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hey safer here I'm excited to see the
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new Oppenheimer movie and absolutely
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plan on reviewing it once it's out on
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Blu-ray but before then I thought I'd
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make a biography of J Robert Oppenheimer
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he was the father of the atom bomb but
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later in life turned against the arms
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race and the much more destructive
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hydrogen bomb which cost him dearly that
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opposition led to a mccarthyite
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Inquisition that revoked his clearance
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and made him a martyr that's why one
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biography labeled Opie the American
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Prometheus for he was the man who
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brought nuclear fire down from the
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mountain and was cursed for it
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it's a hell of a story
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[Music]
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according to his birth certificate the J
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and J Robert Oppenheimer stands for his
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father's name Julius but that is a faux
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pas in Jewish tradition so he always
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went by Robert a naturally inquisitive
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kid he collected rocks read widely
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learned several languages and went
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sailing he went to the ethical culture
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Preparatory School quickly skipping
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grades which landed him in Harvard he
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graduated in only three years with a
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bachelor's degree in chemistry just in
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time to avoid Harvard becoming the first
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of many American universities to impose
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anti-semitic quotas he began graduate
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school in Cambridge but throughout
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1925-26 he had a serious bout of
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depression even strangely trying to
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poison an Apple for one Professor
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Patrick blackett so he started some
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unproductive Psychotherapy and sought
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new schools to study at after a trip
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around Corsica and some revelatory
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reading he seemed to come out of his
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depression finally getting his life in
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her order he moved to the University of
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gerdingen which was the preeminent
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School in the emerging theory of quantum
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physics Oppenheimer gained a reputation
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for being great at comprehending Big
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Ideas and contemplating them while
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saying nim nim nim but also for being
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clumsy with the math to back it up he
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made many friends with preeminent
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scientists and quickly earned a PhD for
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his work there after a brief time at a
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few European universities where he
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earned the nickname Opie he took a
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professorship at Caltech that was only a
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brief stint before he got a job at
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Berkeley instead building up the
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department as one of the most preeminent
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in theoretical physics in the nation
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with many close students and colleagues
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some called the nimnim boys because they
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constantly copied Opie's mannerisms he
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gave the idea or co-wrote many
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groundbreaking theories such as
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predicting the existence of anti-matter
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and black holes while in California he
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observed from afar the rise of Nazism
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and eventually the Spanish Civil War
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that Franco's fascists began in support
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of the opposition ABI became What
