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Washington, Christmas 1963.
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Five weeks after the assassination of President Kennedy.
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The new president spoke of the nation's losses and hopes.
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We buried Abraham Lincoln and John Kennedy,
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but we did not bury their dreams or their visions.
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They are our dreams and our visions today.
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So let us here on this Christmas night,
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determine that John Kennedy did not live or die in vain,
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that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom,
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and that we may achieve in our time and for all time,
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the ancient vision of "Peace on earth, good will toward all men."
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Three months before President Kennedy's death,
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Martin Luther King, Jr. had focused national concern on civil rights
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with an impassioned call for racial harmony.
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I have a dream that one day in Alabama, with its vicious racists,
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with its governor having his lips dripping with the words OF
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Interposition and nullification, one day right there in Alabama,
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little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with
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little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today...
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I'm about to sign into law the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
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President Johnson's liberal domestic policies dominated the news
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and eclipsed Vietnam. But the political consensus he built around civil rights
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and other Great Society programs was soon threatened by the war.
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In 1964 and early 1965, the country was going along with the President.
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The arguments were being made increasingly to the country
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and through the media that Vietnam was important,
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that the United States had a commitment there,
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that something would have to be done.
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United States Marines head for security duty in South Vietnam.
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Their landing is at a beach, north of Danang,
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where they will guard the American jet airfield against attack by
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Vietcong guerrillas and infiltrators from North Vietnam only 80 miles away.
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And I remember having in my mind the thought that,
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"My God, I hope Johnson is right.
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I hope we're not getting into something here that the country can't handle."
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If tomorrow they tell you it's a blessed murder,
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that you are to declare war holy,then there's only one thing to do: Say "No."
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Treason! Treason! Treason! We shall live in peace!
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Opponents and supporters of the war clashed early in the Johnson administration.
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At first, the anti-war groups were small and little-noticed.
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They included civil rights activists, members of old left
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and women's organizations, pacifists, students and clergymen.
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So the clergy found themselves in a very difficult dilemma.
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Catholic bishops were very anti-Communist,
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so it was very hard to find a Catholic bishop who would say,
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"I am anti-Communist, but I think this war is evil."
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Rabbis were very afraid that if they opposed Johnson on the war in Vietnam,
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Johnson would not support them on Israel.
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So all these things were very much in the picture when it came to the clergy.
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What is the purpose of your groups picketing the White House, Reverend Newhouse?
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Clergy and Laymen Concerned about Vietnam are here today
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holding a silent vigil,we'd like to think, rather than a picket,
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in order simply to express a cry of anguish about
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what we believe to be an immoral and self-defeating course,
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which our country finds itself increasingly bogged down in Vietnam.
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You're being effectively counter-picketed by an almost equal number of people.
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Reverend Reynolds, what is the difference
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in the opinion of your group and that one across the street?
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Well, about as much difference as day and night.
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They believe the war in Vietnam is immoral and inhuman,
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and we believe it's essential to defend our freedom and to keep our word
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and our commitments made to the South Vietnamese.
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It's immoral to keep our boys over there in a battle
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where they're suffering and dying if we're not going to win!
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Despite increasing draft calls, college students
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could avoid military service if they remained in school.
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I don't want to go to Vietnam, because I don't want to get killed.
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...if I have to, I will.
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Student attendance at Vietnam teach-ins was growing.
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I think we should stop having, letting the President fight an armchair war
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from the White House and turn it over to our generals
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in Vietnam who know how to fight a war.
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As far as I remember American history it's been a traditional principle
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that civilians exercise control over the military,
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that we never turn into a warfare state,
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in which generals have a completely free hand.
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You are not afraid of the Communist menace.
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I'll put that in quotes if you like.However, I am.
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In 50 short years, the Communists, who started with 17 followers,
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have enslaved 40 percent of the earth's people,
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and 25 percent of the earth's land mass.
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This is more than Christianity can count standing after nearly 2,000,
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and you tell us there's nothing to worry about?
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How can you stand there,
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insult the intelligence of these, students, feeding them...
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My apologies...
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Blacks were joining the military amid sharpening debate.
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When they get up on television, and Lyndon Baines Johnson talk
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all that garbage about he's sending boys over there
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to fight for the rights of colored people, you ought to know that's a lie.
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'Cause we live here with them, and they don't ever do a thing for us.
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As the caskets begin to come home, people begin to re-evaluate,
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and the very fact that
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there were a disproportionate number of blacks in Vietnam,
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meant that, very early, a disproportionate number of caskets
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began to come back to the black community.
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At that point they began to re-evaluate.
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Despite feeble protestations to the contrary, the promises of
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the Great Society have been shot down on the battlefield of Vietnam.
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The pursuit of this widened war has narrowed
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the promised dimensions of the domestic welfare programs,
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making the poor white and Negro bear the heaviest burdens,
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both at the front and at home.
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As the war dragged on into 1967, street rhetoric grew tougher.
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How much time have you spent there, Martha?
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In Vietnam? Fourteen months.Fourteen months.Yes, sir.
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Are you disturbed about the demonstrations like we had a month
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or so ago, against our partici...
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I just don't pay attention to 'em anymore.You don't..
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We got too many good Americans.
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99 percent of the people in this country are terrific Americans and
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disagree entirely with flag burnings, carrying enemy colors,
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giving medical supplies to the enemy, et cetera.
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A few Congressmen, led by Senator Fulbright,
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now questioned Johnson's right to wage war without a declaration of war.
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Would the President -- if there was no resolution --
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be with or without constitutional authority to send U.S. soldiers
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to South Vietnam in the numbers that are there today?
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If there was no resolution.
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It would be my view, as I indicated, Mr. Chairman,
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that he does have that authority...
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That's a difficult doctrine for me to agree to,
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that the Congress cannot control the President of the United States
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from the standpoint of the use of the withholding
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of the troops of this country abroad.
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I simply can't go along with that doctrine.
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But didn't that resolution authorize the President to use
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the armed forces of the United States in whatever way was necessary?
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Didn't it?Well, this is...
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What could a Declaration of War have done...This is...
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That would have, that would have given the President more authority
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and a clearer voice of the Congress of the United States than that did?
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Well, it was not the country's decision to land combat troops in Vietnam.
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The country hasn't made that decision.
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The President has made that decision.
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The administration stood firm,
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and Congress continued to vote money for the war.
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Troop levels continued to rise.
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Though some men fled the country to avoid service,
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most complied with the draft.Some who opposed conscription
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on grounds of conscience burned their draft cards.
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Some joined an anti-draft organization called the Resistance.
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The Resistance was founded in an attempt to organize
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explicit public non-cooperation with conscription through
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the action of returning draft cards to the government.
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Very simple, open, public declaration that we would not cooperate,
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and if the government intended to enforce the Selective Service Act,
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then it was going to have to send us to jail.
