Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated:
1
00:00:14,680 --> 00:00:16,600
{\an8}The biggest living thing
2
00:00:16,600 --> 00:00:19,360
{\an8}that exists on this planet
is a plant...
3
00:00:21,240 --> 00:00:24,000
..like this giant sequoia tree
in California.
4
00:00:27,720 --> 00:00:31,760
Plants, whether they are enormous,
like this one,
5
00:00:31,760 --> 00:00:35,360
or microscopic,
are the basis of all life,
6
00:00:35,360 --> 00:00:37,680
including ourselves.
7
00:00:37,680 --> 00:00:41,920
We depend upon them for
every mouthful of food that we eat
8
00:00:41,920 --> 00:00:45,040
and every lung full of air
that we breathe.
9
00:00:48,600 --> 00:00:51,760
Plants flourish
in remarkable ways,
10
00:00:51,760 --> 00:00:54,040
yet, for the most part,
11
00:00:54,040 --> 00:00:58,240
the secrets of their world
have been hidden from us...
12
00:00:58,240 --> 00:01:00,040
..until now.
13
00:01:06,800 --> 00:01:12,120
Now we have new ground-breaking
technology that enables us
14
00:01:12,120 --> 00:01:15,240
to enter their extraordinary
world
15
00:01:15,240 --> 00:01:17,680
and see their lives
from their perspective.
16
00:01:25,560 --> 00:01:29,920
This series will reveal
the extraordinary
17
00:01:29,920 --> 00:01:32,240
and dramatic ways in which
plants behave...
18
00:01:38,280 --> 00:01:41,360
..and we will explore
the challenges demanded by
19
00:01:41,360 --> 00:01:43,960
the very different landscapes
in which they live.
20
00:01:48,320 --> 00:01:49,880
The tropics.
21
00:01:51,320 --> 00:01:53,680
The richest
and most competitive place
22
00:01:53,680 --> 00:01:55,080
in which to survive.
23
00:01:58,480 --> 00:02:00,240
The bizarre water world...
24
00:02:03,920 --> 00:02:07,520
..where giants
fight ferocious battles,
25
00:02:07,520 --> 00:02:10,440
and plants eat animals alive.
26
00:02:12,760 --> 00:02:14,520
Deserts...
27
00:02:14,520 --> 00:02:16,240
Agh!
28
00:02:17,200 --> 00:02:19,560
A world of extremes.
29
00:02:24,200 --> 00:02:26,200
Seasonal lands...
30
00:02:28,760 --> 00:02:33,160
..where survival depends
on precision timing.
31
00:02:34,320 --> 00:02:36,960
And everywhere,
we will explore the critical
32
00:02:36,960 --> 00:02:41,840
and intimate relationships
between plants and animals,
33
00:02:41,840 --> 00:02:43,400
including ourselves.
34
00:02:47,240 --> 00:02:51,680
Join me in a world
that takes you by surprise...
35
00:02:59,960 --> 00:03:02,680
..and see our planet
as never before...
36
00:03:08,440 --> 00:03:11,040
..from
the plants' perspective.
37
00:03:12,480 --> 00:03:15,280
This is The Green Planet.
38
00:03:59,520 --> 00:04:03,240
I'm in Costa Rica,
in the heart of a rainforest,
39
00:04:03,240 --> 00:04:07,160
the richest and most dynamic
environment on Earth.
40
00:04:08,160 --> 00:04:11,160
Rainforests only cover
a very small proportion
41
00:04:11,160 --> 00:04:12,640
of the Earth's surface,
42
00:04:12,640 --> 00:04:15,520
yet they contain over half
of all known
43
00:04:15,520 --> 00:04:18,560
species of animals
and plants.
44
00:04:20,800 --> 00:04:26,360
Up here, the forest's canopy is
bathed by life-giving sunlight.
45
00:04:31,360 --> 00:04:33,480
The branches of the great trees
46
00:04:33,480 --> 00:04:36,080
carry rich, flourishing
sky gardens...
47
00:04:42,680 --> 00:04:46,440
..home to countless different
kinds of beautiful plants.
48
00:04:50,120 --> 00:04:54,520
Each species has evolved
its own exquisite solution
49
00:04:54,520 --> 00:04:56,880
to the challenges of survival.
50
00:05:02,040 --> 00:05:05,560
This forest world
may look peaceful,
51
00:05:05,560 --> 00:05:07,960
timeless and unchanging,
52
00:05:07,960 --> 00:05:12,120
but that is far from the truth.
53
00:05:12,120 --> 00:05:14,360
This is a battlefield.
54
00:05:19,560 --> 00:05:22,920
Throughout this forest,
plants are competing ferociously
55
00:05:22,920 --> 00:05:26,280
with one another
to claim the light.
56
00:05:28,920 --> 00:05:33,040
The battle is at its fiercest
on the forest floor...
57
00:05:37,520 --> 00:05:40,280
..where only 2% of the sunlight
filters through.
58
00:05:42,800 --> 00:05:45,560
Plants here have to
bide their time.
59
00:05:51,120 --> 00:05:55,600
Their opportunity comes
when an old tree dies.
60
00:06:00,120 --> 00:06:03,360
When that happens,
sunlight floods the forest floor
61
00:06:03,360 --> 00:06:06,320
for the first time
in perhaps 100 years.
62
00:06:26,240 --> 00:06:29,040
The seedling's wait is over.
63
00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:35,600
It must now race skywards
64
00:06:35,600 --> 00:06:37,840
and claim a place
in the canopy.
65
00:06:39,480 --> 00:06:41,640
But it's not alone.
66
00:06:45,480 --> 00:06:47,840
Rivals are everywhere,
67
00:06:47,840 --> 00:06:50,240
each with its own
survival strategy.
68
00:07:03,800 --> 00:07:06,560
Some plants,
like this monstera,
69
00:07:06,560 --> 00:07:10,040
stretch out divided leaves
to collect what light they can.
70
00:07:17,320 --> 00:07:21,840
This vine is groping blindly
around with its tendrils.
71
00:07:25,840 --> 00:07:29,760
It attempts to reach the light
by hitching a ride.
72
00:07:32,880 --> 00:07:36,000
Its tendrils are highly
sensitive to touch.
73
00:07:41,560 --> 00:07:45,280
And a suitable target
is in range.
74
00:07:51,560 --> 00:07:52,920
Got it!
