All language subtitles for Sa.Majeste.Les.Mousses.2023.DUBBED.1080p.WEBRip.x264.AAC-[YTS.MX]

af Afrikaans
ak Akan
sq Albanian
am Amharic
ar Arabic
hy Armenian
az Azerbaijani
eu Basque
be Belarusian
bem Bemba
bn Bengali
bh Bihari
bs Bosnian
br Breton
bg Bulgarian
km Cambodian
ca Catalan
chr Cherokee
ny Chichewa
zh-CN Chinese (Simplified)
zh-TW Chinese (Traditional)
co Corsican
hr Croatian
cs Czech
da Danish
en English
eo Esperanto
et Estonian
ee Ewe
fo Faroese
tl Filipino
fi Finnish
fr French
fy Frisian
gaa Ga
gl Galician
ka Georgian
de German
el Greek
gn Guarani
gu Gujarati
ht Haitian Creole
ha Hausa
haw Hawaiian
iw Hebrew
hi Hindi
hu Hungarian
is Icelandic
ig Igbo
id Indonesian
ia Interlingua
ga Irish
it Italian
ja Japanese
jw Javanese
kn Kannada
kk Kazakh
rw Kinyarwanda
rn Kirundi
kg Kongo
ko Korean
kri Krio (Sierra Leone)
ku Kurdish
ckb Kurdish (Soranî)
ky Kyrgyz
lo Laothian
la Latin
lv Latvian
ln Lingala
lt Lithuanian
loz Lozi
lg Luganda
ach Luo
mk Macedonian
mg Malagasy
ms Malay
ml Malayalam
mt Maltese
mi Maori
mr Marathi
mfe Mauritian Creole
mo Moldavian
mn Mongolian
sr-ME Montenegrin
ne Nepali
pcm Nigerian Pidgin
nso Northern Sotho
no Norwegian
nn Norwegian (Nynorsk)
oc Occitan
or Oriya
om Oromo
ps Pashto
fa Persian
pl Polish
pt-BR Portuguese (Brazil)
pt-PT Portuguese (Portugal)
pa Punjabi
qu Quechua
ro Romanian
rm Romansh
nyn Runyakitara
ru Russian
gd Scots Gaelic
sr Serbian
sh Serbo-Croatian
st Sesotho
tn Setswana
crs Seychellois Creole
sn Shona
sd Sindhi
si Sinhalese
sk Slovak
sl Slovenian
so Somali
es Spanish
es-419 Spanish (Latin American)
su Sundanese
sw Swahili
sv Swedish
tg Tajik
ta Tamil
tt Tatar
te Telugu
th Thai
ti Tigrinya
to Tonga
lua Tshiluba
tum Tumbuka
tr Turkish
tk Turkmen
tw Twi
ug Uighur
uk Ukrainian
ur Urdu
uz Uzbek
vi Vietnamese
cy Welsh
wo Wolof
xh Xhosa
yi Yiddish
yo Yoruba
zu Zulu
Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 2 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 3 00:00:12,400 --> 00:00:17,160 Once upon a time, there was a tiny, neglected plant. 4 00:00:21,400 --> 00:00:24,480 A plant capable of working wonders. 5 00:00:27,400 --> 00:00:30,840 An ingenious and resilient plant. 6 00:00:36,760 --> 00:00:38,320 Long underestimated. 7 00:00:40,240 --> 00:00:43,800 It is a plant that excites the passions of the scientists 8 00:00:43,800 --> 00:00:46,960 working to unveil its mysteries. 9 00:00:50,440 --> 00:00:53,160 It grows everywhere on the planet. 10 00:00:53,160 --> 00:00:55,760 It transcends the landscape. 11 00:00:57,920 --> 00:01:02,040 And gives us a glimpse of surprising magical worlds. 12 00:01:27,440 --> 00:01:33,040 This small organism tells a marvellous story about our world. 13 00:01:35,040 --> 00:01:38,440 Mosses are essential to life on Earth, 14 00:01:38,440 --> 00:01:42,360 and they have been reshaping our planet since the dawn of time. 15 00:01:50,280 --> 00:01:53,960 In Japan, mosses are revered. 16 00:01:57,280 --> 00:01:59,680 The Japanese look upon them 17 00:01:59,680 --> 00:02:05,040 as Westerners might look upon a heavenly constellation, 18 00:02:05,040 --> 00:02:07,920 with the same awe and wonder. 19 00:02:09,400 --> 00:02:12,600 Here, the forces of nature, 20 00:02:12,600 --> 00:02:16,680 such as the wind, the rivers, 21 00:02:16,680 --> 00:02:19,880 animals, and moss 22 00:02:19,880 --> 00:02:25,040 are venerated. They are careful not to disturb the plant 23 00:02:25,040 --> 00:02:27,920 and let it cover sacred sites. 24 00:02:31,920 --> 00:02:38,280 They care for the mosses with endless skill and patience. 25 00:02:41,880 --> 00:02:46,840 They go out of their way to protect and contemplate the mosses. 26 00:02:50,000 --> 00:02:53,120 Every detail is important. 27 00:02:58,560 --> 00:03:04,440 Anything that might disturb or harm the moss is meticulously removed, 28 00:03:04,440 --> 00:03:08,480 as if each sprig were a priceless treasure. 29 00:03:51,760 --> 00:03:53,680 The garden at Kokedera, 30 00:03:53,680 --> 00:03:56,640 also known as the Moss Temple, 31 00:03:56,640 --> 00:03:59,680 is an extraordinary sanctuary. 32 00:03:59,680 --> 00:04:06,120 It is home to more than 120 species of moss. 33 00:04:06,120 --> 00:04:09,840 Unlike the complex Latin names used in Europe, 34 00:04:09,840 --> 00:04:14,720 the Japanese give mosses more delicate, intuitive names 35 00:04:14,720 --> 00:04:17,440 like Spiral Moss... 36 00:04:19,240 --> 00:04:20,520 ..Whip Moss... 37 00:04:22,320 --> 00:04:24,000 ..Shining Branch... 38 00:04:25,840 --> 00:04:27,080 ..White Hair... 39 00:04:28,520 --> 00:04:30,720 ..and Grandfather's Beard. 