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‐ [Narrator] Previously on
"The Titans That Built America,"
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a car rivalry has turned
into a skyscraper war.
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‐ So we'll be four feet taller.
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Chrysler could stick an umbrella on top
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and say he's taller.
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‐ [Narrator] But the Depression
has threatened to destroy
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their proudest achievements.
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‐ Mr. Morgan, what's happening?!
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‐ The worst is over.
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Everything's gonna be okay.
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‐ I'm shutting Ford Aviation down.
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‐ But we have orders!
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Could be huge!
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‐ Edsel, it's over.
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‐ [Narrator] President Roosevelt
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works to build back the nation,
commissioning the Hoover Dam
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and systematically attacking the titans.
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‐ Did you manipulate the
stock market for your own gains?
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‐ Yes; no.
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‐ William Boeing? ‐ What's this?
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‐ [Narrator] Turning
them into bitter enemies.
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‐ You are nothing short of a war profiteer,
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a merchant of death.
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‐ [Narrator] But when America is threatened
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by German aggression,
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FDR needs their help to defend the nation.
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‐ No country in Europe would
stand a chance against Germany.
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(explosion booming)
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Neither would America.
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‐ [Narrator] Now, the
titans will have to choose
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between their hatred of the president
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and saving the world.
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(reverent music)
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(uneasy music)
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(tank rumbling)
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(explosions booming)
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(plane engines whirring)
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(guns firing)
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In the fall of 1939,
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Adolf Hitler launches
an invasion of Poland,
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proving to the world just how powerful
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his military had become.
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‐ What Hitler's army introduced
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was the onset of mechanized warfare.
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So, this is tanks supported by infantry,
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artillery supporting them.
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And then, on top of that,
you had tactical air support.
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They were all coordinated,
synchronized, harmonized,
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and moving very, very rapidly.
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‐ [Narrator] The
Germans call it blitzkrieg,
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or "lightning war."
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And in just three weeks,
Poland is defeated.
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‐ Everybody's breath kind of
stopped because they realized
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that now no country in Europe was safe.
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‐ [Narrator] But in the US,
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the conflict in Europe
couldn't seem more distant.
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‐ The American public was very much against
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any repeat of involvement
in a European war.
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The United States was mentally
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and physically unprepared to fight a war.
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‐ Knowing what we know today
about Hitler and World War II,
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we sometimes forget
that nobody in that period
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knew what was gonna happen.
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So, it shouldn't be surprising
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that 80% of Americans
hoped to stay outta the fight.
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‐ [Narrator] President Roosevelt sees
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the growing threat abroad
and knows he needs to act.
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But he is also eying an
unprecedented third term.
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He needs to get himself elected
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by telling people we aren't going to war,
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while preparing for the opposite.
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‐ FDR was really good
at playing both sides.
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While he's campaigning and promising
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to keep America's boys out of war,
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he's also at the same
time silently building
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America's capacity to
make war at a rapid pace.
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And there are really only a
handful of people in the country
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equipped to handle such a task,
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and some of them has
been his bitterest rivals.
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(uneasy orchestral music)
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‐ [Narrator] One man has been tasked
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with approaching the
titans with FDR's proposal.
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He's not a politician or a general.
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He's an auto industry executive
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who worked at both Ford and General Motors.
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‐ William "Big Bill" Knudsen
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was a legend in the automobile industry.
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‐ Not only was he this
very famous executive,
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but he had all the connections in Detroit.
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So, Knudsen was called
in to get corporate America
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onboard with this program
to build military equipment,
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which was a tricky thing to do
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because most people at the time
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believed that we were
not gonna enter the war
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in the first place.
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(soft traffic humming)
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‐ [Narrator] Knudsen
thinks there's one titan
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that might be easier to
get onboard than the rest.
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And if he says yes,
maybe the others will follow.
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‐ Hey, Bill.
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‐ Forgive me if I skip
the pleasantries, Ed,
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but I'm gonna jump right into it.
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Right now, Germany have
over 10,000 warplanes,
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and they're not gonna stop
producing any time soon.
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America is behind the eight ball
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and we need to catch up, fast.
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I want Ford Motor Company
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to start building aircraft engines.
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Can you do that?
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‐ We can build anything, but...
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Why us?
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Why not use the military?
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‐ Well, they have the
design and the expertise,
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but they just don't
have the infrastructure.
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Nobody else can produce
the scale that we need
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and in the timeframe that we need it,
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except Ford.
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(soft orchestral music)
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‐ Edsel Ford really wanted
aviation to be his future.
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His dream of being an aviation pioneer
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had been taken from him.
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This was his chance.
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‐ What do you say?
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‐ I'm in.
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‐ Great. ‐ Great. (laughing)
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(soft violin music)
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‐ Now, let me get this straight.
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You wanna change our entire factory
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to make engines for military planes, hmm?
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‐ Not the entire factory.
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‐ What then?
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A quarter?
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Half?
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‐ I haven't fully assessed the situation.
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‐ Really?!
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‐ America has nowhere near
the planes that Germany has.
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‐ America's not at war with Germany!
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‐ Well, we can't pull out
now; I've promised FDR.
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‐ Well, you can tell FDR
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that Ford makes cars, not planes.
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If he wants planes,
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you can tell him to go
to a damn plane‐maker!
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(pensive orchestral music)
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‐ [Narrator] Henry Ford has never liked
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giving up market share,
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so he certainly isn't going
to change over his factories
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if it means making fewer cars.
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‐ Henry was against the war.
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He was anti‐FDR.
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Part of what was so shocking
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to these titans of the automobile industry,
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it wasn't just that they had to build
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this enormous amount of stuff.
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It was that they had to put
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all of their self‐interests aside.
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‐ Yeah, I know.
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I don't know what else to tell you.
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The old man says no.
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‐ [Narrator] With Ford out,
Knudsen turns to another titan,
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someone who has experience
with the weapons of war.
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But he could be even harder
to convince than Henry Ford.
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‐ They're outproducing
us right now 20 to 1.
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We cannot afford to lose this race.
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‐ So, build more factories.
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What do you need me for?
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‐ I wish it were that simple.
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We have the manpower, we have the finances.
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What we need is someone
to run the operation efficiently,
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someone who knows the business.
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‐ I don't think I'm
understanding you correctly.
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‐ [William] I know it's a big ask.
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‐ Yes.
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You're asking me to start
producing munitions again.
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‐ It's not just me that's asking.
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The president is asking as well.
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‐ The same president who
labeled me the "merchant of death"?
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‐ Undoubtedly, the du Pont
Company and its executives
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appreciated a certain sense of irony
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that the very government
that had been vilifying them
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just a few years before
were now coming to them
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in need of their product.
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‐ [Narrator] For the past five years,
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du Pont has done everything in his power
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to rebuild his image.
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In addition to GM, he's
revived his chemical company
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and branded it as a way to improve society,
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developing consumer products
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like nylon stockings and cellophane.
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‐ DuPont was one of the
greatest branding experts
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of all time because of the
shifts they were able to make.
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"Whatever it takes, we're gonna do it.
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"We're better living through chemistry."
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And that's a very, very high perch
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and lets you get past some of the things
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that consumers can think
are negative about you.
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‐ [Narrator] The last
thing du Pont wants to do
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is return to the business of death.
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So far, Knudsen's mission
to get America ready for war
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has been a failure.
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And news from overseas
has only gotten worse.
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(intense orchestral music)
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In the spring of 1940,
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Hitler is scoring victory after victory.
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Denmark and Norway are occupied.
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Then the German Army sweeps across
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the Netherlands and Belgium.
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Europe makes a desperate stand in France,
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but they're no match for
German armor and airpower.
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And by June, Hitler's in Paris.
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The Germans' next target is Britain.
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(thunder rumbling)
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(somber orchestral music)
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‐ Our Father who art in
heaven, hallowed be thy name‐
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‐ [Narrator] As the world
gets darker by the day,
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at a cemetery in New York,
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a group of titans deal with
loss on a personal level.
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Walter Chrysler is dead,
succumbing to a stroke.
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Chrysler's burial is a who's‐who
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from the automotive industry.
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Even his old rival, Pierre
du Pont, pays tribute.
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For each of these titans,
it's a time of reflection.
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‐ I think the summer of 1940
is one of the scariest times.
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By that time, Germany
has taken control of France.
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They pretty much control
the western part of Europe,
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which is the heartland
of the world economy.
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Japan is in control, not just of Manchuria
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but now large parts of China
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and they've built a military machine
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that looks invincible in Asia.
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This is a very, very scary moment,
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and the United States looks very weak.
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‐ [Priest] And forgive us our trespasses
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as we forgave those who
trespassed against us.
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And lead us not into temptation,
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but deliver us from evil, amen.
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‐ [Narrator] But Knudsen
continues to struggle
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with his mission because
FDR is still playing both sides
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by telling the American
public that we'll never go to war.
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‐ I have said this before,
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00:14:01,966 --> 00:14:06,888
but I shall say it again
and again and again.
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Your boys are not going to be sent
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00:14:12,101 --> 00:14:15,480
into any foreign war. (audience cheering)
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‐ [Narrator] But even if
America has no interest
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in going to war, (intense orchestral music)
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war will soon be coming to America.
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(light upbeat big band music)
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‐ [Reporter] Hello, NBC.
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Hello, NBC.
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I am speaking from the roof
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00:14:49,680 --> 00:14:52,975
of the Advertiser Publishing
Company Building.
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There has been fierce fighting going on
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in the air and on the sea.
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‐ Pull!
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00:15:02,485 --> 00:15:04,612
(gun firing)
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00:15:05,738 --> 00:15:07,365
Pull!
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00:15:07,490 --> 00:15:09,742
(gun firing)
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00:15:11,661 --> 00:15:12,661
‐ Sir?
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Sir?
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Please come quickly.
260
00:15:18,668 --> 00:15:19,668
‐ What is it now?
261
00:15:21,546 --> 00:15:23,631
‐ [Reporter] I am speaking from the roof
262
00:15:23,714 --> 00:15:27,760
of the Advertiser Publishing
Company Building.
263
00:15:27,844 --> 00:15:29,637
We have witnessed this morning‐
264
00:15:30,596 --> 00:15:31,764
‐ What's happening?
265
00:15:31,848 --> 00:15:33,516
‐ There's been an attack in Hawaii.
266
00:15:36,018 --> 00:15:37,371
‐ [Reporter] And the severe bombing
267
00:15:37,395 --> 00:15:40,231
of Pearl Harbor by enemy planes.
268
00:15:42,108 --> 00:15:44,235
‐ Who's bombing? ‐ Japan.
269
00:15:45,695 --> 00:15:48,114
(rising suspenseful music)
270
00:15:48,197 --> 00:15:51,659
(plane engines roaring)
271
00:15:53,369 --> 00:15:56,998
‐ [Reporter] The city of
Honolulu has also been attacked
272
00:15:57,081 --> 00:15:58,082
(explosions booming)
273
00:15:58,207 --> 00:16:01,169
and considerable damage done.
274
00:16:01,294 --> 00:16:05,756
One of the bombs dropped
within 50 feet of KGU Tower.
275
00:16:07,800 --> 00:16:11,137
It is no joke, it is a real war.
276
00:16:16,559 --> 00:16:18,478
‐ [Narrator] For years, JP Morgan's bank
277
00:16:18,519 --> 00:16:22,273
has provided the Empire
of Japan with a lot of money.
278
00:16:23,107 --> 00:16:25,568
Now, it's all too clear:
279
00:16:26,736 --> 00:16:29,489
The loans may have helped
revive Japan's economy,
280
00:16:29,530 --> 00:16:32,825
but they also helped build up its military.
281
00:16:32,950 --> 00:16:34,827
‐ This was not Morgan's intention.
282
00:16:34,952 --> 00:16:37,121
But when you invest in a society,
283
00:16:37,205 --> 00:16:39,457
you cannot always control
how that money is used.
284
00:16:39,540 --> 00:16:42,418
In fact, you can never
control where that money goes.
285
00:16:46,839 --> 00:16:49,342
(sullen orchestral music)
286
00:16:49,467 --> 00:16:50,467
‐ Yesterday,
287
00:16:51,844 --> 00:16:53,054
December 7th,
288
00:16:54,472 --> 00:16:56,182
1941,
289
00:16:58,017 --> 00:17:02,063
a date which will live in infamy,
290
00:17:03,773 --> 00:17:05,483
the United States of America
291
00:17:06,359 --> 00:17:08,819
was suddenly and deliberately attacked
292
00:17:09,820 --> 00:17:14,617
by naval and air forces
of the Empire of Japan.
293
00:17:16,452 --> 00:17:19,455
As commander‐in‐chief of the Army and Navy,
294
00:17:20,706 --> 00:17:23,668
I have directed that all measures be taken
295
00:17:23,793 --> 00:17:25,169
for our defense.
296
00:17:25,294 --> 00:17:27,755
Hostilities exist.
297
00:17:29,131 --> 00:17:33,469
There is no blinking at
the fact that our people,
298
00:17:33,553 --> 00:17:38,766
our territory, and our
interests are in grave danger.
299
00:17:40,184 --> 00:17:41,602
And the Japanese Empire‐
300
00:17:41,686 --> 00:17:43,247
‐ [Narrator] President Roosevelt declares
301
00:17:43,271 --> 00:17:47,525
that the United States
and Japan are now at war.
302
00:17:48,568 --> 00:17:50,361
And there's worse news to come.
303
00:17:58,911 --> 00:18:00,121
‐ When Pearl Harbor happened,
304
00:18:00,204 --> 00:18:02,832
it's called the day that
will live in infamy by FDR,
305
00:18:02,915 --> 00:18:04,834
and it surely does.
306
00:18:04,959 --> 00:18:06,002
But four days later,
307
00:18:06,085 --> 00:18:08,129
the United States is at
war against Germany.
308
00:18:08,212 --> 00:18:09,463
We have a two‐front war
309
00:18:09,589 --> 00:18:12,258
and we're still not out
of the Great Depression.
310
00:18:16,137 --> 00:18:18,389
‐ [Narrator] Where war once felt far away,
311
00:18:20,558 --> 00:18:24,353
conflict on American
soil now feels very real.