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Well, October 16 had been the date that we had set when we first
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had started the Resistance for the first national draft card return,
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during which all around the country and as it turned out,
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in 18 different cities, there would be demonstrations at which young people
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would collect draft cards and give them to the federal government.
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And in San Francisco, which was one of the two largest demonstrations
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on that date in the country, we all, 2,000 of us
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gathered on the steps of the Federal Building in San Francisco.
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If it takes our lives to change this country, then that's what's going to happen.
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We had this basket, and announced on the bull horn,
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okay, the time had come, and out goes the basket.
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There is this scene, of all these hands coming up holding draft cards,
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dropping them into the basket, and the basket circulates through the crowd,
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and comes back up to the front,
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we sort of look at it and get ready to go inside,
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and then all of a sudden from the back of the crowd these shouts start coming,
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"More! Back here! Back here! We want it, send the basket!"
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It was an attempt to call the question on the rest of the anti-war movement,
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to say "Put up or shut up," no more of this screaming against the war
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and then coming home and
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making sure you have your student deferment in your pocket.
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If you were going to be against the war,
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then put your body where your mouth was.
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So we coined a slogan "From protest to resistance,"
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which was that you'd keep marching and rallying,
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but that we would step up the pace of non-violent civil disobedience.
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The new tactics were tested in the March on the Pentagon, October 1967.
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It is clear from the evidence that I have that this is a part of
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a move by the Communists, especially of North Vietnamese government,
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to divide the American people, disrupt our war effort,
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discredit our government before the entire world.
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The leaders of North Vietnam consider the March on the Pentagon tomorrow
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as much of their war effort as the guerrilla warfare in South Vietnam
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and the North Vietnamese army assaulting our troops on the battlefield.
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Those who participate in these demonstrations tomorrow will be,
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in effect, cooperating with and assisting our enemy.
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God Bless America! God Bless America!
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"There is no freedom in our land...Every hill and vale and everywhere...
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Isn't this a time, isn't this a time, a time to try the soul of men,
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isn't this a terrible time."
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I want to ask you what has happened to a country
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whose political objectives must be secured at the end of a bayonet!
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More than 55,000 demonstrated -- united in opposition to
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the draft and the war,but divided on many other issues.
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The protestors, who were mainly students,
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faced other young Americans who were already in uniform.
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Most protested peacefully, but 5,000 rushed the Pentagon,
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some taunting and cursing the troops.
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More than 600 were arrested during the march.
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Take 'em on back, lock 'em up. Look out, look out.
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The demonstration had no impact on policy, but it outraged some officials,
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including the head of Selective Service.
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To me a demonstration is some legal thing that you engage in
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under your right to let people know how you feel about things.
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Now, whenever we get to a place where the demonstrations
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more than accidentally, interferes with our operations,
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I don't think there's any question about it ceases to be a demonstration,
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and became a violation of the law.
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I don't recall, since I've been here,
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as strong a division of opinion as to the wisdom of a policy
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as now exists with regard to the Vietnamese war.
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That's true, I believe, in the Committee;
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I think, from the reports in the newspapers and magazines,
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that that exists in the country.The economy was turning sour,
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and turning some businessmen against the war.
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Johnson discussed his decision to raise taxes
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with a group of federal home loan officers.
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I know it's not a popular thing for a President to do, to ask anyone to,
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for a penny out of a dollar to pay for a war that's not popular either.
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By late 1967, for the first time, a poll showed
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that a majority of Americans considered the war a mistake.
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We know that most people's intentions are good.
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We don't question their motives, we've never said they're unpatriotic.
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Although they say some pretty ugly things about us.
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And we believe very strongly on preserving the right to differ in this country,
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and the right to dissent,
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and if I have done a good job of anything since I've been president,
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it's to insure that there are plenty of dissenters.
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In 1967, it's reasonable to say that most people who were concerned
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to try and create a political alternative to Lyndon Johnson
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because of the war in Vietnam,
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didn't much care who the presidential candidate was,
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as long as it was somebody who had a chance of winning.
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Early in 1968, voters, shocked by a massive enemy offensive in Vietnam,
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the Tet offensive, were courted by presidential challenger Eugene McCarthy.
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I've been saying that I intended to stop the war, and I've been,
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I think, explaining how, by proceeding to negotiate a coalition government,
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or at least to be prepared to accept a coalition government.
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But both the President and Mr. Nixon are talking about ending the war,
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and are not saying when, or how, or at what cost.
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And I think that's the issue in the New Hampshire primary.
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Senator McCarthy's strong showing in New Hampshire encouraged
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another candidate --Senator Robert Kennedy, brother of the late president.
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His campaign got an early lift from President Johnson's
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surprise announcement that he would not run for re-election.
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But I need your help. I need your assistance.
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So, over the period of the next 30 days, will you help me?
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Yes! Will you tell your friends?Yes!
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Will you whisper it, or will you yell it?Yell it!
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War critics Kennedy and McCarthy dominated the Democratic primaries.
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Under FBI surveillance and troubled by rising violence
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in the anti-war and civil rights movements,
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Martin Luther King, Jr. spoke in Memphis, and foreshadowed his own death.
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We've got some difficult days ahead.
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But it really doesn't matter with me now.
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Because I've been to the mountaintop. I don't mind.
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Like anybody, I would like to live a long life, longevity has its place.
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But I'm not concerned about that now. I just want to do God's will.
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And He's allowed me to go up to the mountain.
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And I've looked over and I've seen the promised land.
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I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight,
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that we as a people will get to the promised land.
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So I'm happy tonight, I'm not worried about anything, I'm not fearing any man
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Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord.
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King's assassination the next day rocked the nation
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and sparked riots in more than a hundred cities.
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Black power militancy increased.
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Unlike most political leaders,
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Kennedy had sympathized with King's opposition to the war.
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Senator Kennedy, would you comment on the death of Dr. King?
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I wrote out some words.
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He dedicated himself to justice and love between fellow human beings.
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He gave his life for that principle.
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And I think it's up to those of us who are here,
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as fellow citizens and public officials,and those of us in government,
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to carry out that dream, to try to end the divisions
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that exist so deeply within our country,
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and remove the stain of bloodshed from our land.
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Opposed to both Kennedy and McCarthy,
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Johnson picked Vice President Hubert Humphrey as his heir-apparent.
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We've had some very severe blows lately,
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and we've got to try to bind up these wounds.
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And if this means, quite frankly, if it means that
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I don't have the time for campaigning like an ordinary candidate,
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that's the way it'll have to be.
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Over the next two months, Kennedy and McCarthy
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continued their rivalry in the Democratic primaries.
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The contest reached a climax in California.
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Kennedy won. His assassin was waiting.
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My thanks to all of you, and now it's on to Chicago, and let's win there.
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McCarthy's campaign workers were watching reports
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of Kennedy's victory celebration.
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I don't know who's been shot.