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communists called a fellow traveler he
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was active in unionization helping
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Jewish refugees such as Albert Einstein
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immigrate to the United States raising
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funds for Spanish Republicans and had
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many friends who were Communist party
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members including a girlfriend that he'd
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have a continuing affair with even after
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he got married to Kitty puning his
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brother Frank was a more practically
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minded scientist a more charismatic
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character and a Communist Party member
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at the time these sympathies would be
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used against Robert later but they were
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pretty common among new dealer
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intellectuals at the time he was a
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fellow traveler not a communist when
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World War II commenced he was fairly
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aloof only somewhat distancing himself
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from communism after the horrors of the
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holodomor and Great Purge became more
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apparent in the early 1940s in the
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meantime the theoretical physics
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Community moved on without him
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recognizing the danger of Nazi science
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physicist Leo sillard wrote a letter and
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Albert Einstein signed it warning
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President Roosevelt that an immensely
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powerful bomb was feasible based on a
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1938 German experiment that split the
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atom FDR created a uranium committee to
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investigate such a weapon but very
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little got done that first year British
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Science moved first they came up with
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possible ways to make an atomic bomb but
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kept their findings secret perhaps the
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most important of their secret
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discoveries was the ability to use
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carbon as a mediator between Isotopes
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rather than heavy water without that
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knowledge Germany's project never
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achieved a chain reaction which is
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necessary for creating plutonium and
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enriching uranium therefore they
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probably couldn't create a bomb but the
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Allies didn't know that and kept forging
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ahead by mid-1942 the us war machine was
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taking the Nazi threat of nuclear war
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seriously Japan had attacked in December
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obliterating any notion of isolation and
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forcing American entry into the war the
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federal government tasked General Leslie
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Groves with creating a nuclear program
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he was already in charge of creating the
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Pentagon so what's wrong with adding
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another major domestic construction
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project he codenamed it the Manhattan
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engineering District but most people
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nowadays simplify that to the Manhattan
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Project as one administrator said the
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Manhattan District bore no relation to
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the industrial and social life of our
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country it was a separate state with its
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own airplanes and its own factories and
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its thousands of Secrets it had a
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peculiar sovereignty one that could
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bring about the end peacefully or
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violently of all other sovereignties
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reading the theory on how to build a
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bomb he secured a site at Oak Ridge
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Tennessee and another other one in
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Hanford Washington to create the massive