312
00:18:26,230 --> 00:18:30,693
‐ There was a real dramatic
anxiety in the country.
313
00:18:30,776 --> 00:18:32,337
‐ [Reporter] From bases in Western Europe,
314
00:18:32,361 --> 00:18:33,487
German long‐range bombers
315
00:18:33,613 --> 00:18:35,865
could fly to our East Coast and return.
316
00:18:35,990 --> 00:18:37,050
‐ There were serious concerns
317
00:18:37,074 --> 00:18:38,951
about the Japanese invasion of California
318
00:18:39,035 --> 00:18:40,911
or the West Coast of the United States.
319
00:18:40,995 --> 00:18:42,180
‐ [Reporter] Almost every section
320
00:18:42,204 --> 00:18:44,081
along the entire Pacific coast
321
00:18:44,206 --> 00:18:46,250
is within range of enemy planes.
322
00:18:46,375 --> 00:18:48,628
‐ Americans sort of grew up as a nation
323
00:18:48,711 --> 00:18:50,338
with the idea that potential enemies
324
00:18:50,463 --> 00:18:53,466
were thousands of miles
away across that ocean,
325
00:18:53,591 --> 00:18:55,301
and now this ocean isn't very big.
326
00:18:55,384 --> 00:18:57,345
In fact, instead of
being a protective moat,
327
00:18:57,470 --> 00:18:59,263
has become this avenue
328
00:18:59,347 --> 00:19:02,141
for enemies to come right to our shore.
329
00:19:02,224 --> 00:19:05,728
Americans were instructed
to put blackout curtains
330
00:19:05,853 --> 00:19:07,855
in their windows at night.
331
00:19:07,980 --> 00:19:10,024
‐ Air raid precaution services
332
00:19:10,149 --> 00:19:12,818
go into operation when the bombs drop.
333
00:19:13,861 --> 00:19:16,489
‐ [H. W.] Americans
had reason to be worried.
334
00:19:17,490 --> 00:19:18,991
‐ [Narrator] But in the face of fear,
335
00:19:19,075 --> 00:19:21,994
Americans also feel a sense of duty
336
00:19:23,204 --> 00:19:24,955
and a need to act.
337
00:19:25,581 --> 00:19:26,725
‐ The bombing of Pearl Harbor
338
00:19:26,749 --> 00:19:30,753
was a inflection point
for the United States.
339
00:19:30,836 --> 00:19:32,505
On December 6th, 1941,
340
00:19:32,630 --> 00:19:35,424
the majority of Americans were against war.
341
00:19:35,508 --> 00:19:38,761
On December 8th, 1941,
342
00:19:38,844 --> 00:19:41,472
it was the biggest day
in recruiting history.
343
00:19:41,555 --> 00:19:43,766
America suddenly flipped.
344
00:19:44,892 --> 00:19:47,645
‐ Volunteerism went sky‐high.
345
00:19:47,728 --> 00:19:50,147
Everybody wanted to
be part of the war effort
346
00:19:50,231 --> 00:19:52,316
and to sign up and do their duty.
347
00:19:53,693 --> 00:19:57,738
You are joining an effort to
save the American way of life.
348
00:19:58,948 --> 00:20:01,033
‐ [Narrator] Yet it takes
more than just patriotism
349
00:20:01,158 --> 00:20:02,368
to wage war.
350
00:20:02,493 --> 00:20:04,120
‐ That war spirit,
351
00:20:04,203 --> 00:20:07,164
it was burning hot
right after Pearl Harbor.
352
00:20:07,248 --> 00:20:08,749
But soldiers were drilling,
353
00:20:08,874 --> 00:20:11,460
in some cases, with fake wooden weapons.
354
00:20:11,585 --> 00:20:15,131
We needed planes and trucks and tanks
355
00:20:15,256 --> 00:20:18,300
and bullets and bandages and boots
356
00:20:18,426 --> 00:20:22,263
and everything that was
required to win a war.
357
00:20:22,346 --> 00:20:25,725
‐ [Narrator] The first thing
the US needs is weapons,
358
00:20:25,850 --> 00:20:28,811
and there's one person
who can make that happen.
359
00:20:31,522 --> 00:20:35,359
(pensive electronic music)
360
00:20:36,485 --> 00:20:39,947
He got away from
munitions and took over GM.
361
00:20:42,533 --> 00:20:45,703
He was vilified as the "Merchant of Death."
362
00:20:53,210 --> 00:20:54,795
But now the war has started,
363
00:20:57,506 --> 00:20:59,675
and du Pont knows what he must do.
364
00:21:07,391 --> 00:21:08,976
‐ It was clear the explosive business,
365
00:21:09,059 --> 00:21:11,604
the gunpowder business
was absolutely crucial
366
00:21:11,687 --> 00:21:15,983
if the United States is going to be engaged
367
00:21:16,108 --> 00:21:17,777
in a two‐front war.
368
00:21:17,860 --> 00:21:20,946
(phone ringing)
369
00:21:21,030 --> 00:21:22,030
‐ Hello?
370
00:21:23,282 --> 00:21:24,492
‐ I'll do it.
371
00:21:24,575 --> 00:21:28,454
(intense orchestral music)
372
00:21:42,259 --> 00:21:43,653
‐ [Narrator] DuPont agrees to turn over
373
00:21:43,677 --> 00:21:45,346
all of General Motors
374
00:21:47,515 --> 00:21:50,476
and his chemical labs to the war effort.
375
00:21:52,102 --> 00:21:53,813
Within weeks, he'll break ground
376
00:21:53,854 --> 00:21:56,899
on over 50 new munitions factories.
377
00:21:57,817 --> 00:21:59,735
But the last time du Pont made weapons
378
00:21:59,860 --> 00:22:01,612
was during the First World War.
379
00:22:07,284 --> 00:22:08,619
‐ We've made lots of advances,
380
00:22:08,702 --> 00:22:10,663
especially in the last few years.
381
00:22:12,706 --> 00:22:15,626
This is the Mk 2, or the "pineapple."
382
00:22:18,420 --> 00:22:20,047
We'll need 40 million of them.
383
00:22:24,844 --> 00:22:27,179
This is your general
purpose six‐inch‐caliber shell,
384
00:22:27,304 --> 00:22:29,056
mainly to destroy units.
385
00:22:29,181 --> 00:22:30,474
We'll need five million.
386
00:22:31,225 --> 00:22:32,476
This is an eight‐inch shell.
387
00:22:32,560 --> 00:22:35,354
It's good for concrete
demolition and bunkers.
388
00:22:35,479 --> 00:22:36,605
And the 18‐inch?
389
00:22:36,689 --> 00:22:38,649
It's mostly for naval purposes,
390
00:22:39,441 --> 00:22:40,943
and that can do a lotta damage.
391
00:22:42,862 --> 00:22:43,862
Here, follow me.
392
00:22:50,035 --> 00:22:53,080
We're testing a new heavyweight
bomb, the earthquake.
393
00:23:02,298 --> 00:23:05,175
(explosion booming)
394
00:23:05,259 --> 00:23:08,971
(reverent orchestral music)
395
00:23:15,352 --> 00:23:16,729
Pretty good, huh?
396
00:23:16,854 --> 00:23:19,690
We can take out a whole
platoon with just one of these.
397
00:23:23,652 --> 00:23:26,071
‐ [Narrator] DuPont makes his choice.
398
00:23:26,196 --> 00:23:27,656
To help save the country,
399
00:23:27,781 --> 00:23:31,952
he must once again become
the "Merchant of Death."
400
00:23:46,383 --> 00:23:48,969
‐ [Narrator] FDR knows one of the key paths
401
00:23:49,053 --> 00:23:53,724
to the US and its allies
winning the war is airpower.
402
00:23:55,351 --> 00:23:56,727
He wants to build an arsenal
403
00:23:56,852 --> 00:24:00,981
to compete with Germany and
Japan's far superior air forces.
404
00:24:02,149 --> 00:24:05,027
He asks for thousands of
high‐tech modern fighters
405
00:24:05,110 --> 00:24:06,110
and bombers.
406
00:24:08,572 --> 00:24:10,866
And the plane they're
pinning their hopes on
407
00:24:12,785 --> 00:24:14,787
is the B‐24 bomber.
408
00:24:15,663 --> 00:24:17,665
(plane engine roaring)
409
00:24:17,748 --> 00:24:21,835
‐ FDR saw the bomber aircraft
as the key to winning the war,
410
00:24:21,961 --> 00:24:24,964
but not just the fact that it
was powerful and destructive.
411
00:24:25,089 --> 00:24:28,342
There had to be a
tremendous number of them.
412
00:24:28,467 --> 00:24:32,805
Because if we could launch
bomber aircraft over a country,
413
00:24:32,888 --> 00:24:34,168
even if they were all shot down,
414
00:24:34,264 --> 00:24:35,683
there could be a wave behind them
415
00:24:35,766 --> 00:24:37,935
and a wave behind them
and a wave behind them,
416
00:24:38,018 --> 00:24:40,688
and that would make the enemy defenseless.
417
00:24:40,813 --> 00:24:43,524
That was how they thought
they could win the war.
418
00:24:46,527 --> 00:24:47,444
‐ No.
419
00:24:47,528 --> 00:24:48,570
Those days are gone.
420
00:24:48,654 --> 00:24:51,073
We need planes, mass‐produced.
421
00:24:51,865 --> 00:24:53,200
I don't know, thousands.
422
00:24:55,160 --> 00:24:56,286
I'm not saying that.
423
00:24:57,454 --> 00:24:59,039
Well, how many can you deliver?
424
00:25:00,874 --> 00:25:03,752
To be frank, 200 is
just a drop in the ocean.
425
00:25:05,337 --> 00:25:07,715
The president has asked for thousands.
426
00:25:10,968 --> 00:25:11,968
Okay, thank you.
427
00:25:15,139 --> 00:25:17,808
‐ [Narrator] Knudsen
tried the aviation industry,
428
00:25:17,933 --> 00:25:19,143
but no one has the capacity
429
00:25:19,268 --> 00:25:22,980
to make the 20,000 bombers that FDR wants.
430
00:25:24,773 --> 00:25:27,735
In the end, there's really only one company
431
00:25:27,860 --> 00:25:29,653
who could possibly get it done.
432
00:25:34,616 --> 00:25:36,452
Thanks to Edsel's persistence,
433
00:25:36,535 --> 00:25:41,331
the Fords had already spent
$47 million of their own money
434
00:25:41,457 --> 00:25:46,754
to build Willow Run, the
largest plane factory in the world,
435
00:25:48,881 --> 00:25:50,841
almost one mile long.
436
00:26:05,898 --> 00:26:07,900
‐ They come up with this plan
437
00:26:08,025 --> 00:26:09,818
which was about to shock the world.
438
00:26:09,943 --> 00:26:12,404
They decided that the biggest, fastest,
439
00:26:12,488 --> 00:26:14,156
most destructive bomber in our arsenal
440
00:26:14,281 --> 00:26:19,620
they could build at a rate
of one an hour, 400 a month.
441
00:26:20,621 --> 00:26:21,497
And the idea is that they would build
442
00:26:21,622 --> 00:26:23,916
the entire thing themselves.
443
00:26:24,917 --> 00:26:26,752
They would have to start from scratch.
444
00:26:26,835 --> 00:26:28,128
They hadn't built an airplane
445
00:26:28,212 --> 00:26:32,049
since the Trimotor in the very early 1930s.
446
00:26:33,175 --> 00:26:36,095
When all of the aviation
executives around the country
447
00:26:36,178 --> 00:26:37,679
were saying this couldn't be done,
448
00:26:37,805 --> 00:26:39,306
I think they really believed it,
449
00:26:39,431 --> 00:26:42,976
because no motor car
company, no company of any kind
450
00:26:43,102 --> 00:26:46,230
had ever tried to manufacture
this kind of product,
451
00:26:46,355 --> 00:26:48,774
something that had about a half a million
452
00:26:48,857 --> 00:26:50,734
different pieces and parts.
453
00:26:51,693 --> 00:26:53,904
‐ [Narrator] But Edsel runs into a problem.
454
00:26:55,864 --> 00:26:58,492
(clock ticking)
455
00:26:58,575 --> 00:27:02,204
(pensive orchestral music)
456
00:27:08,001 --> 00:27:08,669
‐ Hi.
457
00:27:08,752 --> 00:27:10,129
Sorry for keeping you waiting.
458
00:27:11,380 --> 00:27:12,380
Okay.
459
00:27:13,173 --> 00:27:14,591
Take a look at this.
460
00:27:14,675 --> 00:27:15,801
‐ [Soldire] Hmm.
461
00:27:15,926 --> 00:27:18,887
‐ The biggest problem
really was the idea that
462
00:27:19,012 --> 00:27:21,098
as these ships start to get built
463
00:27:21,181 --> 00:27:26,436
the Air Force starts wanting
to change the airplane.
464
00:27:26,520 --> 00:27:28,438
‐ This bay door is too narrow.
465
00:27:28,522 --> 00:27:30,190
You're gonna have to widen that.
466
00:27:31,233 --> 00:27:32,585
And this ball mount
should be three‐and‐a‐half,
467
00:27:32,609 --> 00:27:33,944
not three‐and‐a‐quarter.
468
00:27:34,945 --> 00:27:36,339
‐ [Narrator] With the
production of his planes
469
00:27:36,363 --> 00:27:40,951
already underway, any
setback could prove costly.
470
00:27:41,702 --> 00:27:44,371
(phone ringing)
471
00:27:45,330 --> 00:27:46,330
‐ Back in a minute.
472
00:27:50,043 --> 00:27:51,043
Hello?
473
00:27:51,086 --> 00:27:53,130
‐ Ford Motor Company
had come up with this idea
474
00:27:53,255 --> 00:27:56,633
to build this airplane the
way they built automobiles,
475
00:27:56,758 --> 00:27:58,635
and key among that was
to be able to build one
476
00:27:58,760 --> 00:28:00,113
that was exactly like the one before
477
00:28:00,137 --> 00:28:01,972
and exactly like the one before.
478
00:28:02,055 --> 00:28:03,366
‐ We're moving as fast as we can,
479
00:28:03,390 --> 00:28:06,101
but every adjustment
means a delay in assembly.
