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Narrator: mysterious remains
Of rusting ships
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Stranded in an arid desert...
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It was ecological suicide.
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Narrator: ...A ghostly set
Of concrete teeth
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00:00:17,000 --> 00:00:19,400
High in the italian peaks...
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00:00:19,400 --> 00:00:22,267
A very stark and strange
Sight to have
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In this largely beautiful
Mountain landscape.
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Narrator: ...And an
Eerie collection of buildings
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Hidden in a remote forest.
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Hidden in a remote forest.
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It's like
A village of the damned.
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You can tell that
Something happened here.
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00:00:36,833 --> 00:00:41,933
*
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Narrator: once, they were some
Of the most advanced structures
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And facilities on the planet,
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At the cutting edge
Of design and construction.
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Today, they stand abandoned,
Contaminated,
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And sometimes deadly.
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But who built them?
And how?
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And why were they abandoned?
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And why were they abandoned?
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-- captions by vitac --
Www.Vitac.Com
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Captions paid for by
Discovery communications
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*
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*
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In the southwest
Of the former soviet union
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Is the country of uzbekistan.
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And not far from
The small town of moynaq
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And not far from
The small town of moynaq
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Is an astonishing sight.
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For mile after mile,
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All you can see is a dry
And dusty desert landscape.
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There, in the middle
Of this sandy expanse,
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There are ships of every size,
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From the small
To the substantial.
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But where is the water?
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Jerram: it's a very odd thing,
Seeing a boat in a desert.
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Jerram: it's a very odd thing,
Seeing a boat in a desert.
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You think of water instantly.
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A boat is an indicative
Sign of water,
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00:02:07,867 --> 00:02:10,467
But then you look around,
And there's none available.
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Bell: it's like
An armada of rusting hulks
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In the middle of the desert
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Without a shoreline
Anywhere in sight.
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It is an intensely
Post-apocalyptic image.
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You don't have to be an expert
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To tell that something
Has gone extremely wrong here.
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Narrator: the town of moynaq
Is virtually deserted.
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But what has gone on here?
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The only clue is
This symbol of a fish,
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Which adorns the town's sign.
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Bell: there are signs
That fishing
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Was absolutely once
Very important here.
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But what makes this
So extraordinary
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Is that there's no water
To be seen.
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In fact, it's miles
From the nearest sea.
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Narrator: so, what happened?
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Where has the sea gone?
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And why was moynaq abandoned?
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*
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The answer to this puzzle
Lies 2,600 miles away,
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In the heart of
Russia's capital -- moscow.
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00:03:24,600 --> 00:03:29,067
In the 1950s, uzbekistan was
Part of the soviet union,
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00:03:29,067 --> 00:03:30,000
An empire 2 1/2 times
The size of the usa,
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An empire 2 1/2 times
The size of the usa,
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00:03:33,700 --> 00:03:38,400
Which stretched from the
Baltic sea to the pacific ocean.
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The soviet union ran
On a command economy.
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All the decisions
Were made at the top.
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00:03:45,833 --> 00:03:49,067
And they would decide, "Comrade,
You will grow the wheat,
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And you will grow the cotton,
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And you will make
The iron and steel."
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The individual districts, and
Certainly individual workers,
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00:03:57,467 --> 00:03:59,600
Had very little say
In the matter.
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00:03:59,600 --> 00:04:00,000
And the technocrats in charge
Thought they had
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00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:01,000
And the technocrats in charge
Thought they had
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All the information they needed
To make all the decisions.
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Narrator:
Each soviet state had to provide
Goods and raw materials
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00:04:10,800 --> 00:04:12,200
To the central government,
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Who would in turn
Provide food and other products.
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00:04:17,433 --> 00:04:21,767
Everything was controlled
By moscow.
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00:04:21,767 --> 00:04:23,833
Meigs: there was no room
For experimentation.
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There was no room
For anybody to deviate
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From the central authority.
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So once the order came down
From on high,
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So once the order came down
From on high,
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Everybody got in line
And conformed.
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Narrator:
The soviet leadership's eyes
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00:04:39,700 --> 00:04:44,433
Fell on a new target
For exploitation --
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Moynaq.
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00:04:49,533 --> 00:04:52,233
It's almost impossible
To imagine now,
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00:04:52,233 --> 00:04:54,967
When you look at the desert
That surrounds it,
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But 60 years ago,
Moynaq was on the edge
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Of the world's fourth-largest
Inland stretch of water --
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Of the world's fourth-largest
Inland stretch of water --
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The aral sea.
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00:05:08,933 --> 00:05:10,867
40,000 of its residents
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00:05:10,867 --> 00:05:15,067
Were either fishermen or worked
At its fish-processing plant,
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The largest in the soviet union.
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Almas tovashiv was one of them.
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00:05:23,400 --> 00:05:25,867
[ speaking native language ]
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Interpreter:
More than 200 vessels were
Engaged in the fishing industry.
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More than 100 vessels
Were transporting fish
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More than 100 vessels
Were transporting fish
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To the fish-canning factory,
Where 1,200 people worked
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And annually produced
Up to 12 million cans of fish.
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Jerram: the fishing industry was
Able to thrive in the aral sea
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Because it was fairly shallow
All around,
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So it was actually
Quite easy to fish.
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And by its nature, it didn't
Actually freeze in the winter,
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So you could do fishing
Almost all year 'round.
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Narrator: overall, 1/6 of
Russia's annual fishing quota
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Narrator: overall, 1/6 of
Russia's annual fishing quota
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Was caught from the aral sea,
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And a substantial industry
Thrived on its shores.
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Interpreter: at that time,
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80% to 90% of the
Fish production in uzbekistan
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Was provided by the aral sea.
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There were 34 species of fish,
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20 of which were
Of commercial importance.
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00:06:25,933 --> 00:06:28,800
Then there was one moynaq
Fishing canning factory,
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12 fishing collective farms,
And six fishing flotillas.
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00:06:30,000 --> 00:06:31,000
12 fishing collective farms,
And six fishing flotillas.
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00:06:32,900 --> 00:06:36,167
The whole population
Was engaged in fishing.
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*
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Narrator: but by 1990,
All fishing had stopped.
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The sea had become a desert.
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The answer as to why
This happened is even stranger.
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It's all because of something
Called white gold --
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00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:01,000
It's all because of something
Called white gold --
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00:07:02,200 --> 00:07:04,833
Or, as we know it, cotton.
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00:07:06,700 --> 00:07:09,933
Bell: cotton's been grown
In the aral basin for centuries,
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00:07:09,933 --> 00:07:13,500
But this really ramped up
Under the leadership of stalin
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00:07:13,500 --> 00:07:16,933
When he announced to the world
That the soviet union
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00:07:16,933 --> 00:07:19,967
Would be the leading
Producer of this crop.
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00:07:23,267 --> 00:07:27,200
Narrator:
But how could cotton production
Have such a devastating impact
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On a fishing community
Like moynaq?
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00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:30,533
On a fishing community
Like moynaq?
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00:07:30,533 --> 00:07:31,000
And how did the aral sea
Virtually disappear?
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00:07:37,333 --> 00:07:43,433
*
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00:07:43,433 --> 00:07:46,433
Narrator: 60 years ago,
Moynaq was on the edge
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00:07:46,433 --> 00:07:50,600
Of the world's fourth-largest
Inland stretch of water --
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The aral sea.
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00:07:54,200 --> 00:07:57,833
But by 1990,
All fishing had stopped.