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industrial projects necessary for
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Uranium enrichment and plutonium
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creation as one author quips a rock
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chipped out of the ground by Farmers
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living in near Stone Age conditions was
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fed into the most advanced industrial
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complex ever constructed next Groves had
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to put together a scientific team he
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toured science departments around the
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country in the process he okayed the
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creation of the first reactor ever at
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the University of Chicago which achieved
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criticality in December of 42. the First
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human-made Chain Reaction ever when
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Groves met Oppenheimer he was impressed
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with Opie's understanding of the task at
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hand and his ability to talk about
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history and poetry so Groves made Opie
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the leader of centralizing all the
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research into this bomb Robert needed to
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select a site for this and he instantly
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knew where for years he had been going
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to New Mexico to roam the song to
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Christo mount buying a ranch he called
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pero Caliente because he liked to
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exclaim hot dog in a letter many years
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prior he wrote my two great loves are
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physics and New Mexico it's a pity they
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can't be combined well whether there's a
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will there's a way undercover they met
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in the hamez mountains and worked their
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Way Northeast to a ranch school called
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Los Alamos which is where they place the
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new lab that would build the bomb Opie
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had no experience in Practical science
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nor organizing a large team his frail
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and printing disposition didn't seem to
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entail an ability to lead yet by all
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accounts he seemed to metamorphose into
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the role organizing private Summits and
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becoming a great leader so he started to
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collect the best and brightest from
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around the country and even a delegation
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from Britain unbeknownst to him a few
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would willfully send secrets from the
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Manhattan Project to the Soviets
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inevitably helping them create their own
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bomb but the America program was focused
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on beating Germany he was approached by
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a friend about sending secrets to the
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local Russian Embassy in 1943 but
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refused and reported the matter at the
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time Russia didn't fully understand that
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the object of Opie's project was as one
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lecture succinctly put it to produce a
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potential military weapon in the form of
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a bomb in which energy is released by a
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fast Neutron chain reaction in one or
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more of the materials known to show
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nuclear fission several scientific
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problems had to be overcome to build a
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nuclear bomb they could only refine so
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much plutonium and uranium finding how
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much of the isotope and how much
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shielding it took to go critical was
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such a dangerous experiment that two
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people would end up losing their lives
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in accidents both after the bomb's
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completion they decided on a gun
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assembly for the uranium where they'd
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use conventional explosives to launch