480
00:28:07,352 --> 00:28:09,730
Well, we still have to update the line.
481
00:28:10,689 --> 00:28:12,816
‐ If they wanted to change that part,
482
00:28:12,900 --> 00:28:14,151
the machines and the dies
483
00:28:14,234 --> 00:28:15,861
that they created to build that part
484
00:28:15,986 --> 00:28:18,322
had to be scrapped
and started from scratch.
485
00:28:18,405 --> 00:28:19,405
‐ I know.
486
00:28:20,824 --> 00:28:21,867
I understand.
487
00:28:23,035 --> 00:28:24,035
Got it.
488
00:28:28,874 --> 00:28:29,875
Thanks.
489
00:28:37,716 --> 00:28:40,260
‐ [Narrator] The design
changes keep coming.
490
00:28:41,720 --> 00:28:43,180
‐ So, where are we at here?
491
00:28:44,306 --> 00:28:47,809
‐ We should swap out the
.30‐caliber Brownings with 50s,
492
00:28:47,893 --> 00:28:50,979
so you'll need to augment
the turret opening more.
493
00:28:53,649 --> 00:28:56,985
And these bay doors, they
need to retract into the fuselage,
494
00:28:57,027 --> 00:29:00,072
so you'll have to expand the opening more.
495
00:29:06,495 --> 00:29:07,537
You got that?
496
00:29:11,541 --> 00:29:12,541
‐ Yeah, sure.
497
00:29:13,043 --> 00:29:14,253
We'll make it happen.
498
00:29:24,513 --> 00:29:25,513
Anything else?
499
00:29:26,598 --> 00:29:27,598
‐ [Man] Not today.
500
00:29:34,481 --> 00:29:37,401
(ominous music)
501
00:29:37,484 --> 00:29:40,279
‐ [Narrator] FDR isn't
just demanding planes.
502
00:29:42,155 --> 00:29:46,159
Control of the seas is just as
important to winning the war.
503
00:29:47,119 --> 00:29:48,745
The raid on Pearl Harbor destroyed
504
00:29:48,829 --> 00:29:50,455
the heart of America's Pacific Fleet,
505
00:29:50,539 --> 00:29:54,418
so the US was not ready
for full‐scale war right away.
506
00:29:54,501 --> 00:29:56,962
The United States still had
to build thousands of ships
507
00:29:57,045 --> 00:29:59,464
to really get its navy in a position
508
00:29:59,548 --> 00:30:01,300
where it could project power.
509
00:30:01,425 --> 00:30:03,025
‐ [Narrator] America's current shipyards
510
00:30:03,051 --> 00:30:06,430
can't churn out anywhere
close to the numbers needed,
511
00:30:09,891 --> 00:30:12,311
(pensive electronic music)
512
00:30:12,352 --> 00:30:16,523
so FDR turns to someone who
has delivered big things before:
513
00:30:18,525 --> 00:30:19,526
Henry Kaiser.
514
00:30:20,694 --> 00:30:23,071
‐ Kaiser was FDR's miracle man.
515
00:30:23,196 --> 00:30:25,991
He had built the Hoover
Dam, an engineering feat,
516
00:30:26,074 --> 00:30:28,160
on time and under budget.
517
00:30:29,369 --> 00:30:31,496
‐ [Narrator] There's just one issue.
518
00:30:31,538 --> 00:30:35,959
Henry Kaiser has never
done anything like this before.
519
00:30:36,001 --> 00:30:39,921
Now, he's promised to
build 500 ships a year
520
00:30:40,005 --> 00:30:43,884
when it typically takes
a year to build just one.
521
00:30:44,843 --> 00:30:46,553
‐ That was Kaiser's bread and butter.
522
00:30:46,678 --> 00:30:47,804
"Tell me how many you need
523
00:30:47,846 --> 00:30:50,557
"and I'll get 'em to you even
faster than you imagined."
524
00:30:50,640 --> 00:30:51,640
He loved that.
525
00:30:52,684 --> 00:30:56,146
‐ I wanna build six shipways
here and one over there.
526
00:30:56,229 --> 00:31:00,067
(pensive orchestral music)
527
00:31:02,486 --> 00:31:06,281
‐ [Narrator] Along a stretch
of marshy Pacific coastline,
528
00:31:06,365 --> 00:31:08,909
in the shadow of another Kaiser project,
529
00:31:08,992 --> 00:31:10,494
the Oakland Bay Bridge,
530
00:31:12,662 --> 00:31:14,164
Kaiser builds shipyards
531
00:31:14,247 --> 00:31:18,043
totaling the size of 800 football fields.
532
00:31:21,046 --> 00:31:23,465
Constructing a shipyard is one thing.
533
00:31:28,720 --> 00:31:30,347
But he quickly learns
534
00:31:30,472 --> 00:31:33,809
building ships is a
whole different challenge.
535
00:31:33,892 --> 00:31:35,161
‐ [Henry] What's taking them so long?
536
00:31:35,185 --> 00:31:37,062
‐ Working as fast as they can.
537
00:31:39,523 --> 00:31:42,275
‐ I've seen workers down
there not doing anything.
538
00:31:42,359 --> 00:31:44,736
‐ They're waiting for the
hull to be locked into place,
539
00:31:44,861 --> 00:31:46,101
then they'll start constructing
540
00:31:46,154 --> 00:31:47,340
the steering columns and the engine room.
541
00:31:47,364 --> 00:31:49,241
‐ Can't they do something else?
542
00:31:50,158 --> 00:31:51,158
‐ Not really.
543
00:31:54,746 --> 00:31:55,746
‐ This isn't working.
544
00:31:57,040 --> 00:31:58,375
We need to move faster.
545
00:32:00,585 --> 00:32:04,131
‐ The Liberty ships Kaiser
is building are gigantic.
546
00:32:04,214 --> 00:32:07,050
If you stood one up, it'd be 50 stories,
547
00:32:07,175 --> 00:32:09,886
almost as tall as the Hoover Dam.
548
00:32:10,011 --> 00:32:11,763
Liberty ships are so big,
549
00:32:11,847 --> 00:32:15,267
they literally have to be built
in place from the bottom up;
550
00:32:15,350 --> 00:32:18,728
first the keel, then the
frame, then the hull.
551
00:32:18,812 --> 00:32:21,648
And this is how ships
have been built for centuries.
552
00:32:26,319 --> 00:32:28,071
‐ [Narrator] At the rate he's going now,
553
00:32:28,155 --> 00:32:30,198
it will take Kaiser a hundred years
554
00:32:30,282 --> 00:32:33,827
to build the number of
ships he's promised FDR.
555
00:32:33,910 --> 00:32:38,039
(rising suspenseful music)
556
00:32:44,921 --> 00:32:47,674
(water splashing) (suspenseful music)
557
00:32:52,679 --> 00:32:55,599
(airplane engines whirring)
558
00:32:55,682 --> 00:32:57,362
‐ [Narrator] Six months after their attack
559
00:32:57,434 --> 00:33:01,062
on the United States,
Japan seems unstoppable.
560
00:33:01,188 --> 00:33:02,230
(bombs explode)
561
00:33:02,314 --> 00:33:04,649
(airplane engines whirring)
562
00:33:04,774 --> 00:33:07,819
‐ After Pearl Harbor, the
Japanese executed a plan
563
00:33:07,944 --> 00:33:11,239
to try to seize a perimeter
that they could defend.
564
00:33:11,364 --> 00:33:13,492
And so they tried to push
as far out as they could
565
00:33:13,575 --> 00:33:17,245
into islands to include the
Philippines, Dutch East Indies.
566
00:33:17,370 --> 00:33:19,873
(suspenseful music continues)
567
00:33:19,998 --> 00:33:22,667
‐ You saw the advance of the Japanese
568
00:33:22,709 --> 00:33:27,339
on a very rapid and
almost terrifying scale.
569
00:33:28,381 --> 00:33:31,218
‐ [Narrator] Japan now
controls half the Pacific Ocean
570
00:33:32,093 --> 00:33:34,221
and gains territory by the day.
571
00:33:35,722 --> 00:33:37,015
Across the Atlantic,
572
00:33:37,140 --> 00:33:40,185
Hitler has landed troops in North Africa,
573
00:33:42,646 --> 00:33:45,857
and pushed deep into the Soviet Union.
574
00:33:45,982 --> 00:33:48,735
(military tank crashes)
575
00:33:48,818 --> 00:33:50,612
‐ Of course, the Blitzkrieg,
576
00:33:51,821 --> 00:33:55,158
the mechanized forces were
able to take them all the way
577
00:33:55,242 --> 00:33:57,744
to the outskirts of Moscow.
578
00:33:59,371 --> 00:34:01,289
‐ [Narrator] If Hitler
conquers the Soviets,
579
00:34:01,373 --> 00:34:04,584
he'll move the full force of his army west
580
00:34:04,668 --> 00:34:05,668
to invade Britain.
581
00:34:07,254 --> 00:34:11,508
And if Britain falls, his
next target is America.
582
00:34:17,889 --> 00:34:20,809
(suspenseful music)
583
00:34:21,851 --> 00:34:24,771
Germany and Japan are advancing so quickly,
584
00:34:25,939 --> 00:34:28,316
FDR fears the US will be overtaken
585
00:34:28,441 --> 00:34:30,402
before it gets into the fight.
586
00:34:32,362 --> 00:34:35,240
But war production is moving too slowly.
587
00:34:38,910 --> 00:34:41,955
(telephone ringing)
588
00:34:43,748 --> 00:34:44,748
‐ Yeah.
589
00:34:46,042 --> 00:34:47,252
Yes put him through.
590
00:34:49,921 --> 00:34:50,921
Yes, Mr. President.
591
00:34:52,716 --> 00:34:53,633
Yes, sir.
592
00:34:53,717 --> 00:34:55,157
We're, we're seeing forward progress
593
00:34:55,218 --> 00:34:57,554
just Fords of modifications are,
594
00:34:58,722 --> 00:35:02,309
are requiring an
extension on our timetable.
595
00:35:03,476 --> 00:35:07,856
‐ Willow Run was not
living up to its objectives.
596
00:35:07,981 --> 00:35:09,441
What Knudsen was saying was,
597
00:35:09,524 --> 00:35:12,819
"Hey, these planes are in terrible shape."
598
00:35:12,902 --> 00:35:14,321
‐ They've manufactured two.
599
00:35:15,405 --> 00:35:17,741
No sir, not two planes, Mr. President.
600
00:35:19,075 --> 00:35:20,075
Two parts.
601
00:35:21,870 --> 00:35:24,456
‐ Things are going extraordinarily wrong
602
00:35:25,582 --> 00:35:28,251
and the same press that
had been so high in this idea
603
00:35:28,335 --> 00:35:30,587
of building the largest
airplane factory in the world
604
00:35:30,670 --> 00:35:33,632
as a means of defeating
Japan and defeating Hitler,
605
00:35:33,757 --> 00:35:37,427
were now really down on the
Fords and the whole project.
606
00:35:37,510 --> 00:35:41,348
And Willow Run became known
in the press as "will‐it‐run?".
607
00:35:42,974 --> 00:35:45,894
(suspenseful music)
608
00:35:50,523 --> 00:35:52,400
‐ [Narrator] But then, Knudsen and FDR
609
00:35:52,484 --> 00:35:54,653
finally get some good news.
610
00:35:55,820 --> 00:35:58,101
‐ [du Pont] How much time do
we need to make this happen?
611
00:35:58,198 --> 00:36:00,867
‐ Eight weeks, nine max.
612
00:36:01,868 --> 00:36:03,953
‐ [Narrator] du Pont has wasted no time
613
00:36:04,037 --> 00:36:05,372
converting his factories.
614
00:36:05,497 --> 00:36:08,249
(upbeat music)
615
00:36:10,168 --> 00:36:11,461
‐ In just a matter of weeks,
616
00:36:11,544 --> 00:36:13,880
du Pont has changed over production lines
617
00:36:14,005 --> 00:36:15,632
and is cranking out explosives
618
00:36:15,715 --> 00:36:17,634
and shells for the war effort.
619
00:36:19,511 --> 00:36:22,263
‐ [Narrator] And then
there's another breakthrough.
620
00:36:22,347 --> 00:36:24,891
(engine revving)
621
00:36:25,016 --> 00:36:28,019
(suspenseful music)
622
00:36:29,813 --> 00:36:31,940
‐ Bill, should be ready any minute.
623
00:36:33,566 --> 00:36:37,529
(suspenseful music continues)
624
00:36:41,616 --> 00:36:43,702
‐ This better be worth the trip.
625
00:36:43,827 --> 00:36:44,827
‐ It will be.
626
00:36:50,250 --> 00:36:51,668
‐ What's taking so long?
627
00:36:51,793 --> 00:36:52,793
‐ Just a minute.
628
00:36:56,297 --> 00:36:59,551
(engine sputtering)
629
00:37:02,846 --> 00:37:04,490
‐ [Narrator] Even though Chrysler no longer
630
00:37:04,514 --> 00:37:06,516
has its founder,
631
00:37:06,641 --> 00:37:09,853
the company has figured
out how to make a tank.
632
00:37:09,978 --> 00:37:12,689
(engine roaring)
633
00:37:14,899 --> 00:37:17,485
‐ Knudsen turned to
Chrysler to build tanks,
634
00:37:17,569 --> 00:37:19,988
even though Chrysler
never built tanks before,
635
00:37:21,030 --> 00:37:23,616
almost no one had ever built tanks before.
636
00:37:23,700 --> 00:37:27,537
And Chrysler was known for
its manufacturing excellence
637
00:37:27,662 --> 00:37:29,748
and its engineering excellence.
638
00:37:30,540 --> 00:37:31,291
‐ [Announcer] Here in the world's
639
00:37:31,374 --> 00:37:32,751
first great tank arsenal,
640
00:37:32,876 --> 00:37:35,670
devoted entirely to the
mass production of the tank,
641
00:37:35,795 --> 00:37:38,089
we forge the armaments of victory.
642
00:37:39,883 --> 00:37:42,469
‐ [Narrator] Chrysler's new tank is the M3.
643
00:37:46,181 --> 00:37:48,016
‐ I'm upping the order.