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00:22:59,733 --> 00:23:02,558
"As we get more definite details, we'll bring them to you.
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00:23:02,593 --> 00:23:08,321
If you do not leave the room, we cannot get medical aid to the Senator.
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Now would you please leave the room."
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00:23:10,615 --> 00:23:18,018
Kennedy's been shot. Shh. Shh.
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To many, Kennedy's assassination two months after King's,
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seemed confirmation that the country was on the verge of chaos.
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Then came Chicago. Torn by strikes and braced for violence,
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Mayor Daley's city welcomed the divided delegates to
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the 1968 Democratic convention.
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00:24:01,275 --> 00:24:06,302
Relations between the police and the press corps were tense.
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00:24:10,785 --> 00:24:14,063
Vice President Humphrey, choice of the party regulars,
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was assured of the nomination before he arrived.
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00:24:16,391 --> 00:24:17,712
Well, say, good to see you...
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00:24:17,747 --> 00:24:20,939
But Humphrey and the Johnson Administration were still
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00:24:20,974 --> 00:24:23,137
targets of McCarthy's muted attacks.
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00:24:23,172 --> 00:24:25,174
I think the case is rather clear
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00:24:25,209 --> 00:24:28,674
about what's wrong about our involvement in Vietnam.
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00:24:28,709 --> 00:24:31,685
And I think the case is rather clear as to what we ought to be doing
310
00:24:31,720 --> 00:24:33,992
about our problems here at home.
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00:24:34,027 --> 00:24:39,295
It calls for some quiet and some restraint,
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00:24:39,330 --> 00:24:41,941
a kind of backing off for a minute to look at America,
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00:24:41,976 --> 00:24:47,769
and to consider what we ought to be doing, and the nation has done that,
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00:24:47,804 --> 00:24:53,183
and with your help, and the help of others in these next three days,
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00:24:53,218 --> 00:24:57,734
I believe that the Democratic convention will do the same here in Chicago.
316
00:24:57,769 --> 00:24:59,160
Thank you very much.
317
00:24:59,195 --> 00:25:02,362
Others had a different purpose.
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00:25:02,397 --> 00:25:09,449
Our position is that whoever the candidates are and whatever the platforms,
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that we must stay in the streets and stay in active resistance
320
00:25:14,274 --> 00:25:19,487
or else there will be no peace. Either in the ghettos or in Vietnam.
321
00:25:19,522 --> 00:25:21,097
We don't know...
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00:25:23,193 --> 00:25:23,331
Do you have a permit to march on the amphitheater?No...
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00:25:23,366 --> 00:25:25,192
But you gonna march anyway? Are you expecting trouble?
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00:25:25,227 --> 00:25:28,620
We expect to march. We expect trouble all the time.
325
00:25:28,655 --> 00:25:33,078
Thousands of highly visible protestors descended upon Chicago
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00:25:33,113 --> 00:25:38,904
militants, pacifists, and hippies -- with 500 undercover agents among them.
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00:25:38,939 --> 00:25:42,663
You are on our property which you are defacing. PEACE PEACE!
328
00:25:43,319 --> 00:25:46,443
If you do not leave, you will be subject to arrest.
329
00:25:48,466 --> 00:25:49,958
Some demonstrators were non-violent.
330
00:25:49,993 --> 00:25:52,557
Others deliberately provoked the police.
331
00:25:52,592 --> 00:25:57,483
These people are revolutionaries bent on the destruction
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00:25:57,518 --> 00:25:59,762
of the government of the United States of America.
333
00:25:59,797 --> 00:26:03,075
They're a pitiful handful. They have almost no support.
334
00:26:03,110 --> 00:26:06,906
But by golly, they get the cooperation of the news media.
335
00:26:06,941 --> 00:26:08,930
They're built into something really big.
336
00:26:08,965 --> 00:26:12,403
Gentlemen, the hardcore leadership of this group are Communist.
337
00:26:12,438 --> 00:26:17,649
So I told my partner, I says, "Grab your club and jump out swingin'
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00:26:17,684 --> 00:26:20,315
before they tip us because we'd sooner fight than roast."
339
00:26:20,350 --> 00:26:24,341
So we jumped out, or I should say I jumped out first,
340
00:26:24,376 --> 00:26:26,026
and he stayed in the wagon and called for help.
341
00:26:26,061 --> 00:26:31,435
We got out, I grabbed one, I hit another one down,
342
00:26:31,470 --> 00:26:35,075
and then somebody grabbed me from the rear and flung me into the crowd,
343
00:26:35,110 --> 00:26:38,547
and these dirty hippy son of a so-and-so's,
344
00:26:38,582 --> 00:26:42,024
they called me a mother-hunchin' so-and-so, and a white fascist
345
00:26:42,059 --> 00:26:45,330
They said, "You're gettin' some of your own medicine."
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00:26:45,365 --> 00:26:48,249
And then some citizen -- I don't know who he was,
347
00:26:48,284 --> 00:26:50,825
but I wish I could find out -- he stopped his car
348
00:26:50,860 --> 00:26:54,506
and jumped out with a little pinch bar, and he started helpin' us,
349
00:26:54,541 --> 00:26:56,132
otherwise I think they'd have either killed me
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00:26:56,167 --> 00:26:58,667
or crippled me more than what I am.
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00:26:58,702 --> 00:27:01,854
Amid the violence, talk of peace.
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00:27:01,889 --> 00:27:05,293
Six months ago in Vietnam,
353
00:27:05,328 --> 00:27:11,474
the only alternative before us was force -- or withdrawal.
354
00:27:11,509 --> 00:27:19,568
And I think that withdrawal would be totally unrealistic and would be a catastrophe.
355
00:27:19,603 --> 00:27:25,876
The second alternative which I now speak of is the conference in Paris.
356
00:27:25,911 --> 00:27:28,500
The negotiations are underway.
357
00:27:28,535 --> 00:27:32,275
They're not making a great deal of progress, but they are underway.
358
00:27:32,310 --> 00:27:35,856
Now we've been seeking to get those negotiations for years.
359
00:27:35,891 --> 00:27:40,580
The roadblock to peace, my dear friend, is not in Washington, D.C.
360
00:27:40,615 --> 00:27:43,857
It is in Hanoi, and we ought to recognize it as such.
361
00:27:43,892 --> 00:27:48,049
Over four days and nights, sporadic battles in the streets
362
00:27:48,084 --> 00:27:51,395
were echoed by angry debates on the war inside the convention hall.
363
00:27:54,418 --> 00:27:57,676
It is altogether too late here for us
364
00:27:57,711 --> 00:28:01,735
to begin to discuss the merits of the war in Vietnam.
365
00:28:01,770 --> 00:28:07,862
That question has been presented to seven million Democrats across this nation.
366
00:28:07,897 --> 00:28:12,838
That question was presented in the states where there are primaries.
367
00:28:12,873 --> 00:28:16,761
And the people have found an indictment of that war.
