -Gentlemen... 1582 01:32:43,317 --> 01:32:45,275 There wasn't? -Let's not get sidetracked. 1583 01:32:46,150 --> 01:32:48,738 I say we use this moment to gain concessions from the Russians 1584 01:32:48,762 --> 01:32:51,900 by committing that we will not build a hydrogen bomb. 1585 01:32:51,984 --> 01:32:53,650 Thereby revealing its existence. 1586 01:32:53,692 --> 01:32:55,618 Which you seem convinced they already know. 1587 01:32:55,859 --> 01:32:56,870 Alright. 1588 01:32:57,025 --> 01:33:00,692 At this point, I'd like the committee members to meet in privacy 1589 01:33:00,734 --> 01:33:02,794 to finalize our recommendations. 1590 01:33:04,400 --> 01:33:06,484 I'm just not sure you want to go down this route. 1591 01:33:06,525 --> 01:33:08,675 Lewis, with respect, we are the advisory committee. 1592 01:33:08,699 --> 01:33:09,984 We will give them our advice. 1593 01:33:10,692 --> 01:33:11,703 Good night. 1594 01:33:15,859 --> 01:33:17,692 Dr. Oppenheimer? Hi. 1595 01:33:18,484 --> 01:33:21,375 William Borden. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. 1596 01:33:21,419 --> 01:33:22,461 Oh, yes, yes. 1597 01:33:22,763 --> 01:33:24,025 During the war, I was a pilot. 1598 01:33:25,609 --> 01:33:30,148 One night, flying back from a raid, I saw an amazing sight. 1599 01:33:30,192 --> 01:33:33,609 Like a meteor. A V2 rocket headed to England. 1600 01:33:34,775 --> 01:33:36,738 I can't help but imagine what it will be 1601 01:33:36,762 --> 01:33:40,734 for such an enemy rocket to carry an atomic warhead. 1602 01:33:50,109 --> 01:33:52,025 Let's make sure we're not the ones to make that possible. 1603 01:33:58,817 --> 01:34:01,025 Oppie, I don't think you want to go up against Strauss. 1604 01:34:01,859 --> 01:34:03,900 If we both speak, they listen to me. 1605 01:34:04,567 --> 01:34:08,317 When you speak, they hear a prophet. When Strauss speaks, they hear themselves. 1606 01:34:08,593 --> 01:34:09,692 They'll listen to a prophet. 1607 01:34:10,567 --> 01:34:13,275 A prophet can't be wrong. Not once. 1608 01:34:13,775 --> 01:34:16,906 Did you accuse Oppenheimer of sabotaging the development of the Super? 1609 01:34:17,192 --> 01:34:21,154 I was never one of those to bandy around terms like sabotage. 1610 01:34:21,775 --> 01:34:25,109 But Mr. Borden was? -As I understand it, possibly. 1611 01:34:25,400 --> 01:34:29,025 How was Mr. Borden able to put together such a detailed indictment? 1612 01:34:29,067 --> 01:34:31,734 He was no longer a government employee, yet he appears to have had 1613 01:34:31,804 --> 01:34:34,530 unlimited access to Dr. Oppenheimer's file. 1614 01:34:34,817 --> 01:34:37,275 Might Mr. Nichols have given him access to the file? 1615 01:34:37,442 --> 01:34:39,734 Or someone else at the AEC? 1616 01:34:39,942 --> 01:34:41,817 That's a very serious accusation, Senator. 1617 01:34:42,567 --> 01:34:43,859 Is it your intention to suggest 1618 01:34:43,900 --> 01:34:46,609 that Dr. Oppenheimer is disloyal to the United States? 1619 01:34:47,400 --> 01:34:51,234 I've always assumed, and still assume, that he's loyal to the United States. 1620 01:34:52,067 --> 01:34:53,808 I believe this, and I shall believe it, 1621 01:34:53,832 --> 01:34:56,067 until I see very conclusive proof to the opposite. 1622 01:34:56,609 --> 01:35:00,380 Do you or do you not believe that Dr. Oppenheimer is a security risk? 1623 01:35:09,650 --> 01:35:12,609 If I may, look, when Hitler blew his brains out in that bunker, 1624 01:35:12,650 --> 01:35:14,984 it is my humble opinion that there is no need 1625 01:35:15,067 --> 01:35:17,484 for that bomb to be seen anywhere except that test site. 1626 01:35:18,817 --> 01:35:20,775 Well, we at least have to take a moment to think about 1627 01:35:20,817 --> 01:35:23,942 whether the means justify the ends any longer because... 1628 01:35:27,025 --> 01:35:29,150 Germany is about to surrender. 1629 01:35:31,275 --> 01:35:35,400 It's no longer the enemy who are the greatest threat to mankind. 1630 01:35:35,442 --> 01:35:36,468 It's our work. 1631 01:35:38,984 --> 01:35:41,192 Hitler's dead. It's true. 1632 01:35:43,359 --> 01:35:44,525 But the Japanese fight on. 1633 01:35:45,150 --> 01:35:46,567 Their defeat seems assured. 1634 01:35:47,041 --> 01:35:49,067 Not if you're a G.I. preparing to invade. 1635 01:35:50,900 --> 01:35:51,984 We can end this war. 1636 01:35:52,155 --> 01:35:55,192 But how do we justify using this weapon on human beings? 1637 01:35:58,775 --> 01:35:59,900 We're theorists. 1638 01:36:00,942 --> 01:36:01,952 Yes? 1639 01:36:03,025 --> 01:36:07,400 We imagine a future, and our imaginings horrify us. 1640 01:36:08,442 --> 01:36:10,734 They won't fear it until they understand it, 1641 01:36:10,817 --> 01:36:13,192 and they won't understand it until they've used it. 1642 01:36:13,650 --> 01:36:16,942 When the world learns the terrible secret of Los Alamos, 1643 01:36:17,567 --> 01:36:20,984 our work here will ensure a peace mankind has never seen. 1644 01:36:21,150 --> 01:36:24,192 A peace based on the kind of international cooperation 1645 01:36:24,234 --> 01:36:26,150 that Roosevelt always envisaged. 1646 01:36:31,525 --> 01:36:34,317 Progress? -Two years and a billion dollars' worth. 1647 01:36:35,697 --> 01:36:38,692 Hard to put a price on it. -Not really, just add up the bills. 1648 01:36:38,734 --> 01:36:42,525 Rural free deliveries. 80 babies delivered the first year. 1649 01:36:43,234 --> 01:36:45,025 This year we've had ten, a month. 1650 01:36:45,817 --> 01:36:48,234 Birth control is a little out of my jurisdiction, General. 1651 01:36:49,400 --> 01:36:50,484 Clearly. -General. 1652 01:36:56,359 --> 01:36:59,275 Head down, everybody. Fuchs, head down. 1653 01:37:06,984 --> 01:37:07,985 That's the one! 1654 01:37:08,442 --> 01:37:09,567 Two viable bombs. 1655 01:37:10,036 --> 01:37:11,027 I need a date. 1656 01:37:13,900 --> 01:37:14,900 September. 1657 01:37:15,181 --> 01:37:16,181 July. 1658 01:37:16,556 --> 01:37:18,025 That's the sweet spot, gentlemen. 1659 01:37:18,942 --> 01:37:19,942 August. 1660 01:37:20,554 --> 01:37:21,564 July. 1661 01:37:22,234 --> 01:37:23,275 Tests in July. 1662 01:37:24,192 --> 01:37:25,234 But I need my brother. 1663 01:37:29,734 --> 01:37:32,109 Frank knows the desert. He's left politics behind. 1664 01:37:32,150 --> 01:37:33,943 He's been working with Lawrence for two years now. 1665 01:37:41,525 --> 01:37:42,567 What do we call the test? 1666 01:37:44,715 --> 01:37:45,733 "Batter my heart, 1667 01:37:46,525 --> 01:37:47,609 "three-person'd God." 1668 01:37:48,170 --> 01:37:49,192 What? 1669 01:37:50,859 --> 01:37:51,861 Trinity. 1670 01:37:59,859 --> 01:38:03,275 You insisted on bringing on your brother Frank, a known communist. 1671 01:38:03,317 --> 01:38:04,318 Former communist. 1672 01:38:05,015 --> 01:38:06,650 You brought a known former communist... 1673 01:38:07,484 --> 01:38:10,775 onto America's most secret and important defense project. 1674 01:38:10,859 --> 01:38:13,567 I knew my brother could be trusted. Absolutely. 1675 01:38:14,150 --> 01:38:17,109 And you thought your judgment was sound on who on the team could be trusted? 1676 01:38:18,025 --> 01:38:19,025 Fuchs, head down. 1677 01:38:19,692 --> 01:38:20,942 Okay. Everybody ready? 1678 01:38:30,942 --> 01:38:33,317 I hope you learned something. -Yeah, we've learned we're gonna need 1679 01:38:33,359 --> 01:38:35,775 to be a lot further away. -Well, figure it out, fast. 1680 01:38:36,067 --> 01:38:38,359 We leave for Washington in the morning. We're going to give him a date. 1681 01:38:54,275 --> 01:38:56,067 You're a long way from Chicago, Leo. 1682 01:38:56,150 --> 01:38:58,984 If we don't act now, they're going to use this thing against Japan. 1683 01:38:59,505 --> 01:39:01,775 We booked a meeting with Truman, but somebody killed it. 1684 01:39:02,734 --> 01:39:04,609 You're meeting the Secretary of War. 1685 01:39:04,942 --> 01:39:08,442 Just because we're building it, doesn't mean we get to decide how it's used. 1686 01:39:09,400 --> 01:39:10,859 History will judge us, Robert. 1687 01:39:12,317 --> 01:39:13,942 In Chicago, we put together a petition. 1688 01:39:15,025 --> 01:39:16,525 I'm not... I'm not getting into this. 1689 01:39:21,984 --> 01:39:23,650 Just tell me your concerns, and I'll relate them. 1690 01:39:23,720 --> 01:39:26,369 My concerns? Germany's defeated. 1691 01:39:26,942 --> 01:39:28,359 Japan's not going to hold out alone. 1692 01:39:28,400 --> 01:39:30,572 How could you know that? You got us into this. 1693 01:39:30,942 --> 01:39:33,900 You and Einstein, with your letter to Roosevelt saying we could build a bomb. 1694 01:39:33,942 --> 01:39:35,067 Against Germany. 1695 01:39:35,109 --> 01:39:37,665 That's not how weapons manufacture works, Szilard. 1696 01:39:38,067 --> 01:39:39,400 Oppie, you have to help. 1697 01:39:39,442 --> 01:39:41,165 Fermi's in the meeting. Lawrence is in the meeting. 1698 01:39:41,212 --> 01:39:44,025 They're not you. You're the great salesman of science. 1699 01:39:44,484 --> 01:39:46,359 You can convince anyone of anything. 1700 01:39:47,942 --> 01:39:48,943 Even yourself. 1701 01:39:49,859 --> 01:39:50,864 Excuse me. 1702 01:39:52,067 --> 01:39:56,442 The firestorm in Tokyo killed 100,000 people, mostly civilians. 1703 01:39:58,109 --> 01:40:01,109 I worry about America when we do these things and no one protests. 1704 01:40:01,567 --> 01:40:04,609 Pearl Harbor, and three years of brutal conflict in the Pacific, 1705 01:40:04,880 --> 01:40:07,192 buys a lot of latitude with the American public. 1706 01:40:07,763 --> 01:40:09,317 Enough to unleash the atomic bomb? 1707 01:40:09,561 --> 01:40:12,942 Uh, the A-bomb might not cause as much damage as the Tokyo bombings. 1708 01:40:13,359 --> 01:40:14,350 What are we estimating? 1709 01:40:14,698 --> 01:40:16,567 In a medium-sized city, uh... 1710 01:40:17,275 --> 01:40:19,434 20,000 or 30,000 dead. 1711 01:40:19,525 --> 01:40:21,609 Yes, but don't underestimate 1712 01:40:21,650 --> 01:40:25,200 the psychological impact of an atomic explosion. 1713 01:40:25,817 --> 01:40:28,775 A pillar of fire, 10,000 feet tall, 1714 01:40:29,692 --> 01:40:31,567 deadly neutron effects for a mile, 1715 01:40:31,734 --> 01:40:35,442 in all directions, from one single device. 1716 01:40:35,859 --> 01:40:39,275 Dropped from a barely-noticed B-29, the atomic bomb will be... 1717 01:40:40,567 --> 01:40:43,067 a terrible revelation of divine power. 1718 01:40:43,859 --> 01:40:46,150 If that's true, it would be definitive. 1719 01:40:46,650 --> 01:40:48,025 World War II would be over. 1720 01:40:48,692 --> 01:40:49,734 Our boys would come home. 1721 01:40:50,450 --> 01:40:51,443 Military targets? 1722 01:40:52,692 --> 01:40:54,400 But there aren't any big enough. 1723 01:40:54,817 --> 01:40:57,817 Perhaps a vital war plant, 1724 01:40:57,859 --> 01:41:00,484 with workers housed nearby. 1725 01:41:00,525 --> 01:41:03,400 And we could issue a warning to reduce civilian casualties. 1726 01:41:03,650 --> 01:41:05,734 They'd send everything they have up against us, 1727 01:41:05,775 --> 01:41:07,484 and I'd be up in that plane. 1728 01:41:07,868 --> 01:41:10,400 If we announce it, and it fails to go off, 1729 01:41:10,884 --> 01:41:13,359 we'd scupper any chance of a Japanese surrender. 1730 01:41:13,817 --> 01:41:17,942 Is there no way to demonstrate a bomb to Japan to provoke surrender? 