644
00:37:48,141 --> 00:37:49,350
Get me 3000.
645
00:37:51,019 --> 00:37:52,019
‐ Done.
646
00:37:53,646 --> 00:37:57,025
(upbeat dramatic music)
647
00:38:01,279 --> 00:38:02,822
(metal grinds)
648
00:38:02,947 --> 00:38:04,783
‐ [Narrator] To build his ships faster,
649
00:38:04,866 --> 00:38:06,409
‐ We don't need to have a ceremony
650
00:38:06,534 --> 00:38:08,304
every time we're
launching a ship, we've got...
651
00:38:08,328 --> 00:38:11,331
‐ [Narrator] Kaiser has
workers going three shifts a day,
652
00:38:11,372 --> 00:38:12,791
‐ Do what you can.
653
00:38:13,875 --> 00:38:15,627
‐ [Narrator] seven days a week.
654
00:38:19,380 --> 00:38:21,549
By the fall of 1942,
655
00:38:21,674 --> 00:38:24,761
Henry Kaiser has not
only launched his first ship,
656
00:38:28,014 --> 00:38:29,390
but dozens more.
657
00:38:30,141 --> 00:38:33,520
(spirited upbeat music)
658
00:38:38,024 --> 00:38:41,486
Kaiser is a far cry from
the 500 he promised,
659
00:38:42,570 --> 00:38:45,657
but the nation can't wait any longer.
660
00:38:45,740 --> 00:38:49,160
(spirited upbeat music)
661
00:38:50,495 --> 00:38:53,665
Kaiser's ships are loaded
with Chrysler's tanks
662
00:38:53,790 --> 00:38:55,542
and du Pont's munitions.
663
00:38:56,668 --> 00:38:58,461
Along with thousands of soldiers
664
00:38:58,586 --> 00:39:00,630
who have been waiting for this moment
665
00:39:02,382 --> 00:39:04,801
to take the fight to Hitler.
666
00:39:04,884 --> 00:39:09,430
‐ The Americans in 1942,
wanted to invade Western Europe.
667
00:39:09,514 --> 00:39:12,225
Go into France and let's get it over with,
668
00:39:12,350 --> 00:39:14,435
but that wasn't feasible militarily
669
00:39:14,519 --> 00:39:17,689
so they compromised on North Africa.
670
00:39:18,982 --> 00:39:21,317
‐ The decision to invade North Africa
671
00:39:21,442 --> 00:39:25,738
is largely a matter of "Look
we just have to show the world
672
00:39:25,864 --> 00:39:28,116
that the United States is in this war."
673
00:39:29,701 --> 00:39:32,245
‐ [Narrator] The United
States is finally on the ground
674
00:39:32,370 --> 00:39:35,123
and ready to show the
Germans what they're made of.
675
00:39:39,127 --> 00:39:41,921
(birds chirping)
676
00:39:45,842 --> 00:39:47,594
‐ The President's waiting for you.
677
00:39:57,353 --> 00:39:58,730
‐ Glad you could join us.
678
00:40:00,648 --> 00:40:02,817
‐ We have a problem with the M3,
679
00:40:02,859 --> 00:40:04,611
they're a complete disaster.
680
00:40:09,657 --> 00:40:12,160
(suspenseful music)
681
00:40:12,243 --> 00:40:15,830
The 75 millimeter gun
must be forced into position
682
00:40:15,955 --> 00:40:17,707
and it's getting out maneuvered.
683
00:40:17,832 --> 00:40:19,542
(dramatic music) (gun fires)
684
00:40:19,626 --> 00:40:22,170
The height of the tank
leaves it vulnerable.
685
00:40:22,295 --> 00:40:24,464
(dramatic music)
686
00:40:24,547 --> 00:40:27,216
The armor is proving to be too thin.
687
00:40:27,342 --> 00:40:30,136
(dramatic music)
688
00:40:34,432 --> 00:40:38,853
‐ The M3 had very severe design defects.
689
00:40:38,978 --> 00:40:43,441
The main gun could be moved up and down,
690
00:40:43,524 --> 00:40:44,859
but not horizontally.
691
00:40:44,984 --> 00:40:47,904
So in order to aim at a moving target,
692
00:40:48,029 --> 00:40:50,657
you had to move the entire tank around.
693
00:40:51,449 --> 00:40:53,701
‐ It had a very tall silhouette.
694
00:40:53,826 --> 00:40:55,161
It was easy to hit.
695
00:40:55,286 --> 00:40:58,665
It was not that great off‐road
and it was a flawed vehicle.
696
00:40:59,999 --> 00:41:02,877
‐ [Narrator] The M3
was rushed into the field,
697
00:41:03,002 --> 00:41:04,796
but it wasn't ready for battle.
698
00:41:07,048 --> 00:41:09,634
‐ What Americans learned
in the North African campaign
699
00:41:09,759 --> 00:41:12,804
was that the Germans
were pretty tough customers.
700
00:41:14,347 --> 00:41:16,182
‐ [Narrator] The United States
701
00:41:16,307 --> 00:41:17,892
with all its industrial might,
702
00:41:18,851 --> 00:41:21,771
faces a German army that is far superior,
703
00:41:21,854 --> 00:41:24,649
better trained, and with better weapons.
704
00:41:24,774 --> 00:41:27,944
(suspenseful music)
705
00:41:33,741 --> 00:41:38,037
Knudsen realizes, even
with the titans doing their part,
706
00:41:38,162 --> 00:41:41,124
it will take something
bigger to win this war.
707
00:41:56,264 --> 00:41:58,975
(waves crashing)
708
00:42:09,819 --> 00:42:13,781
While the allies struggle in North Africa,
709
00:42:13,865 --> 00:42:16,701
Hitler brings terror to the seas.
710
00:42:16,826 --> 00:42:19,287
(sonar pings)
711
00:42:24,459 --> 00:42:27,628
(dramatic music)
712
00:42:27,712 --> 00:42:32,759
(torpedo explodes) (dramatic music)
713
00:42:33,384 --> 00:42:38,639
In 1942, U‐boats sink more
than 230 American vessels,
714
00:42:39,515 --> 00:42:41,893
over 10,000 souls lost.
715
00:42:43,019 --> 00:42:45,980
‐ When the U‐boats
popped up in these convoys
716
00:42:46,105 --> 00:42:50,902
largely made up of Liberty
ships, they were sitting ducks.
717
00:43:00,328 --> 00:43:02,371
‐ [Narrator] Hitler is
destroying Kaiser's ships
718
00:43:02,455 --> 00:43:05,458
and Chrysler's tanks faster
than they can build them.
719
00:43:06,793 --> 00:43:09,629
But Kaiser can't figure out
how to speed up production.
720
00:43:10,338 --> 00:43:13,174
(telephone rings)
721
00:43:14,717 --> 00:43:18,054
‐ Yeah. (suspenseful music)
722
00:43:19,514 --> 00:43:20,598
Yeah.
723
00:43:20,681 --> 00:43:21,933
Yeah. I did say that.
724
00:43:24,393 --> 00:43:28,689
Well we've had some uh,
material shortages and...
725
00:43:29,565 --> 00:43:32,276
(suspenseful music)
726
00:43:32,360 --> 00:43:33,945
No, I understand.
727
00:43:35,530 --> 00:43:36,948
Yeah, I will.
728
00:43:37,031 --> 00:43:38,783
‐ Okay. Thank you. ‐ [Kaiser] Yeah.
729
00:43:41,077 --> 00:43:42,262
‐ [Narrator] Knudsen has assembled
730
00:43:42,286 --> 00:43:44,288
the greatest industrial
leaders in the nation
731
00:43:44,372 --> 00:43:48,668
to build his war machine
but it's not working.
732
00:43:49,919 --> 00:43:52,046
Something is still missing.
733
00:43:53,464 --> 00:43:56,008
(dramatic music)
734
00:43:56,092 --> 00:44:01,222
‐ [Kaiser] Well we've had
some material shortages and...
735
00:44:01,889 --> 00:44:04,725
(suspenseful music)
736
00:44:15,862 --> 00:44:18,489
(phone clicks)
737
00:44:20,741 --> 00:44:22,994
‐ Knudsen had the idea to get companies
738
00:44:23,077 --> 00:44:24,912
that usually were at each other's throats
739
00:44:25,037 --> 00:44:27,999
to share plans, to share designs,
740
00:44:28,124 --> 00:44:30,042
to share intellectual property,
741
00:44:30,168 --> 00:44:33,337
in order to produce what was necessary
742
00:44:33,462 --> 00:44:35,631
in order to win this war.
743
00:44:35,715 --> 00:44:36,716
‐ Ford.
744
00:44:39,093 --> 00:44:42,180
‐ In many ways, when
there is a common threat,
745
00:44:42,305 --> 00:44:45,141
there is no choice but to act together.
746
00:44:45,224 --> 00:44:48,603
A crisis brings together
people in ways that
747
00:44:48,686 --> 00:44:51,314
you can't even imagine would be possible.
748
00:44:51,439 --> 00:44:54,275
(telephone rings)
749
00:44:56,819 --> 00:44:57,904
‐ It's Bill.
750
00:44:59,113 --> 00:45:01,199
Listen, change of plan.
751
00:45:03,242 --> 00:45:05,036
How soon can he get on a plane?
752
00:45:07,038 --> 00:45:08,164
Detroit.
753
00:45:08,289 --> 00:45:13,419
(plane engine roaring) (bright music)
754
00:45:23,179 --> 00:45:25,473
‐ [Narrator] Knudsen sends Kaiser to Ford,
755
00:45:26,849 --> 00:45:29,060
to learn the secret of mass production.
756
00:45:34,690 --> 00:45:37,944
(typewriter clicks)
757
00:45:45,660 --> 00:45:46,953
‐ Is that him? ‐ It is.
758
00:45:55,211 --> 00:45:56,295
‐ Are you coming?
759
00:45:58,631 --> 00:46:01,217
(upbeat music)
760
00:46:03,010 --> 00:46:05,930
(gears turning)
761
00:46:08,140 --> 00:46:09,934
So this is the pre‐production.
762
00:46:11,769 --> 00:46:13,020
Working on suspensions.
763
00:46:13,104 --> 00:46:15,940
‐ [Narrator] Ford gives
Kaiser unprecedented access
764
00:46:16,023 --> 00:46:17,233
to his operations
765
00:46:18,609 --> 00:46:21,988
where army Jeeps are now
assembled by the thousands.
766
00:46:24,031 --> 00:46:25,759
‐ So you make the
plates further up the line,
767
00:46:25,783 --> 00:46:27,326
and then you weld them here?
768
00:46:27,410 --> 00:46:28,410
‐ No, no, no.
769
00:46:28,494 --> 00:46:30,621
All the pieces are
made in factories offsite.
770
00:46:30,705 --> 00:46:32,057
All we do here is put them together
771
00:46:32,081 --> 00:46:34,041
and roll off the finished product.
772
00:46:35,334 --> 00:46:38,671
‐ [Narrator] For Kaiser, the
factory tour is a revelation.
773
00:46:40,673 --> 00:46:43,259
(upbeat music)
774
00:46:43,342 --> 00:46:46,887
Ford's secret to mass
production is prefabrication.
775
00:46:48,180 --> 00:46:50,641
Rather than build each car part‐by‐part,
776
00:46:50,766 --> 00:46:55,187
he pre‐assembles components
and then puts them together.
777
00:46:56,439 --> 00:46:59,358
‐ Kaiser never had any
kind of experience with
778
00:46:59,483 --> 00:47:02,111
or working in the automobile industry.
779
00:47:02,194 --> 00:47:05,323
He didn't know about how Henry Ford built
780
00:47:05,406 --> 00:47:07,616
assembly line production for automobiles.
781
00:47:08,743 --> 00:47:10,202
‐ Let me show you something else.
782
00:47:12,496 --> 00:47:15,124
(upbeat music)
783
00:47:16,292 --> 00:47:18,437
‐ [Narrator] Kaiser realizes
that what Ford had been doing
784
00:47:18,461 --> 00:47:22,340
with cars, can be translated to ships.
785
00:47:24,175 --> 00:47:26,802
‐ The big change that
Kaiser brought to shipbuilding
786
00:47:26,927 --> 00:47:29,555
was you could assemble all these parts,
787
00:47:29,680 --> 00:47:32,808
not just at the dock where
you're building the ship,
788
00:47:32,892 --> 00:47:34,185
but do it on land first
789
00:47:34,310 --> 00:47:39,357
and then move big sections
of the ship in, one by one,
790
00:47:40,358 --> 00:47:42,068
and then assembling them like big Lego.
791
00:47:43,778 --> 00:47:45,005
‐ [Narrator] From construction areas
792
00:47:45,029 --> 00:47:47,031
spread across the entire shipyard,
793
00:47:47,156 --> 00:47:49,116
prefabricated sections are hoisted
794
00:47:49,200 --> 00:47:51,327
by massive Worley cranes,
795
00:47:51,452 --> 00:47:56,123
running on railroad tracks
and able to spin 360 degrees.
796
00:47:57,208 --> 00:47:58,769
‐ Everything was
carefully marked, you know,
797
00:47:58,793 --> 00:48:00,419
tab A into slot A,
798
00:48:00,503 --> 00:48:02,671
and so it was simply a
question then of assembling,
799
00:48:02,797 --> 00:48:06,258
welding everything together
and moving onto the next stage.
800
00:48:07,510 --> 00:48:09,887
‐ [Narrator] Thanks in
part to Ford's insights,
801
00:48:10,012 --> 00:48:13,307
Kaiser can now build a
Liberty ship every month.
802
00:48:13,432 --> 00:48:16,268
And by operating a
total of seven shipyards,
803
00:48:16,352 --> 00:48:19,480
he's launching a ship
every two to three days.
804
00:48:20,689 --> 00:48:23,317
‐ You were able to get a
ship built and out onto the water
805
00:48:23,442 --> 00:48:26,904
in ways that no one who was
a conventional ship builder,
806
00:48:26,987 --> 00:48:28,823
could ever have imagined possible.
