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Adolf Hitler,
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the leader of a country rich in
culture at the heart of Europe.
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A man incapable of normal
human relationships,
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lacking all compassion, filled
with hatred and prejudice.
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Here, long before the Second World War,
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Hitler was speaking about his
political opponents with brutality,
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"vernichtet", meaning destroyed.
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'Vernichtet!
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'Vernichtet!
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'Vernichtet!
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'Vernichtet!'
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Hitler's hatred would
lead to the Holocaust.
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His desire for conquest would
leave much of Europe in ruins.
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Yet this man, so full of anger,
was once loved by millions.
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Here, in the mountains of southern
Germany during the 1930s,
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lay a place of pilgrimage.
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On the slopes of the Obersalzberg
was Adolf Hitler's home,
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the Berghof.
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And this is what many
people thought of him.
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'I myself had the feeling
that here was a man
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'who did not think about
himself and his own advantage,
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'but solely about the good
of the German people.'
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This film reveals why Hitler was
so attractive to these people,
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with insights from those who
lived through these times,
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many of whom were interviewed by
the BBC over the last 20 years.
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'The man gave off such a charisma
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'that people believed whatever he said.'
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But the truth is that Hitler did not
somehow hypnotise the German people,
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for this is a history
that shows how charisma
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is created in a relationship.
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Hitler said that those Germans
he considered racially pure
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were better than anyone else,
and many German believed him.
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Hitler, always filled with hatred,
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managed to make a connection
with millions of Germans,
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and in the process, this
seemingly unlikely figure
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generated a level of charismatic attraction
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that is almost without parallel in history.
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Munich, in southern Germany.
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In 1913, the home to a strange
24-year-old Austrian,
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somebody nobody at the time
considered remotely charismatic,
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Adolf Hitler.
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He rented a room from a tailor,
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and scraped a living
painting pictures of Munich,
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similar to this, for tourists.
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He felt bitter and angry that his dreams
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of being a great artist
had come to nothing.
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A previous flatmate,
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August Kubizek, described Hitler like this.
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'Unleashing a torrent of hatred, he
would pour his fury over everything.'
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And Hitler would almost certainly
have remained an unknown painter
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if it hadn't been for a momentous
event in world history...
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...the First World War.
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Hitler, as an ordinary soldier,
fought over these fields in France.
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'To the left and right, shrapnel abursting,
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'and in between, the
English bullets whistle.
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'But we don't care.
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'Every one of us has only one wish,
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'to settle the score with that
gang out there once and for all,
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'whatever the cost.'
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Though brave - he won the Iron Cross -
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his comrades still thought
Hitler a bit weird.
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One of them, Balthasar Brandmayer, said...
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But what is extraordinary
is that the very qualities
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that made Hitler appear so
peculiar to his comrades
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would shortly help make him
appear charismatic to thousands.
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For Hitler's character
never really changed,
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but the situation did,
when Germany lost the war.
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In November 1918, the war ended.
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More than two million Germans
had died in this war,
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and all that their sacrifice
seemed to have achieved
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was a humiliating defeat.
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In the aftermath of this
lost war came riots
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on the streets of Germany and a
socialist revolution in Berlin.
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Some of the leaders of the
attempted revolution were Jewish,
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a fact which fed anti-Semitic prejudice,
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particularly amongst many of those
on the right of German politics.
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Thousands of ex-soldiers
formed paramilitary groups
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called Freikorps in order
to fight the revolution.
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And these Freikorps already held
many of the ideas and beliefs
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that Hitler would later adopt as his own.
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Many Freikorps were hugely anti-Semitic,
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believing in the fantasy
that Jews were responsible
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both for Communism and
Germany's defeat in the war.
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And one of the most notorious
Freikorps groups even adapted
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what they took to be a racist
symbol, the Hakenkreuz...
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or Swastika.
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Members of the Freikorps
called their leaders Fuehrer.
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And many of those who would later become
infamous as Nazis joined Freikorps...
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...like Heinrich Himmler, who
would become head of the SS,
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Gregor Strasser,
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one of the most important early
leaders in the Nazi party...
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...and Rudolf Hoess, the future
commandant of Auschwitz.
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But Hitler was not in a Freikorps.
He was back in Munich.
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Devastated by the loss of the war
and desperate to stay in the army,
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he seemed lost and directionless.
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Captain Karl Mayr knew Hitler in May 1919.
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'This time, Hitler was ready to
throw in his lot with anyone
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'who would show him kindness.
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'When I first met him, he
was like a tired, stray dog
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'looking for a master.'
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But Mayr detected in Hitler
qualities he could use.
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He decided to train Hitler
as a propaganda agent.
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Who's that?
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Hitler was sent on a short course
here at the University of Munich
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and then started giving right-wing
speeches to his fellow soldiers,
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warning of the dangers of Communism.
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It's only at this point
that Hitler's thinking
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seems to crystallize.
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How many of these ideas were
already latent within him
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is still a matter of debate,
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but what's certain is that
in the summer of 1919,
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he becomes sure of his beliefs.
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In a letter he wrote in September 1919,
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Hitler called for the removal
of the Jews from Germany
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and a Government of National Strength.
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Now, at the age of 30, Hitler
had found his mission in life.
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And this mission was the first
part of his charismatic appeal.
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Hitler joined the German Workers' Party,
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one of a huge number of far-right
groups in Munich at the time,
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and started speaking at
meetings in beer halls.
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Harsh and theatrical as his
speeches appear to us today,
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at the time, his performances
soon got him noticed in Munich.
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He seemed to be able to express
the anger many people felt,
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as well as their desire
to blame someone else
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for the problems Germany faced.
Particularly the Jews.
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This speech, from 1933,
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shows how Hitler's own hatred
connected with the audience.
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Many now shared Hitler's warped prejudices,
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and his intolerance was taken
as strength of character.
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Hans Frank, who would go on
to become a leading Nazi,
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first heard Hitler speak in 1920.
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'Everything came from the heart
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'and he struck a chord with all of us.
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'He uttered what was in the
consciousness of all those present.'
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This is a key insight into charisma.
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Because charisma does not
exist on its own in anyone.
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It exists only in an interaction
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between an individual and an audience.
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An individual like Hitler who
was telling the audience
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what they wanted to hear.
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Many of them longed for
a charismatic leader
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to lead them out of misery.
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German history was rich in
stories of such heroes.