1731 01:41:18,054 --> 01:41:21,025 We intend to demonstrate it in the most unambiguous terms. 1732 01:41:21,462 --> 01:41:22,462 Twice. 1733 01:41:22,517 --> 01:41:24,369 Once to show the weapon's power, 1734 01:41:24,439 --> 01:41:27,692 and a second to show that we can keep doing this until they surrender. 1735 01:41:28,234 --> 01:41:30,567 We have a list of 12 cities to choose from. 1736 01:41:31,434 --> 01:41:32,442 Sorry, 11. 1737 01:41:33,434 --> 01:41:35,359 I've taken Kyoto off the list, 1738 01:41:35,400 --> 01:41:37,859 due to its cultural significance to the Japanese people. 1739 01:41:39,025 --> 01:41:40,984 Also, my wife and I honeymooned there. 1740 01:41:41,984 --> 01:41:43,109 It's a magnificent city. 1741 01:41:47,150 --> 01:41:48,525 Let me make this simple for you, gentlemen. 1742 01:41:48,567 --> 01:41:51,109 According to my intelligence, which I cannot share with you, 1743 01:41:51,150 --> 01:41:52,984 the Japanese people will not surrender, 1744 01:41:53,567 --> 01:41:54,984 under any circumstances, 1745 01:41:55,275 --> 01:41:58,400 short of a successful and total invasion of the home islands. 1746 01:41:59,192 --> 01:42:01,567 Many lives would be lost, American and Japanese. 1747 01:42:02,359 --> 01:42:05,734 The use of the atomic bomb on Japanese cities will save lives. 1748 01:42:06,150 --> 01:42:07,984 If we retain moral advantage. 1749 01:42:09,025 --> 01:42:10,734 How so? -Well, if we use this weapon 1750 01:42:10,775 --> 01:42:13,150 without informing our allies, they'll see it as a threat, 1751 01:42:13,192 --> 01:42:14,525 and we'll be in an arms race. 1752 01:42:14,900 --> 01:42:16,692 How open can we be with the Soviets? 1753 01:42:16,984 --> 01:42:20,900 Secrecy won't stop the Soviets from becoming part of the atomic world. 1754 01:42:21,150 --> 01:42:24,484 We've been told they have no uranium. -You've been misinformed. 1755 01:42:24,525 --> 01:42:26,234 A Russian bomb is a matter of time. 1756 01:42:26,275 --> 01:42:29,275 The program needs to continue at full pace after the war. 1757 01:42:30,542 --> 01:42:32,234 Secretary Simpson, if I may, 1758 01:42:32,442 --> 01:42:36,400 not all scientists on the project are in agreement. 1759 01:42:36,442 --> 01:42:39,109 In fact, this might be a moment to consider other opinions. 1760 01:42:39,692 --> 01:42:41,984 If you talk to scientists... -The Manhattan Project has been plagued 1761 01:42:42,025 --> 01:42:44,857 from the start by certain scientists of... 1762 01:42:45,067 --> 01:42:47,817 doubtful discretion, and uncertain loyalty. 1763 01:42:47,942 --> 01:42:49,692 One of 'em just tried to meet with the President. 1764 01:42:49,984 --> 01:42:51,317 Now, we need these men, 1765 01:42:51,734 --> 01:42:53,109 but as soon as it's practical, 1766 01:42:53,150 --> 01:42:55,484 we should sever any such scientists from the program. 1767 01:42:55,525 --> 01:42:56,567 Wouldn't you agree, Doctor? 1768 01:42:58,317 --> 01:43:00,109 If a Russian bomb is inevitable, 1769 01:43:00,859 --> 01:43:03,775 perhaps we should invite their top scientist to Trinity. 1770 01:43:03,817 --> 01:43:07,192 President Truman has no intention of raising expectations 1771 01:43:07,484 --> 01:43:09,942 that Stalin be included in the atomic project. 1772 01:43:10,400 --> 01:43:11,775 Informing him of our breakthrough, 1773 01:43:11,800 --> 01:43:13,775 and presenting it as a means to win the war, 1774 01:43:13,800 --> 01:43:15,525 need not make unkeepable promises. 1775 01:43:15,841 --> 01:43:17,734 But, the Potsdam Peace Conference in July 1776 01:43:17,775 --> 01:43:20,900 will be President Truman's last chance to have that conversation. 1777 01:43:22,192 --> 01:43:23,775 Can you give us a working bomb by then? 1778 01:43:25,109 --> 01:43:26,110 Absolutely. 1779 01:43:26,200 --> 01:43:27,900 We will test fire before the conference. 1780 01:43:33,150 --> 01:43:35,734 Ground zero. Observation posts 1781 01:43:35,775 --> 01:43:39,525 at 10,000 yards, north, south, and west. 1782 01:43:39,567 --> 01:43:42,025 Where do we trigger from? -South, 10,000. 1783 01:43:42,817 --> 01:43:45,942 And base camp is ten miles south here. 1784 01:43:46,192 --> 01:43:51,317 And there's a further observation post on that hill, 20 miles away. 1785 01:43:51,650 --> 01:43:53,915 What's that, Frank? Trigger lines already went in. 1786 01:43:54,317 --> 01:43:57,942 The Air Force requested a line of lights for their B-29. 1787 01:43:58,067 --> 01:44:00,048 What B-29? Our bomb's on the tower. 1788 01:44:00,484 --> 01:44:01,734 They want to use the test 1789 01:44:01,775 --> 01:44:04,109 to confirm a safe operating distance. -That's risky. 1790 01:44:04,442 --> 01:44:06,150 But not as risky as dropping one over Japan, 1791 01:44:06,192 --> 01:44:08,109 and hoping that we were right about the blast radius. 1792 01:44:08,317 --> 01:44:10,609 Don't let 'em slow us down, we're firing on the 15th. 1793 01:44:10,650 --> 01:44:13,067 The 15th? That's not... -The 15th. 1794 01:44:14,683 --> 01:44:15,683 15th. 1795 01:44:17,025 --> 01:44:19,091 So I'll be here at South Observation Point 1796 01:44:19,115 --> 01:44:20,859 with Frank and Kistiakowsky. 1797 01:44:21,650 --> 01:44:24,109 You'll all be assigned to Base Camp, 1798 01:44:24,317 --> 01:44:26,734 West Observation, or Far Observation. 1799 01:44:36,942 --> 01:44:38,859 Hey, whoa, whoa! Careful with that knife. 1800 01:44:42,109 --> 01:44:43,525 Are those safe distances? 1801 01:44:44,305 --> 01:44:45,775 They're based on your calculations. 1802 01:44:46,025 --> 01:44:48,859 Time to stand behind your science, Hans. Literally. 1803 01:45:18,817 --> 01:45:20,275 What about the radiation cloud? 1804 01:45:20,692 --> 01:45:23,567 Without high winds, it should settle within 2-3 miles. 1805 01:45:23,609 --> 01:45:25,234 Evacuation measures are in place. 1806 01:45:25,984 --> 01:45:28,692 But we need good weather for visibility, so it has to be fine. 1807 01:45:30,442 --> 01:45:31,444 Everybody out! 1808 01:45:41,859 --> 01:45:44,690 We go on the night of the 15th. It's a hard deadline. 1809 01:45:44,900 --> 01:45:47,317 So if anyone has anything, speak now. 1810 01:45:49,055 --> 01:45:51,525 Okay, stop, stop! Everybody, mattresses. 1811 01:45:51,984 --> 01:45:53,692 Put the mattress there, underneath. 1812 01:46:10,942 --> 01:46:13,067 We could use a final implosion test. 1813 01:46:15,525 --> 01:46:17,650 It couldn't hurt. -Do it. 1814 01:46:19,291 --> 01:46:21,025 Is there anything else that might stop us? 1815 01:46:56,097 --> 01:46:57,151 It's happening, isn't it? 1816 01:46:59,900 --> 01:47:00,946 I'll send a message. 1817 01:47:02,067 --> 01:47:03,317 If it's gone our way: 1818 01:47:05,109 --> 01:47:06,110 "Take in the sheets." 1819 01:47:10,484 --> 01:47:11,485 Robert. 1820 01:47:14,484 --> 01:47:15,485 Break a leg. 1821 01:47:28,859 --> 01:47:29,862 Look. 1822 01:48:22,150 --> 01:48:25,067 Oppie's taken a very modest three kilotons. 1823 01:48:25,359 --> 01:48:27,525 Teller's view is 45. -20! 1824 01:48:27,692 --> 01:48:29,984 20,000 tons of TNT. 1825 01:48:30,025 --> 01:48:33,234 And does anyone want the side action on atmospheric ignition? 1826 01:48:35,984 --> 01:48:37,317 Are you saying we'll have to delay? 1827 01:48:37,817 --> 01:48:39,109 I'm saying it would be prudent. 1828 01:48:39,150 --> 01:48:40,442 This weather, has it reached the site? 1829 01:48:46,395 --> 01:48:48,650 Bethe is calling to tell you the implosion test failed. 1830 01:48:48,692 --> 01:48:50,609 Hello, Hans? Yes, he's here. 1831 01:48:52,192 --> 01:48:53,199 Yes. 1832 01:48:55,900 --> 01:48:56,900 Is he wrong? 1833 01:48:57,100 --> 01:48:58,100 No. -No? 1834 01:48:58,553 --> 01:48:59,538 No. 1835 01:49:00,260 --> 01:49:01,442 So we're about to fire a dud? 1836 01:49:02,340 --> 01:49:03,609 No. -Explain! 1837 01:49:03,898 --> 01:49:05,192 Well, I can't. I just, I... 1838 01:49:05,370 --> 01:49:07,909 I just know, I know the implosion lenses will work. 1839 01:49:07,942 --> 01:49:10,525 If we fire these detonators and they don't trigger a reaction, 1840 01:49:10,567 --> 01:49:13,817 two years' worth of plutonium will be scattered across White Sands. 1841 01:49:13,984 --> 01:49:16,692 A month of my salary against ten bucks says it lights. 1842 01:49:17,817 --> 01:49:18,817 Oh, Jesus! 1843 01:49:25,775 --> 01:49:28,981 The wind's pickin' up at zero, not the rain. Lightning's circling. 1844 01:49:29,256 --> 01:49:31,569 Think it might be time to tell your men to get away 1845 01:49:31,593 --> 01:49:33,609 from the steel tower with the atomic bomb? 1846 01:49:37,359 --> 01:49:38,870 Let's get to South Observation. 1847 01:49:38,948 --> 01:49:40,942 Pull 'em out, and we can make our determination there. 1848 01:49:47,025 --> 01:49:48,900 The team hasn't slept in two nights! 1849 01:49:49,317 --> 01:49:52,567 If we stand down and make the bomb safe, we won't be back here for weeks! 1850 01:49:52,641 --> 01:49:53,900 And we'll miss Potsdam! 1851 01:49:54,275 --> 01:49:57,442 I gotta get word to Truman by seven, our window's closing. 1852 01:49:57,531 --> 01:49:59,817 What is this doing? -Raining, blowing, lightning. 1853 01:49:59,859 --> 01:50:01,961 For how long, damnit? -Holdin' strong! 1854 01:50:02,055 --> 01:50:03,317 It'll break before dawn. 1855 01:50:03,692 --> 01:50:05,275 How could you know that? -I know this desert. 1856 01:50:05,317 --> 01:50:07,984 Storm cools overnight. Just before dawn, storm breaks. 1857 01:50:08,275 --> 01:50:09,289 You could be right, 1858 01:50:09,313 --> 01:50:11,531 but schedule as late as possible. -Five-thirty. 1859 01:50:12,275 --> 01:50:14,775 Sign your forecast. If you're wrong, I'll hang you. 1860 01:50:14,900 --> 01:50:17,859 Tell 'em all. Five-thirty. -Five-thirty, five-thirty! 1861 01:50:20,650 --> 01:50:25,359 Three years, 4,000 people, two billion dollars. 1862 01:50:25,609 --> 01:50:27,025 Well, if it doesn't go off, 1863 01:50:28,109 --> 01:50:29,150 we're both finished. 1864 01:50:32,192 --> 01:50:33,859 I'm betting on three kilotons. 1865 01:50:35,067 --> 01:50:36,734 Anything less, they won't get what it is. 1866 01:50:37,692 --> 01:50:41,185 Now, what did Fermi mean by, uh, atmospheric ignition? 1867 01:50:41,400 --> 01:50:43,817 Well, we had a moment where it looked like the chain reaction 1868 01:50:43,859 --> 01:50:46,150 from an atomic device might never stop. 1869 01:50:47,400 --> 01:50:48,825 Setting fire to the atmosphere. 1870 01:50:49,275 --> 01:50:51,817 Why's Fermi still taking side bets on it? 1871 01:50:52,609 --> 01:50:54,161 Call it gallows humor. 1872 01:50:57,192 --> 01:51:01,686 Wait, are we saying there's a chance that when we push that button, 1873 01:51:02,192 --> 01:51:03,359 we destroy the world? 1874 01:51:03,609 --> 01:51:06,442 Nothing in our research over three years supports that conclusion, 1875 01:51:07,275 --> 01:51:10,025 except as the most remote possibility. 1876 01:51:10,984 --> 01:51:13,067 How remote? -Chances are near-zero. 1877 01:51:14,650 --> 01:51:15,651 Near-zero? 1878 01:51:16,900 --> 01:51:18,400 What do you want from theory alone? 1879 01:51:20,984 --> 01:51:22,734 Zero would be nice. 1880 01:51:26,359 --> 01:51:28,942 In exactly one hour... 1881 01:51:29,317 --> 01:51:32,109 and 58 minutes, we'll know. 1882 01:51:39,067 --> 01:51:40,068 It's letting up. 1883 01:51:53,150 --> 01:51:55,317 The arming party's left zero, they're heading this way. 1884 01:51:55,359 --> 01:51:56,359 Throw on your switches. 