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one chunk of uranium into another with
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sufficient speed to cause a runaway
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chain reaction for the plutonium they
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went with an implosion assembly where
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explosives would cave pieces into one
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another the tech from making this small
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enough and detonating the device on time
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took extreme advances all in secret on
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top of that there were ethical issues
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the scientists had to deal with given
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the power of the bomb they were creating
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they understood that International
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diplomacy would change forever in the
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blink of an eye many discussions were
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held over the implications of making
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such weapons Niels Bohr had this idea of
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the weapon being so shocking that it
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would force the world to come together
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and prevent Another War like the one
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they were currently fighting and this
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became the operant ideology of those on
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the project thanks to its leadership as
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one student said Bohr was God and Opie
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was his Prophet but matters were
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changing rapidly that would challenge
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their post-war Vision Germany was
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clearly losing the war the bombs weren't
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intended for Japan but now it looked
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like they were the only enemy left on
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top of that President Roosevelt died
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leaving Harry S Truman to take over
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before that he hadn't been adequately
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briefed on the Manhattan Project so at
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the behest of the Los Alamos scientists
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he convened an interim committee to
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decide what to do with these weapons
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that committee decided against a
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demonstrative bombing in Tokyo bay that
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would not intentionally kill anyone the
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battle of Okinawa was ongoing and showed
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that Japanese forces were often willing
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to fight to the last man by late June
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Japan was on its own and the U.S was
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dropping enough incendiary Munitions to
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cause far more civilian casualties than
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both atomic bombs would furthermore the
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invasion of Japan could not happen until
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November so the interim committee
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decided on one test bomb to be done in
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secret just in case it didn't work and
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using the two completed ones on Japanese
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City disease that had not been destroyed
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by incendiary devices they also
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recommended warning the Soviets before
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sending the bombs when Truman met with
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Stalin he only said that I casually
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mentioned to Stalin that we had a new
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weapon of unusual destructive force the
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Russian Premier showed no special
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interest they agreed at Potsdam that
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Japan had to unconditionally surrender
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00:11:22,740 --> 00:11:24,959
despite the fact that they were very
278
00:11:24,959 --> 00:11:27,120
near surrendering if only they could
279
00:11:27,120 --> 00:11:29,459
guarantee that the emperor could remain
280
00:11:29,459 --> 00:11:32,880
at least as a figurehead our demand has
281
00:11:32,880 --> 00:11:36,200
been and it will
282
00:11:36,490 --> 00:11:39,120
[Music]
283
00:11:39,120 --> 00:11:41,940
committee had a reason to rush their
284
00:11:41,940 --> 00:11:43,920
decision with the Soviets about to
285
00:11:43,920 --> 00:11:45,899
invade Manchuria they thought that they
286
00:11:45,899 --> 00:11:47,760
needed to use these bombs as not only a
287
00:11:47,760 --> 00:11:50,040
way to end the war but Implement Bohr's
288
00:11:50,040 --> 00:11:52,680
vision of the last bombing back at Los
289
00:11:52,680 --> 00:11:55,380
Alamos Opie had to Rally the scientists
290