368
00:28:20,884 --> 00:28:26,856
We want peace now! We want peace now!
369
00:28:26,891 --> 00:28:29,951
Most delegates to this convention do not know
370
00:28:29,986 --> 00:28:35,108
that thousands of young people are being beaten in the streets of Chicago.
371
00:28:35,143 --> 00:28:39,146
Wisconsin is not recognized for that purpose!
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00:28:39,181 --> 00:28:45,789
The interesting thing was that the size of the protest against the war
373
00:28:45,824 --> 00:28:51,099
became so large that it was impossible to avoid it as a news story.
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00:28:51,134 --> 00:28:53,874
A lot of people say we were manipulated by that.
375
00:28:53,909 --> 00:28:58,799
I don't think so. We had learned to avoid manipulation
376
00:28:58,834 --> 00:29:02,959
and we were simply responding to masses and masses of people.
377
00:29:02,994 --> 00:29:08,926
If you think of the 1968 Democratic convention and the fighting
378
00:29:08,961 --> 00:29:13,135
on Michigan Avenue in Chicago between hundreds and hundreds,
379
00:29:13,170 --> 00:29:15,009
perhaps thousands of demonstrators,
380
00:29:15,044 --> 00:29:19,041
it was a story of inescapable news value.It had to be covered.
381
00:29:19,076 --> 00:29:22,448
The demonstrators were trying to march on the convention hall
382
00:29:22,483 --> 00:29:26,395
without a police permit. Blocked they sat down in the street.
383
00:30:05,993 --> 00:30:08,951
I've never seen anything as horrible in my whole life!
384
00:30:16,434 --> 00:30:28,207
The whole world is watching!"We shall overcome. We shall overcome."
385
00:30:28,242 --> 00:30:36,356
The victory is ours! The victory is ours! The victory is ours!
386
00:30:51,857 --> 00:30:55,553
And I remember Walter Mears of the Associated Press
387
00:30:55,588 --> 00:30:58,117
writing a lead the night that Hubert Humphrey
388
00:30:58,152 --> 00:31:00,734
received the Democratic nomination at that convention.
389
00:31:00,769 --> 00:31:05,876
And he wrote something like, "Hubert Humphrey, a man of peace,
390
00:31:05,911 --> 00:31:09,537
received the Democratic nomination tonight under armed guard."
391
00:31:09,572 --> 00:31:15,423
It would have been impossible to hold the Democratic National Convention
392
00:31:15,458 --> 00:31:19,063
in any city in the United States, or throughout the world,
393
00:31:19,098 --> 00:31:21,132
without demonstrations or disruption.
394
00:31:21,167 --> 00:31:24,272
Daley's right on this point.Chicago just happened to be the city.
395
00:31:24,307 --> 00:31:26,032
It would have been impossible to hold it anywhere.
396
00:31:26,067 --> 00:31:28,697
Because the Democratic party has blood on its hands.
397
00:31:28,732 --> 00:31:31,314
And because there's a struggle going on in the world today
398
00:31:31,349 --> 00:31:34,165
between young people and between those old,
399
00:31:34,200 --> 00:31:36,179
menopausal men who run this country.
400
00:31:36,214 --> 00:31:38,823
And it's a struggle about what the future of this country is about.
401
00:31:38,824 --> 00:31:46,928
Well, Chicago was a sort of sad time, because we'd been involved in
402
00:31:46,963 --> 00:31:50,049
the politics and the process of talking to people,
403
00:31:50,084 --> 00:31:51,930
and going out and talking door to door.
404
00:31:51,965 --> 00:31:55,796
What was quite clear was that a great many of the American people
405
00:31:55,831 --> 00:31:58,125
in fact were sympathetic to the anti-war movement.
406
00:31:58,160 --> 00:32:01,965
And yet suddenly the image that they got was not of
407
00:32:02,000 --> 00:32:04,067
his nice young person coming to their door and saying,
408
00:32:04,102 --> 00:32:06,007
"Wouldn't you like to vote for Gene McCarthy,"
409
00:32:06,042 --> 00:32:11,583
but of people shouting obscenities and disrupting the city.
410
00:32:11,618 --> 00:32:16,706
But it weakened the anti-war movement around the edges at least,
411
00:32:16,741 --> 00:32:20,734
and that became, the edges became what Richard Nixon played on.
412
00:32:20,769 --> 00:32:24,793
The Republican candidate delivered a familiar campaign message
413
00:32:24,828 --> 00:32:27,534
to Chicagoans a week after the Democrats went home.
414
00:32:29,969 --> 00:32:32,650
My friends, let me make one thing clear.
415
00:32:32,685 --> 00:32:37,263
This is a nation of laws, and as Abraham Lincoln has said,
416
00:32:37,298 --> 00:32:40,951
no one is above the law, no one is below the law,
417
00:32:40,986 --> 00:32:43,153
and we're going to enforce the law.
418
00:32:43,188 --> 00:32:46,269
And Americans should remember that, if we're going to have law and order.
419
00:32:46,304 --> 00:32:51,048
Handicapped by his support of Johnson's war policies,
420
00:32:51,083 --> 00:32:53,316
Humphrey had trouble taking the offensive.
421
00:32:53,351 --> 00:32:54,542
Dump the Hump!
422
00:32:54,577 --> 00:32:57,008
Dump the Hump!I believe the Republican candidate owes it to the people
423
00:32:57,043 --> 00:33:01,833
to come out of the shadows.Boo!
424
00:33:03,442 --> 00:33:07,022
Would you mind bringing your television camera down here?
425
00:33:07,057 --> 00:33:09,799
You fellow do an awful lot to promote that with that camera.
426
00:33:09,834 --> 00:33:15,463
Come on here, will you? Knock it off, will you please?
427
00:33:18,123 --> 00:33:21,205
While Humphrey tried to separate himself from Johnson,
428
00:33:21,240 --> 00:33:25,122
Nixon lumped them together in attacks on the administration's record.
429
00:33:25,157 --> 00:33:28,072
Let me tell you what those four years have done to America.
430
00:33:28,107 --> 00:33:31,697
The longest war that America's ever had in its history;
431
00:33:31,732 --> 00:33:34,959
The worst crime wave we've ever had in our history;
432
00:33:34,994 --> 00:33:37,884
The highest taxes we've ever had in our history;
433
00:33:37,919 --> 00:33:42,216
The highest raise in the cost of living that we've had in a generation.
434
00:33:42,251 --> 00:33:46,626
And the lowest respect for the United States of America in our history.
435
00:33:46,661 --> 00:33:52,472
Let America know that we can't be taken for granted.
436
00:33:52,507 --> 00:33:55,055
We're going to have the biggest election surprise
437
00:33:55,090 --> 00:33:57,569
that America has known in 20 years.
438
00:33:57,604 --> 00:34:00,906
We're going to win this election. Thank you very much!