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Here, amongst the mountains
around Hitler's house,
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the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa
was, according to legend, sleeping -
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waiting to awaken and
fight his final battles.
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And one of the most popular
tourist attractions of the time
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was this monument, completed in 1875,
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to Hermann, a tribal leader
who had led the Germans
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to victory over the Romans
nearly 2,000 years before.
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This later engraving claims a direct
link between Hitler and Hermann.
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Both portrayed as German heroes.
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And Hermann was so important to
the Nazis that Heinrich Himmler
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took over Wewelsburg Castle
nearby in the 1930s,
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intending this place to
be a centre of SS power.
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In the crypt of the castle,
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Himmler wanted to hold pagan SS ceremonies
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by the light of an eternal flame.
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Above the crypt was a hall, for
the leaders of the SS to meet,
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like the warrior knights of old.
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Always subordinate to their
heroic master, Adolf Hitler.
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'He is a genuinely great man
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'and, above all, a true and pure one.'
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Himmler believed that, just
as Hermann had once proved
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to be a superior kind of
Germanic hero, 2,000 years ago,
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Adolf Hitler would prove to
be just such a hero today.
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In 1923, the political atmosphere
in Munich was tense and unstable.
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By now, Hitler had been leader of the
National Socialist German Workers' Party,
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which some called the Nazis, for two years.
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And he'd built a large and growing
paramilitary organisation -
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the Stormtroopers.
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In November 1923, he decided to act,
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and to try and spark an uprising in Munich.
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On 9th November, the Nazis
marched through these streets,
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but were stopped by the police.
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Here, at the corner of the Feldherrnhalle.
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Shots were exchanged.
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Four police and 16 Nazis
were killed that day.
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The uprising, or Putsch, had been
an incompetent and violent attempt
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to overthrow a democratic state.
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But Hitler managed to turn
it into a heroic myth.
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This annual re-enactment of the march,
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filmed after the Nazis came to power,
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shows just how Hitler tried
to create that myth.
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Each of the Nazis killed in the
Putsch was turned into a martyr.
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Their flag became a sacred relic.
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Where they were shot
became a hallowed site.
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Those in attendance were blessed.
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Hitler wanted to show how
his devoted disciples
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had died for a great cause,
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a cause symbolised by their
single, heroic leader.
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Back in 1924,
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Hitler received the minimum sentence
possible for his part in the Putsch
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from a sympathetic judge and
was sent to Landsberg Prison.
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Here, he wrote a book.
Mein Kampf, or my struggle.
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In it, he tried to demonstrate
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that he possessed the
next important element
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needed by a charismatic leader -
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a vision of how the world
is and how it ought to be.
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A brutal vision.
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'He who wants to live, should fight,
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'and he who does not want to fight
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'in this world of eternal struggle,
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'does not deserve to live.'
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Hitler believed that the
fact that we are animals
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is the most important thing about us,
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and that so-called Aryan
Germans were superior animals.
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Hitler's vision from Mein
Kampf was later expressed
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in this propaganda film of the 1930s,
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made after the Nazis came to power.
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Once in power, Hitler introduced
compulsory sterilisation
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for selected disabled Germans.
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Later, he would authorise
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00:18:44,040 --> 00:18:46,480
the killing of tens of thousands of them.
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On 20th December 1924, Hitler was
released from Landsberg Prison
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and set about trying to
rebuild the Nazi Party.
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Despite writing Mein Kampf,
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Hitler's charismatic
credentials as a revolutionary
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were still largely based on
his reputation as a speaker.
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This series of studio photos,
taken later in the 1920s,
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shows how he attempted to
demonstrate his dynamic image.
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But in the mid 1920s,
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support for the Nazis was
dropping as the economy improved.
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And one of the most senior
Nazis, Gregor Strasser,
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wanted the party to be led
in a less dictatorial way.
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His challenge now was to convince
Adolf Hitler to agree with him.
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On 14th February 1926, here, in
the ancient city of Bamberg,
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Hitler held a special conference
to deal with Strasser's proposals.
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But there was to be no debate.
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Hitler just spoke for several
hours, repudiating Strasser's ideas
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and was then cheered by his supporters.
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Hitler did not approve of
discussion nor of detailed policy.
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For a charismatic leader,
vagueness is valuable.
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This is how he later explained
the Nazi Party should operate.
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Hitler worked hard to try
and appear charismatic.
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One technique he used was his stare.
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He would hold the eyes of the
person he was looking at
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longer than was usual.
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00:21:28,960 --> 00:21:32,839
One Nazi supporter later
claimed he felt this
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00:21:32,840 --> 00:21:36,239
when he looked into Hitler's eyes.
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'That was one of the most
curious moments of my life.
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'The gaze, which at first
rested completely on me,
243
00:21:42,800 --> 00:21:47,319
'suddenly went straight through
me and into an unknown distance.
244
00:21:47,320 --> 00:21:48,800
'It was so strange.'
245
00:21:54,520 --> 00:21:56,479
But being a Nazi could be difficult
246
00:21:56,480 --> 00:21:58,800
if you didn't accept Hitler's charisma.
247
00:22:01,720 --> 00:22:05,319
Here in Bamberg, one of Strasser's
close associates was distraught
248
00:22:05,320 --> 00:22:07,760
when Hitler chose not to debate policy.
249
00:22:09,680 --> 00:22:14,759
He was a 28-year-old former
journalist called Joseph Goebbels,
250
00:22:14,760 --> 00:22:17,319
and he wrote in his diary...
251
00:22:17,320 --> 00:22:22,040
"I no longer fully believe in Hitler.
I am in despair."
252
00:22:25,840 --> 00:22:30,199
But Hitler recognised the potential
value of Goebbels to the Nazi Party,
253
00:22:30,200 --> 00:22:35,079
so he now focused his attention
directly on Goebbels.
254
00:22:35,080 --> 00:22:37,119
Asking him to Munich,
255
00:22:37,120 --> 00:22:40,399
passionately expounding his
vision for the future of Germany,
256
00:22:40,400 --> 00:22:42,280
and flattering him.
257
00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:49,520
Goebbels was captivated.
258
00:22:52,840 --> 00:22:56,520
Two months after Bamberg,
Goebbels wrote in his diary...
259
00:23:08,960 --> 00:23:11,999
Hitler now had the party he wanted,
260
00:23:12,000 --> 00:23:14,600
one built around his strange personality.