75
00:08:13,080 --> 00:08:14,920
The vine tightens its grip
76
00:08:14,920 --> 00:08:18,040
and begins to haul itself
upwards.
77
00:08:22,040 --> 00:08:24,240
But it's now overtaken
78
00:08:24,240 --> 00:08:27,640
by the forest's
fastest-growing tree.
79
00:08:30,800 --> 00:08:32,400
A young balsa.
80
00:08:36,160 --> 00:08:39,600
Its giant leaves are already
40cm across
81
00:08:39,600 --> 00:08:43,080
and are stealing the light
from its rivals below.
82
00:08:45,000 --> 00:08:47,680
But the balsa's battle
is not yet won.
83
00:08:49,000 --> 00:08:52,920
Other, different vines
are lying in wait.
84
00:09:03,720 --> 00:09:08,720
Each is armed with dozens
of claw-like hooks.
85
00:09:11,760 --> 00:09:15,320
If just one hook gets a grip,
86
00:09:15,320 --> 00:09:18,320
the vine will be able
to smother its victim.
87
00:09:51,520 --> 00:09:57,400
But the balsa is defended
by a shield of slippery hairs.
88
00:10:02,000 --> 00:10:05,080
The vine's hooks
just can't get a hold.
89
00:10:08,520 --> 00:10:11,120
The balsa brushes them aside...
90
00:10:11,120 --> 00:10:13,840
..and continues to rush
skywards...
91
00:10:21,600 --> 00:10:24,280
..leaving the losers
in its shadow
92
00:10:24,280 --> 00:10:26,080
to fight among themselves.
93
00:10:30,480 --> 00:10:33,560
This balsa has won its battle
for the light.
94
00:10:39,600 --> 00:10:42,360
And it's done so
in a little over a year.
95
00:10:45,480 --> 00:10:48,960
Most trees would have grown
an inch or so in that time,
96
00:10:48,960 --> 00:10:53,520
but this one is already
30 feet - 10 metres - tall.
97
00:10:59,280 --> 00:11:01,240
Balsas owe their success
98
00:11:01,240 --> 00:11:03,880
to the special character
of their wood.
99
00:11:05,680 --> 00:11:09,000
If this section of tree trunk
came from a hardwood tree,
100
00:11:09,000 --> 00:11:10,720
it would be really quite heavy.
101
00:11:10,720 --> 00:11:12,080
But as it is,
102
00:11:12,080 --> 00:11:13,720
it's from balsa,
103
00:11:13,720 --> 00:11:17,000
and it's really very light,
104
00:11:17,000 --> 00:11:20,040
and that's because of
its internal structure.
105
00:11:23,280 --> 00:11:26,880
Under the microscope,
balsawood looks like a honeycomb.
106
00:11:28,960 --> 00:11:31,480
It contains more air than wood,
107
00:11:31,480 --> 00:11:34,800
so, not only
can it grow very fast,
108
00:11:34,800 --> 00:11:38,840
but it gets the maximum height
for minimum weight.
109
00:11:40,640 --> 00:11:43,760
But fast growth needs
something else.
110
00:11:43,760 --> 00:11:45,360
Fuel...
111
00:11:45,360 --> 00:11:47,360
..and lots of it.
112
00:11:57,400 --> 00:12:00,480
That fuel is created
in a plant's leaves,
113
00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:02,400
as they soak up the sun.
114
00:12:13,640 --> 00:12:16,600
It's a process called
photosynthesis...
115
00:12:19,120 --> 00:12:24,760
..a chemical reaction that is
the basis of all life on Earth.
116
00:12:30,480 --> 00:12:34,520
Leaves are covered by thousands
of microscopic pores
117
00:12:34,520 --> 00:12:36,360
called stomata.
118
00:12:37,880 --> 00:12:41,760
When open, they extract
carbon dioxide from the air,
119
00:12:41,760 --> 00:12:43,880
and, using energy from the sun,
120
00:12:43,880 --> 00:12:47,800
combine it with nutrients
to build the plant's tissues.
121
00:12:51,480 --> 00:12:55,920
And critically for us,
the process releases the oxygen
122
00:12:55,920 --> 00:13:00,360
that we and all animals need
in order to breathe.
123
00:13:11,320 --> 00:13:14,720
But for plants,
there is a downside.
124
00:13:14,720 --> 00:13:18,240
These precious, energy-packed
leaves attract predators...
125
00:13:20,880 --> 00:13:22,360
..in every shape...
126
00:13:23,880 --> 00:13:25,080
..size...
127
00:13:27,120 --> 00:13:29,360
..and agility.
128
00:13:41,840 --> 00:13:45,800
A sloth can only move slowly,
129
00:13:45,800 --> 00:13:49,440
but you don't need speed
to gather leaves,
130
00:13:49,440 --> 00:13:51,600
and it eats nothing else.
131
00:14:10,280 --> 00:14:13,840
The plants here are
under constant attack
132
00:14:13,840 --> 00:14:17,040
from all kinds of leaf-eaters,
133
00:14:17,040 --> 00:14:20,920
but the most voracious by far
is hardly ever seen.
134
00:14:22,800 --> 00:14:27,400
It consumes 50,000 leaves
every day.
135
00:14:27,400 --> 00:14:30,640
It's created this great clearing
in the forest...
136
00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:34,600
..and it lives
just beneath my feet.
137
00:14:43,160 --> 00:14:45,840
It's called leucoagaricus.
138
00:14:48,760 --> 00:14:50,840
It's neither animal nor plant.
139
00:14:53,360 --> 00:14:54,840
It's a fungus.
140
00:14:56,800 --> 00:15:00,040
It lives five metres
underground,
141
00:15:00,040 --> 00:15:02,400
far from the leaves
that it devours.
142
00:15:06,400 --> 00:15:07,920
To get them,
143
00:15:07,920 --> 00:15:11,320
it employs the best
leaf-gatherers in the tropics.
144
00:15:17,640 --> 00:15:19,280
Leafcutter ants.
145
00:15:25,280 --> 00:15:28,720
Millions of them provide
the fungus with its food,
146
00:15:28,720 --> 00:15:32,760
and in return, the fungus
cultivates tiny mushrooms
147
00:15:32,760 --> 00:15:34,440
as food for the ants.
148
00:15:40,280 --> 00:15:43,200
The fungus releases
chemical signals
149
00:15:43,200 --> 00:15:46,880
that tell the worker ants what
type of leaf it wants to eat.