439
00:34:00,941 --> 00:34:02,347
It was not to be.
440
00:34:02,574 --> 00:34:06,591
Humphrey's campaign took off when he called for a U.S. peace initiative,
441
00:34:06,626 --> 00:34:09,832
and it accelerated when Johnson declared a bombing halt.
442
00:34:09,867 --> 00:34:14,580
But Nixon, promising to end the war with honor, won by a slender margin.
443
00:34:14,615 --> 00:34:18,322
You, Richard Milhaus Nixon do solemnly swear.
444
00:34:18,357 --> 00:34:22,414
I, Richard Milhaus Nixon do solemnly swear.
445
00:34:22,449 --> 00:34:26,619
The "honeymoon" period traditionally granted a new president was charged with
446
00:34:26,654 --> 00:34:30,025
the expectation that Nixon would unveil a plan to end the war.
447
00:34:30,060 --> 00:34:35,046
But during the first six months of 1969, U.S. casualties were high.
448
00:34:35,081 --> 00:34:39,716
Life magazine published portraits of GIs killed in a single week.
449
00:34:51,214 --> 00:34:53,588
And week after week, every Thursday night,
450
00:34:53,623 --> 00:34:56,485
network news viewers saw the body counts.
451
00:34:56,520 --> 00:35:00,960
I entered government with a conviction
452
00:35:00,995 --> 00:35:05,396
that one could create a large consensus behind a reasonable program,
453
00:35:05,431 --> 00:35:11,759
which would then impress Hanoi with our determination to be both conciliatory,
454
00:35:11,794 --> 00:35:16,458
but also to indicate the limits of our conciliatoriness.
455
00:35:16,493 --> 00:35:21,240
That objective we never achieved, because the moderate groups
456
00:35:21,275 --> 00:35:25,249
always felt they had to be a step ahead of the administration.
457
00:35:29,866 --> 00:35:33,993
This protest is directed not toward the young men,
458
00:35:34,028 --> 00:35:38,547
American or Vietnamese who have fought and died...
459
00:35:38,582 --> 00:35:41,184
The notion of the moratorium was a pretty straightforward one,
460
00:35:41,219 --> 00:35:46,156
which was that we had to take the anti-war movement off the campus
461
00:35:46,191 --> 00:35:47,894
and build it back into the community.
462
00:35:47,929 --> 00:35:49,328
That meant you had to have language
463
00:35:49,363 --> 00:35:53,464
that was moderate and not strident and off-putting,
464
00:35:53,499 --> 00:35:57,468
that you had to have people-- events,
465
00:35:57,503 --> 00:36:03,132
which moderate people could participate in, it had to be locally organized
466
00:36:03,167 --> 00:36:05,377
so that people knew the people who were organizing it,
467
00:36:05,412 --> 00:36:09,049
sort of head-land folks had to feel that it belonged to them.
468
00:36:09,084 --> 00:36:10,397
But there's going to be a wake of deaths.
469
00:36:10,432 --> 00:36:14,091
There are millions of government officials in all these little towns
470
00:36:14,126 --> 00:36:15,309
that support the United States.
471
00:36:15,344 --> 00:36:19,017
But the problem is, that most of South Vietnam support the Vietcong.
472
00:36:21,632 --> 00:36:24,441
In Washington, the moratorium drew 50,000.
473
00:36:24,476 --> 00:36:27,465
Over one million participated nationwide.
474
00:36:27,500 --> 00:36:32,183
North Vietnam's Premier Pham Van Dong
475
00:36:32,218 --> 00:36:34,605
sent a message of friendship to the organizers.
476
00:36:34,640 --> 00:36:40,839
And this message from a Communist regime in North Vietnam
477
00:36:40,874 --> 00:36:44,320
is a shocking intrusion into the affairs
478
00:36:44,355 --> 00:36:47,221
of the American people by an enemy power.
479
00:36:47,256 --> 00:36:50,731
I think the leaders of the demonstrations
480
00:36:50,766 --> 00:36:53,961
are chargeable with the knowledge of this communication,
481
00:36:53,996 --> 00:36:58,201
and responsible to the extent that they must make perfectly clear
482
00:36:58,236 --> 00:36:59,890
what these demonstrations are for.
483
00:36:59,925 --> 00:37:04,425
The moratorium ended with candlelight ceremonies in Washington and elsewhere.
484
00:37:04,460 --> 00:37:08,290
All I wanted to say was, that I am for peace.
485
00:37:08,325 --> 00:37:11,288
That I'm not exactly sure how it should come about.
486
00:37:11,323 --> 00:37:14,637
But I'm saying that because I want peace, I'm standing here,
487
00:37:14,672 --> 00:37:16,315
I'm marching, I'm holding my candle.
488
00:37:17,428 --> 00:37:21,264
What the protesters did not know, could not know,
489
00:37:21,299 --> 00:37:24,556
and what most others did not know, was that for months,
490
00:37:24,591 --> 00:37:30,195
Nixon had been privately warning Hanoi that November 1 was their deadline.
491
00:37:30,230 --> 00:37:32,597
That is, the first anniversary of the Johnson bombing halt,
492
00:37:32,632 --> 00:37:35,444
which had produced nothing from North Vietnam.
493
00:37:35,479 --> 00:37:38,898
That unless they were ready to negotiate seriously,
494
00:37:38,933 --> 00:37:40,838
and showed us that they were by November 1,
495
00:37:40,873 --> 00:37:45,053
they would bear some very heavy, unstated consequences.
496
00:37:45,088 --> 00:37:47,912
With the implication that these would be military.
497
00:37:47,947 --> 00:37:54,499
Now, Hanoi was a diligent reader of U.S. public opinion and of U.S. demonstrations.
498
00:37:54,534 --> 00:37:58,577
Nixon was very worried that the October 15 moratorium,
499
00:37:58,612 --> 00:38:02,769
just two weeks before this deadline that he had privately given Hanoi,
500
00:38:02,804 --> 00:38:06,279
would be seen by them as evidence that he could not deliver.
501
00:38:06,314 --> 00:38:14,647
So tonight, to you, the great, silent majority of my fellow Americans,
502
00:38:14,682 --> 00:38:16,674
I ask for your support.
503
00:38:16,709 --> 00:38:23,517
I pledged in my campaign for the presidency to end the war in a way
504
00:38:23,552 --> 00:38:24,761
that we could win the peace.
505
00:38:24,796 --> 00:38:29,763
I have initiated a plan of action which will enable me to keep that pledge.
506
00:38:29,798 --> 00:38:34,101
The more support I can have from the American people,
507
00:38:34,136 --> 00:38:36,061
the sooner that pledge can be redeemed.
508
00:38:36,096 --> 00:38:39,074
For the more divided we are at home,
509
00:38:39,109 --> 00:38:43,617
the less likely the enemy is to negotiate at Paris.