807
00:48:28,906 --> 00:48:31,575
(upbeat music)
808
00:48:34,120 --> 00:48:35,371
I think you can safely say,
809
00:48:35,496 --> 00:48:40,668
that Henry Kaiser was the
father of modern ship building.
810
00:48:41,168 --> 00:48:43,546
(dramatic music)
811
00:48:52,972 --> 00:48:54,116
‐ [Narrator] While Kaiser finds success
812
00:48:54,140 --> 00:48:55,641
with his Liberty ships,
813
00:48:55,766 --> 00:49:00,020
Chrysler has made significant
improvements to their tanks.
814
00:49:02,815 --> 00:49:08,320
‐ The M3 tank was discontinued,
and was replaced by the M4.
815
00:49:10,197 --> 00:49:13,325
‐ The M4 was easy to
produce, it wasn't very expensive,
816
00:49:13,409 --> 00:49:16,662
had a good gun to it,
initially, a 75 millimeter.
817
00:49:17,621 --> 00:49:20,166
‐ [Narrator] Weighing in at nearly 35 tons,
818
00:49:20,249 --> 00:49:22,710
it's a major improvement over the M3,
819
00:49:23,669 --> 00:49:27,256
but this big new tank requires
a much more powerful engine.
820
00:49:28,424 --> 00:49:32,303
‐ [Knudsen] So effectively
it's five, six cylinder engines
821
00:49:32,386 --> 00:49:34,305
arranged around a central shaft?
822
00:49:34,430 --> 00:49:35,723
‐ [Engineer] Correct, sir.
823
00:49:37,224 --> 00:49:38,476
‐ No, it's too big.
824
00:49:39,268 --> 00:49:41,395
Where are all the crew gonna go?
825
00:49:41,520 --> 00:49:43,314
I mean if we can't fit a five man crew
826
00:49:43,439 --> 00:49:46,317
and enough munitions
inside then what is the point?
827
00:49:46,400 --> 00:49:49,487
‐ Chrysler's engineers
took an existing motor,
828
00:49:49,570 --> 00:49:52,156
that Chrysler had used in its automobiles,
829
00:49:52,281 --> 00:49:55,910
and they devised a way
of arranging five of those
830
00:49:56,035 --> 00:49:57,328
around in a circle.
831
00:49:57,411 --> 00:49:59,955
And that's why it got the
name the quint‐engine
832
00:50:00,039 --> 00:50:01,207
or the egg‐beater.
833
00:50:05,127 --> 00:50:07,296
‐ [Narrator] Knudsen
needs to find a smaller engine
834
00:50:07,338 --> 00:50:10,382
that's still robust enough to power the M4.
835
00:50:14,011 --> 00:50:19,099
(anticipatory music) (paper crunches)
836
00:50:23,187 --> 00:50:26,065
(telephone dial turns)
837
00:50:26,190 --> 00:50:29,151
‐ Hello. I'd like to speak to Mr. Ford,
838
00:50:30,569 --> 00:50:31,695
Mr. Henry Ford.
839
00:50:31,820 --> 00:50:34,406
(gentle music)
840
00:50:38,452 --> 00:50:39,452
‐ So, V8?
841
00:50:40,538 --> 00:50:41,538
Right?
842
00:50:42,206 --> 00:50:43,415
Who's it for?
843
00:50:46,168 --> 00:50:47,378
Who did you say?
844
00:50:50,381 --> 00:50:51,983
‐ [Narrator] Giving advice to a shipbuilder
845
00:50:52,007 --> 00:50:53,717
like Kaiser is one thing,
846
00:50:53,842 --> 00:50:56,720
but sharing trade secrets,
like engine designs,
847
00:50:56,845 --> 00:51:00,266
with a rival automaker,
is completely different.
848
00:51:01,725 --> 00:51:03,978
‐ Sometimes when we work with others,
849
00:51:04,103 --> 00:51:06,897
even people we think we intensely dislike,
850
00:51:06,981 --> 00:51:09,650
and these titans intensely
disliked each other,
851
00:51:09,733 --> 00:51:11,652
when we can somehow set that aside
852
00:51:11,735 --> 00:51:14,154
for a purpose larger than themselves,
853
00:51:14,238 --> 00:51:17,116
truly great things can happen.
854
00:51:17,199 --> 00:51:20,202
(dramatic music)
855
00:51:22,705 --> 00:51:25,457
(wood creaking)
856
00:51:30,504 --> 00:51:33,257
‐ [Narrator] Ford agrees
to give Chrysler the designs
857
00:51:33,340 --> 00:51:35,593
for his 500 horsepower V8.
858
00:51:36,760 --> 00:51:37,760
‐ Okay.
859
00:51:41,015 --> 00:51:44,184
‐ [Narrator] One of the most
powerful engines ever built.
860
00:51:45,144 --> 00:51:47,146
‐ It's a great example how companies
861
00:51:47,229 --> 00:51:50,316
who once were competitors worked together
862
00:51:50,441 --> 00:51:52,860
to help us save the
United States of America.
863
00:51:54,069 --> 00:51:56,989
You know, and that's one
of the beauties of this nation.
864
00:51:58,198 --> 00:52:01,243
‐ [Narrator] The M4 will be
better known by its nickname,
865
00:52:01,368 --> 00:52:02,620
the Sherman tank.
866
00:52:04,663 --> 00:52:07,499
Now 400 Shermans are quickly assembled
867
00:52:07,583 --> 00:52:09,209
and sent to North Africa.
868
00:52:10,711 --> 00:52:13,922
The allies now, have a
formidable new weapon,
869
00:52:14,006 --> 00:52:15,633
in the fight against Hitler.
870
00:52:21,805 --> 00:52:26,310
(ominous music)
871
00:52:26,435 --> 00:52:30,397
(dramatic orchestral music)
872
00:52:30,522 --> 00:52:31,750
‐ [Newsreel Reporter] After early defeat,
873
00:52:31,774 --> 00:52:34,193
America's back in the
fight in North Africa.
874
00:52:34,318 --> 00:52:36,278
And they've got the Nazis on the run.
875
00:52:36,362 --> 00:52:38,364
‐ Most heartening of all is the news
876
00:52:38,489 --> 00:52:40,491
from Egypt and North Africa.
877
00:52:40,574 --> 00:52:43,494
Some of them Nazis beaten
off in their first real battle
878
00:52:43,577 --> 00:52:45,579
with American troops, surrender.
879
00:52:45,704 --> 00:52:47,515
‐ [Announcer 3] The
Yank tracer bullets go up,
880
00:52:47,539 --> 00:52:49,291
and Nazi planes come down.
881
00:52:49,375 --> 00:52:50,834
(dramatic music)
882
00:52:50,959 --> 00:52:53,295
‐ [Newsreel Announcer 2]
First blow falls on the Japanese,
883
00:52:53,420 --> 00:52:55,339
in the strategically
important Solomon Islands,
884
00:52:55,464 --> 00:52:57,383
in the South Pacific.
885
00:52:58,300 --> 00:52:59,635
Here for the first time,
886
00:52:59,677 --> 00:53:02,429
the weight of of American
production makes itself felt.
887
00:53:03,305 --> 00:53:06,266
(cannon explosions)
888
00:53:07,768 --> 00:53:09,079
‐ [Narrator] A little more than a year
889
00:53:09,103 --> 00:53:11,313
after the US joins the war,
890
00:53:13,357 --> 00:53:15,901
there is finally some positive news,
891
00:53:16,026 --> 00:53:19,154
as America's military
gets stronger by the day.
892
00:53:19,238 --> 00:53:21,865
(upbeat music)
893
00:53:23,367 --> 00:53:27,246
At home, it seems like
everyone has the same goal,
894
00:53:27,371 --> 00:53:30,457
to build the greatest
war machine in history.
895
00:53:31,667 --> 00:53:33,502
‐ It's true the borrowing is unprecedented,
896
00:53:33,627 --> 00:53:34,837
but I wouldn't worry.
897
00:53:34,962 --> 00:53:37,673
Massive spending will
stimulate the economy.
898
00:53:37,798 --> 00:53:40,342
So by the end of the war, economic growth
899
00:53:40,467 --> 00:53:44,054
together with inflation will
all but wipe out the debt.
900
00:53:45,013 --> 00:53:47,766
‐ [Narrator] Morgan now
holds weekly meetings with FDR,
901
00:53:47,850 --> 00:53:50,978
to make sure the war
gets the financing it needs.
902
00:53:54,356 --> 00:53:55,482
‐ This is very good.
903
00:53:56,525 --> 00:53:57,836
‐ One of the most surprising elements
904
00:53:57,860 --> 00:54:00,112
of the whole story of World War II,
905
00:54:00,195 --> 00:54:02,614
was the degree to which these rivals
906
00:54:02,698 --> 00:54:04,491
successfully came together
907
00:54:04,575 --> 00:54:06,535
to build the arsenal of democracy.
908
00:54:06,660 --> 00:54:08,996
‐ Right, that's good
in theory but in practice
909
00:54:09,079 --> 00:54:11,540
just one bottleneck will halt
the whole production line.
910
00:54:11,665 --> 00:54:12,665
‐ [du Pont] I understand.
911
00:54:13,959 --> 00:54:17,755
So what if we pre‐assemble
parts in different factories?
912
00:54:18,505 --> 00:54:19,757
Do you think that would help?
913
00:54:19,840 --> 00:54:21,200
‐ They were rivals before the war,
914
00:54:21,300 --> 00:54:22,801
now they're working together.
915
00:54:22,926 --> 00:54:25,046
There was a writer at the
time who said it was almost
916
00:54:25,095 --> 00:54:28,348
as if players of the New York
Yankees took a few days off
917
00:54:28,474 --> 00:54:31,059
to win some games for the Dodgers.
918
00:54:31,185 --> 00:54:32,412
‐ [Announcer] American industry
919
00:54:32,436 --> 00:54:34,646
has met the challenge of war.
920
00:54:34,730 --> 00:54:36,732
In hundreds of peaceful towns,
921
00:54:36,857 --> 00:54:38,650
thousands of small industries were fitted
922
00:54:38,734 --> 00:54:40,819
into the national war production plan.
923
00:54:40,944 --> 00:54:43,947
(suspenseful music)
924
00:54:44,907 --> 00:54:47,159
‐ [Narrator] Now nearly
every factory in the country
925
00:54:47,201 --> 00:54:51,663
has become part of one
giant, coordinated war machine.
926
00:54:51,747 --> 00:54:53,499
‐ The way these companies came together
927
00:54:53,582 --> 00:54:56,627
in our country's time of
need was extraordinary.
928
00:54:56,710 --> 00:54:58,587
They put their business competitiveness
929
00:54:58,670 --> 00:55:00,297
and their own needs aside,
930
00:55:00,339 --> 00:55:03,300
and said we've gotta
step up for our country.
931
00:55:03,383 --> 00:55:06,386
‐ Companies big and
small all over the country
932
00:55:06,512 --> 00:55:08,472
were doing things that none of those people
933
00:55:08,597 --> 00:55:09,783
who worked at those companies,
934
00:55:09,807 --> 00:55:11,809
ever dreamed would be possible.
935
00:55:11,892 --> 00:55:13,393
General Electric was building
936
00:55:13,519 --> 00:55:16,355
30,000 horsepower naval turbines.
937
00:55:16,480 --> 00:55:18,899
Westinghouse Electric was
building radar equipment.
938
00:55:19,024 --> 00:55:21,193
The Kleenex tissue company was building
939
00:55:21,318 --> 00:55:23,237
50 caliber machine gun mounts.
940
00:55:23,362 --> 00:55:25,113
(dramatic music)
941
00:55:25,197 --> 00:55:27,699
‐ [Narrator] FDR even
embarks on a secret tour
942
00:55:27,783 --> 00:55:30,577
to see the military production firsthand.
943
00:55:31,495 --> 00:55:34,540
He visits Henry Kaiser's shipyards,
944
00:55:34,665 --> 00:55:37,835
and gets a close up look
at Chrysler's Sherman tank.
945
00:55:38,669 --> 00:55:40,170
(gentle apprehensive music)
946
00:55:40,295 --> 00:55:44,299
But when he checks on the
progress of Ford's B24 bombers,
947
00:55:44,383 --> 00:55:46,093
the news isn't good.
948
00:55:47,135 --> 00:55:48,345
‐ At the time,
949
00:55:48,470 --> 00:55:51,807
Willow Run was not
living up to its objectives.
950
00:55:51,932 --> 00:55:55,435
Only one bomber ship had been built
951
00:55:55,519 --> 00:55:57,229
at the time of FDR's visit.
952
00:55:57,354 --> 00:55:58,605
This was a disaster.
953
00:56:02,109 --> 00:56:04,987
‐ We can redesign
it with a single tail fin.
954
00:56:05,070 --> 00:56:08,615
(tense suspenseful music)
955
00:56:09,533 --> 00:56:11,493
Hold on, we, we've discussed this.
956
00:56:16,206 --> 00:56:17,749
Yeah, but that won't fix it.
957
00:56:19,668 --> 00:56:21,795
Look, I understand what you're asking,
958
00:56:21,920 --> 00:56:24,131
but we're talking about two different...
959
00:56:26,174 --> 00:56:27,174
I don't.
960
00:56:28,844 --> 00:56:29,844
Hold on.
961
00:56:32,681 --> 00:56:34,892
Military is still trying to make changes.
962
00:56:39,271 --> 00:56:42,190
Understood. We'll talk later.
963
00:56:42,316 --> 00:56:45,736
(gentle brooding music)
964
00:56:49,865 --> 00:56:51,700
I wanna show you something.
965
00:56:51,825 --> 00:56:55,203
(upbeat dramatic music)
966
00:57:06,089 --> 00:57:08,508
‐ Willow Run was falling desperately behind
967
00:57:09,676 --> 00:57:11,345
and one of the ways that Edsel Ford
968
00:57:11,470 --> 00:57:12,804
managed to fix this problem
969
00:57:12,846 --> 00:57:15,766
was to come up with something
called modification centers,
970
00:57:15,849 --> 00:57:17,809
where changes could be made.
971
00:57:20,854 --> 00:57:25,567
‐ We manufacturer one standard model, one.
972
00:57:25,651 --> 00:57:26,794
As soon as they roll out the door,
973
00:57:26,818 --> 00:57:28,362
they fly off to a modification center
974
00:57:28,487 --> 00:57:32,574
and this will save time.