1885 01:51:56,567 --> 01:51:59,275 Turn the cars! Ready for emergency evacuation. 1886 01:52:17,900 --> 01:52:20,275 ...welder's glass. Everybody take their places. 1887 01:52:21,150 --> 01:52:22,942 Everybody take a welder's glass! 1888 01:52:24,817 --> 01:52:26,359 Everybody take a welder's glass! 1889 01:53:18,067 --> 01:53:19,070 20 minutes. 1890 01:53:23,400 --> 01:53:24,401 20 minutes! 1891 01:53:35,734 --> 01:53:36,734 That's 20! 1892 01:53:40,442 --> 01:53:41,442 On the leg, please. 1893 01:53:43,075 --> 01:53:44,650 Feynman? -No. 1894 01:53:45,567 --> 01:53:47,525 The glass stops the UV. 1895 01:53:48,025 --> 01:53:49,150 What stops the glass? 1896 01:53:51,109 --> 01:53:52,110 I'm heading to base camp. 1897 01:53:52,505 --> 01:53:53,505 Best of luck. 1898 01:53:54,525 --> 01:53:55,528 Robert? 1899 01:53:57,025 --> 01:53:58,109 Try not to blow up the world. 1900 01:54:10,567 --> 01:54:13,072 Watch that needle. If the detonators don't charge, 1901 01:54:13,189 --> 01:54:14,900 and the voltage drops below one volt, 1902 01:54:15,067 --> 01:54:17,484 you hit that button, you abort. Understood? 1903 01:54:18,306 --> 01:54:19,306 Understood. 1904 01:54:26,900 --> 01:54:28,768 Two minutes to detonation. 1905 01:54:29,244 --> 01:54:30,244 Everybody down! 1906 01:54:31,359 --> 01:54:34,067 Do not turn around until you see light reflected on the hills. 1907 01:54:35,484 --> 01:54:38,234 Then look at the explosion only through your welder's glass. 1908 01:54:38,275 --> 01:54:40,817 90 seconds to detonation. 1909 01:54:42,609 --> 01:54:44,942 80 seconds to detonation. 1910 01:54:45,859 --> 01:54:47,093 Is it rubbed in? 1911 01:54:47,900 --> 01:54:48,918 Yeah. 1912 01:54:55,567 --> 01:54:58,234 60 seconds to detonation. 1913 01:55:13,150 --> 01:55:14,900 These things are hard on your heart. 1914 01:55:15,525 --> 01:55:16,525 30 seconds. 1915 01:55:22,275 --> 01:55:23,317 Detonators charged! 1916 01:55:33,900 --> 01:55:35,110 17. 1917 01:55:35,197 --> 01:55:36,423 16. 1918 01:55:36,931 --> 01:55:38,141 15. 1919 01:55:38,525 --> 01:55:39,525 14. 1920 01:55:40,510 --> 01:55:41,526 13. 1921 01:55:42,234 --> 01:55:43,236 12. 1922 01:55:43,734 --> 01:55:44,737 11. 1923 01:55:45,635 --> 01:55:46,654 Ten. 1924 01:55:47,817 --> 01:55:48,823 Nine. 1925 01:55:49,775 --> 01:55:50,769 Eight. 1926 01:55:52,025 --> 01:55:53,034 Seven. 1927 01:55:54,525 --> 01:55:55,545 Six. 1928 01:55:57,442 --> 01:55:58,454 Five. 1929 01:56:00,067 --> 01:56:01,067 Four. 1930 01:56:02,609 --> 01:56:03,609 Three. 1931 01:56:05,150 --> 01:56:06,150 Two. 1932 01:56:07,442 --> 01:56:08,234 One. 1933 01:57:41,484 --> 01:57:43,765 "And now I am become Death... 1934 01:57:46,154 --> 01:57:47,609 "the destroyer of worlds." 1935 01:58:21,317 --> 01:58:22,317 It worked. 1936 01:58:58,092 --> 01:58:59,277 You owe me ten dollars! 1937 01:59:02,068 --> 01:59:04,775 Come on! -I... I'm good for it, Kisti. 1938 01:59:05,883 --> 01:59:06,883 You are! 1939 01:59:07,813 --> 01:59:08,903 Yes, you are! 1940 01:59:46,633 --> 01:59:48,091 Get me Potsdam right away. 1941 01:59:59,900 --> 02:00:00,966 Get a message to Kitty. 1942 02:00:01,591 --> 02:00:03,758 We can't say anything. -Tell her to take in the sheets. 1943 02:00:19,618 --> 02:00:21,258 Hello? -Hi, Kitty? 1944 02:00:21,299 --> 02:00:24,383 What? What? Charlotte? Charlotte, go ahead. Go ahead. 1945 02:00:24,466 --> 02:00:26,049 Oh, um, well, I don't know, 1946 02:00:26,091 --> 02:00:28,549 he just said to tell you to bring in the sheets. 1947 02:00:31,758 --> 02:00:32,760 Kitty? 1948 02:00:34,383 --> 02:00:36,591 Kitty? Kitty, are you still there? 1949 02:00:44,008 --> 02:00:47,133 If they detonate it too high in the air, the blast won't be as powerful. 1950 02:00:47,549 --> 02:00:50,758 With respect, Dr. Oppenheimer, we'll take it from here. 1951 02:01:01,633 --> 02:01:03,764 Did Truman brief Stalin at Potsdam? 1952 02:01:04,716 --> 02:01:07,091 "Brief" would be an overstatement. 1953 02:01:07,133 --> 02:01:10,716 He referred to a powerful new weapon. 1954 02:01:11,424 --> 02:01:16,091 Stalin... hoped we'd use it against Japan. 1955 02:01:17,633 --> 02:01:18,633 That's it? 1956 02:01:19,216 --> 02:01:22,424 Robert, we've given them an ace. It's for them to play the hand. 1957 02:01:24,841 --> 02:01:25,924 You're aiming for the sixth? 1958 02:01:27,076 --> 02:01:28,841 It's up to the CO in the Pacific. 1959 02:01:30,716 --> 02:01:31,924 Should I come with you to Washington? 1960 02:01:34,133 --> 02:01:35,133 What for? 1961 02:01:37,618 --> 02:01:38,799 Well, you keep me informed. 1962 02:01:40,649 --> 02:01:41,649 Of course. 1963 02:01:43,924 --> 02:01:44,925 As best I can. 1964 02:02:03,216 --> 02:02:05,633 Would the Japanese surrender if they knew what was coming? 1965 02:02:07,174 --> 02:02:08,179 I don't know. 1966 02:02:11,133 --> 02:02:12,508 Have you seen Szilard's petition? 1967 02:02:13,174 --> 02:02:15,049 How the hell does Szilard know about the Japanese? 1968 02:02:15,883 --> 02:02:16,883 You're not signing it, are you? 1969 02:02:18,008 --> 02:02:19,716 Many people have. A lot of people. 1970 02:02:20,469 --> 02:02:21,477 Edward... 1971 02:02:23,008 --> 02:02:25,799 the fact that we built this bomb does not give us any more, 1972 02:02:25,841 --> 02:02:27,466 any more right or responsibility 1973 02:02:27,591 --> 02:02:29,758 to decide how it's used than anyone else. 1974 02:02:30,133 --> 02:02:31,716 But we're the only people who know about it. 1975 02:02:32,466 --> 02:02:35,008 I've told Stimson the various opinions of the community. 1976 02:02:35,591 --> 02:02:36,590 But what's your opinion? 1977 02:02:38,133 --> 02:02:39,133 Once it's used... 1978 02:02:40,674 --> 02:02:42,341 nuclear war, perhaps... 1979 02:02:43,341 --> 02:02:44,544 all war... 1980 02:02:45,950 --> 02:02:46,966 becomes unthinkable. 1981 02:02:47,924 --> 02:02:49,633 Until somebody builds a bigger one. 1982 02:03:10,966 --> 02:03:12,133 I thought they would call. 1983 02:03:12,508 --> 02:03:13,841 It's only the fifth. 1984 02:03:16,505 --> 02:03:18,133 In Japan, it's the sixth. 1985 02:03:31,341 --> 02:03:32,337 Charlotte? 1986 02:03:34,924 --> 02:03:35,926 Try Groves. 1987 02:03:37,478 --> 02:03:38,467 Anything? 1988 02:03:40,924 --> 02:03:43,174 Charlotte? -Truman's on the radio. 1989 02:03:44,633 --> 02:03:46,549 16 hours ago, 1990 02:03:47,549 --> 02:03:49,299 an American airplane 1991 02:03:49,716 --> 02:03:52,693 dropped one bomb on Hiroshima, 1992 02:03:54,383 --> 02:03:57,270 and destroyed its usefulness to the enemy. 1993 02:03:59,549 --> 02:04:01,633 The bomb has more power 1994 02:04:02,091 --> 02:04:05,133 than 20,000 tons of TNT. 1995 02:04:07,633 --> 02:04:09,341 It is an atomic bomb. 1996 02:04:12,258 --> 02:04:16,591 It is a harnessing of the basic power of the universe. 1997 02:04:19,383 --> 02:04:20,386 Groves on one. 1998 02:04:26,591 --> 02:04:27,588 General? 1999 02:04:27,633 --> 02:04:29,799 I'm very proud of you, and all of your people. 2000 02:04:30,508 --> 02:04:31,508 It went alright? 2001 02:04:32,091 --> 02:04:34,341 Apparently it went with a tremendous bang. 2002 02:04:35,619 --> 02:04:39,424 Well, everyone here is feeling reasonably good about it. 2003 02:04:41,209 --> 02:04:42,424 It's been a long road. 2004 02:04:42,883 --> 02:04:45,049 I think one of the wisest things I ever did 2005 02:04:45,091 --> 02:04:47,591 was when I selected the director of Los Alamos. 2006 02:04:51,008 --> 02:04:54,633 We have spent more than two billion dollars 2007 02:04:55,133 --> 02:04:58,633 on the greatest scientific gamble in history, 2008 02:04:59,508 --> 02:05:00,966 and we have won. 2009 02:05:06,883 --> 02:05:09,591 Oppie! Oppie! Oppie! 2010 02:06:29,508 --> 02:06:30,508 The world... 2011 02:06:32,549 --> 02:06:33,633 will remember this day. 2012 02:06:52,966 --> 02:06:54,216 It's too soon to... 2013 02:06:55,216 --> 02:06:56,799 It's too soon to determine 2014 02:06:57,174 --> 02:06:58,883 what the results of the bombing are. 2015 02:07:02,383 --> 02:07:03,924 But I'll bet the Japanese didn't like it. 2016 02:07:24,799 --> 02:07:25,800 I'm so proud. 2017 02:07:27,466 --> 02:07:29,216 So proud of what you have accomplished. 2018 02:07:37,133 --> 02:07:39,758 I just wish we had it in time to use against the Germans. 2019 02:09:29,508 --> 02:09:30,492 Dr. Oppenheimer? 2020 02:09:31,924 --> 02:09:32,908 Dr. Oppenheimer? 2021 02:09:34,216 --> 02:09:35,206 Nice picture. 2022 02:09:36,049 --> 02:09:37,174 President Truman will see you now. 2023 02:09:52,049 --> 02:09:54,799 Dr. Oppenheimer, it's an honor. 2024 02:09:54,841 --> 02:09:56,500 Mr. President. -Please. 2025 02:09:56,841 --> 02:09:57,860 Thank you. 2026 02:09:58,508 --> 02:09:59,633 Secretary Byrnes. 2027 02:10:02,424 --> 02:10:05,216 How's it feel to be the most famous man in the world? 2028 02:10:06,341 --> 02:10:08,966 You helped save a lot of American lives. 2029 02:10:09,630 --> 02:10:13,575 What we did at Hiroshima was... -And Nagasaki. 2030 02:10:14,758 --> 02:10:16,138 Obviously. 2031 02:10:16,924 --> 02:10:19,966 Your invention let us bring our boys home. 2032 02:10:20,008 --> 02:10:23,107 Well, it was hardly... my invention. 2033 02:10:23,508 --> 02:10:25,424 It was you on the cover of Time. 2034 02:10:28,466 --> 02:10:31,966 Jim tells me you're concerned about an arms race with the Soviets. 2035 02:10:32,258 --> 02:10:33,299 Ah, yes, ah... 2036 02:10:34,966 --> 02:10:35,951 Well, um... 2037 02:10:36,424 --> 02:10:40,299 it's that, uh, now is our chance to secure... 2038 02:10:41,674 --> 02:10:44,466 international cooperation on atomic energy, 2039 02:10:44,508 --> 02:10:46,758 and-and-and I'm concerned... 2040 02:10:46,799 --> 02:10:49,596 Do you know when the Soviets are gonna have the bomb? 2041 02:10:50,049 --> 02:10:51,549 I don't think I could give a... 2042 02:10:51,674 --> 02:10:52,674 Never! 2043 02:10:53,924 --> 02:10:54,924 Never. 2044 02:10:55,549 --> 02:10:58,799 Mr. President, the Russians have good physicists, 2045 02:10:58,841 --> 02:11:01,466 and, and abundant resources... -Abundant? 2046 02:11:01,549 --> 02:11:02,550 Yes. 2047 02:11:03,081 --> 02:11:04,799 I don't think so. 2048 02:11:05,299 --> 02:11:08,508 Well, they'll put everything they have in... 2049 02:11:12,591 --> 02:11:16,049 I hear you're leaving Los Alamos. 2050 02:11:17,466 --> 02:11:18,727 What should we do with it? 2051 02:11:19,091 --> 02:11:20,424 Give it back to the Indians. 2052 02:11:28,674 --> 02:11:31,049 Um, Dr. Oppenheimer... 2053 02:11:32,049 --> 02:11:34,508 if what you say about the Soviets is true, 2054 02:11:35,216 --> 02:11:39,091 we have to build up Los Alamos, not shut it down. 2055 02:11:42,924 --> 02:11:44,091 Mr. President... 2056 02:11:45,841 --> 02:11:46,841 Umm... 2057 02:11:50,008 --> 02:11:53,424 I feel that I have blood on my hands. 2058 02:12:13,424 --> 02:12:16,424 You think anyone in Hiroshima, or... 2059 02:12:17,492 --> 02:12:21,424 Nagasaki, gives a shit who built the bomb? 2060 02:12:25,258 --> 02:12:26,883 They care who dropped it. 2061 02:12:28,258 --> 02:12:29,259 I did. 2062 02:12:32,091 --> 02:12:34,049 Hiroshima isn't about you. 2063 02:12:40,841 --> 02:12:42,133 Dr. Oppenheimer. 2064 02:12:53,841 --> 02:12:56,049 Don't let that crybaby back in here! 2065 02:13:01,717 --> 02:13:04,591 Robert saw that hand-wringing got him nowhere. 