40 00:05:13,840 --> 00:05:17,440 Mould Moss is very easy to locate. 41 00:05:17,440 --> 00:05:19,840 All you have to do is bend down, 42 00:05:19,840 --> 00:05:21,600 take a sniff, 43 00:05:21,600 --> 00:05:25,400 and let yourself be guided by its characteristic odour. 44 00:05:33,360 --> 00:05:39,640 Other mosses give off the aroma of peppers, cucumbers or oysters. 45 00:05:39,640 --> 00:05:43,120 In this temple, each sprig of moss 46 00:05:43,120 --> 00:05:45,880 is treated like a precious jewel, 47 00:05:45,880 --> 00:05:48,680 fragile and delicate. 48 00:05:48,680 --> 00:05:52,440 But there are other, less hospitable places 49 00:05:52,440 --> 00:05:57,560 where the mosses can show off their exceptional capacities for survival. 50 00:06:01,000 --> 00:06:06,040 The volcanic highlands of Lakagigar in Iceland 51 00:06:06,040 --> 00:06:09,960 reveal some of the superpowers of moss. 52 00:06:09,960 --> 00:06:12,760 How did our frail little mosses 53 00:06:12,760 --> 00:06:18,080 manage to invade these lunar landscapes scorched by lava flows? 54 00:06:21,520 --> 00:06:25,800 In 1783, one of the most violent volcanic eruptions 55 00:06:25,800 --> 00:06:30,200 of the last 10,000 years happened here. 56 00:06:38,960 --> 00:06:44,240 Magnea Magnusdottir is an enthusiastic biologist. 57 00:06:44,240 --> 00:06:47,720 She's studying the grey, velvety moss 58 00:06:47,720 --> 00:06:52,400 that covers the surface of this area - the Racomitrium. 59 00:09:03,000 --> 00:09:05,680 It has taken over two centuries 60 00:09:05,680 --> 00:09:09,640 for nature to produce this fragile coat of moss. 61 00:09:12,320 --> 00:09:16,360 60 centimetres thick, 62 00:09:16,360 --> 00:09:20,520 it covers this vast, ten-metre-high lava field. 63 00:09:28,760 --> 00:09:31,800 Over time, the moss has grown thicker. 64 00:09:33,920 --> 00:09:38,480 It has created a fertile, stable topsoil 65 00:09:38,480 --> 00:09:41,960 that allows flowering plants and shrubs to grow. 66 00:09:50,200 --> 00:09:52,840 The moss is a pioneer plant. 67 00:09:52,840 --> 00:09:56,480 It has taken hold where no-one expected it to - 68 00:09:56,480 --> 00:10:00,040 in this harsh, inhospitable landscape. 69 00:10:00,040 --> 00:10:02,120 To understand how that was possible, 70 00:10:02,120 --> 00:10:06,000 we have to go back to a key moment in our planet's history. 71 00:10:08,320 --> 00:10:14,040 450 million years ago, the oceans underwent an enormous upheaval. 72 00:10:20,800 --> 00:10:26,400 Algae took advantage of the tidal ebb and flow to move onto the land, 73 00:10:26,400 --> 00:10:30,240 gradually adapting and evolving into mosses. 74 00:10:32,480 --> 00:10:37,000 Their spread provided a layer of soil over the volcanic rock. 75 00:10:41,800 --> 00:10:44,640 These very first terrestrial plants 76 00:10:44,640 --> 00:10:48,680 were one of the main sources of oxygen in the atmosphere, 77 00:10:48,680 --> 00:10:52,400 enabling other forms of life to evolve and thrive. 78 00:10:54,240 --> 00:10:58,920 Mosses have colonised nearly the entire surface of the Earth, 79 00:10:58,920 --> 00:11:03,080 transforming an arid planet into a lush planet. 80 00:11:08,880 --> 00:11:12,240 Mosses grow nearly everywhere on the Earth. 81 00:11:16,520 --> 00:11:21,280 We have discovered close to 25,000 species. 82 00:11:24,120 --> 00:11:28,000 The conditions in the gorges of the Toul-Goulic in Brittany 83 00:11:28,000 --> 00:11:30,080 are ideal for mosses. 84 00:11:34,400 --> 00:11:37,200 The light is filtered by leafy branches. 85 00:11:40,160 --> 00:11:42,360 And it is always humid. 86 00:11:49,000 --> 00:11:51,080 Moss grows everywhere. 87 00:11:59,400 --> 00:12:02,560 Moss specialists, or bryologists, 88 00:12:02,560 --> 00:12:07,040 come from near and far to study these mosses, or bryophytes. 89 00:12:16,560 --> 00:12:20,520 Vincent Hugonnot is one of France's leading bryologists. 90 00:12:22,520 --> 00:12:26,120 He never goes anywhere without his favourite tool. 91 00:13:33,120 --> 00:13:35,840 Grasping the beauty of mosses 92 00:13:35,840 --> 00:13:39,280 is first of all learning how to look at them. 93 00:13:40,560 --> 00:13:45,760 Observing them reveals surprising and widely varying forms. 94 00:14:15,480 --> 00:14:21,840 Because what bryologists like best is recognising and naming mosses, 95 00:14:21,840 --> 00:14:25,440 detecting the rarest species and immersing themselves 96 00:14:25,440 --> 00:14:27,720 in anatomical detail. 97 00:14:29,520 --> 00:14:32,000 Close observation of the mosses 98 00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:34,960 transforms them into lush jungles 99 00:14:34,960 --> 00:14:37,400 inhabited by fantastic creatures. 