261
00:23:20,480 --> 00:23:22,879
Small as the Nazi Party was
262
00:23:22,880 --> 00:23:25,599
at the time this footage
was shot in the 1920s,
263
00:23:25,600 --> 00:23:28,839
most of the elements
that would come together
264
00:23:28,840 --> 00:23:33,759
to make Hitler be seen as a leader
of charisma were already in place.
265
00:23:33,760 --> 00:23:37,999
His mission - to create a
racist, Aryan, German state.
266
00:23:38,000 --> 00:23:42,719
The connection he made with his
audience via his speeches.
267
00:23:42,720 --> 00:23:47,879
His claim that he possessed strength
because he was a proven war hero.
268
00:23:47,880 --> 00:23:51,439
His Darwinian vision,
developed in Mein Kampf,
269
00:23:51,440 --> 00:23:53,359
which also contained the fantasy
270
00:23:53,360 --> 00:23:56,720
that the Jews and Communists
were to blame for everything.
271
00:24:01,240 --> 00:24:05,519
But still, if you weren't already
inclined to accept Hitler's views,
272
00:24:05,520 --> 00:24:09,359
then, you felt he possessed
no charisma at all.
273
00:24:09,360 --> 00:24:12,959
'I immediately disliked him
because of his scratchy voice.
274
00:24:12,960 --> 00:24:16,759
'He shouted out really, really
simple political ideas.
275
00:24:16,760 --> 00:24:19,479
'I thought he wasn't quite normal.'
276
00:24:19,480 --> 00:24:22,839
'He put forward certain claims
that were in no way valid
277
00:24:22,840 --> 00:24:26,439
'and I said to my friend, "My
impression after that speech
278
00:24:26,440 --> 00:24:28,959
'"is that this man Hitler will hopefully
279
00:24:28,960 --> 00:24:32,039
' "never come to political power."'
280
00:24:32,040 --> 00:24:35,160
And in 1928, it looked like he never would.
281
00:24:41,280 --> 00:24:44,119
The vast majority of people in Germany
282
00:24:44,120 --> 00:24:46,959
were completely immune
to Hitler's charisma.
283
00:24:46,960 --> 00:24:53,040
At the election in May 1928, the
Nazis gained just 2.6% of the vote.
284
00:24:54,520 --> 00:24:57,119
Hitler's appeal only began to be felt
285
00:24:57,120 --> 00:25:02,320
beyond a small group of fanatics
because of an economic catastrophe.
286
00:25:15,400 --> 00:25:17,839
In the wake of the Wall
Street Crash of 1929,
287
00:25:17,840 --> 00:25:21,479
the German economy all but collapsed.
288
00:25:21,480 --> 00:25:24,119
The Weimar government had borrowed money
289
00:25:24,120 --> 00:25:25,559
to pay the Allies war reparations
290
00:25:25,560 --> 00:25:29,159
and now the debt became
too great to service.
291
00:25:29,160 --> 00:25:32,119
Banks crashed, and unemployment soared.
292
00:25:32,120 --> 00:25:36,479
The Nazis gained support,
but so did the Communists.
293
00:25:36,480 --> 00:25:39,319
'It was a ray of hope that
Socialism would be coming,
294
00:25:39,320 --> 00:25:41,599
'that unemployment would be vanquished,
295
00:25:41,600 --> 00:25:44,320
'that you would have a right to
a job and you'd be paid more.'
296
00:25:46,680 --> 00:25:47,999
In the beer halls,
297
00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:50,639
fights between the Nazis and the Communists
298
00:25:50,640 --> 00:25:52,439
became almost commonplace.
299
00:25:52,440 --> 00:25:55,159
'Stormtroopers all had a big
glass in front of them,
300
00:25:55,160 --> 00:25:56,799
'practically a missile.
301
00:25:56,800 --> 00:25:59,199
'The battle was pretty fierce,
302
00:25:59,200 --> 00:26:03,479
'several people were hospitalized,
some Stormtroopers too,
303
00:26:03,480 --> 00:26:04,999
'they had face wounds.
304
00:26:05,000 --> 00:26:08,240
'I had a head wound, I was bleeding.'
305
00:26:09,920 --> 00:26:15,359
Hitler thrived in this atmosphere
of violence and political crisis.
306
00:26:15,360 --> 00:26:16,679
At election rallies,
307
00:26:16,680 --> 00:26:19,439
he openly called for the
destruction of democracy.
308
00:26:19,440 --> 00:26:22,920
And for a new Germany to be
united under his leadership.
309
00:26:24,640 --> 00:26:30,520
"Deutschlandlied" by Joseph Haydn.
310
00:27:43,720 --> 00:27:48,119
'It was our aim that a strong
man should have the say,
311
00:27:48,120 --> 00:27:50,160
'and we had such a strong man.
312
00:27:52,440 --> 00:27:55,199
'The people were really hungry.
313
00:27:55,200 --> 00:27:56,959
'It was very, very hard.
314
00:27:56,960 --> 00:27:58,239
'And, in that context,
315
00:27:58,240 --> 00:28:03,240
'Hitler, with his statements, seemed
to be the bringer of salvation.'
316
00:28:12,680 --> 00:28:16,799
Hitler hadn't somehow
mesmerised his new followers
317
00:28:16,800 --> 00:28:18,560
into acting against their own will.
318
00:28:21,520 --> 00:28:23,679
In this desperate situation,
319
00:28:23,680 --> 00:28:28,520
they chose to have faith in a
leader they felt had charisma.
320
00:28:38,760 --> 00:28:42,640
But not everybody thought Hitler was
the answer to Germany's problems.
321
00:28:44,080 --> 00:28:46,799
President Hindenburg certainly didn't.
322
00:28:46,800 --> 00:28:50,959
Even though in 1932 the Nazis became
the biggest party in Germany,
323
00:28:50,960 --> 00:28:53,199
he refused to make Hitler Chancellor,
324
00:28:53,200 --> 00:28:55,480
calling him the "Bohemian corporal."
325
00:28:59,440 --> 00:29:01,959
Hitler was offered the
job of Vice Chancellor,
326
00:29:01,960 --> 00:29:03,879
but he refused to take it.
327
00:29:03,880 --> 00:29:07,280
And some of his supporters
saw his obstinacy as heroic.
328
00:29:12,440 --> 00:29:15,559
'Hitler holds his nerve, he
is above the machinations.