510
00:38:43,652 --> 00:38:51,137
Let us be united for peace. Let us also be united against defeat.
511
00:38:51,172 --> 00:38:53,341
Because let us understand,
512
00:38:53,376 --> 00:38:59,101
North Vietnam cannot defeat or humiliate the United States.
513
00:38:59,136 --> 00:39:03,054
Only Americans can do that.
514
00:39:03,089 --> 00:39:07,372
The majority of the population on the whole supported the administration,
515
00:39:07,407 --> 00:39:12,883
so there was a conflict, strangely enough,between
516
00:39:12,918 --> 00:39:17,632
what the elite was thinking and what the general public was thinking.
517
00:39:17,667 --> 00:39:22,119
It was not that the anti-war movement ever achieved a majority,
518
00:39:22,154 --> 00:39:25,446
but when 30 percent of the population and
519
00:39:25,446 --> 00:39:30,413
many of those who write for the media and speak publicly,
520
00:39:30,448 --> 00:39:33,383
oppose a given cause, confusion is inevitable.
521
00:39:33,418 --> 00:39:38,683
Though Nixon had started major troop withdrawals from Vietnam,
522
00:39:38,718 --> 00:39:42,405
mid-November brought another, larger protest to Washington,
523
00:39:42,440 --> 00:39:46,983
called the "Mobilization." Vice President Agnew took a tough line.
524
00:39:47,018 --> 00:39:51,963
The American who relies upon television for his news might conclude
525
00:39:51,998 --> 00:39:55,469
that the majority of American students are embittered radicals.
526
00:39:55,504 --> 00:40:00,336
That the majority of black Americans feel no regard for their country.
527
00:40:00,371 --> 00:40:04,455
One, two, three, four, Tricky Dick, stop the war!
528
00:40:04,490 --> 00:40:07,031
That violence and lawlessness are the rule,
529
00:40:07,066 --> 00:40:09,641
rather than the exception, on the American campus.
530
00:40:09,676 --> 00:40:13,498
We know that none of these conclusions is true.
531
00:40:13,533 --> 00:40:19,479
Perhaps the place to start looking for a credibility gap
532
00:40:19,514 --> 00:40:22,093
is not in the offices of the government in Washington,
533
00:40:22,128 --> 00:40:24,832
but in the studios of the networks in New York!
534
00:40:24,867 --> 00:40:30,210
After the Agnew attack -- I'm a pretty careful reader of the newspapers
535
00:40:30,245 --> 00:40:36,503
and I was then a contributing editor to the Huntley/Brinkley report
536
00:40:36,538 --> 00:40:40,213
I used to go around saying to people when they would say:
537
00:40:40,248 --> 00:40:43,857
well, what's your reaction to Agnew, I would say, well, a good journalist,
538
00:40:43,892 --> 00:40:46,067
when he gets into a serious subject,
539
00:40:46,102 --> 00:40:48,986
always thinks twice before using certain words,
540
00:40:49,021 --> 00:40:54,219
and I said then, and I believe now, that we were thinking thrice.
541
00:40:54,254 --> 00:40:56,748
Members of the press, just so you know now.
542
00:40:56,783 --> 00:41:00,375
All these people are going to form outside on the sidewalk.
543
00:41:00,410 --> 00:41:03,730
And they'll stand there for a number of minutes for you to take pictures,
544
00:41:03,765 --> 00:41:05,156
if you want to, ask questions.
545
00:41:05,191 --> 00:41:07,409
They'll then proceed very slowly across the bridge
546
00:41:07,444 --> 00:41:08,890
for more pictures and questions.
547
00:41:08,925 --> 00:41:13,433
On the other side of the bridge they will not speak to you. Thank you.
548
00:41:13,468 --> 00:41:17,964
How many marches and demonstrations would we have
549
00:41:17,999 --> 00:41:22,967
if the marchers did not know that the ever-faithful TV cameras
550
00:41:23,002 --> 00:41:26,018
would be there to record their antics for the next news...
551
00:41:26,053 --> 00:41:31,189
Amid arguments whether peace protests lengthened or shortened
552
00:41:31,224 --> 00:41:35,593
the war in Vietnam, the war in America was a continuing story.
553
00:41:35,628 --> 00:41:39,901
After the Mobilization, another shock --
554
00:41:39,901 --> 00:41:42,770
Life published pictures of Vietnamese peasants
555
00:41:42,805 --> 00:41:47,486
massacred in 1968 by U.S. soldiers in a village called My Lai.
556
00:41:52,904 --> 00:41:57,731
The trial of Lt. William Calley and others implicated in the My Lai massacre
557
00:41:57,766 --> 00:41:59,297
haunted the news for months.
558
00:41:59,332 --> 00:42:02,862
Only Calley was convicted, in a swirl of controversy.
559
00:42:02,897 --> 00:42:05,428
Was he scapegoat or war criminal?
560
00:42:05,463 --> 00:42:09,029
Was the massacre an isolated case or a common occurrence?
561
00:42:09,064 --> 00:42:12,435
Had draft inequities hurt the morale of the Army?
562
00:42:16,154 --> 00:42:21,119
The Nixon administration reduced draft calls and instituted a lottery,
563
00:42:21,154 --> 00:42:23,863
which was meant to be more fair and more predictable.
564
00:42:23,898 --> 00:42:30,193
Men whose birthdates came up with low numbers knew
565
00:42:30,228 --> 00:42:32,514
that they would soon hear from their draft boards.
566
00:42:34,820 --> 00:42:38,252
I was coming back into Boston and I heard that my birthdate,
567
00:42:38,287 --> 00:42:41,465
August 2,had come up as number 45 in the draft list.
568
00:42:41,500 --> 00:42:44,570
And suddenly I realized that this was something that I had to figure
569
00:42:44,605 --> 00:42:48,205
what to do about as I had not really thought I would have to.
570
00:42:50,340 --> 00:42:55,794
The course I ended up choosing, and again,
571
00:42:55,829 --> 00:42:57,319
that was in the spirit of those times,
572
00:42:57,354 --> 00:43:01,578
was to look for the painless way out, namely a physical deferment.
573
00:43:01,613 --> 00:43:06,185
And with a combination of just generalized anxiety and with
574
00:43:06,220 --> 00:43:10,629
determination to get out,I lost about ten pounds over the next few months.
575
00:43:10,664 --> 00:43:15,798
Helped by a sympathetic doctor, Fallows succeeded in failing his physical.
576
00:43:20,187 --> 00:43:24,103
Near the end of the induction day as the people from Cambridge
577
00:43:24,138 --> 00:43:26,940
were getting ready to go back in to their new lives,
578
00:43:26,975 --> 00:43:30,575
the buses started arriving from a white working class district of Boston.