150
00:15:49,640 --> 00:15:54,000
Scouts are sent out
with the latest orders.
151
00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:03,880
Worker ants will travel
hundreds of metres
152
00:16:03,880 --> 00:16:05,360
to find the right kind.
153
00:16:08,440 --> 00:16:12,000
Today's crop is being taken
from a young bixa tree.
154
00:16:15,680 --> 00:16:19,040
Just a few years old and
still battling to reach the canopy,
155
00:16:19,040 --> 00:16:21,560
it can ill afford to lose
any of its leaves.
156
00:16:40,160 --> 00:16:44,120
Between them, the ants can
demolish a large leaf
157
00:16:44,120 --> 00:16:45,680
in a matter of minutes.
158
00:16:51,360 --> 00:16:55,440
The sound of cutting attracts
more ants.
159
00:17:07,360 --> 00:17:10,880
Now the pieces are carried back
to the underground fungus.
160
00:17:18,440 --> 00:17:21,800
The ants can run at speeds
of two metres a minute.
161
00:17:26,520 --> 00:17:30,040
And each can carry a load
ten times its own weight.
162
00:17:44,760 --> 00:17:47,600
It's a river of leaves
across the jungle floor...
163
00:17:50,480 --> 00:17:54,400
..part of a vast network
that extends for miles
164
00:17:54,400 --> 00:17:55,760
through the forest.
165
00:18:04,800 --> 00:18:06,440
To avoid congestion,
166
00:18:06,440 --> 00:18:09,400
worker ants dig trenches
around obstacles.
167
00:18:37,600 --> 00:18:40,360
Thousands of pieces
are delivered every hour
168
00:18:40,360 --> 00:18:42,000
to the waiting fungus.
169
00:18:54,440 --> 00:18:57,200
Fed by
such a continuous supply,
170
00:18:57,200 --> 00:18:59,120
the fungus grows rapidly,
171
00:18:59,120 --> 00:19:01,880
filling the chambers
in which it lives...
172
00:19:04,800 --> 00:19:08,200
..so, the ants excavate
more space.
173
00:19:12,080 --> 00:19:14,800
It seems that the fungus
has the upper hand...
174
00:19:17,040 --> 00:19:20,560
..and the bixa tree
will not survive.
175
00:19:25,680 --> 00:19:27,480
But it fights back...
176
00:19:30,080 --> 00:19:32,800
..using chemical warfare.
177
00:19:35,280 --> 00:19:38,920
The bixa tree floods its leaves
with toxins
178
00:19:38,920 --> 00:19:42,080
that could kill
the distant fungus.
179
00:19:43,680 --> 00:19:47,480
As the ants carry the fragments
back, they are themselves
180
00:19:47,480 --> 00:19:50,080
poisoning the fungus
on the tree's behalf.
181
00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:58,000
It's a long-distance attack.
182
00:20:05,640 --> 00:20:09,080
As the poison takes effect,
the ants sense
183
00:20:09,080 --> 00:20:11,040
that their fungus
is weakening...
184
00:20:21,960 --> 00:20:24,400
..and they respond
to its signals
185
00:20:24,400 --> 00:20:27,400
by changing to another
source of leaves.
186
00:20:32,080 --> 00:20:34,560
So, the plant's
chemical response
187
00:20:34,560 --> 00:20:40,640
forces the ants to constantly
switch from tree to tree.
188
00:20:44,960 --> 00:20:47,680
Strike and counterstrike.
189
00:20:50,720 --> 00:20:54,840
And that ensures that enough
leaves remain uneaten
190
00:20:54,840 --> 00:20:57,320
for each tree to recover.
191
00:21:13,240 --> 00:21:15,600
Once a plant becomes adult,
192
00:21:15,600 --> 00:21:17,640
it can switch its energies
193
00:21:17,640 --> 00:21:20,400
from growth to reproduction.
194
00:21:26,120 --> 00:21:30,400
The tropical forests of the Americas
stretch from Mexico
195
00:21:30,400 --> 00:21:32,400
to the southern reaches
of the Amazon.
196
00:21:33,680 --> 00:21:39,960
They contain more than 100,000
different species of plants,
197
00:21:39,960 --> 00:21:43,600
each with its own particular
survival strategy.
198
00:21:45,880 --> 00:21:50,520
One species that has adopted
a grow-fast lifestyle
199
00:21:50,520 --> 00:21:53,840
flourishes throughout
this vast region.
200
00:21:56,480 --> 00:21:57,920
The balsa.
201
00:21:59,720 --> 00:22:02,880
But it has to pay a high price
for doing so.
202
00:22:02,880 --> 00:22:05,720
The lightweight wood
that enables it
203
00:22:05,720 --> 00:22:08,400
to grow at such speed
is not strong
204
00:22:08,400 --> 00:22:10,240
and is easily broken.
205
00:22:11,960 --> 00:22:15,120
Few balsas live
longer than 20 years.
206
00:22:17,320 --> 00:22:20,680
This one is approaching
the end of its brief life,
207
00:22:20,680 --> 00:22:24,720
so, the time has come for it
to reproduce.
208
00:22:30,680 --> 00:22:34,520
It has used a huge amount
of energy to produce
209
00:22:34,520 --> 00:22:37,800
some of the most extravagant flowers
in the forest,
210
00:22:37,800 --> 00:22:39,720
in immense numbers.
211
00:22:48,640 --> 00:22:52,120
Each is the size
of a human hand.
212
00:22:57,600 --> 00:22:59,400
As night falls,
213
00:22:59,400 --> 00:23:01,640
the tree prepares
an enticing treat.
214
00:23:10,120 --> 00:23:13,000
This is a kinkajou,
215
00:23:13,000 --> 00:23:15,480
a kind of fruit-eating racoon.
216
00:23:20,760 --> 00:23:24,400
Each flower is filled
with huge quantities
217
00:23:24,400 --> 00:23:27,120
of exceptionally rich nectar,
218
00:23:27,120 --> 00:23:28,960
supercharged with sugar.
219
00:23:37,640 --> 00:23:39,840
Irresistible!
220
00:23:48,040 --> 00:23:50,800
The kinkajous drink so greedily
221
00:23:50,800 --> 00:23:54,000
that they get pollen
all over their faces.
222
00:23:56,640 --> 00:23:59,560
So, as they move
from tree to tree,
223
00:23:59,560 --> 00:24:01,640
they carry pollen with them.