329
00:29:15,560 --> 00:29:18,080
'I love him when he's like this.'
330
00:29:20,520 --> 00:29:25,440
But other leading Nazis were not
so full of praise for Hitler.
331
00:29:28,640 --> 00:29:31,999
Gregor Strasser, still an
important figure in the party,
332
00:29:32,000 --> 00:29:35,719
thought that Hitler was stupid to
hold out for the Chancellorship.
333
00:29:35,720 --> 00:29:37,880
He had had enough.
334
00:29:39,560 --> 00:29:41,439
'He should realise that he has been
335
00:29:41,440 --> 00:29:44,279
'consistently refused
this post by everybody.
336
00:29:44,280 --> 00:29:46,399
'I'm not prepared to wait for the Fuehrer
337
00:29:46,400 --> 00:29:47,999
'to be appointed Reich Chancellor
338
00:29:48,000 --> 00:29:51,479
'as, by then, our movement
would have collapsed.
339
00:29:51,480 --> 00:29:54,959
'I'm at the end of my tether,
I've resigned from the Party
340
00:29:54,960 --> 00:29:58,440
'and I'm now going to the
mountains to recuperate.'
341
00:30:10,800 --> 00:30:13,879
But some in the German elite
were beginning to think
342
00:30:13,880 --> 00:30:15,799
that appointing Hitler as Chancellor
343
00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:19,439
might be one way out of Germany's problems.
344
00:30:19,440 --> 00:30:23,919
The aristocratic Franz von Papen,
a former Chancellor himself,
345
00:30:23,920 --> 00:30:26,879
thought Hitler could be
a useful figurehead.
346
00:30:26,880 --> 00:30:29,839
Der Mann ist doch ein Ausbund
von Kleinbuergertum...
347
00:30:29,840 --> 00:30:33,800
He didn't find Hitler charismatic,
but "curiously unimpressive."
348
00:30:37,120 --> 00:30:41,080
What they were most frightened of
was not Hitler, but the Communists.
349
00:30:42,440 --> 00:30:44,919
Die Kommunisten. Der Kommunismus.
350
00:30:44,920 --> 00:30:47,879
Das ist die Hauptbedrohung, die ich sehe.
Es mass etwas geschehen...
351
00:30:47,880 --> 00:30:50,119
And so, von Papen and his friends,
352
00:30:50,120 --> 00:30:53,319
backed an idea to make Hitler Chancellor,
353
00:30:53,320 --> 00:30:57,159
as long as there were only a few
other Nazis in the cabinet.
354
00:30:57,160 --> 00:30:59,320
...Staatsmaennisches Verhalten.
355
00:31:05,280 --> 00:31:10,239
On 30th January 1933, after
lobbying from von Papen and others,
356
00:31:10,240 --> 00:31:13,840
Hitler was appointed Chancellor
by President Hindenburg.
357
00:31:22,600 --> 00:31:26,119
For Hitler's supporters, this
was the strongest proof yet
358
00:31:26,120 --> 00:31:28,679
of his power as a charismatic leader.
359
00:31:28,680 --> 00:31:31,919
When it had looked impossible
that he would become Chancellor,
360
00:31:31,920 --> 00:31:36,399
and many had doubted him, he
had asked them to have faith.
361
00:31:36,400 --> 00:31:38,320
And now, he WAS Chancellor.
362
00:31:40,240 --> 00:31:43,919
Von Papen, who was happy to
see democracy disappear,
363
00:31:43,920 --> 00:31:46,319
became Vice Chancellor.
364
00:31:46,320 --> 00:31:49,599
He still thought he and his
friends could control Hitler.
365
00:31:49,600 --> 00:31:51,119
He would shortly discover
366
00:31:51,120 --> 00:31:54,880
that he'd made one the most
monumental misjudgements in history.
367
00:32:03,880 --> 00:32:09,279
Hitler talked to the German nation
as Chancellor on 10th February 1933.
368
00:32:09,280 --> 00:32:11,799
Thousands were in the hall in front of him,
369
00:32:11,800 --> 00:32:15,119
and millions were listening on radio.
370
00:32:15,120 --> 00:32:17,160
But Hitler made them all wait.
371
00:33:01,720 --> 00:33:04,759
When he did start, Hitler stuck
to his old familiar script.
372
00:33:04,760 --> 00:33:07,199
His speech was vague in detail
373
00:33:07,200 --> 00:33:11,600
and called for Germans to fix their
problems without outside help.
374
00:34:01,000 --> 00:34:03,999
But if Hitler didn't consider
you a "true" German,
375
00:34:04,000 --> 00:34:05,920
then, suddenly, you were at risk.
376
00:34:08,240 --> 00:34:12,559
Thousands of people the Nazis
considered enemies of the new regime,
377
00:34:12,560 --> 00:34:15,519
mostly their political
opponents, but also some Jews,
378
00:34:15,520 --> 00:34:18,160
were imprisoned in concentration camps.
379
00:34:20,680 --> 00:34:22,959
This one at Dachau outside Munich
380
00:34:22,960 --> 00:34:26,760
was opened just weeks after
Hitler became Chancellor.
381
00:34:34,480 --> 00:34:37,559
To begin with, the concentration camps
382
00:34:37,560 --> 00:34:40,719
were under the control of
the Nazi Stormtroopers.
383
00:34:40,720 --> 00:34:43,600
Here they are parading in
triumph through Berlin.
384
00:34:46,920 --> 00:34:52,200
But their ordered marching hid
a chaotic and violent reality.
385
00:34:54,760 --> 00:34:56,679
'Everyone is arresting everyone else
386
00:34:56,680 --> 00:34:58,879
'and avoiding the prescribed
official channels.
387
00:34:58,880 --> 00:35:01,959
'Everyone is threatening everyone
else with protective custody.
388
00:35:01,960 --> 00:35:05,000
'Everyone is threatening
everyone else with Dachau.'
389
00:35:06,480 --> 00:35:09,759
These concentration camps were
not yet places of mass killing,
390
00:35:09,760 --> 00:35:13,119
but they were brutal in the extreme.
391
00:35:13,120 --> 00:35:14,799
A number of prisoners were murdered,
392
00:35:14,800 --> 00:35:19,320
and torture, often psychological
torture, was commonplace.
393
00:35:20,640 --> 00:35:24,239
'I was thrown into the
bunker and kept in chains.
394
00:35:24,240 --> 00:35:27,479
'We only got something
to eat every fourth day.