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00:07:57,833 --> 00:08:01,400
Most of the sea
Had become a desert.
145
00:08:01,400 --> 00:08:04,800
And it's all because of cotton.
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00:08:07,633 --> 00:08:12,067
Meigs:
It only rains about 4 inches a
Year in that part of uzbekistan.
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That's about the same as
The mojave desert in the u.S.
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Or even the same
As some parts of the sahara,
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So they needed to irrigate.
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00:08:19,333 --> 00:08:21,600
They needed to get water
From somewhere else.
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Where did they get it?
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From the two rivers
That fed the aral sea.
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They dammed them up.
They made reservoirs.
154
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They made this huge complex
Of irrigation canals,
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Thousands of miles
Of irrigation canals.
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It was a typical vast,
Ambitious soviet project.
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It was a typical vast,
Ambitious soviet project.
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Narrator: but the crops needed
More than water to flourish.
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They used 20 times the normal
Amount of chemical fertilizers.
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Meigs: cotton, especially
The way the soviets grew it,
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Took a lot of fertilizer,
A lot of pesticides.
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They sprayed this stuff on
With abandon.
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It flowed out,
It polluted the groundwater,
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So what little water
Did flow into the aral sea
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Was heavily polluted
With toxins.
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00:09:06,756 --> 00:09:07,000
Was heavily polluted
With toxins.
167
00:09:10,067 --> 00:09:13,667
Narrator: but the soviet idea to
Concentrate cotton production
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At the expense of the aral sea
Worked.
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00:09:20,100 --> 00:09:23,400
Meigs: uzbekistan became
The dominant supplier of cotton,
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00:09:23,400 --> 00:09:26,067
The dominant grower of cotton
In the soviet union,
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And remains
A major grower of cotton.
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00:09:29,933 --> 00:09:34,233
Narrator: but there was a huge
Environmental cost to pay.
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Jerram:
If you've got 4/5 of your water
Source coming from elsewhere
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And being brought in
To maintain and sustain the sea,
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If you shut that lifeblood off,
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Things are going to change
Very dramatically.
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Meigs:
It was ecological suicide,
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Because once they took all
The water out of those rivers,
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There wasn't enough water
To feed the aral sea.
180
00:10:01,667 --> 00:10:04,833
In this hot environment,
It's sunny most of the time.
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00:10:04,833 --> 00:10:06,533
There's a lot of evaporation.
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Without water continuing
To flow into it,
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00:10:06,756 --> 00:10:07,000
Without water continuing
To flow into it,
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The aral sea began to evaporate.
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[ speaking native language ]
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00:10:17,467 --> 00:10:21,000
Interpreter: people understood
That there was less water.
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00:10:21,000 --> 00:10:22,300
It was not enough,
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00:10:22,300 --> 00:10:25,900
Even for watering gardens
And use on the farms.
189
00:10:28,367 --> 00:10:32,633
Narrator:
Moynaq's fishermen depended on
The lake for their livelihood,
190
00:10:32,633 --> 00:10:36,200
So they followed
Its shrinking shores.
191
00:10:36,200 --> 00:10:36,756
But they soon realized there
Was an even bigger problem.
192
00:10:36,756 --> 00:10:37,000
But they soon realized there
Was an even bigger problem.
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00:10:40,833 --> 00:10:44,833
The fish were dying off.
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Jerram: not only is the
Shoreline moving away
195
00:10:47,500 --> 00:10:50,067
Because you're decreasing
The volume of the water,
196
00:10:50,067 --> 00:10:51,700
But you're increasing
The salinity.
197
00:10:51,700 --> 00:10:54,133
And it went from about
10 grams per liter
198
00:10:54,133 --> 00:10:56,467
To over 100 grams per liter --
A massive jump,
199
00:10:56,467 --> 00:11:00,100
10 times more salt in the water,
And the fish can't handle that,
200
00:11:00,100 --> 00:11:03,833
And the fish
Essentially get poisoned.
201
00:11:03,833 --> 00:11:06,756
It was turning from a thriving,
Rich freshwater ecosystem
202
00:11:06,756 --> 00:11:07,000
It was turning from a thriving,
Rich freshwater ecosystem
203
00:11:08,833 --> 00:11:10,500
Into a dead sea.
204
00:11:13,233 --> 00:11:19,467
Narrator:
By the late 1980s, the last
Native aral fish had vanished,
205
00:11:19,467 --> 00:11:23,100
Drowned by
The shrinking toxic sea.
206
00:11:27,400 --> 00:11:32,567
In just 34 years,
The sea level dropped by 55 feet
207
00:11:32,567 --> 00:11:36,756
And the shoreline receded
By almost 100 miles.
208
00:11:36,756 --> 00:11:36,900
And the shoreline receded
By almost 100 miles.
209
00:11:39,667 --> 00:11:44,233
Jerram:
The speed at which this actually
Happened is quite remarkable.
210
00:11:44,233 --> 00:11:47,467
And it's really quite shocking
To see this jewel,
211
00:11:47,467 --> 00:11:49,933
One of the fourth-largest
Inland seas in the world,
212
00:11:49,933 --> 00:11:54,200
Suddenly just diminishing
To a few sort of isolated lakes
213
00:11:54,200 --> 00:11:56,833
And really just
A big, dry desert.
214
00:11:59,767 --> 00:12:02,533
Bell: 1/3 of the seabed
Was exposed,
215
00:12:02,533 --> 00:12:06,300
Spreading 100 million tons
Of dust and salt.
216
00:12:06,300 --> 00:12:06,756
Add to that the residue
From the pesticides
217
00:12:06,756 --> 00:12:07,000
Add to that the residue
From the pesticides
218
00:12:09,667 --> 00:12:10,867
At the bottom of the sea,
219
00:12:10,867 --> 00:12:14,400
And you've got
A highly toxic combination.
220
00:12:14,400 --> 00:12:21,700
*
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00:12:21,700 --> 00:12:28,900
Narrator:
Today the trawlers lie rusting
On the edge of moynaq's harbor,
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00:12:28,900 --> 00:12:35,467
A ghost fleet in a town where
The sea is a distant memory.
223
00:12:35,467 --> 00:12:36,756
The few remaining people
Still living here
224
00:12:36,756 --> 00:12:37,000
The few remaining people
Still living here
225
00:12:37,767 --> 00:12:40,433
Are plagued by health problems.
226
00:12:42,733 --> 00:12:48,633
The aral sea has now become
The desert of aral.
227
00:12:48,633 --> 00:12:50,333
Jerram: when you see
Such a dramatic change,
228
00:12:50,333 --> 00:12:53,833
It shows us how delicate
The environment can be
229
00:12:53,833 --> 00:12:55,567
And how much we need to be aware
230
00:12:55,567 --> 00:12:58,633
That we don't flip the switch
The wrong way
231
00:12:58,633 --> 00:13:00,100
And send those environments
232
00:13:00,100 --> 00:13:02,633
Catastrophically
Into the wrong direction.
233
00:13:02,633 --> 00:13:06,756
*
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00:13:06,756 --> 00:13:07,000
*
235
00:13:09,067 --> 00:13:12,800
Narrator: nearly 7,000 feet up
In the italian alps
236
00:13:12,800 --> 00:13:15,433
Is the most extraordinary sight.
237
00:13:15,433 --> 00:13:24,500
*
238
00:13:24,500 --> 00:13:26,400
Punching through tons of snow
239
00:13:26,400 --> 00:13:32,433
Are rows of menacing
Conical structures.