224
00:24:09,080 --> 00:24:12,240
But the balsa
leaves little to chance.
225
00:24:13,240 --> 00:24:15,960
The nectar might appear
to have run out,
226
00:24:15,960 --> 00:24:18,280
but this is just
the first round.
227
00:24:19,400 --> 00:24:23,160
Now the balsa refills
its flowers,
228
00:24:23,160 --> 00:24:27,160
enticing the kinkajous back
to repeat the process...
229
00:24:27,160 --> 00:24:28,920
..seven times a night.
230
00:24:31,080 --> 00:24:33,280
Pollination is complete.
231
00:24:37,720 --> 00:24:41,200
And the kinkajous -
they also get well served,
232
00:24:41,200 --> 00:24:44,720
with over 100 pints of nectar
in just a few weeks.
233
00:24:49,600 --> 00:24:53,800
Both plant and animal do well
out of this arrangement.
234
00:24:56,480 --> 00:25:00,880
But in the tropical world,
that isn't always so.
235
00:25:06,480 --> 00:25:07,880
Borneo.
236
00:25:12,800 --> 00:25:16,160
Here, on the slopes
of Mount Kinabalu,
237
00:25:16,160 --> 00:25:19,200
live plants that eat animals
238
00:25:19,200 --> 00:25:22,200
using pitcher-shaped leaves
full of water.
239
00:25:31,600 --> 00:25:35,080
Insects are attracted
by the expectation of nectar,
240
00:25:35,080 --> 00:25:37,680
but tumble into the pitcher,
241
00:25:37,680 --> 00:25:40,840
where they are drowned
and absorbed.
242
00:25:46,000 --> 00:25:48,480
On the lower slopes
of the mountain,
243
00:25:48,480 --> 00:25:51,240
a plant grows
that has no leaves at all.
244
00:25:52,760 --> 00:25:54,400
Or even a stem.
245
00:25:56,760 --> 00:25:59,760
All that can be seen is this -
246
00:25:59,760 --> 00:26:01,080
a bud.
247
00:26:08,360 --> 00:26:10,160
It is a parasite.
248
00:26:18,280 --> 00:26:23,400
The rest of its body lies
within the tissues of a liana,
249
00:26:23,400 --> 00:26:25,120
on which it feeds.
250
00:26:29,520 --> 00:26:31,600
After about five years,
251
00:26:31,600 --> 00:26:36,280
the bud finally opens
into a monstrous flower.
252
00:26:38,680 --> 00:26:43,120
It now has only a day or so
in which to be pollinated
253
00:26:43,120 --> 00:26:45,280
before it starts to wither.
254
00:26:47,560 --> 00:26:50,400
Its petals are
the colour of blood.
255
00:26:52,640 --> 00:26:55,480
Their surface is tough
and warty.
256
00:27:01,160 --> 00:27:03,000
It appears to have fur.
257
00:27:06,520 --> 00:27:08,760
Even whiskers and teeth.
258
00:27:14,040 --> 00:27:17,240
At first sight, it might be
mistaken for a dead animal.
259
00:27:19,920 --> 00:27:23,520
This is rafflesia,
the corpse flower.
260
00:27:28,640 --> 00:27:31,800
A metre across,
it's the world's biggest flower.
261
00:27:35,880 --> 00:27:37,640
And this one is a male.
262
00:27:41,160 --> 00:27:45,320
From its centre comes
the pungent odour of death.
263
00:27:53,200 --> 00:27:56,880
It's a scent that might not appeal
to every animal.
264
00:28:03,000 --> 00:28:05,720
But it's very attractive
to carrion flies.
265
00:28:08,600 --> 00:28:11,120
They lay their eggs
on rotting flesh.
266
00:28:24,560 --> 00:28:28,120
The scent lures the fly
deep into the flower
267
00:28:28,120 --> 00:28:30,000
in search of meat.
268
00:28:36,080 --> 00:28:38,960
The fly finds nothing.
269
00:28:38,960 --> 00:28:43,160
The rafflesia, however, has the fly
exactly where it wants it.
270
00:28:47,640 --> 00:28:50,280
It's stuck pollen
to the fly's back.
271
00:29:03,200 --> 00:29:06,560
If this male rafflesia's
strategy is to work,
272
00:29:06,560 --> 00:29:09,560
the fly carrying its pollen
must now visit
273
00:29:09,560 --> 00:29:11,160
a female corpse flower...
274
00:29:16,120 --> 00:29:17,920
..such as this one.
275
00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:30,400
Success!
276
00:29:47,560 --> 00:29:51,280
Once pollinated,
plants are able to produce seeds,
277
00:29:51,280 --> 00:29:53,320
the next generation,
278
00:29:53,320 --> 00:29:57,160
but once again, there are animals
all over the forest
279
00:29:57,160 --> 00:29:59,400
that are eager to make
a meal of them.
280
00:30:15,240 --> 00:30:17,720
The Malay Archipelago,
281
00:30:17,720 --> 00:30:21,080
a vast tropical world
of 1,000 islands.
282
00:30:29,880 --> 00:30:33,080
It's home to giants -
283
00:30:33,080 --> 00:30:35,640
the tallest trees
in the tropics,
284
00:30:35,640 --> 00:30:38,360
many of which live
for centuries.
285
00:30:43,640 --> 00:30:46,760
They produce seeds
in enormous numbers,
286
00:30:46,760 --> 00:30:49,320
but only do so
when the time is right.
287
00:30:53,120 --> 00:30:56,520
This individual hasn't produced
a single seed
288
00:30:56,520 --> 00:30:58,360
for nearly a decade,
289
00:30:58,360 --> 00:31:01,640
but in the last weeks,
it has become festooned
290
00:31:01,640 --> 00:31:03,640
with more than 10,000 of them.
291
00:31:08,120 --> 00:31:11,640
Each seed has the potential
to produce a giant,
292
00:31:11,640 --> 00:31:13,360
like its parent.
293
00:31:20,600 --> 00:31:22,480
But success will depend...
294
00:31:24,200 --> 00:31:25,680
..on timing.
295
00:31:39,520 --> 00:31:41,360
Seed-hunters are gathering.
296
00:31:45,440 --> 00:31:47,000
Bearded pigs.
297
00:31:55,280 --> 00:31:59,040
But these seeds have been
produced by a dipterocarp...