395
00:35:27,480 --> 00:35:30,839
'Other than that, there was
just a jug of water and bread.
396
00:35:30,840 --> 00:35:35,159
'After four days, he said,
"You're getting out tomorrow,"
397
00:35:35,160 --> 00:35:37,799
'but he was just messing around with me.
398
00:35:37,800 --> 00:35:41,720
'They kept saying, "You'll
be getting out..." Nothing.'
399
00:36:01,720 --> 00:36:05,359
Throughout Germany, the
reality was obvious -
400
00:36:05,360 --> 00:36:08,479
Hitler led a movement of
violent revolutionaries
401
00:36:08,480 --> 00:36:11,840
and was brutally suppressing
any opposition.
402
00:36:13,600 --> 00:36:15,279
But now he was Chancellor,
403
00:36:15,280 --> 00:36:19,039
Hitler also wanted the support of
all of those who lived in this land
404
00:36:19,040 --> 00:36:21,160
that he considered "true" Germans.
405
00:36:26,800 --> 00:36:32,560
Nazi Stormtroopers were still as ready to spill
the blood of their enemies as they'd always been.
406
00:36:34,840 --> 00:36:38,719
So how could Hitler benefit from
the brutality of his Stormtroopers
407
00:36:38,720 --> 00:36:40,880
and yet not be blamed for it?
408
00:36:47,240 --> 00:36:50,599
An early sign of how Hitler
would attempt this deception
409
00:36:50,600 --> 00:36:53,959
was shown just two months
into his Chancellorship.
410
00:36:53,960 --> 00:36:57,719
Hitler's anti-Semitic
prejudice knew no bounds.
411
00:36:57,720 --> 00:37:01,159
And on 1st April 1933,
with Hitler's approval,
412
00:37:01,160 --> 00:37:05,439
the Nazis held a boycott of
Jewish shops and businesses
413
00:37:05,440 --> 00:37:07,279
that lasted one day.
414
00:37:07,280 --> 00:37:10,079
'I felt like I was falling
into a deep hole.
415
00:37:10,080 --> 00:37:14,439
'That was when I intuitively
realised for the first time
416
00:37:14,440 --> 00:37:18,079
'that the existing law
did not apply to Jews.
417
00:37:18,080 --> 00:37:20,599
'You could do with Jews whatever you liked.
418
00:37:20,600 --> 00:37:22,440
'A Jew was an outlaw.'
419
00:37:23,800 --> 00:37:27,119
But because Hitler didn't know what
the reaction to all this would be,
420
00:37:27,120 --> 00:37:30,880
particularly abroad, he didn't
want his name associated with it.
421
00:37:32,080 --> 00:37:35,039
The document calling for the
boycott was signed only.
422
00:37:35,040 --> 00:37:38,680
"Leadership of the National
Socialist German Workers' Party."
423
00:37:48,720 --> 00:37:50,839
But Hitler was concerned
424
00:37:50,840 --> 00:37:54,359
that the Stormtroopers might
be getting out of his control,
425
00:37:54,360 --> 00:37:57,720
that they were starting to become
a threat to the regime itself.
426
00:38:03,840 --> 00:38:06,839
Hitler told them the revolution was over.
427
00:38:06,840 --> 00:38:10,519
But the Stormtroopers wanted to
march the revolution ever onwards,
428
00:38:10,520 --> 00:38:13,119
staying true to the words
of the Nazi anthem,
429
00:38:13,120 --> 00:38:15,840
written by Stormtrooper Horst Wessel.
430
00:38:50,840 --> 00:38:52,559
Their leader, Ernst Roehm,
431
00:38:52,560 --> 00:38:56,599
even wanted the Stormtroopers
to take over the German Army.
432
00:38:56,600 --> 00:39:01,679
But the army didn't want anything
to do with this bunch of thugs.
433
00:39:01,680 --> 00:39:05,039
'One rejected the Stormtroopers
because of their behaviour.
434
00:39:05,040 --> 00:39:06,799
'Well, at the end, one can almost say
435
00:39:06,800 --> 00:39:09,760
'the Stormtroopers were
hated by most soldiers.'
436
00:39:23,880 --> 00:39:26,119
Von Papen, Hitler's Vice Chancellor,
437
00:39:26,120 --> 00:39:29,400
had been gathering complaints
about the Stormtroopers.
438
00:39:31,360 --> 00:39:33,599
This was potentially dangerous for Hitler,
439
00:39:33,600 --> 00:39:36,520
as von Papen was close to the
aged President Hindenburg.
440
00:39:39,520 --> 00:39:45,400
On 17th June 1934, von Papen made a
speech openly criticising the Nazis.
441
00:39:47,040 --> 00:39:49,959
'An endless dynamic creates nothing.
442
00:39:49,960 --> 00:39:53,039
'Germany must not become a
train into the unknown,
443
00:39:53,040 --> 00:39:55,600
'with no-one knowing when it will stop.'
444
00:40:02,480 --> 00:40:06,679
But Hitler realised he could
turn all this to his advantage
445
00:40:06,680 --> 00:40:09,120
and alter the way millions
perceived him as a leader.
446
00:40:13,600 --> 00:40:16,880
He just had to be
cold-hearted and ruthless.
447
00:40:25,120 --> 00:40:27,519
On 30th June 1934,
448
00:40:27,520 --> 00:40:30,479
Hitler travelled to the shores
of the Tegernsee in Bavaria
449
00:40:30,480 --> 00:40:33,320
and the health resort of Bad Wiessee.
450
00:40:37,400 --> 00:40:39,959
Roehm and the senior leadership
of the Stormtroopers
451
00:40:39,960 --> 00:40:44,440
were all on holiday here, at this
hotel then called the Hanselbauer.
452
00:40:52,080 --> 00:40:55,599
Hitler and his entourage arrived
at 6.30 in the morning.
453
00:40:55,600 --> 00:40:58,559
Hitler walked through
the lobby of the hotel
454
00:40:58,560 --> 00:41:01,439
and up the stairs to the first floor,
455
00:41:01,440 --> 00:41:04,319
where Roehm was asleep in this room.
456
00:41:04,320 --> 00:41:07,599
Hitler, claiming that Roehm was
plotting a coup against him,
457
00:41:07,600 --> 00:41:11,239
arrested his old comrade along with the
other leaders of the Stormtroopers.