100 00:14:44,560 --> 00:14:49,080 An invaluable network of living beings which spread, 101 00:14:49,080 --> 00:14:53,560 decompose and regulate the microflorae of the ground. 102 00:14:56,120 --> 00:15:00,840 These miniature forests are home to crawling springtails, 103 00:15:00,840 --> 00:15:05,160 curious hairy moss mites 104 00:15:05,160 --> 00:15:07,880 and slimy roundworms. 105 00:15:12,640 --> 00:15:15,080 If we look even more closely... 106 00:15:17,520 --> 00:15:22,400 ..we can make out these unusual micro shrimps, called rotifers, 107 00:15:22,400 --> 00:15:24,840 and strange little eight-legged creatures 108 00:15:24,840 --> 00:15:28,000 that browse on the surface of the mosses - 109 00:15:28,000 --> 00:15:31,000 tardigrades, or water bears. 110 00:15:33,960 --> 00:15:37,280 These amazing creatures are quite resourceful. 111 00:15:38,720 --> 00:15:43,320 They can slow down their metabolism to withstand drought, 112 00:15:43,320 --> 00:15:48,440 a fascinating adaptation that they share with mosses. 113 00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:46,080 This heightened tolerance to drought and the moss' capacity to revive 114 00:16:46,080 --> 00:16:51,040 when conditions become favourable again are major assets. 115 00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:57,120 They allow mosses to withstand extreme conditions 116 00:16:57,120 --> 00:16:59,840 better than any other plants, 117 00:16:59,840 --> 00:17:03,040 even in the harshest environments. 118 00:17:24,640 --> 00:17:29,480 A British ecologist came face-to-face with this phenomenon, 119 00:17:29,480 --> 00:17:31,840 called reviviscence, 120 00:17:31,840 --> 00:17:37,000 on an expedition to the South Pole to study global warming. 121 00:17:37,000 --> 00:17:40,080 This is Peter Convey. 122 00:17:42,000 --> 00:17:48,000 In 2014, he revived a moss plant embedded in the frozen soil. 123 00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:53,560 His discovery sent a shock wave through the scientific community. 124 00:17:55,400 --> 00:17:59,000 What we were trying to do was to sample a core 125 00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:01,800 through one of these deep peat banks. 126 00:18:01,800 --> 00:18:03,400 So several cores were taken 127 00:18:03,400 --> 00:18:05,160 to be analysed for various chemicals 128 00:18:05,160 --> 00:18:06,920 that are indicators of climate. 129 00:18:06,920 --> 00:18:08,960 But we took an extra core 130 00:18:08,960 --> 00:18:10,760 simply because we wanted to analyse 131 00:18:10,760 --> 00:18:12,320 the biological properties 132 00:18:12,320 --> 00:18:13,600 of the core itself. 133 00:18:13,600 --> 00:18:16,640 So, not the chemistry, not the climate reconstruction. 134 00:18:16,640 --> 00:18:20,680 We simply wanted to see, was there any life within the core itself? 135 00:18:25,920 --> 00:18:27,720 We wrap it up carefully and cleanly. 136 00:18:27,720 --> 00:18:30,880 We pack it into boxes and we carry it 137 00:18:30,880 --> 00:18:33,440 round about an hour and a half's walk back to the station 138 00:18:33,440 --> 00:18:36,160 where we can put it in freezers, and that's all we do with it. 139 00:18:36,160 --> 00:18:37,840 On the station, we store them in freezers 140 00:18:37,840 --> 00:18:40,280 until we can get them back to the UK. 141 00:18:51,880 --> 00:18:55,520 Peter Convey came to analyse the soil chemistry. 142 00:18:59,600 --> 00:19:03,320 This moss sample was not the primary focus of his expedition. 143 00:19:05,160 --> 00:19:09,000 But because he was interested in the characteristics of bryophytes, 144 00:19:09,000 --> 00:19:12,200 his attention was drawn to the exceptional thickness 145 00:19:12,200 --> 00:19:14,520 of the moss sample he took. 146 00:19:15,680 --> 00:19:19,920 We have a very clear clue that these moss banks are old, 147 00:19:19,920 --> 00:19:22,360 for the very simple reason that in the Antarctic 148 00:19:22,360 --> 00:19:25,240 mosses grow about half a centimetre a year. 149 00:19:25,240 --> 00:19:27,560 So if you've got a two-metre-thick moss bank, 150 00:19:27,560 --> 00:19:29,760 you've got many centuries of moss at the bottom, 151 00:19:29,760 --> 00:19:33,360 you know it's going to be old. The only way to test how old it is 152 00:19:33,360 --> 00:19:35,480 is to use radiocarbon dating. 