240
00:13:32,433 --> 00:13:35,900
They're these strange
Pyramid-like structures
241
00:13:35,900 --> 00:13:36,756
That almost look like
A modern art installation.
242
00:13:36,756 --> 00:13:37,000
That almost look like
A modern art installation.
243
00:13:38,400 --> 00:13:42,233
Seeing hundreds
Of these concrete teeth
244
00:13:42,233 --> 00:13:45,567
Jutting up out of the ground
In the alpine landscape,
245
00:13:45,567 --> 00:13:49,200
It is almost hard to grasp
What that is.
246
00:13:51,367 --> 00:13:56,600
Narrator:
This bizarre set of teeth
Are made of concrete and iron
247
00:13:56,600 --> 00:14:01,267
And range in size
Up to 3 feet tall.
248
00:14:01,267 --> 00:14:04,067
They stretch out over
The remote mountaintops
249
00:14:04,067 --> 00:14:06,756
In a series of long clusters.
250
00:14:06,756 --> 00:14:07,000
In a series of long clusters.
251
00:14:07,200 --> 00:14:11,267
But why were they built
At such a remote location?
252
00:14:11,267 --> 00:14:14,800
And what could be
Their strange purpose?
253
00:14:14,800 --> 00:14:17,167
Bell: what's really odd is
Where these things are --
254
00:14:17,167 --> 00:14:19,500
Right near the top
Of a mountain.
255
00:14:19,500 --> 00:14:22,300
They just don't belong there.
256
00:14:22,300 --> 00:14:24,067
Dickrell:
It looks very medieval.
257
00:14:24,067 --> 00:14:26,700
It's almost exactly out
Of "Game of thrones,"
258
00:14:26,700 --> 00:14:29,633
A very stark and strange
Sight to have
259
00:14:29,633 --> 00:14:34,067
In this largely beautiful
Mountain landscape.
260
00:14:34,067 --> 00:14:36,756
Narrator: a clue as to what
These rows of conical spikes are
261
00:14:36,756 --> 00:14:37,000
Narrator: a clue as to what
These rows of conical spikes are
262
00:14:37,933 --> 00:14:40,533
Can be found
In the valley below.
263
00:14:40,533 --> 00:14:49,333
*
264
00:14:49,333 --> 00:14:51,833
A labyrinth of secret tunnels
265
00:14:51,833 --> 00:14:54,667
That stretch deep
Into the mountain itself
266
00:14:54,667 --> 00:14:57,533
Lurk behind a hidden entrance
267
00:14:57,533 --> 00:14:59,800
Built into the side
Of the valley,
268
00:14:59,800 --> 00:15:02,233
Disguised as a rock.
269
00:15:04,600 --> 00:15:06,756
When you look at it,
It seems incredibly solid,
270
00:15:06,756 --> 00:15:07,000
When you look at it,
It seems incredibly solid,
271
00:15:09,067 --> 00:15:13,133
And it blends almost seamlessly
Into the background.
272
00:15:13,133 --> 00:15:18,933
Someone went to an incredible
Effort to build that here.
273
00:15:18,933 --> 00:15:22,667
Narrator: who built this
Bizarre alpine engineering?
274
00:15:22,667 --> 00:15:25,167
And what was its purpose?
275
00:15:25,167 --> 00:15:34,200
*
276
00:15:34,200 --> 00:15:36,756
The answer lies in
The uneasy peace that existed
277
00:15:36,756 --> 00:15:37,000
The answer lies in
The uneasy peace that existed
278
00:15:38,067 --> 00:15:41,733
Across western europe
In the 1930s.
279
00:15:45,067 --> 00:15:48,067
Shaken by the carnage
Of world war I,
280
00:15:48,067 --> 00:15:52,100
The major european powers
Started to fortify their borders
281
00:15:52,100 --> 00:15:55,067
With elaborate defenses.
282
00:15:55,067 --> 00:15:58,567
Corum: all through europe, you
See these border defense lines.
283
00:15:58,567 --> 00:16:00,833
And this is
A reasonable precaution
284
00:16:00,833 --> 00:16:05,233
By most european countries
That had genuine threats.
285
00:16:08,200 --> 00:16:13,700
Narrator:
Since 1931, italian dictator
Benito mussolini's engineers
286
00:16:13,700 --> 00:16:16,733
Had been constructing
An ambitious solution
287
00:16:16,733 --> 00:16:19,700
To this problem --
288
00:16:19,700 --> 00:16:23,333
A line of defenses
That aimed to protect italy
289
00:16:23,333 --> 00:16:27,600
Over a 1,000-mile front
Through the italian alps,
290
00:16:27,600 --> 00:16:30,167
From ventimiglia
On the west coast
291
00:16:30,167 --> 00:16:33,867
To fiume on the east.
292
00:16:33,867 --> 00:16:36,756
It was known as the
Vallo alpino, or alpine wall.
293
00:16:36,756 --> 00:16:37,000
It was known as the
Vallo alpino, or alpine wall.
294
00:16:42,267 --> 00:16:47,300
But why were these secretive
Defenses built high in the alps?
295
00:16:47,300 --> 00:16:51,433
And why, after so much effort,
Were they abandoned?
296
00:16:53,267 --> 00:16:58,400
*
297
00:16:58,400 --> 00:17:00,333
Narrator:
High in the italian alps
298
00:17:00,333 --> 00:17:04,067
Lurks part of a formidable
Mountain fortification
299
00:17:04,067 --> 00:17:10,700
Known as the vallo alpino,
Or the alpine wall.
300
00:17:10,700 --> 00:17:15,500
Rows of concrete-and-iron teeth
Crown the ridges,
301
00:17:15,500 --> 00:17:19,200
And the valleys below are lined
With gun emplacements
302
00:17:19,200 --> 00:17:21,633
And bunkers for soldiers.
303
00:17:23,633 --> 00:17:28,567
Not started until 1938,
This section of the alpine wall
304
00:17:28,567 --> 00:17:34,500
Faced not a hostile enemy,
But mussolini's closest ally --
305
00:17:34,500 --> 00:17:38,700
Adolf hitler's
Newly annexed austria.
306
00:17:41,867 --> 00:17:45,333
Corum: mussolini was rather
Distrustful of hitler
307
00:17:45,333 --> 00:17:49,067
Because he knew that hitler had
Expansionist ideas in germany
308
00:17:49,067 --> 00:17:52,100
And certainly
Had eyes on austria.
309
00:17:52,100 --> 00:17:52,678
Now, this meant problems
For the italians
310
00:17:52,678 --> 00:17:53,000
Now, this meant problems
For the italians
311
00:17:55,100 --> 00:17:59,433
Because they had annexed
This one region, south tyrol,
312
00:17:59,433 --> 00:18:03,100
Of austria after 1918.
313
00:18:03,100 --> 00:18:04,633
Mussolini, understanding hitler,
314
00:18:04,633 --> 00:18:09,767
Knew that hitler would likely
Want to demand this territory
315
00:18:09,767 --> 00:18:13,667
And could attack italy
And take the tyrol.
316
00:18:15,500 --> 00:18:19,367
Narrator: since world war I,
Fast-moving tanks had become
317
00:18:19,367 --> 00:18:22,678
One of the most dominant weapons
On the battlefield.
318
00:18:22,678 --> 00:18:23,000
One of the most dominant weapons
On the battlefield.
319
00:18:24,267 --> 00:18:28,500
And germany were the masters
At this type of warfare.
320
00:18:30,200 --> 00:18:33,267
How could the italian
Alpine defenses
321
00:18:33,267 --> 00:18:37,767
Halt hitler's mechanized army
In their tracks?