298
00:32:01,960 --> 00:32:04,400
..trees that create
the tropical world's
299
00:32:04,400 --> 00:32:06,080
largest seed nursery.
300
00:32:12,600 --> 00:32:14,720
After years of waiting,
301
00:32:14,720 --> 00:32:18,080
thousands upon thousands
of individual dipterocarps
302
00:32:18,080 --> 00:32:21,240
have synchronised to produce
the next generation,
303
00:32:21,240 --> 00:32:23,320
all at exactly the same time.
304
00:32:42,320 --> 00:32:46,080
And now these seeds will face
the dangers below together.
305
00:33:32,640 --> 00:33:36,760
By releasing billions of seeds
all at the same time,
306
00:33:36,760 --> 00:33:40,080
they swamp the pigs
and any other animals
307
00:33:40,080 --> 00:33:42,360
with more than they could
possibly eat.
308
00:34:03,960 --> 00:34:09,080
And that buys time for
some of the seeds to take root
309
00:34:09,080 --> 00:34:10,920
and sprout.
310
00:34:36,560 --> 00:34:39,920
The tree's strategy has worked.
311
00:34:39,920 --> 00:34:44,040
But a seedling will have to overcome
many more dangers
312
00:34:44,040 --> 00:34:47,560
over the years if it, too,
is to become a giant.
313
00:34:54,200 --> 00:34:57,200
And there are many ways
in a tropical forest
314
00:34:57,200 --> 00:34:59,720
by which a tree's life
can be ended
315
00:34:59,720 --> 00:35:02,080
before it reaches its prime.
316
00:35:06,440 --> 00:35:08,760
The northernmost tip
of Australia.
317
00:35:12,480 --> 00:35:15,960
This is the world's
most ancient rainforest.
318
00:35:33,640 --> 00:35:36,400
Battles between animals
and plants
319
00:35:36,400 --> 00:35:40,240
have raged here
for 180 million years.
320
00:35:47,400 --> 00:35:51,240
So, the plants have had time
to develop effective defences.
321
00:35:53,960 --> 00:35:56,880
This is a poison arrow tree,
322
00:35:56,880 --> 00:36:00,360
one of the tropical world's
most heavily defended plants.
323
00:36:04,280 --> 00:36:06,840
Its trunk is tall and slippery
324
00:36:06,840 --> 00:36:08,760
and exudes a poisonous sap.
325
00:36:13,960 --> 00:36:16,600
It appears to be
almost invulnerable.
326
00:36:22,920 --> 00:36:24,600
But even so,
327
00:36:24,600 --> 00:36:27,760
just as this individual
reaches maturity,
328
00:36:27,760 --> 00:36:29,960
its life has become endangered.
329
00:36:35,640 --> 00:36:37,400
Each monsoon season,
330
00:36:37,400 --> 00:36:40,080
it is invaded from above.
331
00:36:46,480 --> 00:36:49,560
It attracts
hundreds of shining starlings.
332
00:36:53,240 --> 00:36:57,280
Its immense smooth trunk
makes its high branches above
333
00:36:57,280 --> 00:36:59,800
a safe place to nest,
334
00:36:59,800 --> 00:37:01,440
but over the years,
335
00:37:01,440 --> 00:37:04,000
this has created
a major problem for the tree.
336
00:37:09,160 --> 00:37:12,120
After feeding, the starlings
return to the nest
337
00:37:12,120 --> 00:37:14,280
to digest their food,
338
00:37:14,280 --> 00:37:16,880
with inevitable consequences.
339
00:37:22,160 --> 00:37:23,600
Every year,
340
00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:27,720
they produce almost a quarter
of a ton of droppings.
341
00:37:30,880 --> 00:37:33,160
The toxic chemicals
they contain
342
00:37:33,160 --> 00:37:36,440
create a dead zone that
completely surrounds the tree.
343
00:37:44,160 --> 00:37:47,200
The toxins are absorbed
by its roots
344
00:37:47,200 --> 00:37:50,600
and travel up through the trunk
and into every leaf.
345
00:38:06,080 --> 00:38:08,880
Branch by branch,
346
00:38:08,880 --> 00:38:11,480
the tree is slowly dying.
347
00:38:14,600 --> 00:38:17,920
It has become a victim
of its own success.
348
00:38:19,840 --> 00:38:21,520
It has been poisoned.
349
00:38:29,120 --> 00:38:31,600
Now a new battle begins...
350
00:38:34,080 --> 00:38:36,800
..one to claim the tree's
dead body
351
00:38:36,800 --> 00:38:40,320
and the vast amount of nutrients
that it contains.
352
00:38:42,040 --> 00:38:45,120
It's a battle that is fought
throughout the natural world...
353
00:38:46,400 --> 00:38:48,480
..involving a group
of organisms
354
00:38:48,480 --> 00:38:49,960
that we rarely notice.
355
00:38:52,560 --> 00:38:56,160
Here, on the floor
of a tropical rainforest,
356
00:38:56,160 --> 00:38:58,960
it's dark, it's humid
357
00:38:58,960 --> 00:39:00,640
and it's hot -
358
00:39:00,640 --> 00:39:04,040
ideal conditions for fungi.
359
00:39:04,040 --> 00:39:07,920
We normally think of fungi
as things like this.
360
00:39:07,920 --> 00:39:10,320
Mushrooms of one kind
or another.
361
00:39:10,320 --> 00:39:12,760
But these are just
the fruiting bodies.
362
00:39:15,440 --> 00:39:17,920
They exist for most of the time
363
00:39:17,920 --> 00:39:20,520
hidden in the leaf litter
and the earth
364
00:39:20,520 --> 00:39:22,840
as a network
of fine white threads.
365
00:39:25,160 --> 00:39:29,720
The threads of competing fungi
envelop their victim's body,
366
00:39:29,720 --> 00:39:33,440
releasing enzymes which digest
the tree's tissues
367
00:39:33,440 --> 00:39:35,960
and unlock the nutrients within.
368
00:39:38,600 --> 00:39:42,120
There a million or so
different species of fungi
369
00:39:42,120 --> 00:39:44,400
in the tropics.
370
00:39:44,400 --> 00:39:47,640
Some feed on dead plants.
371
00:39:47,640 --> 00:39:49,400
Others eat them alive.
372
00:39:51,000 --> 00:39:55,480
And some reveal their existence
in an eerily beautiful way.