153 00:19:35,480 --> 00:19:39,400 So the key thing, if we know we've got a metre of moss - 154 00:19:39,400 --> 00:19:41,560 we had a metre and a half of the moss in this core - 155 00:19:41,560 --> 00:19:45,360 we know that the bottom of that is many centuries old. 156 00:19:45,360 --> 00:19:48,560 So the next question was to find out how many centuries old. 157 00:19:55,360 --> 00:19:59,360 The thawed out moss immediately showed signs of life, 158 00:19:59,360 --> 00:20:04,480 and thanks to carbon-14 dating, Peter made a remarkable discovery. 159 00:20:06,400 --> 00:20:10,160 He had revived a 1,500-year-old moss. 160 00:20:13,280 --> 00:20:18,560 It was around when the Roman Empire was on the decline. 161 00:20:18,560 --> 00:20:21,840 I was rather excited! I mean, that really... 162 00:20:21,840 --> 00:20:23,960 It was a brand-new discovery. 163 00:20:23,960 --> 00:20:28,320 This moss was happily growing away on Signy Island 164 00:20:28,320 --> 00:20:31,840 a millennia and a half before we discovered Antarctica. 165 00:20:31,840 --> 00:20:35,400 It's a step change in our understanding 166 00:20:35,400 --> 00:20:38,920 of how long something can survive for. It obviously was alive, 167 00:20:38,920 --> 00:20:43,120 we haven't created life, but we've stimulated it back into growth 168 00:20:43,120 --> 00:20:47,440 and it's by far the oldest one I'm aware of that that's happened to. 169 00:20:49,680 --> 00:20:52,320 Could it be that mosses have discovered 170 00:20:52,320 --> 00:20:55,440 the secret of immortality? 171 00:20:55,440 --> 00:21:00,320 What is for certain is that they are still full of mysteries. 172 00:21:05,560 --> 00:21:10,120 And what about these colonies of moss called glacier mice? 173 00:21:10,120 --> 00:21:12,120 They can survive on ice. 174 00:21:13,200 --> 00:21:17,920 Their most surprising characteristic is not their tolerance for cold, 175 00:21:17,920 --> 00:21:23,880 but their capacity to move two and a half centimetres a day. 176 00:21:23,880 --> 00:21:28,680 Neither wind nor gravity explain this phenomenon. 177 00:21:28,680 --> 00:21:31,080 So how do they do it? 178 00:21:33,720 --> 00:21:36,680 One explanation is that our glacier mouse 179 00:21:36,680 --> 00:21:39,880 protects the ice beneath it from the sun. 180 00:21:39,880 --> 00:21:41,880 When the ice around it melts, 181 00:21:41,880 --> 00:21:45,040 the moss is left perched on a little ice island 182 00:21:45,040 --> 00:21:48,840 it has protected from the sun's ultraviolet rays. 183 00:21:48,840 --> 00:21:53,680 It eventually tips over and the process starts again, 184 00:21:53,680 --> 00:21:57,160 slowly transforming the moss into a rolling ball. 185 00:21:58,520 --> 00:22:00,520 So much for the old saying 186 00:22:00,520 --> 00:22:03,160 a rolling stone gathers no moss. 187 00:22:06,760 --> 00:22:10,640 Mosses are discreet, but grow all over the world. 188 00:22:11,800 --> 00:22:14,320 They can cope with extreme temperature swings 189 00:22:14,320 --> 00:22:19,400 ranging from -40 to +70 degrees Celsius. 190 00:22:27,320 --> 00:22:29,520 Bryophytes include mosses that can survive 191 00:22:29,520 --> 00:22:33,080 in the hot springs in Iceland. 192 00:22:33,080 --> 00:22:36,520 Like this moss, the Solenostoma, 193 00:22:36,520 --> 00:22:40,320 that clings to rocks in scorching Icelandic rivers. 194 00:22:44,200 --> 00:22:48,160 Bryophytes are one of the organisms most capable of adapting 195 00:22:48,160 --> 00:22:49,680 to climate change. 196 00:22:54,400 --> 00:22:57,520 How can a plant be so resilient? 197 00:22:57,520 --> 00:23:01,720 How has it managed to grow everywhere on the planet? 198 00:23:01,720 --> 00:23:03,480 What is it secret? 199 00:23:10,960 --> 00:23:15,920 The moss' extreme resilience lies in its simplicity. 200 00:23:15,920 --> 00:23:22,160 It is an organism that has no flowers, no seeds and no roots. 201 00:23:22,160 --> 00:23:25,920 The moss does not draw the nutriments it needs from a soil, 202 00:23:25,920 --> 00:23:30,640 but from direct contact with air and water. 203 00:23:48,520 --> 00:23:50,000 A few drops of water 204 00:23:50,000 --> 00:23:54,440 are enough to trigger the moss' reproductive cycle. 205 00:23:54,440 --> 00:23:56,840 Water activates the spermatozoids, 206 00:23:56,840 --> 00:23:59,480 which swim to the female gamete. 207 00:24:14,360 --> 00:24:16,680 Fertilisation takes place. 208 00:24:19,480 --> 00:24:22,320 And a fairy-like ballet begins. 209 00:24:24,400 --> 00:24:29,840 After three weeks, the miraculous cycle of life gets under way. 210 00:24:33,960 --> 00:24:37,440 Long filaments rise towards the sky. 211 00:24:37,440 --> 00:24:41,480 They are topped by small pods which swell and open. 212 00:25:14,120 --> 00:25:19,240 They explode, releasing thousands of spores, like a firework display, 213 00:25:19,240 --> 00:25:23,480 giving life to a new generation of baby mosses. 