322
00:18:37,767 --> 00:18:40,533
Dickrell:
So, the dragon's teeth,
Or the dente de drago,
323
00:18:40,533 --> 00:18:43,400
Were wooden poles that were
Pounded into the ground
324
00:18:43,400 --> 00:18:46,767
And then cast cement
Around them,
325
00:18:46,767 --> 00:18:51,433
Capped off with
An iron pyramid or cone.
326
00:18:51,433 --> 00:18:52,678
This creates a barrier for which
327
00:18:52,678 --> 00:18:53,000
This creates a barrier for which
328
00:18:54,367 --> 00:18:57,500
Armored vehicles and troops
Cannot pass through
329
00:18:57,500 --> 00:19:01,600
And effectively funneling
A large armored force
330
00:19:01,600 --> 00:19:04,933
Into effectively kill zones.
331
00:19:04,933 --> 00:19:09,933
*
332
00:19:09,933 --> 00:19:13,333
Narrator: the italians designed
An elaborate network
333
00:19:13,333 --> 00:19:16,067
Of interconnected
Bunkers and guns
334
00:19:16,067 --> 00:19:18,667
To stop any german advance,
335
00:19:18,667 --> 00:19:22,678
And the strategy was called
Defense in depth.
336
00:19:22,678 --> 00:19:23,000
And the strategy was called
Defense in depth.
337
00:19:23,300 --> 00:19:26,167
But would it work?
338
00:19:26,167 --> 00:19:29,533
Bell: so, the idea of having
Multiple layers of defense
339
00:19:29,533 --> 00:19:32,467
Is that you'll slow down
The momentum of an attack,
340
00:19:32,467 --> 00:19:36,467
Making it much easier to repel.
341
00:19:36,467 --> 00:19:38,700
Corum:
It's a series of strongpoints.
342
00:19:38,700 --> 00:19:42,867
It will stop and delay
Any enemy advance.
343
00:19:42,867 --> 00:19:46,800
This gives the defender time
To move up reserves
344
00:19:46,800 --> 00:19:48,533
For a counterattack.
345
00:19:52,433 --> 00:19:52,678
Narrator: hidden in the side
Of the mountain
346
00:19:52,678 --> 00:19:53,000
Narrator: hidden in the side
Of the mountain
347
00:19:54,833 --> 00:19:57,667
Is the heavily
Camouflaged entrance
348
00:19:57,667 --> 00:20:02,200
To the italians'
Secret alpine fortress --
349
00:20:02,200 --> 00:20:06,200
A fortified door
To bunker number 20.
350
00:20:08,333 --> 00:20:12,533
The door opens up to reveal
A network of passages
351
00:20:12,533 --> 00:20:18,033
That link secret rooms
And machine gun posts.
352
00:20:18,033 --> 00:20:22,678
Local guide ludwig schopf
Knows just how dangerous it was.
353
00:20:22,678 --> 00:20:23,000
Local guide ludwig schopf
Knows just how dangerous it was.
354
00:20:26,500 --> 00:20:30,267
Schopf: so, we stay here
In the machine gun room
355
00:20:30,267 --> 00:20:32,600
Of the bunker number 20.
356
00:20:32,600 --> 00:20:38,367
And here, inside,
Were three soldiers.
357
00:20:38,367 --> 00:20:41,533
The room is outside of the rock.
358
00:20:41,533 --> 00:20:45,267
Here is beginning the rock,
And here outside of the...
359
00:20:45,267 --> 00:20:52,300
And the soldiers know that they
Were the first people to die.
360
00:20:54,067 --> 00:20:56,833
Narrator: the bunker
Was so well-camouflaged
361
00:20:56,833 --> 00:21:00,767
To give the italian soldiers
The best possible chance
362
00:21:00,767 --> 00:21:02,233
Of eliminating the enemy
363
00:21:02,233 --> 00:21:06,733
Before they even
Had a chance to attack.
364
00:21:06,733 --> 00:21:10,400
Corum: they would cover
The face of the bunker
365
00:21:10,400 --> 00:21:12,800
With a rock slurry material.
366
00:21:12,800 --> 00:21:16,467
You could not tell that
This is not part of a cliff face
367
00:21:16,467 --> 00:21:18,367
Until you're actually there,
368
00:21:18,367 --> 00:21:21,200
And then
The guns open up on you.
369
00:21:21,200 --> 00:21:22,678
Narrator: but how secure
Were the bunkers themselves?
370
00:21:22,678 --> 00:21:23,000
Narrator: but how secure
Were the bunkers themselves?
371
00:21:24,667 --> 00:21:28,900
Bell: the bunkers were
Built using a vast amount
Of concrete,
372
00:21:28,900 --> 00:21:32,467
Up to 13 feet deep in places.
373
00:21:35,933 --> 00:21:38,467
Jerram: what they did was
They actually built concrete
374
00:21:38,467 --> 00:21:42,400
In and amongst the rock units
To try and utilize the fact
375
00:21:42,400 --> 00:21:45,667
That you've got these strong
Rocks either side of the pass
376
00:21:45,667 --> 00:21:47,533
And act as a natural defense
377
00:21:47,533 --> 00:21:49,433
And then build 'round
That natural defense
378
00:21:49,433 --> 00:21:52,100
With some man-made
Fortifications.
379
00:21:56,067 --> 00:22:00,867
Narrator:
But why did mussolini think
That hitler would attack here?
380
00:22:00,867 --> 00:22:03,067
On the austrian side
Of the border
381
00:22:03,067 --> 00:22:05,100
There was just a mule track,
382
00:22:05,100 --> 00:22:08,167
Which wouldn't have supported
The weight of a tank.
383
00:22:08,167 --> 00:22:09,500
Dickrell:
But the italians were worried
384
00:22:09,500 --> 00:22:12,400
The germans would construct
A road into that region,
385
00:22:12,400 --> 00:22:14,567
Allowing
Armored vehicles, tanks,
386
00:22:14,567 --> 00:22:18,133
And a large number of troops
To pass into the area.
387
00:22:20,633 --> 00:22:22,067
Corum:
Yes, it's quite possible
388
00:22:22,067 --> 00:22:22,678
The germans could
Send troops up here,
389
00:22:22,678 --> 00:22:23,000
The germans could
Send troops up here,
390
00:22:24,167 --> 00:22:25,667
Because that is, in fact,
391
00:22:25,667 --> 00:22:28,200
How they broke through
Mountain defense lines.
392
00:22:29,767 --> 00:22:34,633
Narrator: but were these
Fortifications ever used?
393
00:22:34,633 --> 00:22:38,433
Dickrell:
With the fall of mussolini
And the advance of the germans,
394
00:22:38,433 --> 00:22:40,533
The vallo alpino
Defensive structures
395
00:22:40,533 --> 00:22:41,600
Were never actually used.
396
00:22:41,600 --> 00:22:43,367
The italians just surrendered,
397
00:22:43,367 --> 00:22:46,600
And effectively, the germans
Walked into northern italy.
398
00:22:48,833 --> 00:22:51,167
Corum:
The vallo alpino was actually,
399
00:22:51,167 --> 00:22:52,678
For the most part,
Very lightly guarded,
400
00:22:52,678 --> 00:22:53,000
For the most part,
Very lightly guarded,
401
00:22:53,167 --> 00:22:57,633
And this would have been
Essentially border troops.