373
00:40:05,640 --> 00:40:07,840
In Africa, in the Congo,
374
00:40:07,840 --> 00:40:10,760
this is known
as chimpanzee fire.
375
00:40:16,520 --> 00:40:19,480
The mysterious
bioluminescent glow
376
00:40:19,480 --> 00:40:23,120
becomes brighter as the fungus
digests the tree.
377
00:40:28,560 --> 00:40:30,800
When fungi have fed
sufficiently,
378
00:40:30,800 --> 00:40:33,240
they develop
their reproductive organs.
379
00:41:02,600 --> 00:41:06,720
Each can produce
literally billions of spores...
380
00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:10,560
..the tiny particles
381
00:41:10,560 --> 00:41:12,800
that carry the species'
genetic blueprint.
382
00:41:15,800 --> 00:41:17,720
Each spore like this
383
00:41:17,720 --> 00:41:20,240
has the potential
to kill a tree.
384
00:41:43,240 --> 00:41:45,000
The spores are so light
385
00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:47,680
they can be carried by
the slightest air currents.
386
00:41:57,280 --> 00:41:59,120
At least a billion
387
00:41:59,120 --> 00:42:02,080
float above every square metre
of rainforest.
388
00:42:12,040 --> 00:42:15,200
Recently, it has been
discovered that these spores
389
00:42:15,200 --> 00:42:18,600
do far more than just
bring death and decay.
390
00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:24,440
They are, in fact,
at the very centre
391
00:42:24,440 --> 00:42:27,040
of the rainforest's
life support system.
392
00:42:35,240 --> 00:42:36,960
High in the humid air,
393
00:42:36,960 --> 00:42:39,840
the spores combine
with molecules of water.
394
00:42:53,720 --> 00:42:56,640
Gradually,
they collect into droplets,
395
00:42:56,640 --> 00:42:59,840
which,
when they are heavy enough, fall...
396
00:43:02,280 --> 00:43:03,760
..as rain.
397
00:43:43,000 --> 00:43:46,880
Over two-and-a-half metres
of rain falls every year
398
00:43:46,880 --> 00:43:48,680
in a rainforest.
399
00:43:56,000 --> 00:43:59,440
And in the centre
of almost every raindrop,
400
00:43:59,440 --> 00:44:01,200
there is a fungal spore.
401
00:44:16,680 --> 00:44:19,800
The world's rainforests
are the richest
402
00:44:19,800 --> 00:44:22,960
and most dynamic environments
on Earth,
403
00:44:22,960 --> 00:44:26,840
built on complex connections
and relationships.
404
00:44:30,680 --> 00:44:32,640
But these connections,
405
00:44:32,640 --> 00:44:35,280
competitive or collaborative,
406
00:44:35,280 --> 00:44:37,840
are now becoming
increasingly fragile.
407
00:44:53,800 --> 00:44:58,080
When Charles Darwin was exploring
the tropical world
408
00:44:58,080 --> 00:45:00,320
nearly 200 years ago,
409
00:45:00,320 --> 00:45:03,480
he wrote this in his diary.
410
00:45:03,480 --> 00:45:08,200
"Among the scenes which are
deeply impressed on my mind,
411
00:45:08,200 --> 00:45:11,520
"none exceed in sublimity
412
00:45:11,520 --> 00:45:16,840
"the primeval forests
undefaced by the hand of man."
413
00:45:18,520 --> 00:45:21,440
He would struggle to find
such a place today.
414
00:45:36,520 --> 00:45:41,080
Today, 70% of all the world's
rainforest plants
415
00:45:41,080 --> 00:45:44,320
grow within a mile of a road
or a clearing
416
00:45:44,320 --> 00:45:47,520
that we have cut into the forest...
417
00:45:50,920 --> 00:45:54,120
..and this is creating
new battlefields
418
00:45:54,120 --> 00:45:55,840
in the tropical world.
419
00:45:58,080 --> 00:46:01,640
Alien armies of identical
cultivated plants
420
00:46:01,640 --> 00:46:05,480
now stand where thousands
of different species once grew.
421
00:46:14,400 --> 00:46:17,640
We have planted
vast regiments of crops
422
00:46:17,640 --> 00:46:20,160
in order to provide ourselves
423
00:46:20,160 --> 00:46:22,360
with food
and other commodities...
424
00:46:24,400 --> 00:46:27,000
..and the ancient forest
has been reduced
425
00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:29,720
to ever fewer isolated fragments.
426
00:46:34,360 --> 00:46:36,240
All, however, is not lost.
427
00:46:37,880 --> 00:46:40,880
The fragments
can still be sanctuaries,
428
00:46:40,880 --> 00:46:44,080
keeping alive the intimate
relationships within them.
429
00:46:46,520 --> 00:46:49,600
Their size is
nonetheless critical.
430
00:46:59,040 --> 00:47:01,960
This is the seven-hour flower.
431
00:47:13,360 --> 00:47:17,040
This plant produces its flowers
at night.
432
00:47:17,040 --> 00:47:19,800
They open about six o'clock,
433
00:47:19,800 --> 00:47:24,440
and each blossom only lasts
that night.
434
00:47:24,440 --> 00:47:27,080
It opens for about seven hours
435
00:47:27,080 --> 00:47:29,520
and then it dies.
436
00:47:29,520 --> 00:47:32,120
But during that time,
it provides food
437
00:47:32,120 --> 00:47:33,840
for one particular animal.
438
00:47:35,200 --> 00:47:36,760
A bat.
439
00:47:36,760 --> 00:47:38,160
And here it is!
440
00:47:56,800 --> 00:47:59,840
During the seven-hour flower's
flowering season...
441
00:48:01,520 --> 00:48:04,880
..Underwood's bat feeds
almost exclusively on its nectar.
442
00:48:07,040 --> 00:48:09,680
It is the plant's
primary pollinator.
443
00:48:14,160 --> 00:48:16,280
It might seem that this is
444
00:48:16,280 --> 00:48:19,200
a fairly evenly balanced
relationship,
445
00:48:19,200 --> 00:48:20,560
but not so.
446
00:48:21,880 --> 00:48:26,120
The bat likes this nectar
because it's sweet,
447
00:48:26,120 --> 00:48:29,520
but it's not very nourishing.
448
00:48:29,520 --> 00:48:32,480
So the bat must visit
hundreds of flowers a night...