214 00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:31,600 Mosses have retained features 215 00:25:31,600 --> 00:25:35,040 inherited from their aquatic origins. 216 00:25:43,600 --> 00:25:45,320 As they evolved, 217 00:25:45,320 --> 00:25:49,680 they survived on a planet with no atmosphere, 218 00:25:49,680 --> 00:25:54,240 bombarded by the radiation from the sun and space. 219 00:25:57,960 --> 00:26:01,800 This could help explain their resistance to the radioactivity 220 00:26:01,800 --> 00:26:06,040 in the contamination zone around Fukushima in Japan. 221 00:26:15,680 --> 00:26:18,400 Professor Masaki Shimamura 222 00:26:18,400 --> 00:26:22,480 is the director of the Bryological Society of Japan. 223 00:26:22,480 --> 00:26:27,440 He has been studying the impact of the nuclear catastrophe on mosses. 224 00:27:41,960 --> 00:27:44,920 This bioaccumulation by the mosses 225 00:27:44,920 --> 00:27:48,000 has led Professor Shimamura to conclude 226 00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:52,520 that the forests and dams are the most contaminated areas. 227 00:27:54,040 --> 00:27:57,840 Rainwater soaks down to the bottom of the valley, 228 00:27:57,840 --> 00:28:02,280 where record levels of radioactivity can be observed. 229 00:28:02,280 --> 00:28:06,120 The radioactivity is then captured by the mosses. 230 00:28:08,160 --> 00:28:13,160 Lacking the protective cuticle found on the surface of most plant leaves, 231 00:28:13,160 --> 00:28:16,800 the water is absorbed into the interior of the moss, 232 00:28:16,800 --> 00:28:19,600 which then stores the contaminants. 233 00:28:19,600 --> 00:28:22,680 Bryophytes are very sensitive 234 00:28:22,680 --> 00:28:26,240 and respond quickly to environmental changes. 235 00:28:54,880 --> 00:28:59,400 Mosses are reliable early warning systems which allow us to measure 236 00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:04,120 the quantity of radioactive pollution in contamination zones. 237 00:29:05,280 --> 00:29:08,480 If their DNA is damaged by pollutants, 238 00:29:08,480 --> 00:29:13,880 they continue to develop, even after a nuclear catastrophe. 239 00:29:17,080 --> 00:29:18,560 But that is not all. 240 00:29:22,040 --> 00:29:25,920 Mosses can also auto-regenerate 241 00:29:25,920 --> 00:29:29,200 from a piece of stem or a damaged leaf. 242 00:29:32,960 --> 00:29:38,640 This miracle is possible thanks to a cell only found in ferns, algae 243 00:29:38,640 --> 00:29:43,320 and moss, which is capable of reprogramming itself very quickly, 244 00:29:43,320 --> 00:29:45,000 like a stem cell. 245 00:30:45,680 --> 00:30:47,960 Like the heads of the mythical Hydra, 246 00:30:47,960 --> 00:30:50,920 each tiny, ripped off fragment of moss 247 00:30:50,920 --> 00:30:54,160 can give birth to multiple autonomous clones. 248 00:31:00,040 --> 00:31:02,760 A major asset when it comes to expanding 249 00:31:02,760 --> 00:31:05,160 and conquering new territories. 250 00:31:08,360 --> 00:31:12,880 But this depends on our little moss encountering no new pollutants. 251 00:31:17,960 --> 00:31:22,800 Otherwise, it can become very vulnerable, like here in Iceland, 252 00:31:22,800 --> 00:31:24,720 near this geothermal plant 253 00:31:24,720 --> 00:31:29,440 that uses volcanic energy to heat the capital Reykjavik. 254 00:32:15,760 --> 00:32:21,280 To withstand the poisonous Gaussian plumes, the mosses need help. 255 00:32:21,280 --> 00:32:25,800 Magnea has come to their rescue with an original recipe. 256 00:32:25,800 --> 00:32:28,480 It took her several years to perfect it. 257 00:32:32,640 --> 00:32:35,400 First, pick sprigs of moss, 258 00:32:35,400 --> 00:32:37,880 taking care not to leave any holes. 259 00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:50,560 Place the moss in a container 260 00:32:50,560 --> 00:32:53,320 and carefully disentangle it. 261 00:32:56,680 --> 00:32:58,480 Roughly cut the moss. 262 00:32:58,480 --> 00:33:01,080 A garden strimmer may be used. 263 00:33:05,960 --> 00:33:09,600 Pour in gallon after gallon of fermented milk 264 00:33:09,600 --> 00:33:11,160 and stir thoroughly 265 00:33:11,160 --> 00:33:14,760 until you have a unique moss soup. 266 00:34:12,120 --> 00:34:15,960 The mixture is transported to the site of the damage 267 00:34:15,960 --> 00:34:18,000 and applied by hand. 268 00:34:27,960 --> 00:34:31,080 A milky crust develops, 269 00:34:31,080 --> 00:34:34,160 holding the chopped sprigs in place, 270 00:34:34,160 --> 00:34:35,680 and they rapidly multiply. 