402
00:22:57,633 --> 00:23:00,467
These are not
Your frontline troops,
403
00:23:00,467 --> 00:23:05,233
So it provided
No real defense at all.
404
00:23:05,233 --> 00:23:07,200
Dickrell: the defending soldiers
Just gave up.
405
00:23:07,200 --> 00:23:09,500
And even though there were
These very elaborate
406
00:23:09,500 --> 00:23:11,767
Defensive structures
That were constructed,
407
00:23:11,767 --> 00:23:15,067
In essence, they were never used
And were useless.
408
00:23:16,867 --> 00:23:21,233
Narrator:
Ironically, the germans
Incorporated the vallo alpino
409
00:23:21,233 --> 00:23:22,678
Into their own defenses
Against the allies,
410
00:23:22,678 --> 00:23:23,000
Into their own defenses
Against the allies,
411
00:23:24,233 --> 00:23:27,567
Who were sweeping through italy.
412
00:23:27,567 --> 00:23:32,167
But in the end, these
Extensive alpine fortifications
413
00:23:32,167 --> 00:23:34,333
Were never used.
414
00:23:37,200 --> 00:23:40,667
Today, the rusting spikes
Of the dragon's teeth
415
00:23:40,667 --> 00:23:43,267
Still dominate the landscape.
416
00:23:45,200 --> 00:23:49,267
They demonstrate how far
Mussolini was prepared to go
417
00:23:49,267 --> 00:23:51,600
To defend his country.
418
00:23:53,867 --> 00:23:56,133
Dickrell: so, when you see
These defensive structures now,
419
00:23:56,133 --> 00:24:00,700
It's an interesting historical
Throwback to a different time.
420
00:24:00,700 --> 00:24:03,067
For now, they're too expensive
To remove,
421
00:24:03,067 --> 00:24:06,700
So we just sort of accept them
As historical reminders,
422
00:24:06,700 --> 00:24:08,800
As well as just
Strange structures
423
00:24:08,800 --> 00:24:10,767
Stuck in the middle of the alps.
424
00:24:10,767 --> 00:24:19,567
*
425
00:24:19,567 --> 00:24:21,933
Narrator:
31 miles southwest of berlin
426
00:24:21,933 --> 00:24:22,678
Lies a vast complex
Of abandoned buildings
427
00:24:22,678 --> 00:24:23,000
Lies a vast complex
Of abandoned buildings
428
00:24:25,467 --> 00:24:27,867
Hidden away in a forest.
429
00:24:27,867 --> 00:24:34,533
*
430
00:24:34,533 --> 00:24:36,933
Bell: it's like
A village of the damned.
431
00:24:36,933 --> 00:24:39,867
You can tell that
Something happened here.
432
00:24:41,867 --> 00:24:45,200
Dickrell: due to its decrepit
And dilapidated nature,
433
00:24:45,200 --> 00:24:49,700
It's a very unique
And creepy environment.
434
00:24:49,700 --> 00:24:52,200
In one building,
There's a bathtub
435
00:24:52,200 --> 00:24:52,678
Sitting by itself
In the middle of a room.
436
00:24:52,678 --> 00:24:53,000
Sitting by itself
In the middle of a room.
437
00:24:56,467 --> 00:24:59,700
It's really mysterious.
What's going on here?
438
00:25:03,067 --> 00:25:05,467
Bell:
You can tell the amount of care
439
00:25:05,467 --> 00:25:07,533
That was taken
When it was built.
440
00:25:07,533 --> 00:25:11,767
With its pillars and terraces
And elaborate entrances,
441
00:25:11,767 --> 00:25:14,233
It's almost palatial.
442
00:25:18,667 --> 00:25:22,678
Narrator: there are around 60
Separate buildings on the site.
443
00:25:22,678 --> 00:25:23,000
Narrator: there are around 60
Separate buildings on the site.
444
00:25:24,133 --> 00:25:29,800
And the whole complex
Sprawls across a mile.
445
00:25:29,800 --> 00:25:33,433
But what dark secrets
Does this facility hold?
446
00:25:33,433 --> 00:25:39,200
And how come one of the world's
Most evil men ended up here?
447
00:25:41,367 --> 00:25:43,133
The answer lies
448
00:25:43,133 --> 00:25:46,267
In the spectacular
Industrial revolution
449
00:25:46,267 --> 00:25:51,500
Germany experienced towards
The end of the 19th century.
450
00:25:51,500 --> 00:25:52,678
The german population
Doubled between 1871 and 1910,
451
00:25:52,678 --> 00:25:53,000
The german population
Doubled between 1871 and 1910,
452
00:25:57,333 --> 00:26:05,300
And its capital, berlin,
Grew by 300% in just 30 years.
453
00:26:05,300 --> 00:26:06,867
Meigs: factories were booming.
454
00:26:06,867 --> 00:26:10,733
Labor was pouring in from
Impoverished rural areas
455
00:26:10,733 --> 00:26:12,400
Into the big cities.
456
00:26:12,400 --> 00:26:15,133
People were crammed
Into crowded tenements,
457
00:26:15,133 --> 00:26:18,067
Unhealthy living situations.
458
00:26:18,067 --> 00:26:22,667
And along with all those people
Came a lot of diseases.
459
00:26:22,667 --> 00:26:22,678
*
460
00:26:22,678 --> 00:26:23,000
*
461
00:26:28,633 --> 00:26:31,067
Narrator:
But what disease ravaged germany
462
00:26:31,067 --> 00:26:34,367
In the late 19th
And early 20th century?
463
00:26:34,367 --> 00:26:38,200
And what role did
This abandoned estate play?
464
00:26:41,400 --> 00:26:42,000
*
465
00:26:47,633 --> 00:26:50,100
Narrator: over 120 years ago,
466
00:26:50,100 --> 00:26:53,700
One disease in particular
Threatened germany --
467
00:26:53,700 --> 00:26:55,667
A disease that was responsible
468
00:26:55,667 --> 00:27:00,300
For killing one in seven
Of all human beings --
469
00:27:00,300 --> 00:27:02,800
Tuberculosis.
470
00:27:04,700 --> 00:27:08,267
Meigs: it's a disease that's
Passed by coughing or sneezing.
471
00:27:08,267 --> 00:27:11,032
Germs get in the air,
And in crowded conditions,
472
00:27:11,032 --> 00:27:11,800
Germs get in the air,
And in crowded conditions,
473
00:27:11,800 --> 00:27:12,000
It passes from person to person
Very easily.
474
00:27:15,633 --> 00:27:18,267
[ krause speaking german ]
475
00:27:18,267 --> 00:27:22,200
Interpreter: hygiene back then
Wasn't like today, of course.
476
00:27:22,200 --> 00:27:25,200
If there was a toothbrush at all
In a working-class household,
477
00:27:25,200 --> 00:27:27,833
It was used by the whole family.
478
00:27:27,833 --> 00:27:30,733
So many people infected their
Children with tuberculosis
479
00:27:30,733 --> 00:27:32,533
Without even knowing it.
480
00:27:38,833 --> 00:27:41,032
Narrator:
For over a century, it was
The biggest cause of death
481
00:27:41,032 --> 00:27:42,000
Narrator:
For over a century, it was
The biggest cause of death
482
00:27:42,333 --> 00:27:46,300
Across the whole of europe
And the united states.
483
00:27:49,867 --> 00:27:52,333
At the time, there was no cure,
484
00:27:52,333 --> 00:27:56,767
And 80% of the infected
Would eventually die.