00:11:55,380 --> 00:11:58,019
who saw no reason to bomb an already
291
00:11:58,019 --> 00:12:00,839
defeated enemy zillard even wrote a
292
00:12:00,839 --> 00:12:03,420
petition signed by many scientists there
293
00:12:03,420 --> 00:12:06,120
that called for first that you President
294
00:12:06,120 --> 00:12:08,220
Truman exercise your power as
295
00:12:08,220 --> 00:12:10,200
commander-in-chief to rule that the
296
00:12:10,200 --> 00:12:11,940
United States shall not resort to the
297
00:12:11,940 --> 00:12:14,220
use of atomic bombs in this war unless
298
00:12:14,220 --> 00:12:16,500
the terms which will be imposed upon
299
00:12:16,500 --> 00:12:18,779
Japan have been made public in detail
300
00:12:18,779 --> 00:12:21,660
and Japan knowing these terms has
301
00:12:21,660 --> 00:12:24,540
refused to surrender and second that in
302
00:12:24,540 --> 00:12:27,060
such an event the question whether or
303
00:12:27,060 --> 00:12:30,060
not to use atomic bombs be decided by
304
00:12:30,060 --> 00:12:32,339
you in light of the considerations
305
00:12:32,339 --> 00:12:35,040
presented in this petition as well as
306
00:12:35,040 --> 00:12:36,839
all the other moral responsibilities
307
00:12:36,839 --> 00:12:39,480
which are involved Abby found this to be
308
00:12:39,480 --> 00:12:41,760
a betray Trail and vigorously argued
309
00:12:41,760 --> 00:12:44,220
against it he thought that a sudden and
310
00:12:44,220 --> 00:12:46,260
overwhelming use of the weapon would
311
00:12:46,260 --> 00:12:49,139
guarantee it wouldn't be used again much
312
00:12:49,139 --> 00:12:51,899
like mustard gas after World War one but
313
00:12:51,899 --> 00:12:53,880
this time with the scientific Community
314
00:12:53,880 --> 00:12:56,519
joined as one behind its abolition
315
00:12:56,519 --> 00:12:59,519
however naive that may seem he convinced
316
00:12:59,519 --> 00:13:02,100
much of Los Alamos and they forged ahead
317
00:13:02,100 --> 00:13:04,500
having a PhD doesn't mean that you're
318
00:13:04,500 --> 00:13:06,660
smart in all things says the historian
319
00:13:06,660 --> 00:13:08,940
with a PhD the first test of a
320
00:13:08,940 --> 00:13:11,040
non-nuclear detonation didn't go well
321
00:13:11,040 --> 00:13:13,920
but it was because of a wiring issue the
322
00:13:13,920 --> 00:13:16,320
night before testing the real deal Opie
323
00:13:16,320 --> 00:13:18,360
read some lines from the bhagavad-gita
324
00:13:18,360 --> 00:13:21,240
in battle in Forest at the precipice in
325
00:13:21,240 --> 00:13:23,820
the mountains on the dark great sea in
326
00:13:23,820 --> 00:13:26,399
the midst of javelins and arrows in
327
00:13:26,399 --> 00:13:28,740
sleep and confusion in the depths of
328
00:13:28,740 --> 00:13:31,200
Shame The Good Deeds amen has done
329
00:13:31,200 --> 00:13:34,200
before defend him so the Trinity Gadget
330
00:13:34,200 --> 00:13:37,339
blew up on July 16
331
00:13:37,339 --> 00:13:40,860
1945. it detonated in a patch of desert
332
00:13:40,860 --> 00:13:43,200
known as the hornada Del muerto in New
333
00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:45,720
Mexico the first nuclear explosion ever
334
00:13:45,720 --> 00:13:48,180
and the equivalent of 25
335
00:13:48,180 --> 00:13:51,120
000 tons of TNT Richard Feynman even
336
00:13:51,120 --> 00:13:53,279
took bets on whether they'd ignite the
337
00:13:53,279 --> 00:13:55,680
atmosphere causing a chain fusion
338
00:13:55,680 --> 00:13:59,399
reaction via a fission one a prophecy of
339
00:13:59,399 --> 00:14:02,160
even more powerful bombs to come in a
340
00:14:02,160 --> 00:14:04,019
later interview oppi claimed to have
341
00:14:04,019 --> 00:14:05,519
remembered another line from the
342
00:14:05,519 --> 00:14:06,839
bhagavad-gita
343
00:14:06,839 --> 00:14:08,940
we knew the world would not be the same
344
00:14:08,940 --> 00:14:13,019
I remembered thee line from the Hindu
345
00:14:13,019 --> 00:14:15,300
scripture the bhagavad-gita
346
00:14:15,300 --> 00:14:18,720
Vishnu is trying to persuade
347
00:14:18,720 --> 00:14:21,120
Prince that
348
00:14:21,120 --> 00:14:23,279
he should do his duty
349
00:14:23,279 --> 00:14:24,360
and
350
00:14:24,360 --> 00:14:26,040
to impress him
351
00:14:26,040 --> 00:14:29,639
takes on his multi-armed form
352
00:14:29,639 --> 00:14:31,500
and says
353
00:14:31,500 --> 00:14:33,720
now I am become death
354
00:14:33,720 --> 00:14:36,420
the destroyer of worlds
355
00:14:36,420 --> 00:14:38,339
they didn't need to test the gun
356
00:14:38,339 --> 00:14:40,560
assembly which they had nicknamed little
357
00:14:40,560 --> 00:14:43,260
boy after its diminutive shape compared
358
00:14:43,260 --> 00:14:46,139
to the implosion assembly's fat man it's
359
00:14:46,139 --> 00:14:48,480
possible these names were Jabs at opian
360
00:14:48,480 --> 00:14:50,940
Groves because of their statures three
361
00:14:50,940 --> 00:14:53,880
weeks after Trinity a B-29 named Enola
362
00:14:53,880 --> 00:14:56,519
Gay dropped little boy over Hiroshima
363
00:14:56,519 --> 00:14:59,160
the atomic explosion killed between 80
364
00:14:59,160 --> 00:15:02,220
and 150 000 people most of whom were
365
00:15:02,220 --> 00:15:05,040
civilians and even a few Allied pows
366
00:15:05,040 --> 00:15:08,339
died three days later another B-29 named
367
00:15:08,339 --> 00:15:11,399
boxcar dropped fat man over Nagasaki
368
00:15:11,399 --> 00:15:14,279
this one killed between 60 and 80 000
369
00:15:14,279 --> 00:15:17,040
people almost all of whom were civilians
370
00:15:17,040 --> 00:15:19,680
that same day the Soviets began their
371
00:15:19,680 --> 00:15:22,019
invasion of Manchuria not one to
372
00:15:22,019 --> 00:15:25,139
intervene Emperor Hirohito broadcast to
373
00:15:25,139 --> 00:15:27,000
his people the war situation has
374
00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:29,040
developed not necessarily to Japan's
375
00:15:29,040 --> 00:15:31,260
advantage while the general trends of
376
00:15:31,260 --> 00:15:33,540
the world have all turned against her
377
00:15:33,540 --> 00:15:36,360
interest moreover the enemy has begun to
378
00:15:36,360 --> 00:15:39,480
to employ a new and most cruel bomb the
379
00:15:39,480 --> 00:15:41,339
power of which to damage is indeed
380
00:15:41,339 --> 00:15:43,740
incalculable taking the toll of many
381
00:15:43,740 --> 00:15:46,079
innocent lives should we continue to
382
00:15:46,079 --> 00:15:48,240
fight it would not only result in an