271 00:34:47,480 --> 00:34:50,200 Thanks to Magnea's magic potion... 272 00:34:53,600 --> 00:34:57,040 ..and the capacity of the moss to regenerate, 273 00:34:57,040 --> 00:35:00,840 it will take less than two years to restore this site. 274 00:35:22,200 --> 00:35:24,880 Iceland is a sanctuary for nature. 275 00:35:37,040 --> 00:35:41,080 The country boasts some strange species of moss. 276 00:35:52,320 --> 00:35:54,360 One of them even breathes. 277 00:35:55,640 --> 00:35:58,640 But is it actually a moss? 278 00:36:02,960 --> 00:36:07,560 The golden plover has a very special relationship with the mosses 279 00:36:07,560 --> 00:36:11,400 that grow on the Icelandic heath. 280 00:36:11,400 --> 00:36:13,720 This bird lays its eggs in the ground 281 00:36:13,720 --> 00:36:16,680 in a little hollow dug by the male. 282 00:36:16,680 --> 00:36:21,160 At birth, the chicks' down mimics the moss and its environment. 283 00:36:23,680 --> 00:36:27,560 The golden plovers' adult plumage is dynamic, 284 00:36:27,560 --> 00:36:31,480 but the chicks remain carefully camouflaged on the heath. 285 00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:53,480 In Vietnam, the mimicry is even more marked in the mossy frog. 286 00:36:53,480 --> 00:36:57,040 There are no soft, velvety feathers here, 287 00:36:57,040 --> 00:37:00,080 but a slimy, knobbled epidermis. 288 00:37:06,000 --> 00:37:09,440 When in danger, this amphibian freezes 289 00:37:09,440 --> 00:37:13,080 and imitates a bryophyte to hide from its predators. 290 00:37:24,200 --> 00:37:28,880 The fox is also a valued friend to a certain species of moss 291 00:37:28,880 --> 00:37:31,120 that only grow on fox excrement. 292 00:37:41,200 --> 00:37:46,040 Tetraplodon belongs to one of the most elegant moss families on Earth, 293 00:37:46,040 --> 00:37:49,280 but has a taste for faeces and putrefaction. 294 00:37:51,760 --> 00:37:54,960 It is also capable of olfactive mimicry, 295 00:37:54,960 --> 00:37:58,840 giving off a perfect imitation of fox excrement odour... 296 00:38:00,800 --> 00:38:03,600 ..to attract coprophagic flies. 297 00:38:03,600 --> 00:38:07,040 This is an effective collaboration with the insect, 298 00:38:07,040 --> 00:38:10,920 allowing the moss to spread its spores by proxy into the wild. 299 00:38:10,920 --> 00:38:13,000 A unique feature amongst mosses 300 00:38:13,000 --> 00:38:15,680 and a fine example of collaboration 301 00:38:15,680 --> 00:38:18,880 and co-evolution between species. 302 00:38:26,680 --> 00:38:31,200 It reveals an aptitude in mosses to adapt in order to survive... 303 00:38:33,640 --> 00:38:37,120 ..provided they do not run into any obstacles. 304 00:38:44,680 --> 00:38:47,640 Humans are hindering the spread of mosses 305 00:38:47,640 --> 00:38:50,000 and have declared war on them. 306 00:38:50,000 --> 00:38:52,040 In many countries, 307 00:38:52,040 --> 00:38:55,440 they are considered parasitic plants 308 00:38:55,440 --> 00:38:59,440 associated with mould and decay. 309 00:38:59,440 --> 00:39:03,200 They eliminate the mosses with chemical herbicides, 310 00:39:03,200 --> 00:39:09,720 which are also toxic for the wider environment and even for humans. 311 00:39:17,520 --> 00:39:21,680 A researcher at the Sorbonne University in Paris 312 00:39:21,680 --> 00:39:25,080 may have found a formula that could change this approach. 313 00:39:26,920 --> 00:39:31,840 Emmanuel Baudouin is working on a patent for a natural herbicide. 314 00:39:55,880 --> 00:40:00,760 The adventure began in 2017 when Bastien Nay, a chemist, 315 00:40:00,760 --> 00:40:03,120 asked Emmanuel Baudouin to work with him 316 00:40:03,120 --> 00:40:08,000 on a naturally occurring molecule - Radulanin A. 317 00:40:10,040 --> 00:40:14,960 It comes from Radula, a common moss found in our forests. 318 00:40:14,960 --> 00:40:17,320 They discovered that this molecule 319 00:40:17,320 --> 00:40:20,480 possesses amazing herbicidal properties. 320 00:40:54,360 --> 00:40:59,000 Emmanuel Baudouin chose a tiny flowering plant 321 00:40:59,000 --> 00:41:01,520 as a subject for his experiment. 322 00:41:03,000 --> 00:41:06,480 Thale cress. It is considered a weed. 323 00:41:09,960 --> 00:41:14,280 He asked his team to mix the Radulanin molecule from the moss 324 00:41:14,280 --> 00:41:18,080 with the samples of thale cress in a liquid solution. 325 00:41:19,680 --> 00:41:24,640 The objective of the experiment was to test the herbicidal properties 326 00:41:24,640 --> 00:41:27,880 of Radulanin A on the cress plant. 327 00:42:16,040 --> 00:42:18,680 It is an ironic twist that this moss 328 00:42:18,680 --> 00:42:23,320 could someday contribute to the elimination of other mosses. 