485
00:28:00,467 --> 00:28:02,667
Meigs:
T.B. Was not really treatable
486
00:28:02,667 --> 00:28:04,567
In the sense that
There was a cure for it.
487
00:28:04,567 --> 00:28:08,133
What people tried to do was
Create a healthier environment
488
00:28:08,133 --> 00:28:10,767
For people with tuberculosis,
And the idea was
489
00:28:10,767 --> 00:28:11,032
"It's a lung disease.
It has something to do with air.
490
00:28:11,032 --> 00:28:12,000
"It's a lung disease.
It has something to do with air.
491
00:28:13,533 --> 00:28:15,700
Let's get them out of the city,
492
00:28:15,700 --> 00:28:18,533
Out to where there's
Fresh air, dry air."
493
00:28:20,167 --> 00:28:22,667
It was very common
For rich people
494
00:28:22,667 --> 00:28:26,567
To be able to get sent off
To one of these hospitals
495
00:28:26,567 --> 00:28:29,200
In some lovely
Mountainous setting,
496
00:28:29,200 --> 00:28:32,533
But many of the victims of
Tuberculosis weren't affluent.
497
00:28:32,533 --> 00:28:34,967
They couldn't afford that.
498
00:28:39,633 --> 00:28:41,032
Narrator: so a new kind
Of facility was needed.
499
00:28:41,032 --> 00:28:42,000
Narrator: so a new kind
Of facility was needed.
500
00:28:44,200 --> 00:28:47,500
Beelitz heilstatten
Was the answer.
501
00:28:50,333 --> 00:28:53,200
Its aim was to provide
Cutting-edge care
502
00:28:53,200 --> 00:28:54,800
In a healthy setting --
503
00:28:54,800 --> 00:28:59,200
Not for the very rich,
But the very poor.
504
00:29:01,067 --> 00:29:04,600
Bell:
An insurance company was behind
The building of this sanatorium.
505
00:29:04,600 --> 00:29:08,467
They wanted to create this model
Clinic for workers in berlin
506
00:29:08,467 --> 00:29:11,032
Who had limited access
To treatment otherwise.
507
00:29:11,032 --> 00:29:11,700
Who had limited access
To treatment otherwise.
508
00:29:11,700 --> 00:29:12,000
*
509
00:29:16,967 --> 00:29:18,900
Narrator: but would it work?
510
00:29:18,900 --> 00:29:22,100
Would a patient coming
From the squalor of berlin
511
00:29:22,100 --> 00:29:26,067
Actually be helped
In a sanatorium like this?
512
00:29:28,200 --> 00:29:30,467
Meigs: for people who lived
In very crowded conditions --
513
00:29:30,467 --> 00:29:32,067
They were, many of them,
Factory workers.
514
00:29:32,067 --> 00:29:33,567
They didn't have a lot of money.
515
00:29:33,567 --> 00:29:35,567
They might not have had
A lot of people at home
516
00:29:35,567 --> 00:29:38,400
Who could take care of them
In their sick condition.
517
00:29:38,400 --> 00:29:41,032
So to be able to go
To this lovely retreat,
518
00:29:41,032 --> 00:29:42,000
So to be able to go
To this lovely retreat,
519
00:29:42,200 --> 00:29:44,367
Even as their prognosis
For getting better
520
00:29:44,367 --> 00:29:46,067
Wasn't that great,
521
00:29:46,067 --> 00:29:49,067
It must have seemed like
A kind of blessing.
522
00:29:50,733 --> 00:29:53,600
Narrator:
Building begins in 1898,
523
00:29:53,600 --> 00:29:58,067
And the initial construction
Phase takes four years.
524
00:30:01,200 --> 00:30:05,467
The intricate ornamental facades
And the light, spacious rooms
525
00:30:05,467 --> 00:30:07,767
Were a stark contrast
To the conditions
526
00:30:07,767 --> 00:30:11,032
The workers were used to
Back in the cities.
527
00:30:11,032 --> 00:30:11,200
The workers were used to
Back in the cities.
528
00:30:14,967 --> 00:30:18,133
Meigs: what's really kind of
Lovely is that they designed it
529
00:30:18,133 --> 00:30:21,967
To feel like a resort,
Like a beautiful country town.
530
00:30:21,967 --> 00:30:23,667
I think the respect they showed
531
00:30:23,667 --> 00:30:26,667
To these sick people --
Who were not affluent,
532
00:30:26,667 --> 00:30:29,633
Who weren't
Paying their own way --
533
00:30:29,633 --> 00:30:33,300
Was really something admirable.
534
00:30:35,967 --> 00:30:39,267
Narrator: but with the threat
Of world war I looming,
535
00:30:39,267 --> 00:30:41,032
There was a dark secret that lay
At the heart of this generosity.
536
00:30:41,032 --> 00:30:42,000
There was a dark secret that lay
At the heart of this generosity.
537
00:30:44,567 --> 00:30:46,067
[ krause speaking german ]
538
00:30:46,067 --> 00:30:48,600
Interpreter: the kaiser was
Simply afraid of the inability
539
00:30:48,600 --> 00:30:51,200
Of some of his people
To serve in the military.
540
00:30:51,200 --> 00:30:54,133
Also, the economy would
Have lost its cheap laborers.
541
00:30:54,133 --> 00:30:55,367
That was the real reason
542
00:30:55,367 --> 00:30:58,700
Behind the construction
Of the sanatorium.
543
00:30:58,700 --> 00:31:03,767
Narrator:
Eventually, there would be beds
For 1,200 patients,
544
00:31:03,767 --> 00:31:08,100
Which made it one of the largest
Sanatoriums in the world.
545
00:31:08,100 --> 00:31:10,167
And it would go on to house
546
00:31:10,167 --> 00:31:11,032
One of the world's biggest
Killers of the 20th century.
547
00:31:11,032 --> 00:31:12,000
One of the world's biggest
Killers of the 20th century.
548
00:31:14,967 --> 00:31:20,300
*
549
00:31:20,300 --> 00:31:24,100
So, who was beelitz's
Most infamous patient?
550
00:31:24,100 --> 00:31:28,333
And why was this
Cutting-edge facility abandoned?
551
00:31:31,400 --> 00:31:37,300
*
552
00:31:37,300 --> 00:31:41,067
Narrator:
In 1914, world war I started,
553
00:31:41,067 --> 00:31:44,667
And the hospital found itself
In the front line.
554
00:31:48,567 --> 00:31:51,300
Beelitz heilstatten
Was requisitioned
555
00:31:51,300 --> 00:31:54,433
As a field hospital
For the red cross.
556
00:31:56,567 --> 00:32:00,922
The number of beds increased
To over 1,500.
557
00:32:00,922 --> 00:32:01,000
The number of beds increased
To over 1,500.
558
00:32:02,933 --> 00:32:05,833
One of its patients was
A young corporal
559
00:32:05,833 --> 00:32:09,067
By the name of adolf hitler.
560
00:32:11,067 --> 00:32:13,200
Hitler was a patient there
For two months
561
00:32:13,200 --> 00:32:15,233
Towards the end of 1916,
562
00:32:15,233 --> 00:32:17,500
When he was hit by a grenade
In his left leg
563
00:32:17,500 --> 00:32:20,067
And was sent to beelitz
For treatment.
564
00:32:22,633 --> 00:32:26,733
Narrator:
After the war, there was
A resurgence of tuberculosis,
565
00:32:26,733 --> 00:32:28,300
And in 1920,
566
00:32:28,300 --> 00:32:30,922
Beelitz heilstatten reverted
To a sanatorium.