975
00:57:33,408 --> 00:57:35,035
That's what I'm telling you.
976
00:57:35,160 --> 00:57:37,245
(bright music)
977
00:57:37,371 --> 00:57:38,371
Sounds good?
978
00:57:42,834 --> 00:57:46,213
‐ Every time the military
ordered a new design tweak
979
00:57:46,338 --> 00:57:48,256
or a new change to the aircraft,
980
00:57:48,340 --> 00:57:52,010
the modification center would
handle that particular change,
981
00:57:52,135 --> 00:57:55,555
without having to retool
the entire assembly line.
982
00:57:58,433 --> 00:57:59,433
‐ Come on.
983
00:58:01,687 --> 00:58:02,729
This should be it.
984
00:58:04,356 --> 00:58:08,151
(airplane engine turning over)
985
00:58:08,235 --> 00:58:11,446
‐ [Narrator] Modification
centers are a game changer.
986
00:58:11,530 --> 00:58:14,866
(gentle upbeat music)
987
00:58:18,036 --> 00:58:19,663
By early 1943,
988
00:58:19,788 --> 00:58:24,001
Willow Run is cranking
out B‐24s at record speed.
989
00:58:26,169 --> 00:58:28,922
‐ These planes are coming
out of the factory so fast
990
00:58:29,006 --> 00:58:31,091
that the test pilots, their test flight
991
00:58:31,174 --> 00:58:33,677
was actually to be
delivering it to the military.
992
00:58:33,802 --> 00:58:35,220
And it was really Ford's effort
993
00:58:35,345 --> 00:58:38,223
I think that made the
B‐24 what it still is today,
994
00:58:38,348 --> 00:58:42,019
which is the most mass‐produced
American military aircraft
995
00:58:42,102 --> 00:58:46,398
of all time. (plane engine roaring)
996
00:58:46,523 --> 00:58:49,776
(gentle piano music)
997
00:58:56,825 --> 00:59:00,912
(gentle piano music continues)
998
00:59:07,669 --> 00:59:08,669
‐ Good work.
999
00:59:12,215 --> 00:59:13,215
Good.
1000
00:59:28,231 --> 00:59:29,357
(tense music playing)
1001
00:59:33,945 --> 00:59:35,906
‐ [Narrator] Edsel Ford
has finally figured out
1002
00:59:35,989 --> 00:59:38,700
how to do something that's
never been done before;
1003
00:59:40,702 --> 00:59:42,370
Mass Produce Bombers
1004
00:59:46,124 --> 00:59:48,210
But now, he has a new problem.
1005
00:59:49,961 --> 00:59:51,797
‐ We are moving as fast as we can.
1006
00:59:54,007 --> 00:59:55,007
I know.
1007
00:59:55,967 --> 00:59:58,887
‐ Edsel Ford realized that the labor force
1008
00:59:58,970 --> 01:00:00,514
was gonna be a major issue.
1009
01:00:00,639 --> 01:00:02,140
When Willow Run was conceived,
1010
01:00:02,265 --> 01:00:03,892
it was thought that a hundred thousand
1011
01:00:04,017 --> 01:00:05,560
people were going to work there.
1012
01:00:05,644 --> 01:00:09,231
But so many young men were
being drafted into the military.
1013
01:00:11,066 --> 01:00:12,734
‐ [Narrator] Every factory in America
1014
01:00:12,859 --> 01:00:14,861
faces the same challenge.
1015
01:00:15,987 --> 01:00:18,740
But then, a surprising
group comes to the rescue.
1016
01:00:20,158 --> 01:00:20,909
Women.
1017
01:00:20,992 --> 01:00:22,494
(bright upbeat music)
1018
01:00:22,577 --> 01:00:23,971
‐ Before that of course, there were
1019
01:00:23,995 --> 01:00:26,123
acceptable professions for women.
1020
01:00:26,206 --> 01:00:28,416
We could be teachers or we could be nurses.
1021
01:00:28,542 --> 01:00:32,796
Although the most important
one was mother and wife.
1022
01:00:32,921 --> 01:00:35,048
Then you get to World War II.
1023
01:00:35,173 --> 01:00:38,718
And for the first time, we
are needed in factories.
1024
01:00:39,761 --> 01:00:43,473
‐ And so women came out in droves
1025
01:00:43,557 --> 01:00:46,852
to work in those factories and said
1026
01:00:46,977 --> 01:00:51,439
we want a chance to
demonstrate what we can do.
1027
01:00:55,861 --> 01:00:58,989
‐ [Narrator] 19 million
women take jobs in factories,
1028
01:00:59,072 --> 01:01:01,783
shipyards and military bases.
1029
01:01:02,868 --> 01:01:06,454
Making up nearly 40% of the US workforce.
1030
01:01:08,790 --> 01:01:10,959
One of Willow Runs Factory hands will go
1031
01:01:11,001 --> 01:01:12,878
on to inspire the nation.
1032
01:01:14,004 --> 01:01:17,048
Her name is Rose Will Monroe.
1033
01:01:18,300 --> 01:01:21,428
But she'll become
immortalized with another name.
1034
01:01:22,721 --> 01:01:25,974
‐ Rosie the Riveter was
actually a real woman
1035
01:01:26,099 --> 01:01:29,144
who moved to Willow Run from Kentucky
1036
01:01:29,186 --> 01:01:32,230
and they were first going
to give her a secretary's job
1037
01:01:32,314 --> 01:01:34,858
but she figured out
that if she was a riveter
1038
01:01:34,941 --> 01:01:36,276
she'd make twice as much money.
1039
01:01:36,359 --> 01:01:37,986
They asked her if she had experienced
1040
01:01:38,111 --> 01:01:40,697
and she said, yes, she lied, she didn't.
1041
01:01:40,822 --> 01:01:43,074
But she got a job as a riveter.
1042
01:01:44,367 --> 01:01:46,220
‐ [Narrator] Rose becomes
part of a government campaign
1043
01:01:46,244 --> 01:01:50,498
to boost morale and turns in to an icon.
1044
01:01:52,125 --> 01:01:53,835
‐ Rosie the Riveter mattered so much
1045
01:01:53,960 --> 01:01:55,545
at that point in history.
1046
01:01:55,670 --> 01:01:57,380
She was in a man's world.
1047
01:01:57,464 --> 01:02:00,425
It took away this brand that
we could only be the woman
1048
01:02:00,508 --> 01:02:02,844
behind the man or the damsel in distress.
1049
01:02:02,969 --> 01:02:05,472
She could survive and
thrive in a man's world.
1050
01:02:11,186 --> 01:02:13,772
‐ [Narrator] Out west,
groundbreaking changes
1051
01:02:13,855 --> 01:02:17,025
are also taking place at Kaiser Shipyards.
1052
01:02:17,150 --> 01:02:18,485
(serene music playing)
1053
01:02:18,526 --> 01:02:21,947
‐ Kaiser had absolutely no
sense that there was a need
1054
01:02:22,030 --> 01:02:24,032
to discriminate in the
jobs that men could do
1055
01:02:24,157 --> 01:02:28,662
and women can do or
African‐Americans as well.
1056
01:02:28,703 --> 01:02:29,972
And when you look at, for example
1057
01:02:29,996 --> 01:02:33,667
photographs of shipyard
teams working together,
1058
01:02:33,792 --> 01:02:36,920
what you see is a diversity of Americans
1059
01:02:37,003 --> 01:02:39,256
which is really extraordinary at the time.
1060
01:02:41,341 --> 01:02:43,051
‐ There extremely limited opportunities
1061
01:02:43,134 --> 01:02:45,512
for African‐Americans
to have prominent roles
1062
01:02:45,595 --> 01:02:46,972
during the second world war.
1063
01:02:47,055 --> 01:02:49,307
They also are fighting two wars.
1064
01:02:49,391 --> 01:02:52,060
The war to support the effort
against what's happening
1065
01:02:52,143 --> 01:02:55,355
in Europe, and the
struggle for quality home.
1066
01:02:55,438 --> 01:02:57,983
But African‐American labor is essential
1067
01:02:58,024 --> 01:03:01,403
in helping to build the
arsenal of democracy.
1068
01:03:01,528 --> 01:03:04,572
(tense music playing)
1069
01:03:06,032 --> 01:03:07,218
‐ [Narrator] Now with America's factories
1070
01:03:07,242 --> 01:03:10,203
at peak production, FDR can finally
1071
01:03:10,287 --> 01:03:12,580
make plans for what's next.
1072
01:03:13,498 --> 01:03:15,333
‐ What Roosevelt realized right away,
1073
01:03:15,417 --> 01:03:18,003
is that the United States
is at war in two theaters.
1074
01:03:18,128 --> 01:03:20,505
In the Pacific and in the Atlantic.
1075
01:03:20,630 --> 01:03:22,132
And the Atlantic theater Europe
1076
01:03:22,257 --> 01:03:25,010
is the one that takes
precedence in his mind.
1077
01:03:26,011 --> 01:03:28,722
All the why Americans were thinking,
1078
01:03:28,847 --> 01:03:31,808
okay, we're going to invade France one day,
1079
01:03:31,850 --> 01:03:35,562
to prepare for the kind of
final blow against Germany.
1080
01:03:37,188 --> 01:03:40,483
‐ The amount of things,
armaments that we would need
1081
01:03:40,608 --> 01:03:43,486
was staggering, 5,000 ships,
1082
01:03:43,570 --> 01:03:47,157
thousands and thousands
of bombers and tanks
1083
01:03:47,198 --> 01:03:49,326
and the country leaned into it.
1084
01:03:52,996 --> 01:03:54,223
‐ [Narrator] But as American industries
1085
01:03:54,247 --> 01:03:57,876
race towards invasion,
(plane engine roaring)
1086
01:03:57,959 --> 01:04:01,046
allied intelligence learns alarming news.
1087
01:04:02,589 --> 01:04:06,968
Hitler is secretly developing
a devastating new weapon.
1088
01:04:07,052 --> 01:04:09,304
One that could instantly end the war,
1089
01:04:09,387 --> 01:04:11,931
(bomb explosion) the atomic bomb.
1090
01:04:14,184 --> 01:04:18,104
And FDR must once again, turn to du Pont.
1091
01:04:31,368 --> 01:04:35,538
(car engine revving) (ominous music)
1092
01:05:01,523 --> 01:05:04,526
(footsteps clacking)
1093
01:05:12,325 --> 01:05:14,035
‐ [Soldier] Haigerloch, Germany.
1094
01:05:15,912 --> 01:05:18,039
This could be the site of the laboratory.
1095
01:05:20,208 --> 01:05:23,253
We're waiting for intelligence
confirmation on that.
1096
01:05:24,462 --> 01:05:27,424
Our field agent reports that this man
1097
01:05:28,508 --> 01:05:31,302
is a regular visitor, Heisenberg.
1098
01:05:34,514 --> 01:05:35,640
(serene music)
1099
01:05:35,682 --> 01:05:38,977
Our understanding is
that he has been working
1100
01:05:39,060 --> 01:05:41,646
with Germans for the last two months.
1101
01:05:41,688 --> 01:05:47,068
Designing what we
believe is a nuclear device.
1102
01:05:51,531 --> 01:05:53,658
‐ [Showden] At the time
there was research happening
1103
01:05:53,741 --> 01:05:55,201
around nuclear fission.
1104
01:05:56,369 --> 01:06:01,124
‐ [Soldier] Uranverein
translates as Uranium Club.
1105
01:06:01,708 --> 01:06:07,005
‐ This emerging technology
could result in a bomb
1106
01:06:07,130 --> 01:06:10,717
of the size and scale
that we had never seen.
1107
01:06:10,842 --> 01:06:14,512
‐ Their goal is to create
a sustained nuclear chain
1108
01:06:14,637 --> 01:06:17,640
reaction capable of
delivering a large impact.
1109
01:06:17,682 --> 01:06:20,894
‐ There was a serious
fear that Nazi Germany
1110
01:06:21,019 --> 01:06:23,229
would acquire this weapons technology
1111
01:06:23,354 --> 01:06:24,439
before the United States.
1112
01:06:24,522 --> 01:06:26,900
And that all bets would be off.
1113
01:06:27,025 --> 01:06:29,777
‐ So far, they haven't succeeded,
1114
01:06:30,528 --> 01:06:34,532
but it's only a matter of time.
1115
01:06:37,785 --> 01:06:42,207
‐ Whoever figured this out
first was gonna win the war.
1116
01:06:42,332 --> 01:06:45,502
(tense music playing)
1117
01:07:00,350 --> 01:07:03,520
‐ [Narrator] Code named
the Manhattan Project.
1118
01:07:03,645 --> 01:07:06,439
America's attempt to build an atomic bomb
1119
01:07:07,524 --> 01:07:11,319
is led by theoretical
physicist, Robert Oppenheimer.
1120
01:07:13,821 --> 01:07:16,282
Oppenheimer has figured out the science
1121
01:07:16,366 --> 01:07:18,451
but now he needs the fuel.
1122
01:07:21,037 --> 01:07:22,956
Du Pont is being asked to do something
1123
01:07:23,039 --> 01:07:24,749
that's never been done before.
1124
01:07:26,668 --> 01:07:30,588
Build a nuclear reactor
to produce plutonium.
1125
01:07:32,048 --> 01:07:34,342
‐ Nobody even really knew what that meant,
1126
01:07:34,425 --> 01:07:36,928
but what the government saw was that
1127
01:07:37,011 --> 01:07:39,681
the DuPont company was
extraordinarily well managed.
1128
01:07:39,806 --> 01:07:43,476
And if anybody could figure this out,
1129
01:07:44,310 --> 01:07:46,312
it was going to be DuPont.
1130
01:07:47,647 --> 01:07:49,107
‐ [Narrator] After working so hard
1131
01:07:49,190 --> 01:07:51,192
to leave munitions behind,
1132
01:07:52,235 --> 01:07:53,820
du Pont now holds in his hands' plans
1133
01:07:53,903 --> 01:07:57,365
for the most destructive weapon on earth.