329 00:42:23,320 --> 00:42:25,440 Even though we cannot explain why, 330 00:42:25,440 --> 00:42:29,920 it possesses the same devastating capacities as glyphosate. 331 00:42:31,320 --> 00:42:34,640 Mosses, long overlooked by science, 332 00:42:34,640 --> 00:42:37,560 are gradually yielding up their secrets, 333 00:42:37,560 --> 00:42:41,480 and new fields of exploration are opening up for researchers. 334 00:42:50,040 --> 00:42:54,320 On the majestic, wild Japanese island of Yakushima, 335 00:42:54,320 --> 00:42:57,400 the mosses communicate with the trees. 336 00:43:02,640 --> 00:43:08,040 The mountain is covered by a forest of 1,000-year-old trees, 337 00:43:08,040 --> 00:43:10,600 and is home to the yakusugi... 338 00:43:13,000 --> 00:43:16,240 ..giant cedar trees which are considered sacred. 339 00:43:19,000 --> 00:43:21,240 It is also a realm of mosses. 340 00:43:27,440 --> 00:43:31,480 A pilgrimage site for bryologists from all over the world. 341 00:43:35,280 --> 00:43:41,040 In this fairy tale undergrowth inhabited by deer and macaques... 342 00:43:42,440 --> 00:43:46,760 ..the mosses absorb considerable quantities of water 343 00:43:46,760 --> 00:43:50,760 which they redistribute to the roots of the tall trees. 344 00:43:52,680 --> 00:43:56,320 The thousands of species of moss thriving here 345 00:43:56,320 --> 00:43:58,680 still have many secrets to reveal. 346 00:44:02,240 --> 00:44:05,920 Some protect the giant cedar trees from pathogenic bacteria 347 00:44:05,920 --> 00:44:09,160 thanks to their antibacterial properties. 348 00:44:09,160 --> 00:44:10,800 Like guardians, 349 00:44:10,800 --> 00:44:15,800 they have a considerable effect on the habitat that they colonise. 350 00:44:17,200 --> 00:44:21,560 This antibacterial action shows just how much science could learn 351 00:44:21,560 --> 00:44:26,160 from these mosses in the search for new medicines. 352 00:44:26,160 --> 00:44:30,440 These tiny plants, too long overlooked, 353 00:44:30,440 --> 00:44:36,040 could play a pivotal role in unexpected fields of science. 354 00:44:46,760 --> 00:44:50,560 In one of Europe's oldest observatories in Copenhagen, 355 00:44:50,560 --> 00:44:53,560 astrophysicist Jophiel Wiis 356 00:44:53,560 --> 00:44:56,520 and his colleagues on the SpaceMoss programme 357 00:44:56,520 --> 00:44:59,080 have genetically modified a moss. 358 00:45:05,920 --> 00:45:08,960 His goal is to study the moss' capacity to survive 359 00:45:08,960 --> 00:45:12,280 in the hostile environment on Mars. 360 00:45:16,520 --> 00:45:18,200 When you do space travel, 361 00:45:18,200 --> 00:45:21,240 every kilo that you bring into orbit 362 00:45:21,240 --> 00:45:24,360 or to another planet is immensely expensive. 363 00:45:24,360 --> 00:45:27,720 And just the medicine alone for a three-year journey 364 00:45:27,720 --> 00:45:30,080 where you want to make sure that people are healthy 365 00:45:30,080 --> 00:45:33,400 and come back safe, you need so much medicine, 366 00:45:33,400 --> 00:45:37,240 so much food, so much equipment and supplies, so much of everything. 367 00:45:37,240 --> 00:45:42,600 And if we can make a moss that is capable of producing 368 00:45:42,600 --> 00:45:46,880 certain types of medicine, then you just have to bring a little patch 369 00:45:46,880 --> 00:45:49,600 of the moss that can produce penicillin 370 00:45:49,600 --> 00:45:53,080 or whatever compound you're after. 371 00:45:54,800 --> 00:45:58,200 In the near future, moss could produce medicine 372 00:45:58,200 --> 00:46:01,440 that astronauts could cultivate on Mars. 373 00:46:01,440 --> 00:46:05,520 On the condition, of course, that Wiis' genetically modified moss 374 00:46:05,520 --> 00:46:09,120 survives the Martian environment. 375 00:46:09,120 --> 00:46:13,560 So how can the moss' resistance be tested on Earth? 376 00:46:13,560 --> 00:46:16,040 The members of the SpaceMoss laboratory 377 00:46:16,040 --> 00:46:20,280 at the National Institute of Copenhagen came up with a solution. 378 00:46:25,800 --> 00:46:27,560 They designed a machine 379 00:46:27,560 --> 00:46:31,520 that artificially reproduces the Martian environment. 380 00:46:34,440 --> 00:46:39,320 On Mars you need something that's very, very harsh and resilient. 381 00:46:39,320 --> 00:46:43,240 Mosses can survive a lot of extreme situations. 382 00:46:43,240 --> 00:46:46,920 They don't grow very fast, but... 383 00:46:46,920 --> 00:46:50,400 ..they just stick around when other things die. 384 00:46:50,400 --> 00:46:54,040 And that's something you need if you want to go to space. 