383
00:15:48,240 --> 00:15:50,279
ultimate collapse and obliteration of
384
00:15:50,279 --> 00:15:52,380
the Japanese Nation but also it would
385
00:15:52,380 --> 00:15:54,540
lead to the total Extinction of human
386
00:15:54,540 --> 00:15:57,240
civilization as such the war was over
387
00:15:57,240 --> 00:16:00,120
but the decision of what to do with this
388
00:16:00,120 --> 00:16:02,940
technology wasn't done Abby resigned his
389
00:16:02,940 --> 00:16:05,160
position at Los Alamos though UC
390
00:16:05,160 --> 00:16:07,199
Berkeley would continue to control the
391
00:16:07,199 --> 00:16:09,959
lab until 2006 and they were a managing
392
00:16:09,959 --> 00:16:13,260
partner until 2018. he went to Caltech
393
00:16:13,260 --> 00:16:15,779
to teach for a brief stint but was kind
394
00:16:15,779 --> 00:16:17,820
of terrible at it instead he took a
395
00:16:17,820 --> 00:16:20,519
position as director of the Advanced
396
00:16:20,519 --> 00:16:22,860
Studies Institute at Princeton quickly
397
00:16:22,860 --> 00:16:25,199
turning it into another theoretical
398
00:16:25,199 --> 00:16:27,480
physics Haven much like he had done at
399
00:16:27,480 --> 00:16:29,160
Berkeley it helps that Einstein was
400
00:16:29,160 --> 00:16:31,380
already there he'd often bring political
401
00:16:31,380 --> 00:16:33,899
outcasts like himself to The Institute
402
00:16:33,899 --> 00:16:36,600
as a kind of academic second chance
403
00:16:36,600 --> 00:16:39,420
while Oppenheimer was transforming the
404
00:16:39,420 --> 00:16:41,339
department he remained extremely
405
00:16:41,339 --> 00:16:44,399
politically active seemingly loving the
406
00:16:44,399 --> 00:16:46,740
Limelight but his tendency toward
407
00:16:46,740 --> 00:16:49,620
histrionics would quickly damage his
408
00:16:49,620 --> 00:16:52,139
ability to make real change the newly
409
00:16:52,139 --> 00:16:54,959
created United Nations was searching for
410
00:16:54,959 --> 00:16:57,720
what to do about nuclear technology and
411
00:16:57,720 --> 00:17:00,000
Opie played a role he helped draft a
412
00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:02,160
report with Dean Atchison and David
413
00:17:02,160 --> 00:17:04,740
lillianthal about how the world could
414
00:17:04,740 --> 00:17:06,839
regulate the tech they proposed to
415
00:17:06,839 --> 00:17:09,240
create an organization that was beyond
416
00:17:09,240 --> 00:17:11,220
the sovereignty of Any Nation with the
417
00:17:11,220 --> 00:17:13,160
power to control all uranium mines
418
00:17:13,160 --> 00:17:17,160
reactors and weaponry worldwide it was a
419
00:17:17,160 --> 00:17:19,619
radical idea but the United Nations had
420
00:17:19,619 --> 00:17:21,780
the possibility of actually creating
421
00:17:21,780 --> 00:17:24,179
such an entity and would likely prevent
422
00:17:24,179 --> 00:17:27,119
a nuclear arms race while begging Truman
423
00:17:27,119 --> 00:17:29,880
to adopt this plan Oppenheimer received
424
00:17:29,880 --> 00:17:32,280
serious pushback so Robert claims
425
00:17:32,280 --> 00:17:34,080
something to the effect that he had
426
00:17:34,080 --> 00:17:36,360
blood on his own hands and this was a
427
00:17:36,360 --> 00:17:39,419
way to atone which did not go well
428
00:17:39,419 --> 00:17:42,240
Truman muttered blood on his hands damn
429
00:17:42,240 --> 00:17:44,460
it he hasn't half as much blood on his
430
00:17:44,460 --> 00:17:46,820
hands as I have you just don't go around
431
00:17:46,820 --> 00:17:49,500
bellyaching about it he proclaimed I
432
00:17:49,500 --> 00:17:50,880
don't want to see that son of a in
433
00:17:50,880 --> 00:17:53,100
this office ever again Truman always
434
00:17:53,100 --> 00:17:55,980
called Oppenheimer a crybaby scientist
435
00:17:55,980 --> 00:17:58,260
after that which guaranteed the Atchison
436
00:17:58,260 --> 00:18:00,780
lilianthal plan wouldn't get adopted
437
00:18:00,780 --> 00:18:03,480
instead Bernard Baruch proposed to the
438
00:18:03,480 --> 00:18:05,940
U.N a plan that would not require the
439
00:18:05,940 --> 00:18:08,039
United States to give up the new bombs
440
00:18:08,039 --> 00:18:11,100
of which they had roughly 50 stockpiled
441
00:18:11,100 --> 00:18:14,640
by mid-1946. that practically sabotaged
442
00:18:14,640 --> 00:18:16,740
any possibility of the Soviets accepting
443
00:18:16,740 --> 00:18:19,500
joint regulation and insured an arms
444
00:18:19,500 --> 00:18:21,960
race since nuclear Armament would remain
445
00:18:21,960 --> 00:18:23,400
National rather than International
446
00:18:23,400 --> 00:18:25,860
Congress created the atomic energy
447
00:18:25,860 --> 00:18:28,799
Commission in 1947 and Oppenheimer was
448
00:18:28,799 --> 00:18:30,660
on it the Soviets had created their
449
00:18:30,660 --> 00:18:33,120
first chain reaction in December of 46
450
00:18:33,120 --> 00:18:36,059
and were able to create a replica of fat
451
00:18:36,059 --> 00:18:38,460
men thanks to all of their Espionage
452
00:18:38,460 --> 00:18:40,919
during the Manhattan Project detonating
453
00:18:40,919 --> 00:18:44,160
it in August 1949. in response The
454
00:18:44,160 --> 00:18:46,440
Truman Administration sought to make a
455
00:18:46,440 --> 00:18:48,720
super bomb first proposed by Enrico
456
00:18:48,720 --> 00:18:52,380
Fermi in 1941. this would use fission to
457
00:18:52,380 --> 00:18:54,960
set off a fusion reaction with hydrogen
458
00:18:54,960 --> 00:18:57,660
the super would be called alternatively
459
00:18:57,660 --> 00:19:00,840
a hydrogen bomb or a thermonuclear
460
00:19:00,840 --> 00:19:02,940
device and would cause immensely more
461
00:19:02,940 --> 00:19:05,280
destruction than a regular A-bomb it was
462
00:19:05,280 --> 00:19:08,340
a leap from kilotons to megatons worth
463
00:19:08,340 --> 00:19:11,700
of TNT Oppenheimer opposed this pushing
464
00:19:11,700 --> 00:19:13,980
for tactical nuclear weaponry rather
465
00:19:13,980 --> 00:19:16,260
than a bomb that could legitimately be
466
00:19:16,260 --> 00:19:19,200
considered a genocide in one package he
467
00:19:19,200 --> 00:19:21,360
argued that this would only cause the
468
00:19:21,360 --> 00:19:23,340
nuclear arms race to spiral out of
469
00:19:23,340 --> 00:19:25,919
control and provide the world a way to
470
00:19:25,919 --> 00:19:28,740
annihilate itself Truman would hear none
471
00:19:28,740 --> 00:19:30,900
of it and forged ahead with the super
472