567
00:32:30,922 --> 00:32:31,000
Beelitz heilstatten reverted
To a sanatorium.
568
00:32:35,533 --> 00:32:37,167
For more than 20 years,
569
00:32:37,167 --> 00:32:40,167
It continued
To treat the disease.
570
00:32:41,933 --> 00:32:46,733
But an end to tuberculosis
Was just 'round the corner.
571
00:32:48,433 --> 00:32:52,133
Meigs:
Tuberculosis remained a serious
Problem in the developed world
572
00:32:52,133 --> 00:32:54,667
Until shortly after
World war ii,
573
00:32:54,667 --> 00:32:58,367
When the antibiotic streptomycin
Was discovered
574
00:32:58,367 --> 00:33:00,100
And turned out to be
Pretty effective
575
00:33:00,100 --> 00:33:00,922
At treating the disease.
576
00:33:00,922 --> 00:33:01,000
At treating the disease.
577
00:33:02,867 --> 00:33:08,600
Narrator:
By the mid-1950s, tuberculosis
Became a curable disease,
578
00:33:08,600 --> 00:33:13,067
And the need for the hospital
Slowly declined with the cure.
579
00:33:14,867 --> 00:33:18,267
But that wasn't quite
The end of this hospital.
580
00:33:20,300 --> 00:33:21,567
After the war,
581
00:33:21,567 --> 00:33:24,900
The russians took over
The eastern sector of berlin,
582
00:33:24,900 --> 00:33:29,200
And beelitz heilstatten served
As a soviet military hospital
583
00:33:29,200 --> 00:33:30,922
For the next 50 years.
584
00:33:30,922 --> 00:33:31,000
For the next 50 years.
585
00:33:34,167 --> 00:33:35,500
[ krause speaking german ]
586
00:33:35,500 --> 00:33:38,067
Interpreter: the soviets
Operated beelitz sanatorium
587
00:33:38,067 --> 00:33:39,967
As the largest
Military hospital
588
00:33:39,967 --> 00:33:42,433
Outside of
Their country's borders.
589
00:33:42,433 --> 00:33:46,467
In 1991, the soviet troops
Slowly started their withdrawal.
590
00:33:46,467 --> 00:33:50,067
And in 1994,
The grounds were empty again.
591
00:33:50,067 --> 00:34:00,067
*
592
00:34:00,067 --> 00:34:00,922
Narrator:
Today, this once-vital hospital
Is a ghostly shell...
593
00:34:00,922 --> 00:34:01,000
Narrator:
Today, this once-vital hospital
Is a ghostly shell...
594
00:34:07,100 --> 00:34:11,200
...The disease it was built to
Beat now a footnote in history.
595
00:34:12,567 --> 00:34:13,933
Or is it?
596
00:34:15,200 --> 00:34:19,267
With the rise of drug-resistant
Strains of tuberculosis
597
00:34:19,267 --> 00:34:21,800
Emerging in the 1980s,
598
00:34:21,800 --> 00:34:25,833
Beelitz heilstatten reminds us
That the battle
599
00:34:25,833 --> 00:34:30,600
Against this potentially
Fatal disease continues.
600
00:34:33,267 --> 00:34:35,400
Dickrell:
The size of the epidemic
Of tuberculosis
601
00:34:35,400 --> 00:34:37,600
In the early 20th century
Was large.
602
00:34:37,600 --> 00:34:40,067
Its impact was felt
Wide through europe.
603
00:34:40,067 --> 00:34:43,200
Sites like beelitz
Help us remember that.
604
00:34:43,200 --> 00:34:46,967
And with the onset and increase
Of modern tuberculosis,
605
00:34:46,967 --> 00:34:48,633
Perhaps it's a really
Good reminder
606
00:34:48,633 --> 00:34:50,833
Of the seriousness
Of the disease.
607
00:34:50,833 --> 00:34:59,600
*
608
00:34:59,600 --> 00:35:00,922
Narrator: on the far eastern tip
Of canada,
609
00:35:00,922 --> 00:35:01,000
Narrator: on the far eastern tip
Of canada,
610
00:35:02,133 --> 00:35:04,667
Just visible
Above the waterline,
611
00:35:04,667 --> 00:35:08,167
Lies a rusting hulk
Of corroding metal.
612
00:35:08,167 --> 00:35:16,233
*
613
00:35:16,233 --> 00:35:19,667
Bell: it's almost like
This monster of the deep.
614
00:35:22,167 --> 00:35:27,600
But why is this leviathan being
Gradually reclaimed by the sea?
615
00:35:29,333 --> 00:35:30,922
Narrator:
It lies in a forgotten cove off
The coast of newfoundland.
616
00:35:30,922 --> 00:35:31,000
Narrator:
It lies in a forgotten cove off
The coast of newfoundland.
617
00:35:34,833 --> 00:35:36,900
Bell: this partially
Submerged structure
618
00:35:36,900 --> 00:35:40,067
Has such mystery around it.
619
00:35:40,067 --> 00:35:42,700
And that is compounded
By where it sits,
620
00:35:42,700 --> 00:35:45,733
In this completely
Idyllic setting.
621
00:35:47,867 --> 00:35:53,067
This weird sort of assemblage
Of junk, of rusty steel.
622
00:35:53,067 --> 00:35:54,933
One chunk of it
You can recognize
623
00:35:54,933 --> 00:35:57,700
As some kind of modern trawler
Or something parked alongside,
624
00:35:57,700 --> 00:36:00,922
But what it's next to
Is like an exploded factory.
625
00:36:00,922 --> 00:36:01,000
But what it's next to
Is like an exploded factory.
626
00:36:02,233 --> 00:36:05,133
It just doesn't belong there.
627
00:36:05,133 --> 00:36:08,900
Narrator: only some of
Its structure is still visible.
628
00:36:08,900 --> 00:36:11,700
The rest
Is completely submerged.
629
00:36:13,300 --> 00:36:16,167
Caldwell-evans:
It's so devastated.
It's so destroyed.
630
00:36:16,167 --> 00:36:18,367
It's hard to believe
There's any other reason
631
00:36:18,367 --> 00:36:20,267
For that level of destruction
632
00:36:20,267 --> 00:36:23,533
Other than
Some major cataclysmic event.
633
00:36:23,533 --> 00:36:28,633
Narrator: these are
The remains of hms calypso,
634
00:36:28,633 --> 00:36:30,922
Once one of the most
Technologically advanced ships
635
00:36:30,922 --> 00:36:31,000
Once one of the most
Technologically advanced ships
636
00:36:32,133 --> 00:36:34,300
In the british fleet --
637
00:36:34,300 --> 00:36:37,733
Now abandoned,
Rotting in the water.
638
00:36:42,433 --> 00:36:46,333
So, how did such a
Valuable vessel meet its end?
639
00:36:46,333 --> 00:36:50,167
And why was she abandoned
So far from home?
640
00:36:53,067 --> 00:36:58,300
*
641
00:36:58,300 --> 00:37:02,500
Narrator:
Lying in a forgotten cove
Off the coast of newfoundland
642
00:37:02,500 --> 00:37:06,067
Is the puzzling wreck
Of hms calypso.
643
00:37:08,067 --> 00:37:09,800
But how did the ship sink?
644
00:37:09,800 --> 00:37:13,567
And why did it end up
In this canadian backwater?
645
00:37:17,900 --> 00:37:20,500
The reason
For calypso's destruction
646
00:37:20,500 --> 00:37:22,877
Lies in the role
It was designed to fulfill.