2066 02:13:05,633 --> 02:13:07,883 By the time I met him, he'd fully embraced 2067 02:13:07,924 --> 02:13:09,841 his "Father of the Bomb" reputation. 2068 02:13:10,758 --> 02:13:13,299 And used his profile to influence policy. 2069 02:13:22,466 --> 02:13:23,883 Doctor, in the years following the war, 2070 02:13:23,924 --> 02:13:26,174 would you say that you exerted a great influence 2071 02:13:26,216 --> 02:13:28,049 on the atomic policies of the USA? 2072 02:13:28,091 --> 02:13:30,258 I think "great" would be an overstatement. 2073 02:13:30,466 --> 02:13:32,674 Really? I mean, look at the issue of isotopes. 2074 02:13:32,716 --> 02:13:36,299 Were you not personally responsible for destroying all opposition to their export? 2075 02:13:36,521 --> 02:13:38,341 ...could use a bottle of beer 2076 02:13:38,966 --> 02:13:40,884 in making atomic weapons. In fact, you do. 2077 02:13:41,299 --> 02:13:45,049 I was the spokesman, but the opinion among scientists was unanimous. 2078 02:13:45,341 --> 02:13:48,383 All along, with McCarthy on the rise, he knew he was vulnerable. 2079 02:13:49,150 --> 02:13:52,633 His brother was blacklisted by every university in the country. 2080 02:13:54,299 --> 02:13:57,008 Lomanitz wound up working the railroad, laying track. 2081 02:13:59,174 --> 02:14:01,174 Chevalier went into exile. 2082 02:14:03,466 --> 02:14:05,966 But none of that stopped Robert 2083 02:14:06,008 --> 02:14:08,688 from pushing the GAC to recommend arms control, 2084 02:14:08,712 --> 02:14:09,716 instead of the H-Bomb. 2085 02:14:12,008 --> 02:14:15,133 He was devastated when Truman rejected their recommendation. 2086 02:14:17,424 --> 02:14:19,091 I miss Richard more than I can bear. 2087 02:14:19,424 --> 02:14:20,883 I know, Ruth. I know. 2088 02:14:21,320 --> 02:14:24,216 I'm just glad he didn't live to see where this has all gone. 2089 02:14:27,383 --> 02:14:30,091 Here comes the birthday boy, to gloat... 2090 02:14:30,550 --> 02:14:31,535 Have fun. 2091 02:14:33,050 --> 02:14:34,966 Robert, my son and his fiancée 2092 02:14:35,008 --> 02:14:37,508 are desperate to meet the father of the atomic bomb, so... 2093 02:14:37,532 --> 02:14:38,524 Hello. 2094 02:14:46,758 --> 02:14:47,760 Is this a bad time? 2095 02:14:48,758 --> 02:14:49,802 What do you think, Lewis? 2096 02:14:50,425 --> 02:14:52,008 Well, I think it must have been a blow for you. 2097 02:14:52,675 --> 02:14:53,676 For the world. 2098 02:14:55,300 --> 02:14:58,050 The world? What does Fuchs mean to the rest of the world? 2099 02:14:59,966 --> 02:15:00,993 Fuchs? 2100 02:15:01,423 --> 02:15:02,424 Klaus Fuchs? 2101 02:15:04,433 --> 02:15:06,550 Oh dear. You haven't heard. 2102 02:15:09,883 --> 02:15:11,800 Klaus Fuchs, the British scientist 2103 02:15:11,841 --> 02:15:14,425 that you put onto the implosion team at Los Alamos. 2104 02:15:15,550 --> 02:15:16,675 Turns out he was... 2105 02:15:17,269 --> 02:15:19,550 He was spying for the Soviets the whole time. 2106 02:15:20,110 --> 02:15:21,100 I'm sorry. 2107 02:15:27,008 --> 02:15:29,532 After the truth about Fuchs came out, 2108 02:15:29,800 --> 02:15:31,841 the FBI stepped up surveillance on him. 2109 02:15:32,050 --> 02:15:33,550 He knew his phone was tapped. 2110 02:15:34,716 --> 02:15:35,800 He was followed everywhere. 2111 02:15:36,925 --> 02:15:38,050 His trash picked through. 2112 02:15:42,091 --> 02:15:44,175 But he never stopped speaking his mind. 2113 02:15:44,716 --> 02:15:45,883 A man of conviction. 2114 02:15:46,466 --> 02:15:49,175 And maybe he thought fame could actually protect him. 2115 02:15:51,550 --> 02:15:53,883 When Eisenhower took office, he saw one more chance. 2116 02:15:56,133 --> 02:15:57,050 He took it. 2117 02:15:57,092 --> 02:16:00,258 America and Russia may be likened... 2118 02:16:01,633 --> 02:16:03,633 to two scorpions in a bottle. 2119 02:16:03,869 --> 02:16:07,091 Each capable of killing the other, 2120 02:16:07,300 --> 02:16:10,058 but only at the risk of his own life. 2121 02:16:10,758 --> 02:16:12,800 Now, there are various aspects of this policy... 2122 02:16:12,841 --> 02:16:17,216 A lot of scientists blame me, but how was I supposed to protect him? 2123 02:16:17,258 --> 02:16:19,300 ...are too secret for discussion. 2124 02:16:19,508 --> 02:16:21,341 Candor is the only remedy. 2125 02:16:21,550 --> 02:16:25,175 Officials in Washington need to start leveling with the American people. 2126 02:16:26,800 --> 02:16:29,008 That was the last straw for Robert's enemies. 2127 02:16:29,050 --> 02:16:31,673 So he had to lose his security clearance. 2128 02:16:31,841 --> 02:16:34,050 And with it, his credibility. 2129 02:16:34,591 --> 02:16:36,216 But how could they do it? 2130 02:16:36,758 --> 02:16:38,008 He was a war hero. 2131 02:16:38,050 --> 02:16:40,091 He'd already told everyone about his past. 2132 02:16:40,133 --> 02:16:41,794 Borden dredged it all up. 2133 02:16:42,133 --> 02:16:45,425 How could Borden get access to Oppenheimer's FBI file? 2134 02:16:45,466 --> 02:16:46,466 Could it have been Nichols? 2135 02:16:46,800 --> 02:16:48,341 No, I can't imagine he'd do that. 2136 02:16:49,216 --> 02:16:52,925 Whoever did unleashed a firestorm that burned a path in the White House, 2137 02:16:53,300 --> 02:16:55,300 right to my desk at the AEC. 2138 02:16:56,258 --> 02:16:57,675 You seen 'em in there, right? 2139 02:16:58,466 --> 02:17:00,849 I've worked my whole life to get here. 2140 02:17:01,716 --> 02:17:03,841 The cabinet of the United States of America, 2141 02:17:03,883 --> 02:17:05,591 and now, in front of the entire country, 2142 02:17:05,966 --> 02:17:07,466 they want to put me back in my place. 2143 02:17:09,341 --> 02:17:10,758 A lowly shoe salesman. 2144 02:17:11,787 --> 02:17:13,633 Lewis, we can win this thing. 2145 02:17:13,925 --> 02:17:15,925 I think we can get the Senate to grasp 2146 02:17:15,966 --> 02:17:18,216 that you did your duty, painful though it was. 2147 02:17:18,425 --> 02:17:21,341 Now, will Hill's testimony back us up? -Hill will be fine. 2148 02:17:21,383 --> 02:17:24,716 I don't really know him, but he was one of Szilard's boys in Chicago. 2149 02:17:24,758 --> 02:17:26,457 And they'd never forgave Robert for not 2150 02:17:26,481 --> 02:17:28,716 supporting the petition against bombing Japan. 2151 02:17:30,008 --> 02:17:33,008 This was taken 31 days after the bombing. 2152 02:17:34,341 --> 02:17:38,508 Virtually everyone in the streets, for nearly a mile around, 2153 02:17:39,341 --> 02:17:40,925 was instantly and seriously... 2154 02:17:41,758 --> 02:17:42,746 burned. 2155 02:17:43,758 --> 02:17:47,117 The Japanese spoke of people who 2156 02:17:47,341 --> 02:17:51,091 wore striped clothing, upon whom the skin was burned in stripes. 2157 02:17:52,383 --> 02:17:54,305 There were many who thought themselves lucky, 2158 02:17:55,038 --> 02:17:57,258 who climbed out of the ruins of their homes, 2159 02:17:57,675 --> 02:17:58,800 only slightly injured. 2160 02:18:00,667 --> 02:18:01,675 But they died anyway. 2161 02:18:03,133 --> 02:18:05,466 They died days, or weeks later, 2162 02:18:06,390 --> 02:18:08,925 from iridium-like rays emitted in great numbers 2163 02:18:09,591 --> 02:18:11,175 at the moment of the explosion. 2164 02:18:13,050 --> 02:18:14,716 Did you read this crap in the papers? 2165 02:18:15,091 --> 02:18:16,675 A British physicist is saying 2166 02:18:16,925 --> 02:18:19,591 the atomic bombings were not the last act of World War II, 2167 02:18:19,902 --> 02:18:22,633 but the first act of this cold war with Russia. 2168 02:18:23,292 --> 02:18:24,281 Which physicist? 2169 02:18:24,633 --> 02:18:26,883 I think you knew him. Patrick Blackett. 2170 02:18:30,258 --> 02:18:33,133 He may not be wrong. Stimson is now telling me 2171 02:18:33,216 --> 02:18:36,133 we bombed an enemy that was essentially defeated. 2172 02:18:36,341 --> 02:18:38,466 Robert, you've all the influence now. 2173 02:18:39,805 --> 02:18:40,792 Please, 2174 02:18:41,508 --> 02:18:43,550 urge them to continue my research on the Super. 2175 02:18:43,883 --> 02:18:45,508 I neither can nor will, Edward. 2176 02:18:45,910 --> 02:18:46,908 Why not? 2177 02:18:47,258 --> 02:18:48,910 It's not the right use of our resources. 2178 02:18:49,425 --> 02:18:50,758 Is that what you really believe? 2179 02:18:51,741 --> 02:18:55,508 J. Robert Oppenheimer? Sphinx-like guru of the atom? 2180 02:18:57,175 --> 02:18:58,675 Nobody knows what you believe. 2181 02:18:59,883 --> 02:19:01,425 Do you? Hmm? 2182 02:19:02,300 --> 02:19:06,133 One final time, our program director, Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer. 2183 02:19:08,008 --> 02:19:09,966 I hope that in years to come, 2184 02:19:10,300 --> 02:19:12,591 you will look back on your work here with pride. 2185 02:19:13,675 --> 02:19:17,608 But today, that pride must be tempered with a profound concern. 2186 02:19:19,648 --> 02:19:23,133 If atomic weapons are to be added to the arsenals of a warring world, 2187 02:19:24,883 --> 02:19:28,716 then the day will come when people will curse the name of Los Alamos. 2188 02:19:33,175 --> 02:19:34,191 Uh, sorry, Admiral. 2189 02:19:35,091 --> 02:19:36,258 Stopped off to get this. 2190 02:19:37,383 --> 02:19:38,633 Seems pretty favorable. 2191 02:19:39,925 --> 02:19:42,008 There's Oppenheimer. What's the caption? 2192 02:19:42,136 --> 02:19:45,073 Uh, "J. Robert Oppenheimer. Strauss fought him... 2193 02:19:47,009 --> 02:19:48,091 "and the US won." 2194 02:19:49,675 --> 02:19:50,675 That'll work. 2195 02:19:51,066 --> 02:19:52,758 Those were your words from the other day. 2196 02:19:53,008 --> 02:19:54,009 We needed to pivot. 2197 02:19:54,831 --> 02:19:57,472 But how would you know what Time Magazine was gonna write? 2198 02:19:57,675 --> 02:19:59,216 Henry Luce is a friend. 2199 02:20:07,133 --> 02:20:09,341 You sat here and let me tell you how it's done, 2200 02:20:10,133 --> 02:20:11,966 but you've been far ahead all along. 2201 02:20:12,525 --> 02:20:14,508 Survival in Washington. 2202 02:20:15,425 --> 02:20:17,050 It's about knowing how to get things done. 2203 02:20:18,133 --> 02:20:19,157 Right. 2204 02:20:21,300 --> 02:20:22,591 What was it you said about Borden? 2205 02:20:23,265 --> 02:20:25,008 Why get caught holding the knife yourself? 2206 02:20:27,521 --> 02:20:30,175 I'm beginning to think Borden was holding the knife for you. 2207 02:20:33,279 --> 02:20:35,133 It's gonna come down to how much influence 2208 02:20:35,175 --> 02:20:37,091 Borden's been able to exert on Teller. 2209 02:20:38,341 --> 02:20:39,591 Did I say something funny? 2210 02:20:39,755 --> 02:20:44,175 Just "Borden, Borden, Borden", when we all know that it's Strauss. 2211 02:20:44,633 --> 02:20:46,591 Lewis brought me to Princeton, Kitty. 2212 02:20:47,258 --> 02:20:49,749 And then you humiliated him in front of Congress. 2213 02:20:49,829 --> 02:20:51,383 But more useful than a sandwich! 2214 02:20:55,383 --> 02:20:56,385 How'd I do? 2215 02:20:57,800 --> 02:20:59,216 Maybe a little too well, Robert. 2216 02:20:59,883 --> 02:21:01,028 That was six years ago. 2217 02:21:01,175 --> 02:21:04,550 You know, they're truly vindictive, patient as saints. 2218 02:21:04,841 --> 02:21:07,258 Strauss has been perfectly clear that he is neutral. 2219 02:21:08,300 --> 02:21:11,091 Wake up! It is Strauss! 