1134
01:08:00,702 --> 01:08:03,246
(serene music)
1135
01:08:05,373 --> 01:08:07,709
(car engine roars)
1136
01:08:07,834 --> 01:08:10,461
As du Pont tackles an impossible task,
1137
01:08:11,796 --> 01:08:14,632
he finds out some devastating news.
1138
01:08:16,843 --> 01:08:19,637
(birds chirping)
1139
01:08:21,055 --> 01:08:22,055
(door knocking)
1140
01:08:22,140 --> 01:08:24,767
‐ Mr. Morgan, Mr. Morgan.
1141
01:08:27,353 --> 01:08:30,523
(door creaks open)
1142
01:08:37,238 --> 01:08:40,283
(curtain rattling)
1143
01:08:41,326 --> 01:08:42,326
Mr. Morgan.
1144
01:08:45,913 --> 01:08:49,334
(solemn music plays)
1145
01:08:49,459 --> 01:08:54,297
‐ [Narrator] In the spring
of 1943, JP Morgan Jr.
1146
01:08:54,422 --> 01:08:56,674
Dies in his sleep from a stroke.
1147
01:08:59,510 --> 01:09:01,471
Word of Morgan's death is withheld
1148
01:09:01,512 --> 01:09:04,223
until after the stock market closes.
1149
01:09:04,349 --> 01:09:07,935
So as not to cause a crash in share prices.
1150
01:09:08,019 --> 01:09:10,146
(dramatic music playing)
1151
01:09:10,229 --> 01:09:12,148
Morgan's influence could be felt in
1152
01:09:12,273 --> 01:09:14,734
every corner of American society.
1153
01:09:15,860 --> 01:09:19,614
He bankrolled the country's
largest industry, cars.
1154
01:09:20,615 --> 01:09:23,076
Fueled the wild spending
of the roaring twenties
1155
01:09:24,035 --> 01:09:28,373
and then was targeted
when the depression hit.
1156
01:09:28,498 --> 01:09:29,850
‐ Are you familiar with defense bonds?
1157
01:09:29,874 --> 01:09:31,709
‐ [Narrator] But in the
end, Morgan was able
1158
01:09:31,834 --> 01:09:34,504
to do something good for the country.
1159
01:09:34,629 --> 01:09:38,591
And now his banking empire continues on.
1160
01:09:38,675 --> 01:09:42,345
‐ The legacy at JP Morgan
Jr, is JP Morgan chase today.
1161
01:09:42,470 --> 01:09:44,389
Back then it was only a
couple hundred people.
1162
01:09:44,514 --> 01:09:45,765
It was a smaller institution,
1163
01:09:45,848 --> 01:09:48,101
is now basically two or three thousand
1164
01:09:48,184 --> 01:09:49,394
companies a part of it.
1165
01:09:49,477 --> 01:09:50,996
So it's quite the company they started.
1166
01:09:51,020 --> 01:09:53,856
They'd be, hopefully,
they'd be very proud of it.
1167
01:09:56,484 --> 01:09:58,528
‐ [Narrator] Then just two months later,
1168
01:09:58,611 --> 01:10:01,280
another Titan dies.
1169
01:10:01,656 --> 01:10:05,034
(solemn music playing)
1170
01:10:15,712 --> 01:10:18,589
Henry Ford's only son, Edsel.
1171
01:10:23,469 --> 01:10:26,305
In order to concentrate
on his bomber factory,
1172
01:10:26,389 --> 01:10:28,433
Edsel didn't tell his family that he's been
1173
01:10:28,516 --> 01:10:31,644
suffering from stomach
cancer for over a year.
1174
01:10:35,022 --> 01:10:37,900
‐ Henry was heartbroken by Edsel's death.
1175
01:10:39,193 --> 01:10:40,593
He would talk about how he had this
1176
01:10:40,695 --> 01:10:43,072
lump in his throat that couldn't go away.
1177
01:10:47,577 --> 01:10:48,327
‐ [Edsel] Get your coat,
1178
01:10:48,453 --> 01:10:49,912
I want to take you somewhere.
1179
01:10:51,414 --> 01:10:56,377
‐ We should get into
this. (plane engine roaring)
1180
01:11:12,268 --> 01:11:16,063
(tense upbeat music playing)
1181
01:11:20,735 --> 01:11:22,403
‐ [Narrator] Edsel may be gone,
1182
01:11:23,946 --> 01:11:26,574
but he leaves behind
his greatest achievement.
1183
01:11:30,077 --> 01:11:34,457
His factory is now rolling
out a new bomber every hour.
1184
01:11:37,668 --> 01:11:41,756
B‐24s leave Willow Run by the thousands,
1185
01:11:41,839 --> 01:11:44,884
heading directly for Europe to take part
1186
01:11:45,009 --> 01:11:49,972
in the biggest invasion the
world has ever seen, D‐Day.
1187
01:11:56,854 --> 01:11:58,898
(radio static)
1188
01:11:59,023 --> 01:12:00,417
‐ [Announcer] Ladies and gentlemen,
1189
01:12:00,441 --> 01:12:02,610
The President of the United States.
1190
01:12:03,861 --> 01:12:06,823
‐ [FDR] My fellow Americans last night,
1191
01:12:06,948 --> 01:12:11,869
when I spoke with you
I knew at that moment,
1192
01:12:12,787 --> 01:12:14,580
the troops of the United States
1193
01:12:14,705 --> 01:12:17,500
and our allies were crossing the channel.
1194
01:12:18,376 --> 01:12:20,127
In this poignant hour,
1195
01:12:21,921 --> 01:12:25,466
I asked you to join with me in prayer.
1196
01:12:28,261 --> 01:12:31,138
(tense music playing)
1197
01:12:31,264 --> 01:12:36,602
Our Mighty God, our
son's pride of our Nation,
1198
01:12:37,812 --> 01:12:41,023
this day have set upon a mighty endeavor,
1199
01:12:42,024 --> 01:12:44,485
a struggle to preserve our republic,
1200
01:12:45,444 --> 01:12:48,197
our religion, and our civilization,
1201
01:12:49,991 --> 01:12:52,910
and to set free a suffering humanity.
1202
01:13:11,804 --> 01:13:15,182
(plane engine roaring)
1203
01:13:17,351 --> 01:13:20,062
(bomb exploding)
1204
01:13:23,357 --> 01:13:27,737
‐ Allied invasion of
Europe D‐Day as they call it,
1205
01:13:27,820 --> 01:13:31,073
was the biggest amphibious
operation in history.
1206
01:13:32,158 --> 01:13:36,329
5,000 ships, thousands and thousands of men
1207
01:13:36,412 --> 01:13:41,584
from landing craft and then
the paratroopers then bombers.
1208
01:13:42,168 --> 01:13:44,795
Logistics, that it's hard to describe.
1209
01:13:49,508 --> 01:13:52,303
But then you bring it down to the soldier.
1210
01:13:52,386 --> 01:13:54,013
(bomb explodes)
1211
01:13:54,138 --> 01:13:56,807
The people landing on any of the beaches
1212
01:13:56,933 --> 01:13:58,517
in the first waves that morning
1213
01:13:58,643 --> 01:14:02,146
we're going into this
incredibly difficult fight.
1214
01:14:02,229 --> 01:14:05,983
(gunshots and bombs blaring)
1215
01:14:10,863 --> 01:14:11,924
(bright soft music playing)
1216
01:14:11,948 --> 01:14:13,950
‐ [Narrator] The invasion succeeds.
1217
01:14:14,033 --> 01:14:18,454
Thanks in part to Kaiser's
Ships, Chrysler's tanks
1218
01:14:18,537 --> 01:14:21,999
Ford's bombers, and du Pont's firepower.
1219
01:14:23,668 --> 01:14:28,047
The allies have a small
toehold into Hitler's Europe,
1220
01:14:28,172 --> 01:14:29,090
(tense music)
1221
01:14:29,173 --> 01:14:32,510
which allows a vast unbroken supply line
1222
01:14:32,635 --> 01:14:35,930
between American Factories and the Front.
1223
01:14:36,013 --> 01:14:38,891
‐ The war really did ultimately become
1224
01:14:38,975 --> 01:14:41,060
a contest of mass production.
1225
01:14:41,185 --> 01:14:44,772
The speed with which
each side can build tanks,
1226
01:14:44,855 --> 01:14:46,899
airplanes and hurl them into war.
1227
01:14:50,653 --> 01:14:54,198
‐ We were very slow to be mechanized.
1228
01:14:54,323 --> 01:14:57,034
And then we exploded.
1229
01:14:57,994 --> 01:14:59,429
There was no one who could make more
1230
01:14:59,453 --> 01:15:01,872
planes and ships than we could.
1231
01:15:01,998 --> 01:15:03,249
I mean, it's shocking.
1232
01:15:03,332 --> 01:15:05,626
There was nobody who
could beat United States.
1233
01:15:07,878 --> 01:15:09,815
‐ [Announcer] Today we
slogged across the flooded fields
1234
01:15:09,839 --> 01:15:11,882
of France, American, British and Canadian
1235
01:15:12,008 --> 01:15:14,552
in eight weeks came the big breakthrough
1236
01:15:14,635 --> 01:15:17,013
and suddenly Paris was free.
1237
01:15:17,138 --> 01:15:19,306
Six great allied armies pushed the
1238
01:15:19,432 --> 01:15:21,851
Western Front into Germany itself.
1239
01:15:21,976 --> 01:15:25,187
Against fanatical resistance,
we reached the River Rhine.
1240
01:15:27,815 --> 01:15:29,650
‐ [Announcer] And to the east Moscow radio
1241
01:15:29,734 --> 01:15:30,985
tonight three Savage fighting‐
1242
01:15:31,068 --> 01:15:33,029
‐ [Narrator] Despite the
good news from Europe,
1243
01:15:33,154 --> 01:15:35,823
a stunning loss is felt at home.
1244
01:15:36,866 --> 01:15:38,010
‐ [Announcer] The one good heave all
1245
01:15:38,034 --> 01:15:39,827
together to end the war in Europe.
1246
01:15:41,120 --> 01:15:44,957
We take you now to NBC
in warm Springs, Georgia.
1247
01:15:46,208 --> 01:15:47,310
‐ [Announcer] Late this afternoon,
1248
01:15:47,334 --> 01:15:48,979
the representatives of the press and radio
1249
01:15:49,003 --> 01:15:51,464
were called in and given the shocking news
1250
01:15:51,589 --> 01:15:54,216
of the president's passing at 3:35 PM.
1251
01:15:55,468 --> 01:15:58,763
Mr. Roosevelt is said died of a
massive cerebral hemorrhage.
1252
01:15:58,846 --> 01:16:00,973
Mr. Roosevelt while Warm Springs was to go
1253
01:16:01,057 --> 01:16:03,100
on all American radio
networks tomorrow night
1254
01:16:03,184 --> 01:16:05,853
at about 9:50 PM, Eastern wartime,
1255
01:16:05,978 --> 01:16:08,439
and a special Jefferson day
message to the American people.
1256
01:16:08,522 --> 01:16:10,232
(solemn music)
1257
01:16:10,357 --> 01:16:11,776
Warm Springs as the rest
1258
01:16:11,859 --> 01:16:14,612
of the nation is now in deepest mourning.
1259
01:16:14,695 --> 01:16:16,655
They're our greatest friend and benefactor
1260
01:16:16,739 --> 01:16:19,241
has passed from their midst.
1261
01:16:20,951 --> 01:16:22,387
‐ [Narrator] No matter where they stood
1262
01:16:22,411 --> 01:16:26,832
before the war, Americans
stand together now
1263
01:16:26,874 --> 01:16:28,709
in mourning their president.
1264
01:16:31,212 --> 01:16:33,839
‐ You go back and you
look at all these industrialists
1265
01:16:33,964 --> 01:16:34,965
all these great Titans.
1266
01:16:35,049 --> 01:16:36,884
Then you look at FDR, and they hated FDR.
1267
01:16:37,885 --> 01:16:40,805
Yet all those guys ended
up getting behind him
1268
01:16:40,888 --> 01:16:43,307
because at the end of the day,
1269
01:16:44,266 --> 01:16:47,686
they were smart enough
to know they needed to.
1270
01:16:47,812 --> 01:16:49,563
If I had to use one word to describe FDR
1271
01:16:49,688 --> 01:16:50,815
I would say, savior.
1272
01:16:50,898 --> 01:16:52,042
I mean, he really saved our country
1273
01:16:52,066 --> 01:16:53,818
and brought the pieces together.
1274
01:16:53,943 --> 01:16:55,402
He was the man for the moment
1275
01:16:57,738 --> 01:17:02,952
(plane engine roaring)
(tense music playing)
1276
01:17:03,869 --> 01:17:06,330
‐ [Narrator] America
presses on without FDR.
1277
01:17:09,166 --> 01:17:13,754
And just two weeks later,
Hitler realizes he's lost.
1278
01:17:18,425 --> 01:17:23,556
On April 30th, 1945,
Adolf Hitler commits suicide
1279
01:17:23,681 --> 01:17:25,057
in his Berlin bunker.
1280
01:17:26,851 --> 01:17:30,312
Allied troops soon discover the full horror
1281
01:17:30,396 --> 01:17:32,773
of Hitler's reign.
1282
01:17:35,442 --> 01:17:37,444
Death camps.
1283
01:17:39,280 --> 01:17:42,950
Where the Nazis mass
murdered 11 million people
1284
01:17:43,617 --> 01:17:46,162
6 million are Jewish.
1285
01:17:46,287 --> 01:17:49,874
‐ Anybody alive in the
1930s started hearing
1286
01:17:49,957 --> 01:17:51,876
about Hitler's antisemitism.
1287
01:17:51,959 --> 01:17:54,920
And then they heard
about the round‐up of Jews.
1288
01:17:55,880 --> 01:17:57,882
The world didn't know quite how bad it was
1289
01:17:57,965 --> 01:18:00,801
till we really got the visual evidence
1290
01:18:02,386 --> 01:18:06,223
‐ [Narrator] On May 7th,
Germany surrenders unconditionally.
1291
01:18:07,975 --> 01:18:10,769
And the war in Europe is over.
1292
01:18:10,853 --> 01:18:16,108
(crowd cheering) (serene music)
1293
01:18:24,617 --> 01:18:26,243
‐ VE day is amazing.