449
00:48:35,400 --> 00:48:37,600
..and it pollinates them
as if feeds.
450
00:48:45,400 --> 00:48:48,880
But if a patch of forest
becomes too small,
451
00:48:48,880 --> 00:48:50,680
with too few flowers,
452
00:48:50,680 --> 00:48:52,800
the bats will disappear,
453
00:48:52,800 --> 00:48:56,280
and without the bats,
the flowers can't reproduce
454
00:48:56,280 --> 00:48:57,920
and will soon die out.
455
00:49:00,400 --> 00:49:02,120
The partnership is broken.
456
00:49:12,560 --> 00:49:17,040
Life in the forest depends on
countless close relationships,
457
00:49:17,040 --> 00:49:19,800
but they are increasingly
under threat
458
00:49:19,800 --> 00:49:23,440
as forests become more fragmented.
459
00:49:23,440 --> 00:49:24,920
The solution, of course,
460
00:49:24,920 --> 00:49:27,640
is to join these remaining
fragments together again.
461
00:49:28,880 --> 00:49:32,000
30 years ago,
I came to this exact spot.
462
00:49:33,840 --> 00:49:35,720
This land belonged to
463
00:49:35,720 --> 00:49:37,840
a scientific research
establishment
464
00:49:37,840 --> 00:49:41,520
and it was covered with grass
being grazed by cattle.
465
00:49:41,520 --> 00:49:44,520
The scientists
got rid of the cattle
466
00:49:44,520 --> 00:49:47,800
and allowed nature
to take its course.
467
00:49:47,800 --> 00:49:49,560
Just look at it now!
468
00:49:58,920 --> 00:50:01,880
This new forest
has become a bridge
469
00:50:01,880 --> 00:50:04,840
that connects several fragments,
470
00:50:04,840 --> 00:50:09,280
allowing plants and animals
to both renew old connections
471
00:50:09,280 --> 00:50:11,120
and create fresh ones.
472
00:50:22,840 --> 00:50:26,320
Of course,
we urgently need to protect
473
00:50:26,320 --> 00:50:28,480
what healthy forests still remain.
474
00:50:33,040 --> 00:50:34,640
But looking forward,
475
00:50:34,640 --> 00:50:38,000
we must take what may well be
our last chance
476
00:50:38,000 --> 00:50:40,520
to re-establish
the lost rainforest...
477
00:50:44,320 --> 00:50:48,120
..and help the tropical world
to heal itself.
478
00:50:50,960 --> 00:50:55,480
It will take the co-operation
of nations around the world,
479
00:50:55,480 --> 00:50:58,760
but it is the only way in which
we'll be able to
480
00:50:58,760 --> 00:51:02,240
preserve the treasures
of the tropical rainforest
481
00:51:02,240 --> 00:51:04,560
for future generations.
482
00:51:04,560 --> 00:51:06,600
And with it,
483
00:51:06,600 --> 00:51:10,200
ultimately protect all life
on this,
484
00:51:10,200 --> 00:51:13,000
our green planet.
485
00:51:29,120 --> 00:51:32,840
The aim of The Green Planet team
was to take the viewer
486
00:51:32,840 --> 00:51:35,640
into the world of plants,
so that it could be seen
487
00:51:35,640 --> 00:51:37,400
from the plants' perspective
488
00:51:37,400 --> 00:51:39,600
in a way that had not been
possible till now.
489
00:51:41,840 --> 00:51:45,040
That meant developing
an entirely new camera system.
490
00:51:51,560 --> 00:51:54,440
And this is the game-changer -
491
00:51:54,440 --> 00:51:57,480
a specially designed
robot camera
492
00:51:57,480 --> 00:52:00,120
that we affectionately call
"the Triffid".
493
00:52:05,080 --> 00:52:08,240
The Triffid started life
in the garage of an American
494
00:52:08,240 --> 00:52:11,040
ex-military engineer,
Chris Field.
495
00:52:11,040 --> 00:52:12,520
I'd seen quite a few of these
496
00:52:12,520 --> 00:52:14,720
Planet Earth style
documentaries,
497
00:52:14,720 --> 00:52:16,520
and they always absolutely
blew my mind,
498
00:52:16,520 --> 00:52:19,840
especially the botanic time-lapse
really spoke to me.
499
00:52:19,840 --> 00:52:22,760
In his spare time,
Chris spent a decade
500
00:52:22,760 --> 00:52:25,240
building elaborate
motion-controlled
501
00:52:25,240 --> 00:52:27,400
time-lapse camera rigs
502
00:52:27,400 --> 00:52:30,960
and teaching himself
how to film plants.
503
00:52:30,960 --> 00:52:34,840
Plants often behave like
animals in so many ways,
504
00:52:34,840 --> 00:52:37,480
and being able to see it
through time-lapse is one thing
505
00:52:37,480 --> 00:52:40,720
but using the motion-control
brings you into that timescale.
506
00:52:45,480 --> 00:52:47,560
We could really see the potential
507
00:52:47,560 --> 00:52:49,560
in how we could use
this sort of movement
508
00:52:49,560 --> 00:52:51,560
to bring plants alive
509
00:52:51,560 --> 00:52:54,040
and film them in the same way
that we film animals.
510
00:52:56,320 --> 00:52:58,240
Soon, Chris joins the team
511
00:52:58,240 --> 00:53:00,840
in a quiet corner
of the Devon countryside
512
00:53:00,840 --> 00:53:03,800
and the robot army begins
to take shape.
513
00:53:05,560 --> 00:53:08,080
After 40 years
of filming time-lapse,
514
00:53:08,080 --> 00:53:11,440
these rigs have opened up
a whole new world for us.
515
00:53:12,720 --> 00:53:15,840
So, it'll be like
hovering around something
516
00:53:15,840 --> 00:53:18,520
with a drone or helicopter,
but in a time-lapse speed.
517
00:53:20,600 --> 00:53:24,040
The holy grail for us is being
able to take this technology
518
00:53:24,040 --> 00:53:27,400
out into the wild, try and get
the same sorts of dynamic moves
519
00:53:27,400 --> 00:53:30,120
in some of the most extreme
environments in the world.
520
00:53:32,800 --> 00:53:34,280
So, what we needed to do
521
00:53:34,280 --> 00:53:37,240
was to develop this technology
even further.
522
00:53:37,240 --> 00:53:39,760
Six months later,
the Triffid is born...