2220 02:21:11,300 --> 02:21:13,216 It's always been Strauss, and you know it! 2221 02:21:14,216 --> 02:21:15,550 Why won't you fight him? 2222 02:21:19,175 --> 02:21:22,781 It wasn't Nichols, or Hoover, or one of Truman's guys. 2223 02:21:22,839 --> 02:21:23,839 It was you. 2224 02:21:24,332 --> 02:21:25,550 You gave the file to Borden. 2225 02:21:25,758 --> 02:21:27,216 You set him on Oppenheimer. 2226 02:21:27,383 --> 02:21:28,550 You convinced him... -Borden... 2227 02:21:29,966 --> 02:21:31,925 didn't take any convincing. 2228 02:21:32,342 --> 02:21:33,841 Take your time, use the entire file. 2229 02:21:34,216 --> 02:21:36,300 Write up your conclusions, send them to the FBI. 2230 02:21:36,633 --> 02:21:38,800 The material's obviously extensive, 2231 02:21:38,841 --> 02:21:40,883 but there's nothing new here. 2232 02:21:41,133 --> 02:21:42,258 Your conclusions will be. 2233 02:21:43,273 --> 02:21:44,591 And they'll have to be answered. 2234 02:21:45,466 --> 02:21:46,966 Hoover passes them to McCarthy? 2235 02:21:47,425 --> 02:21:50,008 Oppenheimer's too slippery for that self-promoting clown. 2236 02:21:50,633 --> 02:21:51,758 I've talked it over with Hoover. 2237 02:21:51,800 --> 02:21:55,216 He'll hold McCarthy at bay while you do this with the AEC. 2238 02:21:55,800 --> 02:21:57,675 Trial? -No, no trial. 2239 02:21:57,716 --> 02:22:00,216 You can't give Oppenheimer a platform. 2240 02:22:00,675 --> 02:22:01,716 You can't martyr him. 2241 02:22:02,701 --> 02:22:05,883 We need a systematic destruction of Oppenheimer's credibility, 2242 02:22:05,925 --> 02:22:09,133 so he can never again speak on matters of national security. 2243 02:22:10,341 --> 02:22:11,343 Then what? 2244 02:22:12,841 --> 02:22:15,883 A shabby little room. Far from the limelight. 2245 02:22:21,925 --> 02:22:26,050 A simple bureaucratic procedure. His Q clearance. It's up for renewal. 2246 02:22:26,425 --> 02:22:29,008 You send your accusations to the FBI... 2247 02:22:31,508 --> 02:22:34,466 Hoover sends them to the AEC. You're forced to act. 2248 02:22:35,216 --> 02:22:36,508 You write up an indictment. 2249 02:22:37,050 --> 02:22:40,300 You tell Oppenheimer his security clearance is not being renewed. 2250 02:22:41,050 --> 02:22:42,716 But offer him the chance to appeal. 2251 02:22:42,883 --> 02:22:44,966 As you can see, Robert, it's not yet signed. 2252 02:22:45,341 --> 02:22:46,841 May I keep this? -No. 2253 02:22:47,716 --> 02:22:51,216 If you do decide to appeal, they'll have to send you a copy. 2254 02:22:51,758 --> 02:22:56,300 When he appeals, and trust me, he will, I appoint a board. 2255 02:22:57,300 --> 02:22:59,050 They will, of course, have counsel. 2256 02:23:00,008 --> 02:23:01,591 Prosecutor? -In all but name. 2257 02:23:01,800 --> 02:23:03,758 Who? -Roger Robb. 2258 02:23:03,800 --> 02:23:04,798 Ouch. 2259 02:23:04,841 --> 02:23:08,091 Robb will have security clearance to examine Oppenheimer's file. 2260 02:23:08,216 --> 02:23:10,758 As will the Gray Board. Defense counsel will not. 2261 02:23:12,466 --> 02:23:13,466 A closed hearing. 2262 02:23:13,716 --> 02:23:17,800 The so-called interrogatory information in your indictment of me... 2263 02:23:17,841 --> 02:23:21,466 No audience, no reporters, no burden of proof. 2264 02:23:21,966 --> 02:23:22,967 No burden of proof? 2265 02:23:24,966 --> 02:23:25,966 We're not convicting. 2266 02:23:27,133 --> 02:23:28,675 We're just denying. 2267 02:23:34,591 --> 02:23:36,508 What is it you said? 2268 02:23:37,508 --> 02:23:40,675 This is just how the game is played. 2269 02:23:41,508 --> 02:23:42,925 Well, forgive my naivete. 2270 02:23:43,841 --> 02:23:47,341 Amateurs seek the sun, get eaten. 2271 02:23:48,883 --> 02:23:51,925 Power stays in the shadows. 2272 02:23:52,216 --> 02:23:55,133 But, sir, you're... you're out of the shadows now. 2273 02:23:55,175 --> 02:23:56,966 Yeah, that's why this has to work. 2274 02:23:57,133 --> 02:23:58,119 Well... 2275 02:24:00,061 --> 02:24:01,758 Teller's testifying this morning. 2276 02:24:02,008 --> 02:24:03,258 That'll help. And then... 2277 02:24:04,647 --> 02:24:05,947 Hill is in the afternoon. 2278 02:24:05,972 --> 02:24:07,216 Hill is gonna help us too. 2279 02:24:10,591 --> 02:24:12,925 As you can see, Robert, it's not yet signed. 2280 02:24:13,841 --> 02:24:15,133 May I keep this? -No. 2281 02:24:17,966 --> 02:24:22,383 If you do decide to appeal, then they'll have to send you a copy. 2282 02:24:26,425 --> 02:24:28,341 Take my car and driver, I insist. 2283 02:24:33,300 --> 02:24:35,175 I'll have to consult my lawyers, Lewis. 2284 02:24:35,383 --> 02:24:38,050 Of course. But don't take too long. 2285 02:24:38,216 --> 02:24:39,716 I can't keep Nichols at bay. 2286 02:24:46,383 --> 02:24:48,193 I'm sorry it's come to this, Robert. 2287 02:24:48,758 --> 02:24:49,759 I think it's wrong. 2288 02:25:03,258 --> 02:25:06,216 Nichols wants me to fight, so he can get it all on the record. 2289 02:25:06,797 --> 02:25:08,175 Strauss wants me to walk away. 2290 02:25:08,617 --> 02:25:13,071 Strauss knows that you can't do that. You'd be accepting the charges. 2291 02:25:13,967 --> 02:25:15,175 You'll lose your job. 2292 02:25:15,508 --> 02:25:18,258 You will lose your reputation. We'll lose our house. 2293 02:25:18,550 --> 02:25:19,800 Robert, we have to fight. 2294 02:25:23,300 --> 02:25:25,341 As AEC counsel, I can't represent you. 2295 02:25:25,925 --> 02:25:27,050 I'll call Lloyd Garrison. 2296 02:25:27,675 --> 02:25:28,676 Oh, he's good. 2297 02:25:28,925 --> 02:25:31,925 The best, but I have to warn you. 2298 02:25:33,716 --> 02:25:34,925 This won't be a fair fight. 2299 02:25:35,800 --> 02:25:39,758 During your interview with Boris Pash in 1943, did you refer to microfilm? 2300 02:25:40,008 --> 02:25:43,216 No. -Tab 11, page one, paragraph three. 2301 02:25:43,258 --> 02:25:46,675 You never said, "man of the consulate, expert in the use of microfilm"? 2302 02:25:46,716 --> 02:25:47,716 I'm sorry, I'm sorry... -No. 2303 02:25:47,758 --> 02:25:50,133 I would like to know what document Mr. Robb is quoting from, 2304 02:25:50,175 --> 02:25:51,616 and if we might be furnished with a copy. 2305 02:25:52,008 --> 02:25:53,841 The document is classified, Mr. Garrison. 2306 02:25:54,008 --> 02:25:56,258 I think we should get back to firsthand information. 2307 02:25:56,300 --> 02:25:57,300 This is firsthand. 2308 02:25:57,758 --> 02:25:58,772 How so, Roger? 2309 02:26:00,925 --> 02:26:02,258 There was a recording of the interview. 2310 02:26:07,341 --> 02:26:10,175 You let my client sit here and potentially perjure himself, 2311 02:26:10,216 --> 02:26:12,383 and all this time, you had a recording? 2312 02:26:12,633 --> 02:26:15,466 Nobody told your client to misrepresent his former answers. 2313 02:26:15,508 --> 02:26:17,216 Misrepresent? It was 12 years ago! 2314 02:26:17,800 --> 02:26:18,817 Can we hear this recording? 2315 02:26:19,050 --> 02:26:20,302 You don't have the clearance, Mr. Garrison. 2316 02:26:20,349 --> 02:26:22,175 But you're reading it into the record! 2317 02:26:22,591 --> 02:26:26,883 Please, please. Is this proceeding interested in entrapment or in truth? 2318 02:26:27,383 --> 02:26:31,341 If it's truth, where's the disclosure? Where's the witness list? 2319 02:26:31,383 --> 02:26:34,216 Mr. Garrison, this isn't a trial, as you are well aware. 2320 02:26:34,258 --> 02:26:38,091 Evidentiary rules do not apply. We are dealing with national security. 2321 02:26:38,216 --> 02:26:39,425 Yes, sir, with all due respect, 2322 02:26:39,466 --> 02:26:43,675 I fail to see how national security prevents the prosecution from 2323 02:26:43,716 --> 02:26:45,883 providing us with a list of witnesses! -Perhaps we are in need 2324 02:26:45,925 --> 02:26:48,216 of a brief recess. -Gentlemen. You have my words. 2325 02:26:48,258 --> 02:26:51,091 If you say they're from a transcript, then I'll accept it. 2326 02:26:51,133 --> 02:26:53,841 I've already explained I made up a cock-and-bull story. 2327 02:26:54,008 --> 02:26:57,050 And why would anyone make up such an elaborate story? 2328 02:26:57,091 --> 02:26:58,300 Because I was an idiot. 2329 02:26:59,550 --> 02:27:00,551 Why lie? 2330 02:27:00,716 --> 02:27:04,872 Well, clearly with the intention of not revealing who the intermediary was. 2331 02:27:05,008 --> 02:27:07,341 Your friend, Haakon Chevalier, the communist. 2332 02:27:07,966 --> 02:27:08,970 Is he still your friend? 2333 02:27:09,883 --> 02:27:10,893 Yes. 2334 02:27:14,300 --> 02:27:16,008 Dr. Rabi, thank you for coming. 2335 02:27:16,419 --> 02:27:18,216 You know who else the prosecution has called? 2336 02:27:18,466 --> 02:27:22,466 Teller, obviously. They've asked Lawrence. 2337 02:27:22,883 --> 02:27:25,133 What did he say? -He wasn't going to help them, 2338 02:27:25,800 --> 02:27:26,883 but... -But? 2339 02:27:27,747 --> 02:27:32,008 Strauss told him that you and Ruth Tolman had been having an affair for years. 2340 02:27:32,341 --> 02:27:34,175 The whole time you lived with them in Pasadena. 2341 02:27:35,050 --> 02:27:38,175 He convinced Lawrence that Richard died of a broken heart. 2342 02:27:38,216 --> 02:27:40,086 That's absurd. -What part? 2343 02:27:40,175 --> 02:27:43,216 A broken heart. Richard never found out. 2344 02:27:44,425 --> 02:27:45,633 Is Lawrence gonna testify? 2345 02:27:46,216 --> 02:27:47,219 I don't know. 2346 02:27:48,091 --> 02:27:52,175 Dr. Rabi, what governmental positions do you currently hold? 2347 02:27:52,716 --> 02:27:55,633 I am the chairman of the general advisory committee 2348 02:27:55,675 --> 02:27:57,966 to the AEC, succeeding Dr. Oppenheimer. 2349 02:27:58,550 --> 02:28:00,466 And how long have you known Dr. Oppenheimer? 2350 02:28:01,466 --> 02:28:05,300 Since 1928. I... I know him quite well. 2351 02:28:05,628 --> 02:28:09,175 Well enough to speak to the bearing of his loyalty and character? 2352 02:28:09,862 --> 02:28:13,091 Dr. Oppenheimer is a man of upstanding character. 2353 02:28:13,966 --> 02:28:17,383 And he is loyal to the United States, to his friends, 2354 02:28:17,841 --> 02:28:19,716 to the institutions of which he is part. 2355 02:28:21,841 --> 02:28:22,841 Eat. 2356 02:28:42,258 --> 02:28:43,258 Who was that? 2357 02:28:43,466 --> 02:28:44,466 Nothing to worry about. 2358 02:28:48,133 --> 02:28:49,633 After the Russian A-bomb test, 2359 02:28:49,675 --> 02:28:52,091 did Dr. Lawrence come to see you about the hydrogen bomb? 2360 02:28:52,350 --> 02:28:53,883 You'd be better off asking him. 2361 02:28:54,175 --> 02:28:55,216 Well, I fully intend to. 2362 02:28:56,388 --> 02:29:00,008 Would you say that Dr. Oppenheimer was unalterably opposed to the H-bomb? 2363 02:29:00,383 --> 02:29:03,383 No, he, he thought that a fusion program 2364 02:29:03,425 --> 02:29:06,216 would come at the expense of our awfully good fission program. 2365 02:29:06,300 --> 02:29:07,883 But that proved not to be the case. 2366 02:29:08,425 --> 02:29:09,883 In the event, both could be done. 2367 02:29:10,383 --> 02:29:13,008 Suppose that this board did not feel satisfied 2368 02:29:13,050 --> 02:29:16,501 that in his testimony here Dr. Oppenheimer had been wholly truthful, 2369 02:29:17,216 --> 02:29:19,091 what would you say whether or not he should be cleared? 2370 02:29:19,383 --> 02:29:21,633 Why go through all this against a man 2371 02:29:21,675 --> 02:29:23,758 who has accomplished what Dr. Oppenheimer has? 2372 02:29:23,800 --> 02:29:24,883 Look at his record. 