1294
01:18:27,369 --> 01:18:32,541
Everybody's parties, screams, kisses, hugs.
1295
01:18:34,418 --> 01:18:36,837
It was just the euphoria,
1296
01:18:38,964 --> 01:18:41,383
the idea that Europe had been liberated.
1297
01:18:44,637 --> 01:18:46,513
That Hitler had fallen.
1298
01:18:50,142 --> 01:18:52,394
This meant everything to people.
1299
01:18:53,145 --> 01:18:54,372
‐ [Announcer] Victory in Europe brought
1300
01:18:54,396 --> 01:18:56,116
wild rejoicing throughout the allied world,
1301
01:18:56,148 --> 01:18:59,276
as the Big‐three announced
the downfall of Nazi Germany.
1302
01:18:59,360 --> 01:19:01,987
New York celebration is
typical of the Nation of joy.
1303
01:19:02,071 --> 01:19:04,657
At the end of nearly six
years of war in Europe.
1304
01:19:04,740 --> 01:19:06,158
It's a great day.
1305
01:19:06,242 --> 01:19:09,286
As a thankful people let
loose their pent up emotion.
1306
01:19:10,204 --> 01:19:11,997
‐ For Americans this was great.
1307
01:19:12,039 --> 01:19:15,876
The mission accomplished in Europe
1308
01:19:16,669 --> 01:19:18,254
but that was only halfway there.
1309
01:19:19,463 --> 01:19:21,048
Japan was still fighting.
1310
01:19:21,173 --> 01:19:24,343
And so many of the
units that fought in Europe
1311
01:19:24,468 --> 01:19:26,971
were then brought back to the United States
1312
01:19:27,012 --> 01:19:29,556
and put on trains to the Pacific coast
1313
01:19:30,724 --> 01:19:31,868
and they would head out and prepare
1314
01:19:31,892 --> 01:19:33,102
for the invasion of Japan.
1315
01:19:33,185 --> 01:19:35,646
(tense upbeat music)
1316
01:19:35,729 --> 01:19:38,816
‐ [Narrator] The Titans
know they cannot rest.
1317
01:19:38,899 --> 01:19:43,862
Kaiser, Ford, and du Pont's efforts,
1318
01:19:43,946 --> 01:19:46,615
now turn squarely on defeating Japan.
1319
01:19:47,825 --> 01:19:50,077
A task they and the entire country
1320
01:19:50,202 --> 01:19:52,621
realize will not be easy.
1321
01:20:01,588 --> 01:20:04,591
(tense music)
1322
01:20:04,675 --> 01:20:07,511
‐ [Narrator] With the war
still raging against Japan,
1323
01:20:07,636 --> 01:20:10,389
the DuPont company has
secretly built the world's
1324
01:20:10,514 --> 01:20:13,600
first full‐scale nuclear reactor.
1325
01:20:23,569 --> 01:20:26,572
‐ The DuPont Hanford
reactor, was the first reactor
1326
01:20:26,697 --> 01:20:29,658
to be built at that size, at that scale.
1327
01:20:31,785 --> 01:20:33,537
The nuclear reactor was critical
1328
01:20:33,620 --> 01:20:36,415
to the Manhattan Project because they were
1329
01:20:36,498 --> 01:20:38,959
after the production of plutonium,
1330
01:20:39,001 --> 01:20:40,419
the nuclear fuel, right?
1331
01:20:40,502 --> 01:20:42,921
And plutonium is a radioactive element
1332
01:20:43,005 --> 01:20:46,884
that is not present on
earth in vast quantities.
1333
01:20:46,967 --> 01:20:48,927
So they needed to generate this material
1334
01:20:49,011 --> 01:20:51,096
to develop a nuclear bomb.
1335
01:20:54,099 --> 01:20:57,936
‐ [Narrator] The enormous
complex requires 50,000 workers.
1336
01:20:58,020 --> 01:21:00,522
(tense music)
1337
01:21:06,195 --> 01:21:07,529
‐ The DuPont company, of course,
1338
01:21:07,654 --> 01:21:10,699
when they're approached
about the Manhattan Project,
1339
01:21:11,867 --> 01:21:13,994
the outcome of this was uncertain.
1340
01:21:14,119 --> 01:21:16,955
The risks were great.
1341
01:21:17,039 --> 01:21:19,166
Nobody knew if this was even possible.
1342
01:21:20,167 --> 01:21:21,627
(bright upbeat music)
1343
01:21:21,668 --> 01:21:24,671
‐ [Narrator] Now du Pont's
reactor is up and running.
1344
01:21:26,382 --> 01:21:28,967
In the morning, he'll
send the first shipment
1345
01:21:29,051 --> 01:21:32,429
of enriched plutonium to
Los Alamos New Mexico.
1346
01:21:35,349 --> 01:21:37,476
Where Robert Oppenheimer will use it
1347
01:21:37,518 --> 01:21:40,437
to test the world's first atomic bomb.
1348
01:21:45,442 --> 01:21:48,195
(bomb explosion)
1349
01:21:51,949 --> 01:21:54,201
The test is a success.
1350
01:21:55,494 --> 01:21:58,414
Justice du Pont's plutonium
and Oppenheimer's bomb
1351
01:21:58,539 --> 01:22:00,749
have unleashed the power of the universe.
1352
01:22:00,874 --> 01:22:02,918
(tense music playing)
1353
01:22:03,001 --> 01:22:05,504
The new president, Harry S Truman
1354
01:22:05,629 --> 01:22:09,925
is finalizing plans to defeat
Japan and end the war.
1355
01:22:10,008 --> 01:22:11,677
‐ Much remains to be done.
1356
01:22:11,802 --> 01:22:14,346
The power of our people
to defend themselves,
1357
01:22:15,264 --> 01:22:18,142
against all enemies will be proved
1358
01:22:18,183 --> 01:22:22,146
in the Pacific war, as it
was proved in Europe.
1359
01:22:22,187 --> 01:22:24,022
(solders stomping)
1360
01:22:24,148 --> 01:22:25,899
‐ American leaders were thinking about
1361
01:22:26,024 --> 01:22:28,026
the invasion of Japan.
1362
01:22:28,152 --> 01:22:30,320
They were thinking that they might take
1363
01:22:30,404 --> 01:22:33,657
a hundred thousand or
even a million casualties
1364
01:22:33,740 --> 01:22:37,369
killed and wounded to try
to subjugate all of Japan.
1365
01:22:38,370 --> 01:22:40,914
‐ Having experienced the earlier casualties
1366
01:22:41,039 --> 01:22:42,416
in the island hopping campaign
1367
01:22:42,499 --> 01:22:45,127
knowing that the Japanese soldiers
1368
01:22:45,210 --> 01:22:48,088
and aviators are going
to fight to the death.
1369
01:22:49,673 --> 01:22:52,342
All of this is weighing on Truman.
1370
01:22:54,052 --> 01:22:56,096
‐ Franklin Roosevelt never informed Truman
1371
01:22:56,180 --> 01:22:58,974
about the Manhattan Project.
1372
01:22:59,099 --> 01:23:01,310
So he was quite stunned to find out
1373
01:23:01,393 --> 01:23:03,437
that we had this atomic bomb program
1374
01:23:03,520 --> 01:23:07,191
and the last one had been tested
in New Mexico and it worked.
1375
01:23:07,274 --> 01:23:10,235
And now this became the secret weapon.
1376
01:23:10,360 --> 01:23:11,612
(plane engines rumbling)
1377
01:23:11,695 --> 01:23:14,156
‐ [Narrator] And to carry this
weapon, America has a new
1378
01:23:14,239 --> 01:23:18,160
Ultra‐Long Range
Bomber able to reach Japan.
1379
01:23:18,243 --> 01:23:21,288
The Boeing B‐29 superfortress.
1380
01:23:23,081 --> 01:23:25,834
William Boeing has come out of retirement
1381
01:23:25,876 --> 01:23:27,377
to help design and build it.
1382
01:23:30,839 --> 01:23:32,633
‐ This was on a new scale.
1383
01:23:32,674 --> 01:23:36,053
We had this weapon that
could change history forever.
1384
01:23:36,178 --> 01:23:37,554
And president Truman had to go
1385
01:23:37,679 --> 01:23:39,806
through that decision‐making process.
1386
01:23:42,059 --> 01:23:43,661
There was a moral
part to it. (solemn music)
1387
01:23:43,685 --> 01:23:47,147
Nobody quite knew what
the atomic weapon would do.
1388
01:23:48,357 --> 01:23:51,360
‐ The gambit of Truman
was to save American lives.
1389
01:23:51,443 --> 01:23:54,321
So he wanted to show Japan
that we've got this weapon
1390
01:23:54,446 --> 01:23:55,822
and we're willing to use it in.
1391
01:23:55,864 --> 01:23:59,451
And Japan didn't know how
many of these bombs we have.
1392
01:24:01,537 --> 01:24:03,455
‐ There are only two of them however.
1393
01:24:03,539 --> 01:24:06,667
And you don't necessarily
want to have a test run
1394
01:24:06,792 --> 01:24:08,835
if you're not sure it's going to work.
1395
01:24:11,838 --> 01:24:16,385
He ultimately makes that
very, very difficult decision
1396
01:24:16,510 --> 01:24:21,473
to use the atomic bomb
on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
1397
01:24:22,724 --> 01:24:25,852
(solemn music playing)
1398
01:24:34,027 --> 01:24:36,905
(telephone rings)
1399
01:24:39,533 --> 01:24:40,533
‐ Yes.
1400
01:24:44,705 --> 01:24:45,705
I see.
1401
01:24:47,916 --> 01:24:48,916
Thank you.
1402
01:25:00,887 --> 01:25:03,640
(sighs heavily)
1403
01:25:19,156 --> 01:25:21,575
‐ [Narrator] The war is over.
1404
01:25:21,700 --> 01:25:24,911
Bringing an end to the
deadliest conflict in human history.
1405
01:25:25,037 --> 01:25:27,956
(bright soft music)
1406
01:25:30,584 --> 01:25:34,796
‐ We about Normandy, we
talk about Iwo Jima and Okinawa,
1407
01:25:36,506 --> 01:25:39,092
the war was also won inside the
1408
01:25:39,176 --> 01:25:41,928
United States by factories and industry.
1409
01:25:42,012 --> 01:25:44,806
(bright music playing)
1410
01:25:47,476 --> 01:25:50,354
So in the end World War II was a triumph
1411
01:25:50,479 --> 01:25:55,233
of Ford and Kaiser, Boeing and du Pont
1412
01:25:55,359 --> 01:25:58,820
as well as FDR and the
Soldiers of Democracy.
1413
01:26:00,197 --> 01:26:04,117
(orchestral music playing)
1414
01:26:04,201 --> 01:26:07,996
‐ Ford shutdown Bomber production in 1945
1415
01:26:08,121 --> 01:26:09,873
and never built an airplane again.
1416
01:26:10,916 --> 01:26:14,961
The giant Willow Run
Factory was put up for sale
1417
01:26:15,087 --> 01:26:17,297
and bought by Henry Kaiser.
1418
01:26:20,509 --> 01:26:22,886
Kaiser close to Shipyards, to once again
1419
01:26:23,011 --> 01:26:27,432
jump into something he'd
never done before, cars.
1420
01:26:30,394 --> 01:26:33,939
William Boeing returned
to retirement after the war.
1421
01:26:34,022 --> 01:26:36,233
Today his company's planes carry
1422
01:26:36,316 --> 01:26:39,319
over 2 billion passengers each year.
1423
01:26:41,363 --> 01:26:42,447
(bright music playing)
1424
01:26:42,531 --> 01:26:44,741
du Pont vowed to get
out of nuclear weapons,
1425
01:26:44,866 --> 01:26:47,119
and gave all the patents to the government.
1426
01:26:47,869 --> 01:26:51,456
But during the cold war, du
Pont was called on once again
1427
01:26:51,540 --> 01:26:55,293
and helped build the
world's first hydrogen bomb.
1428
01:26:55,335 --> 01:26:58,463
(orchestral music)
1429
01:26:58,588 --> 01:27:01,800
‐ Before the war, the
country was politically divided
1430
01:27:01,883 --> 01:27:05,137
economically divided mired in depression,
1431
01:27:05,262 --> 01:27:07,973
the industrialist loathed the president.
1432
01:27:08,056 --> 01:27:09,307
And yet when the war came,
1433
01:27:09,433 --> 01:27:11,977
all of these people came
together, work together,
1434
01:27:12,102 --> 01:27:15,647
and won the biggest war
in the history of mankind.
1435
01:27:18,400 --> 01:27:20,652
‐ It's a great lesson.
1436
01:27:20,736 --> 01:27:23,864
These fierce competitors are now United
1437
01:27:23,989 --> 01:27:26,408
in order to try to achieve a common goal.
1438
01:27:28,869 --> 01:27:30,036
‐ So, why is that?
1439
01:27:30,162 --> 01:27:33,206
Is it that we're all basically
common good underneath it,
1440
01:27:33,331 --> 01:27:34,750
we can work for a greater cause?
1441
01:27:34,875 --> 01:27:37,961
Or were they necessarily
inherently great Patriots?
1442
01:27:38,044 --> 01:27:38,962
I don't know.
1443
01:27:39,004 --> 01:27:40,881
But what I do know is I believe in the
1444
01:27:41,006 --> 01:27:43,425
goodness of people and I believe that
1445
01:27:43,508 --> 01:27:46,136
it found the best in
them and they were able
1446
01:27:46,261 --> 01:27:47,929
to put their competition aside.
1447
01:27:49,723 --> 01:27:51,725
‐ If we're not coming together to do all
1448
01:27:51,850 --> 01:27:54,519
those things that we needed to do to win,
1449
01:27:56,062 --> 01:27:57,522
how would we define ourselves?
1450
01:27:57,647 --> 01:28:00,358
What would the name of this country be?
1451
01:28:00,484 --> 01:28:02,819
Would it be the United States of America?
1452
01:28:03,612 --> 01:28:06,698
We come together during
our greatest times of need
1453
01:28:07,866 --> 01:28:10,827
and that's when amazing things happen.
105243
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