647
00:37:22,877 --> 00:37:23,000
Lies in the role
It was designed to fulfill.
648
00:37:24,100 --> 00:37:28,633
In the 1870s, britain was
A dominant global force,
649
00:37:28,633 --> 00:37:32,267
Thanks partly to its navy.
650
00:37:32,267 --> 00:37:35,600
The royal navy exists to ensure
651
00:37:35,600 --> 00:37:38,600
That whatever difficulties
There are in the world,
652
00:37:38,600 --> 00:37:43,867
Nobody stops trade between
Britain and her colonies.
653
00:37:43,867 --> 00:37:49,567
*
654
00:37:49,567 --> 00:37:52,877
Narrator:
Designed to fight competing
European powers and pirates
655
00:37:52,877 --> 00:37:53,000
Narrator:
Designed to fight competing
European powers and pirates
656
00:37:53,533 --> 00:37:55,867
In the far corners of the globe,
657
00:37:55,867 --> 00:38:01,500
Calypso's design was a quirky
Combination of sail and steam.
658
00:38:04,600 --> 00:38:07,133
Nusbacher:
She has a steam engine,
659
00:38:07,133 --> 00:38:11,133
But calypso can also go
Under sail power.
660
00:38:11,133 --> 00:38:14,433
That means that calypso
Can go on a long patrol
661
00:38:14,433 --> 00:38:19,400
And just use the wind
To get where she needs to go.
662
00:38:19,400 --> 00:38:22,433
Keeping: this helped
The vessel ply the waters
663
00:38:22,433 --> 00:38:22,877
That were
In vast, distant colonies,
664
00:38:22,877 --> 00:38:23,000
That were
In vast, distant colonies,
665
00:38:25,067 --> 00:38:27,967
Where they may not
Have access to any resources.
666
00:38:27,967 --> 00:38:31,200
What we see here
Is design features
667
00:38:31,200 --> 00:38:34,300
That actually make the vessel
More reliable
668
00:38:34,300 --> 00:38:37,400
And allow it
To carry out its duties.
669
00:38:39,267 --> 00:38:43,333
Narrator:
Endurance and toughness was
At the heart of the calypso,
670
00:38:43,333 --> 00:38:45,800
And her strength was reinforced
671
00:38:45,800 --> 00:38:48,567
By her strange
Hull construction.
672
00:38:51,400 --> 00:38:52,877
Caldwell-evans:
Her hull is actually composite.
673
00:38:52,877 --> 00:38:53,000
Caldwell-evans:
Her hull is actually composite.
674
00:38:53,800 --> 00:38:56,800
In effect, it's a steel hull --
Steel plates over an iron frame,
675
00:38:56,800 --> 00:38:57,967
All very modern.
676
00:38:57,967 --> 00:38:59,900
But then you've got
This weird addition of wood.
677
00:38:59,900 --> 00:39:03,067
You can see the timber still
Sticking out of the water today.
678
00:39:03,067 --> 00:39:06,433
Now, why would you bother
Putting wood over steel?
679
00:39:07,967 --> 00:39:10,933
Bell: steel on its own
Won't protect the ship
680
00:39:10,933 --> 00:39:12,667
From what's called biofouling,
681
00:39:12,667 --> 00:39:16,067
Which is the buildup
Of barnacles and algae,
682
00:39:16,067 --> 00:39:20,067
Which can damage the hull
And the propulsion system.
683
00:39:23,300 --> 00:39:28,900
Narrator: so the solution was
To coat the hull with copper.
684
00:39:28,900 --> 00:39:31,933
Caldwell-evans:
But you can't put
Copper plates on a steel hull
685
00:39:31,933 --> 00:39:33,900
Because you get
Carbonic corrosion.
686
00:39:33,900 --> 00:39:35,933
You'll actually corrode
The hull itself
687
00:39:35,933 --> 00:39:38,400
Because of the reaction
Between these two metals.
688
00:39:38,400 --> 00:39:41,233
The only thing to do is to have
Your steel hull,
689
00:39:41,233 --> 00:39:42,900
Put wood over the top of that,
690
00:39:42,900 --> 00:39:48,133
And then copper sheets in the
Same old way over the top again.
691
00:39:48,133 --> 00:39:52,877
Narrator: in june 1883,
She is launched to great fanfare
692
00:39:52,877 --> 00:39:53,000
Narrator: in june 1883,
She is launched to great fanfare
693
00:39:53,533 --> 00:39:56,267
From the chatham dockyards
In england.
694
00:39:56,267 --> 00:39:58,100
Built for strength
And endurance,
695
00:39:58,100 --> 00:40:01,067
She is one of the last
Steam-and-sail ships
696
00:40:01,067 --> 00:40:03,867
Ever constructed.
697
00:40:03,867 --> 00:40:06,467
Caldwell-evans:
This wasn't an old-fashioned,
Weakly armed warship.
698
00:40:06,467 --> 00:40:09,933
For her size, for her speed,
She could pack quite a punch.
699
00:40:11,667 --> 00:40:16,433
Narrator: so, how did
Such a strong ship meet its end?
700
00:40:16,433 --> 00:40:18,833
Did the pirates
Or an enemy navy
701
00:40:18,833 --> 00:40:22,533
Manage to overwhelm
Her impressive defenses?
702
00:40:24,700 --> 00:40:29,400
Calypso's design
Was actually her undoing.
703
00:40:29,400 --> 00:40:33,200
As soon as the royal navy
Builds a ship,
704
00:40:33,200 --> 00:40:36,500
The french navy or the german
Navy builds a comparable ship
705
00:40:36,500 --> 00:40:41,667
And makes that royal navy vessel
Obsolete.
706
00:40:41,667 --> 00:40:47,733
In the 1870s, the kind of ship
That we see in the calypso
707
00:40:47,733 --> 00:40:50,500
Is briefly very powerful,
708
00:40:50,500 --> 00:40:52,877
Briefly useful
Against enemy vessels,
709
00:40:52,877 --> 00:40:53,000
Briefly useful
Against enemy vessels,
710
00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:56,700
And within 10 years is obsolete.
711
00:41:01,133 --> 00:41:02,867
Narrator: in 1902,
712
00:41:02,867 --> 00:41:06,533
She was sent across the atlantic
To become a training ship
713
00:41:06,533 --> 00:41:09,967
For the newfoundland
Royal navy reserve.
714
00:41:13,133 --> 00:41:19,633
60 years later, the decision
Was made to scrap her.
715
00:41:19,633 --> 00:41:22,367
Keeping:
In 1968, it was finally decided
716
00:41:22,367 --> 00:41:22,877
That the vessel
Should be abandoned.
717
00:41:22,877 --> 00:41:23,000
That the vessel
Should be abandoned.
718
00:41:25,200 --> 00:41:29,567
It was towed to a small cove
Outside of embree, newfoundland,
719
00:41:29,567 --> 00:41:31,667
And it was burned
To the waterline.
720
00:41:31,667 --> 00:41:39,067
*
721
00:41:39,067 --> 00:41:45,100
Narrator:
Today hms calypso lies abandoned
Off the coast of canada.
722
00:41:45,100 --> 00:41:48,067
When I see a ship
Like the calypso,
723
00:41:48,067 --> 00:41:52,133
I see a monument
To so many people
724
00:41:52,133 --> 00:41:52,877
Working so hard together
To make something great.
725
00:41:52,877 --> 00:41:53,000
Working so hard together
To make something great.
726
00:41:55,367 --> 00:42:03,667
*
59534
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