385 00:46:54,040 --> 00:46:56,840 OK, so we have the moss. 386 00:46:56,840 --> 00:46:58,640 And the Mars Chamber. 387 00:46:58,640 --> 00:47:00,920 And then we have the sluice here. 388 00:47:00,920 --> 00:47:03,800 Which is the entrance to the Mars volume. 389 00:47:03,800 --> 00:47:09,080 And in here we can place the moss...in the sluice. 390 00:47:14,040 --> 00:47:16,160 Then we can go over here. 391 00:47:18,080 --> 00:47:19,400 The sluice port... 392 00:47:25,680 --> 00:47:30,760 Get the moss into the main chamber. 393 00:47:30,760 --> 00:47:34,560 Close up the sluice port again, all the way. 394 00:47:37,480 --> 00:47:39,600 When the airlock closes, 395 00:47:39,600 --> 00:47:42,840 the chamber becomes completely airtight. 396 00:47:42,840 --> 00:47:45,760 The moss then experiences a simulation 397 00:47:45,760 --> 00:47:49,280 of extreme atmospheric conditions on Mars. 398 00:47:51,920 --> 00:47:56,400 Pump in a lot of CO2 in order to simulate the Martian atmosphere. 399 00:47:56,400 --> 00:47:58,720 That's over here. 400 00:47:58,720 --> 00:48:00,120 And on... 401 00:48:05,520 --> 00:48:08,960 That creates a vacuum inside of the tiny chamber. 402 00:48:08,960 --> 00:48:11,240 So we have the Martian atmosphere in the whole chamber 403 00:48:11,240 --> 00:48:14,840 and then we have a tiny volume where you also have the pressure, 404 00:48:14,840 --> 00:48:16,840 or the lack of pressure. 405 00:48:19,880 --> 00:48:25,120 That's the UV lamp turning on. And then we have a Martian atmosphere. 406 00:48:25,120 --> 00:48:27,840 Inside the chamber, we have the Martian pressure, 407 00:48:27,840 --> 00:48:30,200 the Martian radiation, the temperature, 408 00:48:30,200 --> 00:48:33,640 and if we also want Martian soil and perchlorates, 409 00:48:33,640 --> 00:48:38,200 we can put it under the sample that we put into the chamber. 410 00:48:41,280 --> 00:48:46,320 It is as if Jophiel's moss has been transported 70 million kilometres, 411 00:48:46,320 --> 00:48:49,680 and he can observe all the effects of the Martian environment 412 00:48:49,680 --> 00:48:51,480 on the moss plant. 413 00:48:56,200 --> 00:48:59,600 And that's a very good simulation of Mars. 414 00:49:04,000 --> 00:49:08,440 Jophiel's modified moss survive temperature swings found on Mars, 415 00:49:08,440 --> 00:49:11,920 which can range from +25 degrees 416 00:49:11,920 --> 00:49:17,360 to -120 degrees Celsius in a single night. 417 00:49:17,360 --> 00:49:20,280 The first stage of the research has been completed. 418 00:49:25,720 --> 00:49:29,160 NASA is interested in the SpaceMoss programme 419 00:49:29,160 --> 00:49:32,440 and has contacted the laboratory. 420 00:49:32,440 --> 00:49:36,880 Jophiel is a candidate to join the European Space Agency 421 00:49:36,880 --> 00:49:41,640 and one day hopes to test his mosses in outer space. 422 00:49:43,320 --> 00:49:45,680 So we think of the Earth as the blue planet 423 00:49:45,680 --> 00:49:47,560 and we think of Mars as the red planet. 424 00:49:47,560 --> 00:49:50,400 But I think it would be so cool if, in hundreds of years, 425 00:49:50,400 --> 00:49:53,400 we would be looking up at Mars and thinking about it 426 00:49:53,400 --> 00:49:57,080 as the green planet, because mosses had covered the entire surface. 427 00:49:57,080 --> 00:50:01,600 It may or may not happen, but I think it would be awesome. 428 00:50:01,600 --> 00:50:05,800 But to me, personally, I think travelling into space 429 00:50:05,800 --> 00:50:07,480 and going to other planets 430 00:50:07,480 --> 00:50:11,760 and becoming a multiplanetary species is just... 431 00:50:11,760 --> 00:50:13,800 ..such a romantic idea. 432 00:50:24,880 --> 00:50:29,960 For Jophiel, mosses might help open doors to interplanetary travel. 433 00:50:31,200 --> 00:50:35,800 These were the first plants to successfully colonise our planet. 434 00:50:37,680 --> 00:50:41,120 Could this scenario repeat itself elsewhere? 435 00:50:47,600 --> 00:50:51,480 In the course of evolution, mosses have acquired the capacity 436 00:50:51,480 --> 00:50:57,080 to resist extreme temperatures, pollution and radiation. 437 00:51:02,520 --> 00:51:06,160 Understanding their versatility and resistance 438 00:51:06,160 --> 00:51:09,280 could lead us towards future discoveries 439 00:51:09,280 --> 00:51:14,760 and allow us to imagine new scientific perspectives. 440 00:51:14,760 --> 00:51:18,360 These magical mosses work wonders 441 00:51:18,360 --> 00:51:23,320 and we are only beginning to understand their secrets. 35110

Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.