458
00:41:11,240 --> 00:41:14,480
Two days later, Roehm was shot.
459
00:41:23,080 --> 00:41:25,599
Many others Hitler held grudges against
460
00:41:25,600 --> 00:41:27,319
were killed at the same time.
461
00:41:27,320 --> 00:41:30,679
Gregor Strasser, who had
once been a leading Nazi
462
00:41:30,680 --> 00:41:33,600
but had quarrelled with
Hitler, was also shot.
463
00:41:42,040 --> 00:41:45,559
As for von Papen, two of
his aides were murdered,
464
00:41:45,560 --> 00:41:47,599
but he was allowed to live,
465
00:41:47,600 --> 00:41:50,320
eventually sent to Vienna
as German ambassador.
466
00:41:56,200 --> 00:42:01,119
Hitler benefited hugely as a result of the
ruthless killing of Roehm and the others.
467
00:42:01,120 --> 00:42:04,239
Now Hitler had seemingly
destroyed disorderly elements
468
00:42:04,240 --> 00:42:05,719
within his own party,
469
00:42:05,720 --> 00:42:08,759
many Germans started to see
him for the first time
470
00:42:08,760 --> 00:42:12,040
as leader of the nation, not
just leader of the Nazis.
471
00:42:19,680 --> 00:42:24,599
On 2nd August 1934, just one
month after the murder of Roehm,
472
00:42:24,600 --> 00:42:31,720
every member of the German armed forces was ordered
to swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler personally.
473
00:42:44,400 --> 00:42:46,319
President Hindenburg had just died,
474
00:42:46,320 --> 00:42:50,440
and now Hitler was head of
state as well as Chancellor.
475
00:42:52,280 --> 00:42:54,240
Adolf Hitler.
476
00:43:04,680 --> 00:43:08,199
Just a few weeks later, in September 1934,
477
00:43:08,200 --> 00:43:11,560
Hitler was here in Nuremberg
for the Nazi Party rally.
478
00:43:13,080 --> 00:43:16,719
The Nazis had first held a
rally in Nuremberg in 1927.
479
00:43:16,720 --> 00:43:20,079
But this rally would be
remembered more than any other
480
00:43:20,080 --> 00:43:24,399
and would play an important part
in the creation of a Hitler myth.
481
00:43:24,400 --> 00:43:26,719
Because this rally was filmed
482
00:43:26,720 --> 00:43:29,960
for the feature length
documentary Triumph Of The Will.
483
00:43:37,920 --> 00:43:41,079
Hitler was portrayed as a
flawless, almost God-like leader,
484
00:43:41,080 --> 00:43:44,280
descending from the clouds to
meet his adoring subjects.
485
00:43:52,240 --> 00:43:53,999
Thanks to Triumph Of The Will,
486
00:43:54,000 --> 00:43:56,839
it wasn't just the people
who were physically present
487
00:43:56,840 --> 00:44:00,160
who experienced the emotional
impact of seeing their leader.
488
00:44:03,760 --> 00:44:06,559
Now, millions more could see in cinemas
489
00:44:06,560 --> 00:44:09,280
a carefully crafted vision of Hitler.
490
00:44:20,640 --> 00:44:24,479
'For me, the Fuehrer was an
inviolable personality -
491
00:44:24,480 --> 00:44:26,359
'the Fuehrer of the German Reich.
492
00:44:26,360 --> 00:44:29,959
'He, whom Providence had
given so many gifts.
493
00:44:29,960 --> 00:44:34,160
'He, who was so powerful that
he could orchestrate millions.'
494
00:44:38,920 --> 00:44:41,999
'There was the wish to place power
in the hands of a man who says,
495
00:44:42,000 --> 00:44:44,559
'"We will do it, and we
will only succeed like this
496
00:44:44,560 --> 00:44:46,240
' "if we all roll up our sleeves."'
497
00:44:50,880 --> 00:44:55,119
'It made you sick, but it was
fascinating at the same time.
498
00:44:55,120 --> 00:44:57,279
'Hitler didn't promise anything.
499
00:44:57,280 --> 00:45:00,399
'It was always "only for the German people"
500
00:45:00,400 --> 00:45:03,479
'and "we have to free the
people from Marxism."
501
00:45:03,480 --> 00:45:05,400
'I only admired the technique.'
502
00:45:12,280 --> 00:45:16,719
'The fact is that Hitler
managed to get all of them,
503
00:45:16,720 --> 00:45:20,119
'almost all of them, under
the one roof, so to speak.
504
00:45:20,120 --> 00:45:21,639
'To pull them together.
505
00:45:21,640 --> 00:45:25,719
'People said that Hitler
had the effect of a magnet
506
00:45:25,720 --> 00:45:28,760
'that was being passed over the
heads of the German people.'
507
00:45:49,520 --> 00:45:53,599
But despite this level of
adulation, Hitler had not changed -
508
00:45:53,600 --> 00:45:55,999
he was just as hate-filled as ever
509
00:45:56,000 --> 00:45:58,880
and so was the regime he led.
510
00:46:04,560 --> 00:46:08,199
The same year Triumph Of
The Will was made, 1934,
511
00:46:08,200 --> 00:46:10,759
Alois Pfaller, a German Communist,
512
00:46:10,760 --> 00:46:15,279
was taken for questioning by the
Nazi secret police - the Gestapo.
513
00:46:15,280 --> 00:46:17,399
'They hit me in the face.
514
00:46:17,400 --> 00:46:19,599
'For three hours. Always at my face.
515
00:46:19,600 --> 00:46:22,479
'In the meantime, my eardrum had split,
516
00:46:22,480 --> 00:46:25,279
'so then, I heard an incredible racket.
517
00:46:25,280 --> 00:46:27,599
'It was a roaring, an incredible roaring,
518
00:46:27,600 --> 00:46:30,400
'so you couldn't understand
anything properly any longer.'
519
00:46:32,600 --> 00:46:35,199
When Alois suffered a massive haemorrhage,
520
00:46:35,200 --> 00:46:37,919
the Gestapo made him clean
his own blood off the floor
521
00:46:37,920 --> 00:46:40,720
before sending him to a concentration camp.
522
00:46:48,560 --> 00:46:51,399
The reason that this kind
of persecution did not,
523
00:46:51,400 --> 00:46:54,319
for the most part, damage Hitler
amongst the general population
524
00:46:54,320 --> 00:46:57,359
was because the perception of many Germans
525
00:46:57,360 --> 00:47:00,920
was that Hitler was using
violence to bring order.