2373 02:29:25,550 --> 02:29:27,800 We have an A-bomb, and a whole series of it. 2374 02:29:27,925 --> 02:29:30,466 We have a whole series of Super bombs. What more do you want? 2375 02:29:31,470 --> 02:29:32,470 Mermaids? 2376 02:29:33,091 --> 02:29:35,925 But I've known Secretary Strauss for many years. 2377 02:29:36,282 --> 02:29:39,425 And I feel it a necessity to express the warm support 2378 02:29:39,974 --> 02:29:42,341 for science and scientists Lewis has shown. 2379 02:29:42,591 --> 02:29:43,592 We'll break now. 2380 02:29:44,008 --> 02:29:47,966 Unless there's any immediate business. -Senator, I'd like to once again request 2381 02:29:48,466 --> 02:29:51,050 that we're furnished with a list of witnesses. 2382 02:29:51,216 --> 02:29:52,758 And I will remind the nominee 2383 02:29:52,800 --> 02:29:55,489 that we don't always have that information in advance. 2384 02:29:55,758 --> 02:29:58,133 We do know that Dr. Hill will be here after lunch. 2385 02:29:58,646 --> 02:30:01,508 Mr. Chairman, our next scheduled witness, Dr. Lawrence, 2386 02:30:01,591 --> 02:30:04,300 has apparently come down with colitis. 2387 02:30:07,675 --> 02:30:09,912 So we'll proceed with William Borden instead. 2388 02:30:10,966 --> 02:30:13,300 Mr. Borden, welcome. Please take a seat. 2389 02:30:15,133 --> 02:30:16,135 Mr. Borden, 2390 02:30:17,471 --> 02:30:20,091 during your investigation into Dr. Oppenheimer, 2391 02:30:20,133 --> 02:30:21,800 did you reach certain conclusions? 2392 02:30:22,383 --> 02:30:24,133 I did. -And did there come a time 2393 02:30:24,175 --> 02:30:27,341 when you expressed those conclusions in a letter to Mr. J. Edgar Hoover, 2394 02:30:27,508 --> 02:30:30,300 of the Federal Bureau of Investigation? -That is correct. 2395 02:30:30,341 --> 02:30:32,966 Prior to the writing of the letter, did you discuss the writing of the letter 2396 02:30:33,008 --> 02:30:35,216 with anybody attached to the Atomic Energy Commission? 2397 02:30:35,758 --> 02:30:36,883 I did not. -Excellent. 2398 02:30:36,925 --> 02:30:38,841 Do you have a copy of the letter? -I have one in front of me. 2399 02:30:38,916 --> 02:30:41,050 Would you please be so kind as to read it, sir? 2400 02:30:42,341 --> 02:30:44,758 "Dear Mr. Hoover, the purpose of this letter 2401 02:30:44,800 --> 02:30:47,133 "is to state..." -I'm sorry, I'm sorry, if I could have... 2402 02:30:47,758 --> 02:30:50,508 What is the purpose of the delay? He's simply going to read the letter. 2403 02:30:51,758 --> 02:30:54,050 Mr. Chairman, this is the first I've seen of this letter. 2404 02:30:54,508 --> 02:30:57,423 And I see statements here, at least one, 2405 02:30:57,447 --> 02:30:59,883 of a kind that I don't think anyone would like to see go into the record. 2406 02:30:59,925 --> 02:31:02,341 These are accusations that have not previously been made, 2407 02:31:02,633 --> 02:31:04,466 that are not part of the indictment from Nichols. 2408 02:31:04,508 --> 02:31:07,050 Accusations of a kind that I don't think belong here. 2409 02:31:07,091 --> 02:31:09,216 The witness wrote this letter on his own initiative, 2410 02:31:09,258 --> 02:31:11,508 laying out evidence that has already been before the board. 2411 02:31:11,716 --> 02:31:13,341 His conclusions are valid testimony, 2412 02:31:13,383 --> 02:31:16,633 just like the positive conclusions of friends of Dr. Oppenheimer. 2413 02:31:16,675 --> 02:31:17,800 It cuts both ways. 2414 02:31:18,300 --> 02:31:20,550 How long has counsel been in possession of this letter? 2415 02:31:20,706 --> 02:31:24,133 I don't think I should be subject to cross-examination by you, Mr. Garrison. 2416 02:31:24,175 --> 02:31:27,300 Mr. Garrison, given that we on the board have all read the letter, 2417 02:31:27,341 --> 02:31:29,008 wouldn't it be better to have it in the record? 2418 02:31:30,466 --> 02:31:31,467 Let's proceed. 2419 02:31:33,591 --> 02:31:34,633 "Dear Mr. Hoover, 2420 02:31:35,591 --> 02:31:38,008 "the purpose of this letter is to state my opinion, 2421 02:31:38,398 --> 02:31:41,851 "based upon years of study of the available classified evidence, 2422 02:31:42,675 --> 02:31:44,341 "that, more probably than not, 2423 02:31:44,758 --> 02:31:48,716 "J. Robert Oppenheimer is an agent of the Soviet Union. 2424 02:31:49,577 --> 02:31:51,716 "The following conclusions are justified. 2425 02:31:52,133 --> 02:31:56,508 "One, between 1929 and 1942, more probably than not, 2426 02:31:56,656 --> 02:32:00,175 "J. Robert Oppenheimer was a sufficiently hardened communist 2427 02:32:00,383 --> 02:32:02,633 "that he volunteered information to the Soviets. 2428 02:32:03,050 --> 02:32:05,258 "Two, more probably than not, 2429 02:32:05,300 --> 02:32:08,716 "he has since been functioning as an espionage agent. 2430 02:32:09,675 --> 02:32:10,659 "Three. 2431 02:32:10,966 --> 02:32:14,925 "More probably than not, he has since acted under a Soviet directive 2432 02:32:14,966 --> 02:32:17,758 "in influencing United States military policy." 2433 02:32:17,809 --> 02:32:20,091 I'm sorry, Robert. -"Atomic energy, intelligence and..." 2434 02:32:20,216 --> 02:32:24,591 Is anyone ever going to tell the truth about what's happening here? 2435 02:32:25,050 --> 02:32:27,841 We will now hear from Dr. David Hill. 2436 02:32:38,216 --> 02:32:41,050 Dr. Hill, would you care to make a statement? 2437 02:32:43,300 --> 02:32:44,314 Thank you. 2438 02:32:44,571 --> 02:32:48,258 I've been asked to testify about Lewis Strauss, 2439 02:32:48,550 --> 02:32:53,425 a man who has given years of service in high positions of government, 2440 02:32:53,591 --> 02:32:58,091 and who is known to be earnest, hard-working, and intelligent. 2441 02:32:59,800 --> 02:33:01,591 The views I have to express are my own, 2442 02:33:02,258 --> 02:33:05,508 but I believe that much I have to say will help to indicate why 2443 02:33:06,675 --> 02:33:10,550 most of the scientists in this country would prefer to see Mr. Strauss 2444 02:33:11,574 --> 02:33:13,425 completely out of government. 2445 02:33:15,410 --> 02:33:19,508 You're referring to the hostility of certain scientists, 2446 02:33:19,633 --> 02:33:23,383 directed toward Mr. Strauss, because of his commitment to security, 2447 02:33:23,425 --> 02:33:25,966 as demonstrated in the Oppenheimer affair? 2448 02:33:28,966 --> 02:33:29,982 No. 2449 02:33:30,216 --> 02:33:35,008 Because of the personal vindictiveness he demonstrated against Dr. Oppenheimer. 2450 02:33:37,050 --> 02:33:39,841 Order! Order! 2451 02:33:40,258 --> 02:33:43,466 It appears to most scientists around this country 2452 02:33:44,942 --> 02:33:47,883 that Robert Oppenheimer is now being pilloried, 2453 02:33:47,925 --> 02:33:51,966 and put through an ordeal, because he expressed his honest opinions. 2454 02:33:52,716 --> 02:33:55,883 Dr. Bush, I thought I was performing a service to my country 2455 02:33:55,925 --> 02:33:59,258 when hearing this case. -No board, in this country, 2456 02:33:59,800 --> 02:34:03,591 should sit in judgment of a man because he expressed his strong opinions. 2457 02:34:03,925 --> 02:34:06,216 If you want to try that case, you should try me. 2458 02:34:07,216 --> 02:34:09,841 Excuse me, gentlemen, if I've... become stirred. 2459 02:34:11,091 --> 02:34:12,089 But I am. 2460 02:34:12,477 --> 02:34:16,550 Dr. Hill, we've already heard that Mr. Strauss did not bring the charges, 2461 02:34:16,591 --> 02:34:19,591 or participate in the hearings against Dr. Oppenheimer. 2462 02:34:19,633 --> 02:34:21,341 The Oppenheimer matter was... 2463 02:34:22,216 --> 02:34:26,883 initiated, and carried through, largely through the animus of Lewis Strauss. 2464 02:34:28,425 --> 02:34:31,296 Oppenheimer made mincemeat out of Strauss's position 2465 02:34:31,343 --> 02:34:33,440 on the shipments of isotopes to Norway, 2466 02:34:33,503 --> 02:34:36,675 and Strauss never forgave him this public humiliation. 2467 02:34:37,591 --> 02:34:41,008 Another controversy between them centered around their differences in judgment 2468 02:34:41,050 --> 02:34:43,994 on how the H-bomb would contribute to national security. 2469 02:34:44,283 --> 02:34:47,550 Strauss turned to the personnel security system in order to 2470 02:34:47,800 --> 02:34:50,175 destroy Oppenheimer's effectiveness, 2471 02:34:50,300 --> 02:34:53,091 and Strauss was able to find a few ambitious men 2472 02:34:53,550 --> 02:34:57,175 who also disagreed with Oppenheimer's positions and envied him 2473 02:34:57,300 --> 02:34:59,300 his prestige in government circles. 2474 02:34:59,675 --> 02:35:03,550 I've always assumed, and still assume, that he is loyal to the United States. 2475 02:35:04,341 --> 02:35:06,063 I believe this, and I shall believe it, 2476 02:35:06,087 --> 02:35:08,299 until I see very conclusive proof to the opposite. 2477 02:35:08,925 --> 02:35:12,633 Do you or do you not believe that Dr. Oppenheimer is a security risk? 2478 02:35:16,550 --> 02:35:19,927 In a great number of cases, I have seen Dr. Oppenheimer act in a way 2479 02:35:19,987 --> 02:35:23,008 which was, to me, exceedingly hard to understand. 2480 02:35:23,369 --> 02:35:25,689 I thoroughly disagreed with him in numerous issues, 2481 02:35:25,925 --> 02:35:29,216 and his actions frankly appeared to me confused and complicated. 2482 02:35:29,300 --> 02:35:33,947 To this extent, I feel I want to see the vital interests of this country 2483 02:35:34,258 --> 02:35:37,925 in hands which I understand better, and therefore trust more. 2484 02:35:39,133 --> 02:35:40,408 Thank you, Doctor. -Thank you. 2485 02:35:44,661 --> 02:35:45,676 I'm sorry. 2486 02:35:48,466 --> 02:35:50,383 You shook his fucking hand!? 2487 02:35:51,675 --> 02:35:53,550 Oh, I would have spit in his face. 2488 02:35:53,591 --> 02:35:55,685 I'm not sure the Board would have appreciated that. 2489 02:35:55,800 --> 02:35:57,341 Is it not gentlemanly enough for you? 2490 02:35:57,383 --> 02:36:00,216 Well, I think you're all being too goddamn gentlemanly. 2491 02:36:00,286 --> 02:36:04,091 Gray must see what Robb is doing. Why doesn't he just shut him down? 2492 02:36:04,364 --> 02:36:06,425 And you, shaking Teller's hand. 2493 02:36:06,685 --> 02:36:09,716 You need to stop playing the martyr. 2494 02:36:10,925 --> 02:36:15,278 Under the current AEC guidelines, would you clear Dr. Oppenheimer today? 2495 02:36:21,675 --> 02:36:26,258 Under my interpretation of the Atomic Energy Act, 2496 02:36:26,300 --> 02:36:30,675 which did not exist when I hired Dr. Oppenheimer in 1942, 2497 02:36:32,216 --> 02:36:37,300 I would not clear him today if I were on the commission. 2498 02:36:37,925 --> 02:36:39,285 Good. Thank you, General. That is all. 2499 02:36:39,355 --> 02:36:41,175 But I don't think I'd clear any of those guys. 2500 02:36:41,972 --> 02:36:42,968 That's all. 2501 02:36:46,050 --> 02:36:48,816 Dr. Oppenheimer had no responsibility in the selection 2502 02:36:48,863 --> 02:36:50,753 or the clearance of Klaus Fuchs, did he? 2503 02:36:50,925 --> 02:36:52,008 No. None at all. 2504 02:36:52,300 --> 02:36:55,633 And you wouldn't want to leave this board with any suggestion today that 2505 02:36:55,807 --> 02:36:58,595 you're here questioning his basic loyalty to the United States 2506 02:36:58,619 --> 02:37:00,097 in the operation of Los Alamos? 2507 02:37:00,550 --> 02:37:04,509 By no means. I hope I didn't lead anyone to believe otherwise for an instant. 