00:19:30,900 --> 00:19:33,240
anyways completing the first detonation
473
00:19:33,240 --> 00:19:36,419
in 1951 the dance of brinksmanship
474
00:19:36,419 --> 00:19:38,580
continued with the most cataclysmic
475
00:19:38,580 --> 00:19:41,280
weapons ever made as one historian wrote
476
00:19:41,280 --> 00:19:43,260
the WarHeads might just as well have
477
00:19:43,260 --> 00:19:45,480
been made of cardboard it was their
478
00:19:45,480 --> 00:19:48,000
abstract threat that counted as it was
479
00:19:48,000 --> 00:19:50,880
in H.G wells's time uranium's physical
480
00:19:50,880 --> 00:19:53,640
Powers were far secondary to the power
481
00:19:53,640 --> 00:19:56,039
of the narrative that man could craft
482
00:19:56,039 --> 00:19:58,380
around them the United States and the
483
00:19:58,380 --> 00:20:01,080
USSR would be locked together in this
484
00:20:01,080 --> 00:20:03,480
crude but effective story for almost 40
485
00:20:03,480 --> 00:20:06,000
years J Robert Oppenheimer would
486
00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:08,039
memorably call the standoff two
487
00:20:08,039 --> 00:20:10,260
scorpions in a bottle each capable of
488
00:20:10,260 --> 00:20:12,299
killing the other but only at the risk
489
00:20:12,299 --> 00:20:14,700
of his own life Abby made friends with
490
00:20:14,700 --> 00:20:17,280
Truman's wise men including one that was
491
00:20:17,280 --> 00:20:19,500
going through a similar ousting over
492
00:20:19,500 --> 00:20:22,320
militarization George F Kennen left the
493
00:20:22,320 --> 00:20:24,900
state department in 1950. Oppenheimer
494
00:20:24,900 --> 00:20:27,179
gave him a spot at the Institute despite
495
00:20:27,179 --> 00:20:29,160
not having completed any of his
496
00:20:29,160 --> 00:20:31,200
historical Works which I have spoken
497
00:20:31,200 --> 00:20:33,480
about in this episode they bonded over
498
00:20:33,480 --> 00:20:35,760
this and Kennen would help him with the
499
00:20:35,760 --> 00:20:37,679
trouble derived it from trying to stop
500
00:20:37,679 --> 00:20:40,020
the super just around the corner one of
501
00:20:40,020 --> 00:20:42,120
the enemies he created due to his
502
00:20:42,120 --> 00:20:44,820
opposition was Louis straws and yes it's
503
00:20:44,820 --> 00:20:47,280
pronounced Strauss he'd given an Opie
504
00:20:47,280 --> 00:20:49,200
the appointment to the Institute and now
505
00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:51,960
made every effort he could to remove the
506
00:20:51,960 --> 00:20:54,720
director that animosity continued for
507
00:20:54,720 --> 00:20:57,240
his entire life Abby remained on the
508
00:20:57,240 --> 00:20:59,280
atomic energy commission despite only
509
00:20:59,280 --> 00:21:01,500
serving a couple of days a year he had
510
00:21:01,500 --> 00:21:03,900
to keep a security clearance because of
511
00:21:03,900 --> 00:21:06,360
his previous communist connections the
512
00:21:06,360 --> 00:21:08,940
FBI had regularly surveilled him and
513
00:21:08,940 --> 00:21:11,940
wiretapped his phones they had a 7 000
514
00:21:11,940 --> 00:21:14,640
page dossier on him and straws got a
515
00:21:14,640 --> 00:21:17,400
hold of it FBI director J Edgar Hoover
516
00:21:17,400 --> 00:21:19,860
received a letter from a lawyer who had
517
00:21:19,860 --> 00:21:21,480
served on the commission claiming
518
00:21:21,480 --> 00:21:24,000
Oppenheimer was likely a Soviet agent
519
00:21:24,000 --> 00:21:26,039
after so much hysteria surrounding
520
00:21:26,039 --> 00:21:27,900
Soviet Espionage in the Manhattan
521
00:21:27,900 --> 00:21:30,480
Project it was easy to raise Petty
522
00:21:30,480 --> 00:21:33,120
complaints about disloyalty and straws
523
00:21:33,120 --> 00:21:35,400
pounced on the opportunity he kicked off
524
00:21:35,400 --> 00:21:38,039
a Security hearing into Opie accusing
525
00:21:38,039 --> 00:21:40,440
him of a ridiculous number of
526
00:21:40,440 --> 00:21:42,960
unsubstantiated rumors and suspending
527
00:21:42,960 --> 00:21:44,659
his clearance
528
00:21:44,659 --> 00:21:46,860
if he had been a member of the party
529
00:21:46,860 --> 00:21:50,400
that he had recommended uh
530
00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:52,340
foreign
531
00:21:52,340 --> 00:21:54,600
this was happening at the exact same
532
00:21:54,600 --> 00:21:57,179
time as Senator McCarthy was probing
533
00:21:57,179 --> 00:22:00,620
into the U.S army
534
00:22:01,880 --> 00:22:06,539
sir at long last have you left no
535
00:22:06,539 --> 00:22:09,360
handsome decency the atomic energy
536
00:22:09,360 --> 00:22:11,940
commission hearings weren't a court
537
00:22:11,940 --> 00:22:13,799
trial but they turned into the
538
00:22:13,799 --> 00:22:16,260
equivalent of an inquisition the FBI
539
00:22:16,260 --> 00:22:18,840
dossier was Kept Secret from Opie's
540
00:22:18,840 --> 00:22:20,820
defense while reading parts of it into
541
00:22:20,820 --> 00:22:23,460
evidence they used discrepancies between
542
00:22:23,460 --> 00:22:26,039
retellings of his communist friend's
543
00:22:26,039 --> 00:22:29,700
approach in 1943 as proof of duplicity
544
00:22:29,700 --> 00:22:31,679
to everyone there it was obvious
545
00:22:31,679 --> 00:22:33,900
railroading and a foregone conclusion
546
00:22:33,900 --> 00:22:36,720
despite that Opie was forced to admit an
547
00:22:36,720 --> 00:22:38,820
extramarital affair in front of his wife
548
00:22:38,820 --> 00:22:41,820
and how naive he was at the beginning of
549
00:22:41,820 --> 00:22:44,580
the Manhattan Project the AAC denied his
550
00:22:44,580 --> 00:22:46,559
clearance and published a damning
551
00:22:46,559 --> 00:22:49,020
profile which red baiting media raked
552
00:22:49,020 --> 00:22:51,179
him over the coals with with the jeering
553
00:22:51,179 --> 00:22:52,919
of conservatives everywhere the
554
00:22:52,919 --> 00:22:55,140
Oppenheimer family took a much needed
555
00:22:55,140 --> 00:22:58,080
Retreat to Saint John Island even so the
556
00:22:58,080 --> 00:23:00,659
FBI continued to Hound him claiming he
557
00:23:00,659 --> 00:23:03,240
might defect on a Russian submarine and
558
00:23:03,240 --> 00:23:06,000
forcing Robert to mail an itinerary to
559
00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:08,400
Hoover himself Kitty had long been an
560
00:23:08,400 --> 00:23:10,620
alcoholic and Robert was a bit aloof
561
00:23:10,620 --> 00:23:12,480
with their children the results of the