523
00:53:42,520 --> 00:53:47,400
..and with slight trepidation,
they hand me the controls.
524
00:53:47,400 --> 00:53:50,360
That makes it go away.
525
00:53:50,360 --> 00:53:53,160
And this makes it come back.
526
00:53:53,160 --> 00:53:55,760
And this sends it up.
527
00:53:59,240 --> 00:54:00,440
Ooh!
528
00:54:01,680 --> 00:54:04,440
I think I'd better hand it over
to the experts.
529
00:54:06,520 --> 00:54:09,080
Now it's time to put
this new member of the team
530
00:54:09,080 --> 00:54:10,800
properly through its paces.
531
00:54:13,480 --> 00:54:16,280
The aim here is for Ollie
to find a target, aim for it
532
00:54:16,280 --> 00:54:18,720
and fly through it,
as if he is a tiny fly
533
00:54:18,720 --> 00:54:21,120
going through a hole in a leaf.
534
00:54:21,120 --> 00:54:23,360
Easier said than done.
535
00:54:23,360 --> 00:54:25,600
Oops!
I'm trying to find a target.
536
00:54:27,320 --> 00:54:31,240
Whether the kit's going to
stand up to that sort of use
537
00:54:31,240 --> 00:54:34,040
and the abuse that we throw
at most pieces of kit
538
00:54:34,040 --> 00:54:35,600
has yet to be seen.
539
00:54:35,600 --> 00:54:39,160
In the studio, it seems to be
working pretty well.
540
00:54:39,160 --> 00:54:41,760
But this is only
a dress rehearsal.
541
00:54:41,760 --> 00:54:44,400
It's time for the Triffid
to face the challenges
542
00:54:44,400 --> 00:54:46,840
of the Costa Rican rainforest,
543
00:54:46,840 --> 00:54:48,760
and leafcutter ants.
544
00:54:55,400 --> 00:54:58,720
We want to film their journey
all the way
545
00:54:58,720 --> 00:55:02,200
down the trunk
and along this buttress root
546
00:55:02,200 --> 00:55:03,680
and down to their nest.
547
00:55:05,400 --> 00:55:07,720
The team and the Triffid
need several days
548
00:55:07,720 --> 00:55:09,200
of dry weather,
549
00:55:09,200 --> 00:55:11,800
but a storm can hit
at any moment...
550
00:55:13,000 --> 00:55:15,560
..and rain is one thing
the Triffid does not like.
551
00:55:17,920 --> 00:55:20,160
The conditions
that we're working in now
552
00:55:20,160 --> 00:55:22,720
are a little bit more
challenging than the studio.
553
00:55:24,520 --> 00:55:27,080
All the ground is really bumpy.
554
00:55:27,080 --> 00:55:29,080
We've got loads of plants
in the way.
555
00:55:29,080 --> 00:55:31,360
I know we're making a series
about plants,
556
00:55:31,360 --> 00:55:33,920
but sometimes they're
a complete pain in the neck!
557
00:55:36,080 --> 00:55:38,520
The Triffid needs to be
programmed
558
00:55:38,520 --> 00:55:42,320
to capture images from 7,000
different camera positions
559
00:55:42,320 --> 00:55:43,640
on the ants' trail.
560
00:55:46,120 --> 00:55:48,280
Just one drop of rain
on the lens,
561
00:55:48,280 --> 00:55:49,480
or a wobble,
562
00:55:49,480 --> 00:55:52,680
and the whole process
will have to start again.
563
00:55:52,680 --> 00:55:55,560
I think this is when
we're going to find out
564
00:55:55,560 --> 00:55:58,080
if our ambition
outweighs our ability.
565
00:56:01,800 --> 00:56:04,120
For the crew,
the ambition is certainly high.
566
00:56:07,640 --> 00:56:10,480
Fortunately, it's all down
to the Triffid now.
567
00:56:20,320 --> 00:56:23,560
We've been filming the ants
with the Triffid
568
00:56:23,560 --> 00:56:27,240
for eight days now,
and we're on our third set-up.
569
00:56:27,240 --> 00:56:29,240
It's pretty slow going.
570
00:56:30,320 --> 00:56:33,480
While the Triffid seems to be
handling the pressure well,
571
00:56:33,480 --> 00:56:37,200
for the crew, trying to take
a tree's-eye view of ants
572
00:56:37,200 --> 00:56:39,520
is turning into
a bit of a nightmare.
573
00:56:41,400 --> 00:56:45,520
Wake up, film ants,
go to sleep, dream of ants.
574
00:56:45,520 --> 00:56:48,640
Wake up, film ants, sleep,
dream of ants.
575
00:56:48,640 --> 00:56:50,400
Wake up, film ants,
576
00:56:50,400 --> 00:56:53,120
go to sleep, dream of ants.
577
00:56:56,360 --> 00:56:58,160
After two weeks in the jungle,
578
00:56:58,160 --> 00:57:01,320
ambition and ability
finally come together,
579
00:57:01,320 --> 00:57:03,600
for the Triffid, at least.
580
00:57:03,600 --> 00:57:06,240
Thousands of individual images
581
00:57:06,240 --> 00:57:08,680
creating a single
extraordinary time-lapse...
582
00:57:11,560 --> 00:57:14,000
..one that follows
a river of leaves
583
00:57:14,000 --> 00:57:16,840
across the jungle floor
from a unique perspective.
584
00:57:21,920 --> 00:57:24,600
For the Triffid,
this was just the beginning.
585
00:57:27,200 --> 00:57:29,080
Take a bow, Triffid.
586
00:57:34,920 --> 00:57:37,840
Next time on The Green Planet...
587
00:57:37,840 --> 00:57:40,600
..the wonder of water worlds...
588
00:57:42,960 --> 00:57:45,240
..where plants hunt...
589
00:57:46,920 --> 00:57:48,560
..go on the move...
590
00:57:49,920 --> 00:57:51,040
..fight...
591
00:57:52,720 --> 00:57:54,920
..and create the air we breathe.
592
00:57:57,920 --> 00:58:01,360
The Open University
have produced a poster
593
00:58:01,360 --> 00:58:06,040
that explores the vital role
that plants have for our planet.
594
00:58:06,040 --> 00:58:08,200
To order your free copy, call...
595
00:58:12,120 --> 00:58:13,480
..or go to...
596
00:58:18,000 --> 00:58:20,800
..and follow the links
to The Open University.
43352
Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.