2508 02:37:05,883 --> 02:37:06,893 Thank you, General. 2509 02:37:24,550 --> 02:37:27,466 Okay. We shouldn't keep them waiting. -She'll be here. 2510 02:37:28,300 --> 02:37:29,966 Do you even want her here? 2511 02:37:30,175 --> 02:37:32,633 Only a fool or an adolescent presumes 2512 02:37:32,675 --> 02:37:36,175 to know someone else's relationship, and you're neither, Lloyd. 2513 02:37:38,966 --> 02:37:41,466 Kitty and I are grown-ups. 2514 02:37:42,758 --> 02:37:44,341 We've walked through fire together. 2515 02:37:45,341 --> 02:37:46,341 She'll do fine. 2516 02:37:47,716 --> 02:37:51,334 Would you describe your views on communism as pro, anti, neutral? 2517 02:37:51,633 --> 02:37:52,758 Very strongly against. 2518 02:37:52,800 --> 02:37:55,425 I've had nothing to do with communism in, since... 2519 02:37:55,800 --> 02:37:57,508 since 1936. Since... 2520 02:37:58,758 --> 02:38:00,175 Since before I met Robert. 2521 02:38:02,287 --> 02:38:03,303 That's all. 2522 02:38:04,550 --> 02:38:07,258 The record demonstrates that Oppenheimer was not interrogated 2523 02:38:07,300 --> 02:38:10,313 by impartial and disinterested counsel for the Gray Board. 2524 02:38:10,633 --> 02:38:12,905 He was interrogated by a prosecutor who used 2525 02:38:12,930 --> 02:38:15,466 all the tricks of a rather ingenious legal background. 2526 02:38:15,562 --> 02:38:19,800 You are charging now that the Gray Board permitted a prosecution. 2527 02:38:20,508 --> 02:38:21,675 If I were on the Gray Board, 2528 02:38:22,591 --> 02:38:24,675 I would have protested against the tactics 2529 02:38:24,716 --> 02:38:27,508 of the man who served in fact as the prosecuting counsel. 2530 02:38:27,591 --> 02:38:29,258 A man appointed not by the Board, 2531 02:38:30,649 --> 02:38:32,208 but by Lewis Strauss. 2532 02:38:34,800 --> 02:38:35,801 Who was this? 2533 02:38:37,383 --> 02:38:38,395 I'm sorry? 2534 02:38:39,133 --> 02:38:40,133 Who was this? 2535 02:38:40,675 --> 02:38:41,675 Roger Robb. 2536 02:38:42,341 --> 02:38:43,466 Mrs. Oppenheimer. 2537 02:38:48,287 --> 02:38:50,258 Did you have a Communist Party membership card? 2538 02:38:52,175 --> 02:38:54,349 I'm... I'm not sure. 2539 02:38:54,420 --> 02:38:55,592 Not sure? 2540 02:38:58,383 --> 02:38:59,373 Well... 2541 02:39:03,050 --> 02:39:04,058 Well? 2542 02:39:12,800 --> 02:39:15,383 I mean, presumably, the act of joining the party 2543 02:39:15,800 --> 02:39:18,758 required sending some money and receiving a card, no? 2544 02:39:29,091 --> 02:39:30,093 Sorry. 2545 02:39:31,216 --> 02:39:32,230 Yes. 2546 02:39:34,716 --> 02:39:38,175 It's just, it was all so very long ago, Mr. Robb, wasn't it? 2547 02:39:38,200 --> 02:39:39,747 Not really. -Long enough to have forgotten. 2548 02:39:39,786 --> 02:39:42,883 Did you return the card, or rip it up? -The card whose existence I've forgotten? 2549 02:39:42,925 --> 02:39:45,758 Your Communist Party membership card? -Haven't the slightest idea. 2550 02:39:49,091 --> 02:39:52,925 Can a distinction be made between Soviet communism and communism? 2551 02:39:53,591 --> 02:39:54,841 Well, in the days when I was a member, 2552 02:39:54,883 --> 02:39:56,800 I thought they were definitely two things. -Oh? 2553 02:39:56,883 --> 02:39:59,633 I thought that the Communist Party of the United States 2554 02:39:59,675 --> 02:40:03,258 was concerned with our domestic problems. I now no longer believe this. 2555 02:40:03,383 --> 02:40:05,841 I believe the whole thing's linked together and spread all over the world, 2556 02:40:05,883 --> 02:40:09,758 and I have believed this since I left the party 16 years ago. 2557 02:40:09,883 --> 02:40:12,258 But... -17 years ago. My mistake. 2558 02:40:12,758 --> 02:40:14,679 But you... -Sorry, 18. 2559 02:40:15,633 --> 02:40:16,780 18 years ago. 2560 02:40:18,300 --> 02:40:20,925 Are you familiar with the fact your husband was making contributions 2561 02:40:20,966 --> 02:40:23,591 to the Spanish Civil War as late as 1942? 2562 02:40:23,633 --> 02:40:25,800 I knew that Robert gave money from time to time. 2563 02:40:25,841 --> 02:40:28,466 Did you know this money was going into Communist Party channels? 2564 02:40:28,550 --> 02:40:30,425 Don't you mean through? -Pardon? 2565 02:40:30,466 --> 02:40:33,300 I think you mean through Communist Party channels, don't you? 2566 02:40:33,716 --> 02:40:34,700 Yes. -Yes? 2567 02:40:34,876 --> 02:40:36,716 Yes. -Yes. 2568 02:40:36,800 --> 02:40:40,026 Then would it be fair to say that this meant that by 1942, 2569 02:40:40,057 --> 02:40:42,841 your husband had not stopped having anything to do with the Communist Party? 2570 02:40:44,258 --> 02:40:46,925 You don't have to answer that yes or no, you can answer that any way you wish. 2571 02:40:47,050 --> 02:40:49,841 I know that, thank you. It's your question. 2572 02:40:50,785 --> 02:40:52,091 It's not properly phrased. 2573 02:40:52,133 --> 02:40:53,899 Do you understand what I'm getting at? -I do. 2574 02:40:53,924 --> 02:40:56,422 Then why don't you answer it that way? -Because I don't like your phrase, 2575 02:40:56,925 --> 02:40:58,716 "having anything to do with the Communist Party," 2576 02:40:58,758 --> 02:41:01,758 because Robert never had anything to do with the Communist Party as such. 2577 02:41:02,091 --> 02:41:04,383 I know he gave money to Spanish refugees. 2578 02:41:04,550 --> 02:41:07,675 I know he took an intellectual interest in communist ideas. 2579 02:41:07,716 --> 02:41:09,217 Are there two types of communists? 2580 02:41:09,591 --> 02:41:12,008 Intellectual communists, and your plain old regular commie? 2581 02:41:13,550 --> 02:41:15,121 Well, I couldn't answer that one. 2582 02:41:16,383 --> 02:41:17,370 I couldn't either. 2583 02:41:24,675 --> 02:41:25,659 Good evening. 2584 02:41:26,008 --> 02:41:27,341 Robert, you can't win this thing. 2585 02:41:27,550 --> 02:41:29,800 It's a kangaroo court with a predetermined outcome. 2586 02:41:29,841 --> 02:41:31,175 Why put yourself through more of it? 2587 02:41:32,216 --> 02:41:33,550 I have my reasons. 2588 02:41:35,258 --> 02:41:36,259 Alright. 2589 02:41:36,800 --> 02:41:37,820 Good night. 2590 02:41:42,508 --> 02:41:43,591 He has a point. 2591 02:41:45,133 --> 02:41:47,425 I'm not sure you understand, Albert. -No? 2592 02:41:48,621 --> 02:41:50,883 I left my country, never to return. 2593 02:41:52,148 --> 02:41:53,758 You served your country well. 2594 02:41:54,591 --> 02:41:56,966 If this is the reward she offers you, then... 2595 02:41:58,155 --> 02:42:00,175 perhaps you should turn your back on her. 2596 02:42:01,508 --> 02:42:03,258 Damn it, I happen to love this country. 2597 02:42:04,341 --> 02:42:06,050 Then tell them to go to hell. 2598 02:42:06,925 --> 02:42:10,466 Interestingly enough, this is no longer a confirmation hearing. 2599 02:42:10,770 --> 02:42:12,133 It's now a trial... 2600 02:42:12,766 --> 02:42:13,966 about a trial! 2601 02:42:14,175 --> 02:42:15,174 For god's sakes! 2602 02:42:15,591 --> 02:42:18,300 It's not good he's telling everyone you initiated the hearings. 2603 02:42:18,341 --> 02:42:20,425 He can't prove a goddamn thing. 2604 02:42:20,466 --> 02:42:23,925 He certainly can't prove that I gave the file to Borden. 2605 02:42:24,008 --> 02:42:26,550 We're not in court, sir. There's no burden of proof. 2606 02:42:27,175 --> 02:42:28,633 Right, they're not convicting. 2607 02:42:29,966 --> 02:42:31,216 They're just denying. 2608 02:42:31,841 --> 02:42:34,633 Why would Hill come here to tear me down? What's his angle? 2609 02:42:34,799 --> 02:42:36,758 Do people need a reason to do the right thing? 2610 02:42:37,300 --> 02:42:39,383 As he sees it. -I told you. 2611 02:42:39,508 --> 02:42:41,920 Oppenheimer's been poisoning the scientists against me 2612 02:42:41,944 --> 02:42:43,550 right from that first meeting. 2613 02:42:43,716 --> 02:42:46,463 I don't know what Oppenheimer said to him that day, 2614 02:42:46,518 --> 02:42:49,236 but Einstein wouldn't even meet my eye. 2615 02:42:51,133 --> 02:42:53,050 Oppenheimer knows how to manipulate his own. 2616 02:42:53,675 --> 02:42:54,716 At Los Alamos, 2617 02:42:55,258 --> 02:42:57,550 he preyed on the naivete of scientists 2618 02:42:57,591 --> 02:42:59,716 who thought they get a say in how we use their work. 2619 02:43:00,008 --> 02:43:02,175 They'll never think he was that naive himself. 2620 02:43:02,883 --> 02:43:06,008 Doctor, during your work on the hydrogen bomb, 2621 02:43:06,282 --> 02:43:08,883 were you... deterred by any moral qualms? 2622 02:43:09,866 --> 02:43:10,883 Yes, of course. 2623 02:43:11,341 --> 02:43:13,090 But you still got on with your work, didn't you? 2624 02:43:13,157 --> 02:43:15,216 Yes, because this was work of exploration, 2625 02:43:15,258 --> 02:43:17,300 it was not the preparation of a weapon. 2626 02:43:17,591 --> 02:43:19,513 You mean it was more of an academic excursion? 2627 02:43:19,560 --> 02:43:22,883 No, it is not an academic thing, whether you can build a hydrogen bomb. 2628 02:43:22,925 --> 02:43:24,133 It's a matter of life and death. 2629 02:43:24,175 --> 02:43:26,425 By 1942, you were actively pushing the development 2630 02:43:26,466 --> 02:43:27,466 of the hydrogen bomb, weren't you? 2631 02:43:27,508 --> 02:43:28,800 Pushing is not the right word. 2632 02:43:28,883 --> 02:43:30,758 Supporting it and working on it, yes. 2633 02:43:30,800 --> 02:43:33,133 So when did these moral qualms become so strong 2634 02:43:33,195 --> 02:43:36,341 that you actively opposed the development of the hydrogen bomb? 2635 02:43:36,508 --> 02:43:39,175 When it was suggested that it be the policy of the United States 2636 02:43:39,216 --> 02:43:40,841 to make these things at all costs, 2637 02:43:40,883 --> 02:43:43,175 without regard to the balance between these weapons 2638 02:43:43,341 --> 02:43:45,466 and atomic weapons as part of our arsenal. 2639 02:43:47,216 --> 02:43:49,273 What do moral qualms have to do with that? 2640 02:43:50,675 --> 02:43:52,633 What do moral qualms have to do with it? -Yes. 2641 02:43:52,716 --> 02:43:55,050 Oppenheimer wanted to own the atomic bomb. 2642 02:43:55,091 --> 02:43:56,925 He wanted to be The Man Who Moved the Earth. 2643 02:43:56,966 --> 02:44:01,200 He talks about putting the nuclear genie back in the bottle. 2644 02:44:01,508 --> 02:44:03,458 Well, I'm here to tell you that I know, 2645 02:44:03,966 --> 02:44:08,300 J. Robert Oppenheimer, if he could do it all over, he'd do it all the same. 2646 02:44:08,505 --> 02:44:11,883 You know he's never once said that he regrets Hiroshima? 2647 02:44:12,175 --> 02:44:14,216 He'd do it all over. Why? 2648 02:44:14,886 --> 02:44:19,050 Because it made him the most important man who ever lived. 2649 02:44:20,050 --> 02:44:22,714 We freely used the atomic bomb. 2650 02:44:22,758 --> 02:44:24,966 In fact, Doctor, you assisted in selecting the target 2651 02:44:25,008 --> 02:44:26,841 to drop the atomic bomb on Japan, didn't you? 2652 02:44:27,675 --> 02:44:29,202 Yes... -Well then, you knew, did you not, 2653 02:44:29,226 --> 02:44:31,675 that by dropping that atomic bomb on the target you selected, 2654 02:44:31,716 --> 02:44:34,341 that thousands of civilians would be killed or injured. Is that correct? 2655 02:44:34,967 --> 02:44:36,758 Yes, not as many as turned out. 2656 02:44:36,800 --> 02:44:39,217 Oh. Then how many were killed or injured? 