562
00:23:12,480 --> 00:23:15,179
aec hearings exacerbated these problems
563
00:23:15,179 --> 00:23:18,000
Robert alienated his son by leaving him
564
00:23:18,000 --> 00:23:20,100
at a boarding school their daughter Tony
565
00:23:20,100 --> 00:23:22,620
seemed to have inherited Robert's
566
00:23:22,620 --> 00:23:24,960
depression but nonetheless Robert and
567
00:23:24,960 --> 00:23:27,539
kitty loved the island buying a house on
568
00:23:27,539 --> 00:23:30,299
the beach and partying into the night it
569
00:23:30,299 --> 00:23:32,299
would be a place of regular Refuge
570
00:23:32,299 --> 00:23:35,039
reinvigorated Opie returned to Princeton
571
00:23:35,039 --> 00:23:37,500
and regularly took on lecture gigs
572
00:23:37,500 --> 00:23:40,200
around the country he became a bit of a
573
00:23:40,200 --> 00:23:42,600
martyr to academic freedom as straws
574
00:23:42,600 --> 00:23:44,520
repeatedly failed to oust him from the
575
00:23:44,520 --> 00:23:47,159
directorship Opie's Presence at various
576
00:23:47,159 --> 00:23:49,679
lectures was often protested by
577
00:23:49,679 --> 00:23:51,900
conservative academics but that only
578
00:23:51,900 --> 00:23:54,360
made his martyrdoms seem more important
579
00:23:54,360 --> 00:23:57,299
he still did scientific work even though
580
00:23:57,299 --> 00:23:59,640
he couldn't do any of the secretive work
581
00:23:59,640 --> 00:24:02,400
that advanced science so rapidly in the
582
00:24:02,400 --> 00:24:04,980
post-war period but for the most part he
583
00:24:04,980 --> 00:24:08,100
was focused on decrying red baiting with
584
00:24:08,100 --> 00:24:10,679
the election of President Kennedy Opie
585
00:24:10,679 --> 00:24:12,299
had a friend in the white house again
586
00:24:12,299 --> 00:24:14,700
Arthur Schlesinger Jr tried to
587
00:24:14,700 --> 00:24:17,159
rehabilitate Robert's reputation he
588
00:24:17,159 --> 00:24:18,720
didn't get so far as reinstating
589
00:24:18,720 --> 00:24:21,059
Robert's clearance but got him the
590
00:24:21,059 --> 00:24:23,520
Enrico Fermi award a scientific
591
00:24:23,520 --> 00:24:26,880
Commendation given out by presidents an
592
00:24:26,880 --> 00:24:29,640
assassin killed JFK only a month ahead
593
00:24:29,640 --> 00:24:31,799
of the ceremony so newly inaugurated
594
00:24:31,799 --> 00:24:33,840
President Johnson did the ceremony
595
00:24:33,840 --> 00:24:36,240
instead Republicans were angry but
596
00:24:36,240 --> 00:24:38,940
couldn't halt the dispensation of a
597
00:24:38,940 --> 00:24:41,159
fifty thousand dollar reward to
598
00:24:41,159 --> 00:24:43,440
retaliate they reduced the money by half
599
00:24:43,440 --> 00:24:46,080
the following year two years later ABI
600
00:24:46,080 --> 00:24:48,720
got throat cancer he was famously a
601
00:24:48,720 --> 00:24:51,240
chain smoker yet he kept living as best
602
00:24:51,240 --> 00:24:53,580
he could resigning from The Institute
603
00:24:53,580 --> 00:24:55,679
for advanced studies but staying near
604
00:24:55,679 --> 00:24:57,960
campus he died after fighting the
605
00:24:57,960 --> 00:25:01,380
Affliction for two years in 1967. Kitty
606
00:25:01,380 --> 00:25:04,080
died in 72 and their daughter lived on
607
00:25:04,080 --> 00:25:06,780
but was denied a translator position at
608
00:25:06,780 --> 00:25:09,840
the UN because the FBI still claimed her
609
00:25:09,840 --> 00:25:12,419
father was a commie spy she took her own
610
00:25:12,419 --> 00:25:14,880
life at the Saint John Island Cottage
611
00:25:14,880 --> 00:25:17,039
deeding the property to the people there
612
00:25:17,039 --> 00:25:19,320
which is still called Oppenheimer Beach
613
00:25:19,320 --> 00:25:22,679
Opie's Legacy is well described as the
614
00:25:22,679 --> 00:25:24,720
American Prometheus much like the figure
615
00:25:24,720 --> 00:25:27,299
of Legend he brought nuclear fire and
616
00:25:27,299 --> 00:25:29,580
was punished for that but perhaps he's
617
00:25:29,580 --> 00:25:31,740
more akin to the main character of a
618
00:25:31,740 --> 00:25:34,500
book subtitled The Modern Prometheus as
619
00:25:34,500 --> 00:25:36,720
in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein he
620
00:25:36,720 --> 00:25:38,820
created something that came to destroy
621
00:25:38,820 --> 00:25:41,580
him now Abby himself never really
622
00:25:41,580 --> 00:25:43,799
regretted being the father of the atomic
623
00:25:43,799 --> 00:25:46,380
bomb unlike some popular depictions but
624
00:25:46,380 --> 00:25:48,539
he did regret the missed opportunity of
625
00:25:48,539 --> 00:25:51,299
the Atchison lilianthal plan and failure
626
00:25:51,299 --> 00:25:53,760
to Halt the arms race when the Kennedy
627
00:25:53,760 --> 00:25:55,679
administration proposed a partial
628
00:25:55,679 --> 00:25:58,620
testing ban he said it's 20 years too
629
00:25:58,620 --> 00:26:00,720
late it should have been done the day
630
00:26:00,720 --> 00:26:03,840
after Trinity his Legacy is a long and
631
00:26:03,840 --> 00:26:06,600
winding road but perhaps someday His
632
00:26:06,600 --> 00:26:08,940
Highest hope can finally be achieved
633
00:26:08,940 --> 00:26:10,740
before we have any more nuclear
634
00:26:10,740 --> 00:26:15,500
proliferation and annihilate ourselves
635
00:26:15,620 --> 00:26:19,620
man I knew you'd try to come in you
636
00:26:19,620 --> 00:26:24,710
always do oh thank you yes good boy mwah
637
00:26:24,710 --> 00:26:26,159
[Music]
638
00:26:26,159 --> 00:26:28,320
the first test of a non-nuclear
639
00:26:28,320 --> 00:26:30,659
destination
640
00:26:30,659 --> 00:26:32,700
non-nuclear destination that's most
641
00:26:32,700 --> 00:26:35,299
destinations
642
00:26:35,470 --> 00:26:38,609
[Music]
643
00:26:38,640 --> 00:26:42,779
and wealth and weapon and weaponry and
644
00:26:42,779 --> 00:26:46,020
weaponry and weaponry world and weaponry
645
00:26:46,020 --> 00:26:50,220
wool and weapon Weaponry worldwide
646
00:26:50,220 --> 00:26:53,760
Weaponry World ride wow I cannot say
647
00:26:53,760 --> 00:26:54,539
that
648
00:26:54,539 --> 00:26:58,820
Weaponry worldwide and weaponry ruled
649
00:26:58,820 --> 00:27:02,940
worldwide as straws repeatedly failed to
650
00:27:02,940 --> 00:27:04,380
oust him from the dictatorship
651
00:27:04,380 --> 00:27:07,380
dictatorship
652
00:27:08,220 --> 00:27:09,850
just wanted some attention
653
00:27:09,850 --> 00:27:29,130
[Music]
46871
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