579
00:43:30,610 --> 00:43:36,133
And while nine out of ten of my comrades from Harvard and MIT
580
00:43:36,168 --> 00:43:38,325
were getting out with their doctors' excuses,
581
00:43:38,360 --> 00:43:41,689
the same proportion of people from this part of town were,
582
00:43:41,724 --> 00:43:45,431
were marching right through, were going off to the military,
583
00:43:45,466 --> 00:43:46,804
were going off to he war.
584
00:43:46,839 --> 00:43:52,224
Nobody could avoid recognizing what that meant then.
585
00:43:52,259 --> 00:43:55,290
We knew that while we were not going to war,
586
00:43:55,325 --> 00:43:57,758
we were seeing the people who were...
587
00:43:57,793 --> 00:43:59,076
were going to be killed.
588
00:43:59,235 --> 00:44:02,916
The military command post, just across this road,
589
00:44:02,951 --> 00:44:07,587
is outside the town of Ghoda,only a few miles from the Cambodian border.
590
00:44:07,622 --> 00:44:12,600
As best we can tell, this is the South Vietnamese Command Post
591
00:44:12,635 --> 00:44:15,314
for the operation into the Cambodian Parrots Beak.
592
00:44:15,349 --> 00:44:18,589
But the strictest kind of security is being enforced here,
593
00:44:18,624 --> 00:44:21,695
even to the point where the one American adviser we've seen
594
00:44:21,730 --> 00:44:23,793
warned us not to ask questions.
595
00:44:23,828 --> 00:44:28,205
The same night this story was broadcast on the evening news,
596
00:44:28,240 --> 00:44:31,312
President Nixon went on television to announce that he was sending
597
00:44:31,347 --> 00:44:35,237
American troops into Cambodia to fight the Vietnamese Communists.
598
00:44:37,241 --> 00:44:43,654
If, when the chips are down, the world's most powerful nation,
599
00:44:43,689 --> 00:44:49,757
the United States of America, acts like a pitiful, helpless giant,
600
00:44:49,792 --> 00:44:55,954
the forces of totalitarianism and anarchy will threaten free nations
601
00:44:55,989 --> 00:44:58,368
and free institutions throughout the world.
602
00:44:58,403 --> 00:45:01,563
It is not our power,
603
00:45:01,598 --> 00:45:05,928
but our will and character that is being tested tonight.
604
00:45:05,963 --> 00:45:11,501
The question all Americans must ask and answer tonight is this:
605
00:45:11,536 --> 00:45:14,801
does the richest and strongest nation in the history of the world
606
00:45:14,836 --> 00:45:17,576
have the character to meet a direct challenge by a group
607
00:45:17,611 --> 00:45:22,714
which rejects every effort to win a just peace, ignores our warning,
608
00:45:22,749 --> 00:45:24,929
tramples on solemn agreements,
609
00:45:24,964 --> 00:45:27,771
violates the neutrality of an unarmed people,
610
00:45:27,806 --> 00:45:31,793
and uses our prisoners as hostages?
611
00:45:31,828 --> 00:45:34,428
I don't think he meant it to have an inflammatory effect, but it did,
612
00:45:34,463 --> 00:45:37,652
and it sent the country into a spasm of hysteria
613
00:45:37,687 --> 00:45:40,633
which then was greatly exacerbated a few days later
614
00:45:40,668 --> 00:45:43,359
when four students were killed at Kent State.
615
00:45:43,394 --> 00:45:47,379
On the night of May 2, the Kent State R.O.T.C. hall was put to the torch.
616
00:45:47,414 --> 00:45:51,476
Two days later, students confronted Ohio National Guardsmen.
617
00:45:51,511 --> 00:45:56,481
Some guardsmen fired into the crowd.Four students were killed.
618
00:45:56,516 --> 00:46:01,485
Student protests erupted on hundreds of campuses. Many shut down.
619
00:46:06,871 --> 00:46:09,961
You know, you see these bums, you know, blowin' up the campuses.
620
00:46:09,996 --> 00:46:14,568
Listen, the boys that are on the college campuses today
621
00:46:14,603 --> 00:46:16,555
are the luckiest people in the world.
622
00:46:16,590 --> 00:46:20,627
Nixon's earlier comment on student protests had been widely reported.
623
00:46:20,662 --> 00:46:22,156
And here they are, burning up the books.
624
00:46:22,191 --> 00:46:25,553
Storming around about this issue, I mean,
625
00:46:25,588 --> 00:46:27,973
you name it, get rid of the war, they'll be another one.
626
00:46:28,008 --> 00:46:32,726
Nixon's handling of the anti-war movement was not generous,
627
00:46:32,761 --> 00:46:39,787
and contributed to the polarization of our society.
628
00:46:39,822 --> 00:46:45,532
Nixon, when challenged politically,
629
00:46:45,567 --> 00:46:52,996
tended to react with certain gut feelings,and he never found
630
00:46:53,031 --> 00:47:00,416
the language of respect and compassion which might have bridged
631
00:47:00,451 --> 00:47:01,906
-- created a bridge at least --
632
00:47:01,941 --> 00:47:05,139
to the more reasonable elements of the anti-war movement,
633
00:47:05,174 --> 00:47:07,814
so that civil war conditions developed.
634
00:47:07,849 --> 00:47:09,136
I got a family,
635
00:47:09,171 --> 00:47:12,822
my boy went into the army when he was 18 years old and a day.
636
00:47:12,857 --> 00:47:16,368
Suppose they come over and take over the country.
637
00:47:16,403 --> 00:47:19,582
What are you going to do then if you don't back up your own president?
638
00:47:19,617 --> 00:47:21,749
And I don't care who's president, we back him up.
639
00:47:21,784 --> 00:47:23,912
And that's what all the working men do.
640
00:47:23,947 --> 00:47:26,926
They love the flag of this country.And they live here.
641
00:47:26,961 --> 00:47:29,489
And they're going to do everything they can to protect it.
642
00:47:29,524 --> 00:47:32,050
This week straight from the heartland.
643
00:47:32,085 --> 00:47:36,770
Television covered the conflict in the cities and on occasion
644
00:47:36,805 --> 00:47:40,179
it turned to what ABC News' Don Farmer termed the "heartland."
645
00:47:40,214 --> 00:47:43,069
There are many towns and counties like this one,
646
00:47:43,104 --> 00:47:46,407
and these people make up an important segment of American society,
647
00:47:46,442 --> 00:47:49,062
but too often their voices seem to get lost
648
00:47:49,097 --> 00:47:51,233
amidst the clamor from our urban centers,
649
00:47:51,268 --> 00:47:54,681
and so ABC News came here to Grand Island to listen.
650
00:47:54,716 --> 00:47:57,685
Well, we voted Nixon in as our president
651
00:47:57,720 --> 00:47:59,308
and we have to go along with his judgment.
652
00:47:59,343 --> 00:48:03,530
I think probably we do have closed minds of, for a lot of things.