2657 02:44:39,800 --> 02:44:42,253 70,000. -70,000, both Hiroshima and... 2658 02:44:42,298 --> 02:44:45,133 110,000 to both. -On the day of each bombing? 2659 02:44:46,800 --> 02:44:47,862 Yes. -Yes. 2660 02:44:47,883 --> 02:44:49,298 And in the weeks and years that followed? 2661 02:44:49,342 --> 02:44:52,491 It has been put at somewhere between 50,000 and 100,000. 2662 02:44:52,528 --> 02:44:54,157 220,000 dead, at least. 2663 02:44:54,239 --> 02:44:56,199 Yes. -Any moral scruples about that? 2664 02:44:58,241 --> 02:44:59,248 Terrible ones. 2665 02:44:59,282 --> 02:45:02,949 But yet you testified in here that the bombing of Hiroshima was very successful. 2666 02:45:03,342 --> 02:45:06,257 Technically successful. -Oh! Technically it was very successful. 2667 02:45:06,317 --> 02:45:08,677 And it is also alleged to have helped to end the war. 2668 02:45:08,718 --> 02:45:11,635 Would you have been supportive of the dropping of a hydrogen bomb on Hiroshima? 2669 02:45:12,052 --> 02:45:13,427 That would make no sense at all. 2670 02:45:13,593 --> 02:45:16,253 Why? -The target is too small. 2671 02:45:16,308 --> 02:45:18,297 Well, supposing there had been a target in Japan 2672 02:45:18,321 --> 02:45:20,082 big enough for a thermonuclear weapon, 2673 02:45:20,121 --> 02:45:21,593 would you have been opposed to the dropping of it? 2674 02:45:21,635 --> 02:45:23,591 This was not a problem with which I was confronted. 2675 02:45:23,593 --> 02:45:25,218 Well, I'm confronting you with it now, sir. 2676 02:45:25,343 --> 02:45:26,635 It was all part of his plan. 2677 02:45:26,843 --> 02:45:30,718 He wanted the glorious, insincere guilt of the self-important 2678 02:45:30,760 --> 02:45:33,135 to wear like a fucking crown and say, 2679 02:45:33,177 --> 02:45:38,177 "No, we cannot go down this road," even as he knew we'd have to. 2680 02:45:38,510 --> 02:45:41,311 Would you have been opposed to the dropping of a thermonuclear weapon 2681 02:45:41,335 --> 02:45:44,040 on Japan because of moral scruples? -Yes, I believe I would, sir. 2682 02:45:44,133 --> 02:45:46,427 Did you oppose the dropping of an atomic bomb on Hiroshima 2683 02:45:46,468 --> 02:45:47,549 because of moral scruples? 2684 02:45:47,650 --> 02:45:50,010 We set forth our... -No, you, you, you, you! 2685 02:45:50,052 --> 02:45:51,093 I'm asking you... -I set... 2686 02:45:51,135 --> 02:45:53,510 You, you, you! -I set forth our arguments 2687 02:45:53,552 --> 02:45:55,556 against dropping it, but I did not endorse them. 2688 02:45:55,802 --> 02:45:58,802 You mean after working night and day for three years building the bomb, 2689 02:45:58,968 --> 02:46:00,853 you then argued against the use of it? 2690 02:46:01,218 --> 02:46:04,927 I was asked by the Secretary of War what the views of scientists were. 2691 02:46:04,968 --> 02:46:07,427 I gave them the views against and the views for. 2692 02:46:07,468 --> 02:46:09,385 You supported the dropping of the atom bomb 2693 02:46:09,427 --> 02:46:10,635 on Japan, didn't you? -What do you mean... 2694 02:46:10,677 --> 02:46:12,266 You supported it... -What do you mean, support? 2695 02:46:12,343 --> 02:46:13,893 Well, you helped pick the target, didn't you? 2696 02:46:13,924 --> 02:46:17,343 I did my job. I was not in a policy-making position at Los Alamos. 2697 02:46:17,427 --> 02:46:19,384 I would have done anything I was asked to do. 2698 02:46:19,432 --> 02:46:21,760 Well, then, you would have built the H-bomb too, wouldn't you? 2699 02:46:21,802 --> 02:46:24,066 But I couldn't... -I didn't ask you that, Doctor! 2700 02:46:24,260 --> 02:46:28,510 And the GAC report, which you co-authored after the Soviet atomic test said: 2701 02:46:28,633 --> 02:46:31,593 "A Super bomb should never be built!" 2702 02:46:31,675 --> 02:46:32,908 What we meant, what I meant... 2703 02:46:33,050 --> 02:46:34,550 What you, who? -Look, what I meant... 2704 02:46:34,592 --> 02:46:35,611 Who? 2705 02:46:36,758 --> 02:46:39,592 Well, wouldn't the Russians do anything to increase their strength? 2706 02:46:40,467 --> 02:46:42,508 If we did it, they would have to do it! 2707 02:46:42,550 --> 02:46:44,633 Our efforts would only fuel their efforts, 2708 02:46:44,675 --> 02:46:46,592 just as it had with the atomic bomb! 2709 02:46:46,842 --> 02:46:49,258 Just as it had with the atomic bomb, exactly! 2710 02:46:50,550 --> 02:46:54,550 No moral scruples in 1945, plenty in 1949. 2711 02:46:59,050 --> 02:47:00,077 Dr. Oppenheimer... 2712 02:47:02,467 --> 02:47:06,842 when did your strong moral convictions develop with respect to the hydrogen bomb? 2713 02:47:14,926 --> 02:47:16,384 When it became clear to me 2714 02:47:18,051 --> 02:47:20,884 that we would tend to use any weapon we had. 2715 02:47:24,292 --> 02:47:28,926 J. Robert Oppenheimer the martyr, I gave him exactly what he wanted. 2716 02:47:29,717 --> 02:47:31,198 To be remembered for Trinity, 2717 02:47:31,349 --> 02:47:33,134 not Hiroshima! 2718 02:47:34,009 --> 02:47:36,009 Not Nagasaki! 2719 02:47:39,134 --> 02:47:40,634 He should be thanking me. 2720 02:47:41,967 --> 02:47:42,968 Well, he's not. 2721 02:47:46,551 --> 02:47:47,926 Do we still have enough votes? 2722 02:47:48,217 --> 02:47:50,032 Or is the crowning moment of my career 2723 02:47:50,056 --> 02:47:53,009 about to become the most public humiliation of my life? 2724 02:47:54,035 --> 02:47:55,467 Full Senate's about to vote. 2725 02:47:56,676 --> 02:47:57,656 You'll scrape through. 2726 02:47:57,713 --> 02:47:59,509 Great, then gather the fucking press. 2727 02:47:59,592 --> 02:48:02,221 Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer, this board, 2728 02:48:02,384 --> 02:48:04,426 having heard testimony from you 2729 02:48:04,467 --> 02:48:07,299 and many of your current and former colleagues, 2730 02:48:07,801 --> 02:48:11,634 has come to the unanimous conclusion that you are a loyal citizen. 2731 02:48:14,259 --> 02:48:15,273 However... 2732 02:48:16,092 --> 02:48:19,426 In the light of your continuing associations, 2733 02:48:19,467 --> 02:48:22,592 and disregard for the security apparatus of this country, 2734 02:48:23,051 --> 02:48:26,342 together with your somewhat disturbing conduct 2735 02:48:26,426 --> 02:48:28,092 on the hydrogen bomb program, 2736 02:48:28,759 --> 02:48:30,176 and the regrettable lack of candor 2737 02:48:30,217 --> 02:48:32,217 in certain of your responses to this board, 2738 02:48:33,259 --> 02:48:34,926 we have voted, two-to-one, 2739 02:48:36,092 --> 02:48:39,134 to deny the renewal of your security clearance. 2740 02:48:39,259 --> 02:48:42,295 A full written opinion, with a dissent from Mr. Evans, 2741 02:48:42,759 --> 02:48:45,301 will be issued to the AEC in the coming days. 2742 02:48:45,842 --> 02:48:46,842 That is all. 2743 02:48:57,802 --> 02:48:58,802 Robert. 2744 02:48:59,926 --> 02:49:00,926 Robert. 2745 02:49:04,092 --> 02:49:05,092 Don't... 2746 02:49:08,092 --> 02:49:09,259 Don't take in the sheets. 2747 02:49:15,326 --> 02:49:17,051 Two minutes. Two minutes! 2748 02:49:17,634 --> 02:49:18,759 You'll get your shot! 2749 02:49:22,759 --> 02:49:24,217 Is it official? 2750 02:49:26,176 --> 02:49:29,715 Well, there were a couple of unexpected holdouts. 2751 02:49:35,134 --> 02:49:37,051 I'm denied. Yeah? 2752 02:49:37,884 --> 02:49:39,383 I'm afraid so, sir. -Alright. 2753 02:49:47,301 --> 02:49:48,384 Who were the holdouts? 2754 02:49:48,585 --> 02:49:51,311 Um, there were three. 2755 02:49:51,444 --> 02:49:53,926 Led by the junior senator from Massachusetts. 2756 02:49:54,014 --> 02:49:55,634 Young guy trying to make a name for himself, 2757 02:49:55,676 --> 02:49:57,551 didn't like what you did to Oppenheimer. 2758 02:49:58,551 --> 02:49:59,536 What's his name? 2759 02:50:00,301 --> 02:50:01,842 Uh, Kennedy. 2760 02:50:02,277 --> 02:50:03,301 John F. Kennedy. 2761 02:50:07,357 --> 02:50:08,344 Kitty? 2762 02:50:14,801 --> 02:50:18,169 Did you think that if you let them tar and feather you, 2763 02:50:18,509 --> 02:50:20,134 then the world would forgive you? 2764 02:50:24,169 --> 02:50:25,169 It won't. 2765 02:50:27,941 --> 02:50:28,941 We'll see. 2766 02:50:43,566 --> 02:50:45,051 You told me I'd be okay. 2767 02:50:45,801 --> 02:50:47,870 Yeah, well, I didn't have all the facts, did I? 2768 02:50:48,009 --> 02:50:49,027 Here's a fact. 2769 02:50:49,217 --> 02:50:52,884 President Eisenhower pinned the Medal of Freedom on my chest last year, 2770 02:50:53,259 --> 02:50:55,467 because I've always done what's right for this country. 2771 02:50:55,759 --> 02:50:59,467 They don't want me in the cabinet room? Well, that's... that's fine. 2772 02:51:00,426 --> 02:51:02,592 Maybe they should just invite Oppenheimer instead. 2773 02:51:02,822 --> 02:51:03,842 Maybe they will. 2774 02:51:04,800 --> 02:51:07,785 I told you. He turned the scientists against me, 2775 02:51:07,863 --> 02:51:09,884 one by one, starting with Einstein. 2776 02:51:09,926 --> 02:51:12,509 I told you about that. Einstein. Einstein by the pond. 2777 02:51:12,551 --> 02:51:14,908 You did, but you know, sir, since nobody... 2778 02:51:15,467 --> 02:51:17,842 really knows what they said to each other that day, 2779 02:51:17,884 --> 02:51:21,009 is it possible they didn't talk about you at all? 2780 02:51:21,676 --> 02:51:23,717 Is it possible they spoke about something, uh... 2781 02:51:24,884 --> 02:51:25,926 more important? 2782 02:51:41,259 --> 02:51:42,264 Thank you. 2783 02:51:42,801 --> 02:51:43,800 Albert. 2784 02:51:47,176 --> 02:51:48,509 The man of the moment. 2785 02:51:52,842 --> 02:51:57,004 You once held a reception for me in Berkeley. 2786 02:51:57,051 --> 02:51:59,068 You gave me an award, hmm? -Yes. 2787 02:52:00,509 --> 02:52:05,009 You all thought that I had lost the ability to understand what I'd started. 2788 02:52:05,951 --> 02:52:06,951 So... 2789 02:52:07,342 --> 02:52:11,264 The award really wasn't for me, it was for all of you, hmm? 2790 02:52:13,592 --> 02:52:15,301 Now it's your turn 2791 02:52:15,801 --> 02:52:19,884 to deal with the consequences of your achievement. 2792 02:52:21,426 --> 02:52:24,551 And one day, when they've punished you enough, 2793 02:52:27,009 --> 02:52:30,384 they'll serve you salmon and potato salad. 2794 02:52:35,051 --> 02:52:36,092 Make speeches. 2795 02:52:37,713 --> 02:52:38,842 Give you a medal. 2796 02:52:41,342 --> 02:52:42,362 Hello, Frank. 2797 02:52:43,010 --> 02:52:44,467 You're happy, I'm happy. 2798 02:52:51,343 --> 02:52:53,676 Pat you on the back, tell you all is forgiven. 2799 02:52:55,801 --> 02:52:56,926 Just remember... 2800 02:52:58,974 --> 02:53:00,592 it won't be for you. 2801 02:53:05,843 --> 02:53:06,967 It'll be for them. 2802 02:53:20,848 --> 02:53:21,848 Albert... 2803 02:53:24,093 --> 02:53:26,592 when I came to you with those calculations, 2804 02:53:27,301 --> 02:53:29,301 we thought we might start a chain reaction 2805 02:53:29,342 --> 02:53:32,426 that would destroy the entire world. 2806 02:53:34,259 --> 02:53:37,218 I remember it well. What of it? 2807 02:53:41,218 --> 02:53:42,300 I believe we did. 2808 02:53:43,105 --> 02:54:43,404 Share And Support Us Regards VITOENCODES. Subs Synced By VITOENCODES. (( Be Aware because some idiot people have opened fake channels of my channel and copying my material. Remember this is a real channel REGARDS VITOENCODES )) 220259

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