526
00:47:02,560 --> 00:47:04,079
'Right at the beginning,
527
00:47:04,080 --> 00:47:06,679
'the first Communists and social
democrats were carted off,
528
00:47:06,680 --> 00:47:08,199
'I even saw it myself, the lorries.
529
00:47:08,200 --> 00:47:10,039
'It didn't make us think.
530
00:47:10,040 --> 00:47:13,760
'They were only Communists after
all, enemies of the people.'
531
00:47:18,880 --> 00:47:22,639
Hitler was careful to act mostly
against groups in German society
532
00:47:22,640 --> 00:47:25,959
that many other Germans were
already prejudiced against -
533
00:47:25,960 --> 00:47:28,559
like Jews and Communists.
534
00:47:28,560 --> 00:47:31,239
Hitler was aware that,
as a charismatic leader,
535
00:47:31,240 --> 00:47:35,120
the more he targeted carefully
defined enemies, the better.
536
00:47:45,480 --> 00:47:48,679
Less than 1% of Germans were Jewish,
537
00:47:48,680 --> 00:47:52,360
and few dared to now claim
they were Communists.
538
00:47:53,760 --> 00:47:58,160
So the vast majority of Germans were
not at risk from persecution...
539
00:48:00,320 --> 00:48:03,639
...as long as they embraced
the new world of Nazism.
540
00:48:03,640 --> 00:48:05,399
And since unemployment was falling
541
00:48:05,400 --> 00:48:08,359
and the economy seemed to be picking up,
542
00:48:08,360 --> 00:48:11,799
many ordinary Germans now
felt this was the beginning
543
00:48:11,800 --> 00:48:14,000
of a new, more optimistic era.
544
00:48:17,240 --> 00:48:20,759
'At first, you were carried
along by a wave of hope,
545
00:48:20,760 --> 00:48:22,519
'because we had it better.
546
00:48:22,520 --> 00:48:26,800
'We had order in the country.
We had, well, security.'
547
00:48:30,120 --> 00:48:33,839
In particular, the young were
taught the Nazi world view.
548
00:48:33,840 --> 00:48:37,520
Most importantly, that Hitler
was a flawless leader.
549
00:48:42,520 --> 00:48:46,519
These members of the Hitler Youth
were the future soldiers of Germany,
550
00:48:46,520 --> 00:48:50,040
from whom Hitler would
demand absolute loyalty.
551
00:48:51,880 --> 00:48:54,839
'It was hammered into us
even in the Hitler Youth -
552
00:48:54,840 --> 00:48:57,479
'Germany must live, even if we have to die.
553
00:48:57,480 --> 00:49:00,559
'Then, I realised that
people in the Hitler Youth
554
00:49:00,560 --> 00:49:03,079
'had a vulgar way of
dealing with each other.
555
00:49:03,080 --> 00:49:05,959
'A very unpleasant and violent
manner was customary.
556
00:49:05,960 --> 00:49:08,799
'The way, for example, we were told,
557
00:49:08,800 --> 00:49:11,919
'"If your teachers haven't
yet grasped this new era,
558
00:49:11,920 --> 00:49:13,720
' "then, smack them in the mouth!"'
559
00:49:24,680 --> 00:49:27,759
Now that they were in power,
many of those close to Hitler
560
00:49:27,760 --> 00:49:31,400
found their belief in him had
intensified still further.
561
00:49:34,520 --> 00:49:38,359
'We love Adolf Hitler because we
believe, firmly and profoundly,
562
00:49:38,360 --> 00:49:41,679
'that he was sent to us
by God to save Germany.
563
00:49:41,680 --> 00:49:43,599
'To those who follow him,
564
00:49:43,600 --> 00:49:46,159
'there is no quality
that he does not possess
565
00:49:46,160 --> 00:49:48,600
'to the greatest perfection.'
566
00:49:59,360 --> 00:50:01,999
No-one even thought it odd
when Hitler told them
567
00:50:02,000 --> 00:50:04,960
that what they were doing
would last for millennia.
568
00:50:28,000 --> 00:50:30,999
One foreign correspondent who
attended the 1934 rally,
569
00:50:31,000 --> 00:50:35,440
wrote that some of those present
looked on Hitler as a Messiah.
570
00:50:39,320 --> 00:50:40,840
This wasn't an accident.
571
00:50:42,760 --> 00:50:44,559
Hitler later talked of being guided
572
00:50:44,560 --> 00:50:47,520
by a mystical force he called "Providence."
573
00:50:48,840 --> 00:50:51,679
And this belief in himself
as a kind of Messiah
574
00:50:51,680 --> 00:50:54,240
was a key part of his charismatic appeal.
575
00:51:02,880 --> 00:51:06,679
Not surprisingly, the established
churches would, for the most part,
576
00:51:06,680 --> 00:51:09,440
have an uneasy relationship with Nazism.
577
00:51:13,400 --> 00:51:16,240
Some clerics even came to reject Hitler.
578
00:51:18,120 --> 00:51:22,360
But there were Christian leaders who
reacted to Nazism very differently.
579
00:51:24,720 --> 00:51:27,080
They embraced the regime.
580
00:51:34,280 --> 00:51:37,519
This is a church procession
in Muenster in 1934,
581
00:51:37,520 --> 00:51:42,039
and the flags displayed, with the
swastika replaced by the crucifix,
582
00:51:42,040 --> 00:51:44,639
are those of the Deutsche
Christen movement,
583
00:51:44,640 --> 00:51:47,720
the Nazi supporting branch
of the Protestant church.
584
00:51:52,600 --> 00:51:55,439
One leading member of the
Deutsche Christen movement
585
00:51:55,440 --> 00:51:59,800
referred to Adolf Hitler as the
embodiment of the eternal will of God.
586
00:52:04,880 --> 00:52:07,960
Millions of other Christians
also supported Hitler.
587
00:52:09,680 --> 00:52:14,159
At a conference of nurses attached
to the Protestant church in 1933,
588
00:52:14,160 --> 00:52:16,199
one sister called Hitler.
589
00:52:16,200 --> 00:52:19,160
"Germany's Saviour from
Bolshevism and Marxism."
590
00:52:25,840 --> 00:52:29,639
But Hitler was most certainly
NOT a practising Christian.