653
00:48:03,565 --> 00:48:07,685
We are going by the old rules and regulations and we haven't advanced,
654
00:48:07,720 --> 00:48:12,818
and I have two children in college now and they're for this moratorium
655
00:48:12,853 --> 00:48:19,255
and all this,and very very concerned with the Cambodia situation.
656
00:48:19,290 --> 00:48:24,317
One of the reasons I bought the flag is because I have a brother-in-law
657
00:48:24,352 --> 00:48:26,097
that's fighting in Vietnam right now,
658
00:48:26,132 --> 00:48:30,135
and I feel this is one way that I can tell my feelings about
659
00:48:30,170 --> 00:48:33,009
what he's doing over there and show some kind of support.
660
00:48:33,044 --> 00:48:36,865
Another reason is because I want my sons to grow up with a respect
661
00:48:36,900 --> 00:48:39,076
for the United States flag, and I feel if they see it
662
00:48:39,111 --> 00:48:41,691
flown here every day that they will get this respect
663
00:48:41,726 --> 00:48:44,475
The heartland remained conservative.
664
00:48:44,510 --> 00:48:49,071
But some Americans were coming back from Vietnam with changed perspectives.
665
00:48:49,106 --> 00:48:51,772
One of them was Lt. John Kerry,
666
00:48:51,807 --> 00:48:54,852
here filmed in the Mekong delta with his own 8 millimeter camera.
667
00:48:57,761 --> 00:49:02,098
A typical mission really didn't have any sense to it.
668
00:49:02,133 --> 00:49:08,051
The logic that was explained to us by the command in Vietnam
669
00:49:08,086 --> 00:49:12,344
was that we were quote, "showing the flag in the back yard of the enemy."
670
00:49:12,379 --> 00:49:16,264
There were people who believed, there were people who believed
671
00:49:16,299 --> 00:49:18,992
that we were fighting communism and that this was terrific
672
00:49:19,027 --> 00:49:21,422
and it was important, and who were all swept up in it.
673
00:49:21,457 --> 00:49:24,984
But I think most people did not.
674
00:49:25,019 --> 00:49:28,475
Most people began to see that we weren't gaining any territory,
675
00:49:28,510 --> 00:49:31,575
we weren't winning the hearts and minds of anybody,
676
00:49:31,610 --> 00:49:37,984
we certainly weren't securing any particular stronghold or strategic objectives,
677
00:49:38,019 --> 00:49:42,235
we were simply doing a very macho
678
00:49:42,270 --> 00:49:46,572
kind of public demonstration of our presence.
679
00:49:46,607 --> 00:49:50,623
People did not listen to the veterans of the war.
680
00:49:50,658 --> 00:49:56,676
The press itself had difficulty in perceiving of a group of Vietnam veterans
681
00:49:56,711 --> 00:49:57,820
being opposed to the war.
682
00:49:57,855 --> 00:50:01,323
And that it was a story of profound importance,
683
00:50:01,358 --> 00:50:03,422
why the war itself was wrong.
684
00:50:03,457 --> 00:50:08,669
And why we were not going to be successful, and why we had to recognize that.
685
00:50:08,704 --> 00:50:13,164
We just felt that story had to be told, and the only way to tell it
686
00:50:13,199 --> 00:50:16,330
was to take it to Washington in that form.
687
00:50:16,365 --> 00:50:19,481
I volunteered for the whole thing.
688
00:50:19,516 --> 00:50:23,274
Volunteered to go into the service. Volunteered for Vietnam.
689
00:50:23,275 --> 00:50:25,594
Volunteered for every single mission I went on.
690
00:50:25,629 --> 00:50:28,231
I was there ten days and I was in Cambodia.
691
00:50:28,266 --> 00:50:32,489
You people don't know that.I was in Cambodia with orders.
692
00:50:35,142 --> 00:50:38,796
Talk to veterans. They're here all week. Talk to them.
693
00:50:38,831 --> 00:50:40,349
They'll tell you things you won't believe.
694
00:50:40,384 --> 00:50:43,502
The House on American Activities Committee has rated our organization
695
00:50:43,537 --> 00:50:46,943
the third greatest threat to internal security in this country.
696
00:50:46,978 --> 00:50:48,888
Right after the Weathermen and the Black Panthers.
697
00:50:48,923 --> 00:50:51,458
Ladies and gentlemen, you know, I did it.
698
00:50:51,493 --> 00:50:57,445
You know? I did it because I'm an American. I haven't changed.
699
00:50:57,480 --> 00:50:59,684
My politics have changed .
700
00:50:59,719 --> 00:51:04,436
A lot of taxes goes to support just what you're doing today.
701
00:51:04,471 --> 00:51:07,814
I wish you'd get out and get a job and work!
702
00:51:10,736 --> 00:51:13,774
I'm from upstate New York.
703
00:51:13,809 --> 00:51:17,255
And I'd like to turn in my Bronze Star and two Purple Hearts.
704
00:51:17,290 --> 00:51:19,590
I lost my leg in Vietnam,
705
00:51:19,625 --> 00:51:22,374
and I'm totally opposed to this war we're carrying on over there.
706
00:51:22,409 --> 00:51:26,667
And Senator Buckley and Congressman James Hanley
707
00:51:26,702 --> 00:51:29,382
will receive my medals next week in the mail.
708
00:51:37,752 --> 00:51:41,289
One by one, decorated veterans flung away their medals
709
00:51:41,324 --> 00:51:42,681
on the steps of the Capitol.
710
00:51:44,512 --> 00:51:49,819
The American war was winding down, GI casualties were decreasing,
711
00:51:49,854 --> 00:51:52,117
but those veterans who opposed the war
712
00:51:52,152 --> 00:51:55,424
were asking for something more than an end to hostilities.
713
00:51:55,459 --> 00:51:59,657
We wish that a merciful God could wipe away our own memories of
714
00:51:59,692 --> 00:52:04,808
that service as easily as this administration has wiped their memories of us.
715
00:52:04,843 --> 00:52:10,177
And so, 30 years from now, our brothers go down the street,
716
00:52:10,212 --> 00:52:16,295
without a leg, without an arm, or a face, and small boys ask "Why,"
717
00:52:16,330 --> 00:52:21,731
we will be able to say "Vietnam," and not mean a desert,
718
00:52:21,766 --> 00:52:24,705
not a filthy obscene memory,
719
00:52:24,740 --> 00:52:29,586
but mean instead, the place where America finally turned
720
00:52:29,621 --> 00:52:34,277
and where soldiers like us helped it in the turning.
721
00:52:36,856 --> 00:52:39,646
Across America, thousands of families by now
722
00:52:39,681 --> 00:52:43,040
were visiting the gravesites of their children killed in Vietnam.
723
00:52:43,075 --> 00:52:46,809
And millions of Americans were sharing their losses.
724
00:52:46,844 --> 00:53:18,412
Our father, who art in heaven...Hail Mary, full of grace...in his memory.
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