591
00:52:29,640 --> 00:52:32,439
And here, at the site of the
Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg,
592
00:52:32,440 --> 00:52:36,120
a different sort of spiritual
belief was on show.
593
00:52:44,360 --> 00:52:48,319
This incantation of a list of
German battles in front of Hitler
594
00:52:48,320 --> 00:52:52,679
was allied to the promise that there
was a sort of life after death,
595
00:52:52,680 --> 00:52:57,080
one in which the dead lived
on as part of Germany.
596
00:53:16,200 --> 00:53:18,319
And if this was a religion,
597
00:53:18,320 --> 00:53:20,320
then Hitler was its prophet.
598
00:53:33,120 --> 00:53:36,599
Hitler's birthday,
celebrated here in Berlin,
599
00:53:36,600 --> 00:53:39,360
became a day for national rejoicing.
600
00:53:49,560 --> 00:53:53,999
He was praised for trying to
restore Germany's greatness
601
00:53:54,000 --> 00:53:58,400
and, in the process, spending enormous
sums on the Germany military.
602
00:54:08,560 --> 00:54:10,599
Hitler came to be seen as a leader
603
00:54:10,600 --> 00:54:13,279
far above the squabbles of everyday life.
604
00:54:13,280 --> 00:54:16,439
As a result, it became possible for Germans
605
00:54:16,440 --> 00:54:19,119
to dislike particular
Nazis they dealt with,
606
00:54:19,120 --> 00:54:21,640
and yet still respect Hitler.
607
00:54:25,000 --> 00:54:28,599
'There is great sympathy amongst
the population for the Fuehrer
608
00:54:28,600 --> 00:54:30,719
'and Reich Chancellor, Adolf Hitler.
609
00:54:30,720 --> 00:54:34,839
'I have never heard any negative
comment directed at his own person.
610
00:54:34,840 --> 00:54:36,959
'Rather, one hears now and then,
611
00:54:36,960 --> 00:54:39,959
'"Yes, if Hitler could
do everything himself,
612
00:54:39,960 --> 00:54:42,199
'"some things would be different.
613
00:54:42,200 --> 00:54:45,200
' "But he can't keep a
watch on everything."'
614
00:54:46,800 --> 00:54:49,319
This myth that "If Hitler only knew
615
00:54:49,320 --> 00:54:52,799
"about unpopular aspects of the
Nazi regime, he would change them,"
616
00:54:52,800 --> 00:54:54,879
was a safety valve in the system,
617
00:54:54,880 --> 00:54:58,320
one that protected Hitler's
image as a charismatic leader.
618
00:55:11,560 --> 00:55:15,759
As Adolf Hitler looked out from
his home above Berchtesgaden,
619
00:55:15,760 --> 00:55:19,240
he knew he was the undisputed
master of Germany.
620
00:55:23,120 --> 00:55:25,359
It had been an incredible journey,
621
00:55:25,360 --> 00:55:27,559
from the nobody who had arrived in Munich
622
00:55:27,560 --> 00:55:29,279
just before the First World War
623
00:55:29,280 --> 00:55:32,760
to Chancellor and Fuehrer
of the German people.
624
00:55:34,400 --> 00:55:36,719
But what is just as remarkable
625
00:55:36,720 --> 00:55:40,240
is that he was essentially the same
character as he had always been.
626
00:55:45,240 --> 00:55:48,079
This home movie footage from the 1930s,
627
00:55:48,080 --> 00:55:50,199
of Hitler with these young children,
628
00:55:50,200 --> 00:55:52,239
gives a false impression.
629
00:55:52,240 --> 00:55:54,879
He still had no normal emotional attachment
630
00:55:54,880 --> 00:55:57,119
to any one individual.
631
00:55:57,120 --> 00:56:00,439
Though he had a girlfriend now, Eva Braun,
632
00:56:00,440 --> 00:56:02,319
the relationship was fraught.
633
00:56:02,320 --> 00:56:06,680
He seldom saw her and she attempted
suicide twice in the 1930s.
634
00:56:08,280 --> 00:56:12,320
He was still as choking with hatred
as he had been in pre-war Vienna.
635
00:56:16,560 --> 00:56:18,919
But Hitler's character defects
636
00:56:18,920 --> 00:56:21,159
were an advantage in the times he lived in.
637
00:56:21,160 --> 00:56:23,719
For his lack of compassion and empathy
638
00:56:23,720 --> 00:56:27,719
made him one of the least
emotionally needy people alive.
639
00:56:27,720 --> 00:56:29,799
As a result, his supporters basked
640
00:56:29,800 --> 00:56:32,280
in his apparent strength and certainty.
641
00:56:40,080 --> 00:56:42,479
His rise would prove to be a reminder
642
00:56:42,480 --> 00:56:45,399
of what can happen in desperate times.
643
00:56:45,400 --> 00:56:49,680
When you chose to have faith in a
leader you think has charisma.
644
00:56:54,040 --> 00:56:56,999
For now, secure in power,
645
00:56:57,000 --> 00:57:00,119
Hitler sat high in the
mountains of southern Bavaria
646
00:57:00,120 --> 00:57:03,280
and dreamt dreams of brutal conquest.
647
00:57:17,440 --> 00:57:19,279
Adolf Hitler believed
648
00:57:19,280 --> 00:57:22,920
he should make all the big
decisions entirely himself.
649
00:57:27,200 --> 00:57:29,119
And in 1937, he told his generals
650
00:57:29,120 --> 00:57:32,679
that he'd decided on a timetable
for German expansion,
651
00:57:32,680 --> 00:57:35,000
even if it meant war.
652
00:57:37,720 --> 00:57:40,919
What's surprising about this
is that there was no evidence
653
00:57:40,920 --> 00:57:44,999
that the majority of Hitler's
supporters actually wanted war.
654
00:57:45,000 --> 00:57:47,479
But Hitler couldn't turn his epic vision
655
00:57:47,480 --> 00:57:50,399
of a Nazi empire based on
conquest into a reality
656
00:57:50,400 --> 00:57:53,520
without the support of large
numbers of those he led.
657
00:57:57,600 --> 00:58:00,999
To try and convince these
people to embrace conflict,
658
00:58:01,000 --> 00:58:05,719
Hitler would use all of the techniques
of persuasion he possessed.
659
00:58:05,720 --> 00:58:09,240
Crucially, he would exploit
his charismatic appeal.
660
00:58:36,400 --> 00:58:39,640
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