All language subtitles for Inside.The.Human.Body.2011.E02.First.to.Last.720p.BluRay.x264.DTS-HDChina.eng

MICHAEL MOSLEY: This diver is able
to swim in the depths of the ocean

without breathing.

This is "The Iceman".

He can thrive where his
flesh should freeze.

And this fireman
is able to walk into flames

hot enough to melt metal

and walk out unscathed.

Their stories
are part of YOUR story.

The story of what makes YOU human.

Inside you is a wonderful,
hidden universe.

Covered with skin which protects you
against the harsh world outside.

Controlled by a brain which is
the most complex on the planet.

Even how you make another human
involves unrivalled ingenuity.

This is a fantastic voyage

through the most extraordinary
survival machine on Earth.

the human Body

Just existing for one minute

feels like the simplest thing
in the world.

Yet what goes on inside you
every 60 seconds

is wonderfully complicated.

Your body is doing a million
different things to keep you alive

and you're not even aware of it.

Your heart will beat 70 times,

driving five litres of blood

around the 96,000 kilometres
of your circulation.

Deep inside your bone marrow,
each minute,

150 million red blood
cells will be born.

And while you're sitting there,

the 250 square metres of your gut

are busy digesting the meal
you've just eaten.

Your body is amazing at adapting
to any environment.

And this adaptability

has enabled us to thrive
in every corner of the planet.

Every minute of your
life depends on your body

performing countless
small miracles.

This film will show you
how you do it.

how we learn to survive

Your survival depends on
your body working hard

to keep everything inside
you balanced and stable,

just so.

But to begin with,
you need a lot of help.

This is Tyriece.

He's just been through
a very traumatic minute.

The first minute after his birth.

For nine months,
you were enveloped in the warm,

comfortable, watery world
of your mother's womb.

Your every need
was taken care of.

As you lay immersed
in a bath of amniotic fluid,

your temperature
was a comfortable 37 degrees.

You didn't have to
eat for yourself,

you didn't even have to
breathe for yourself.

Your mother's blood
supplied you with oxygen,

so your own lungs weren't needed.

And because
you didn't need your lungs,

your body didn't bother
sending blood to them,

but shunted it through
a hole in your heart instead.

Then, suddenly, the tranquillity
of the womb was shattered.

Well done.

He's coming.
There he is.

He is coming.
We can see his face.

Relax, nice and relaxed.
Nice and relaxed.

I can see my grandson!

For April, the hard work
of labour is almost over.

He's turning to face this way.

- Can you feel him?
- Yeah.

There he is.

- Say hello.
- Wonderful.

But for baby Tyriece,

the struggle for survival
is just beginning.

As he emerges into the world,

his body must take over
from his mother's.

The shock of cold air
and bright lights

triggers your first breath.

But before Tyriece
can take in oxygen,

his heart has to connect
with his lungs.

And to do this,
the hole in his heart has to close.

As you draw your first breath,

the airways of your lungs open
and the drop in pressure

causes blood to rush into them
to pick up oxygen.

That oxygen-rich blood

then flows to the heart
for the very first time.

The pressure of this flood of blood
pushes on a flap, closing the hole.

But sometimes, it doesn't seal.

One in four of us
has a hole in the heart

and most will never know.

Your heart and lungs
are now fully connected.

Your circulation is complete.

Finally got my boy.
Got what I've always wanted.

Over the moon... yeah.

So, you can take another breath...
and another.

From now on, without thinking,

you will breathe around 16 times
every minute.

You only really start thinking
about breathing when you stop.

Try it yourself.

Most people can manage
around 30 seconds.

But this man can hold his breath
for a whopping nine minutes.

Herbert Nitsch is a world
champion at freediving.

Powered by a single breath,

he can not only stay underwater
for longer than seems humanly possible,

but glide through the water
with the freedom of a fish.

I find it always difficult to explain
the sensations I have down there.

The quietness, the peacefulness.

That you are just floating,
there is no gravity.

The fish or mammals in the water
come right into your face, look at you.

I'm like... "OK, that's maybe even closer
than I would want to, maybe."

But they're just curious, because
they think that you are one of them.

Before a dive, Herbert takes in
as much air as he can.

But surprisingly,
the key to success

is not so much his
lungs as his heart.

As Herbert plunges
deep into the sea,

the cold water on his face
prompts something we all have,

the dive reflex.

This reflex causes your heartbeat
to slow by as much as 25%

so you use less oxygen.

And the dive reflex
does something more.

It priorities the brain
and the heart's survival

by switching off the more
dispensable parts of the body.

After mere seconds,

Herbert's body shuts off
blood flow to his extremities.

First, his toes and fingers.

Then, his hands and feet.

And finally, his arms and legs.

Until all that remains
is a circuit of blood

flowing between his heart
and his brain.

And that is what allows him
to stay underwater

for an incredible nine minutes.

What this really shows
is how good your heart is

at adapting to any environment.

Your heart is an exquisitely
engineered pump, made of muscle.

And you can see the true
elegance of this engineering

if you slow it to a single beat.

Inside the cavernous chambers,

the muscles work together
in perfect harmony.

These muscles never get tired
and never stop working.

As your heart expands,

blood flows from your body
into its chambers.

Then an electrical signal
storms through the heart

causing it to contract,

forcing blood all the way through
your body's vast network of vessels.

And to stop
the blood flowing backwards,

your heart needs valves.

As they slam shut,
these valves make the familiar...

"lub dub, lub dub".

The soundtrack of your life.

These are the cells that
control the beat of your heart.

They spontaneously
create its rhythm.

And they have been doing this
since long before you were born.

When you were just an embryo,
merely three weeks old,

they first started beating.

And from that moment,
these same pacemaker cells

would stay with you
for the rest of your life,

never to be replaced.

- Hi.
- Stephanie Fuller. Nice to meet you.

- I'm Katlyn.
- How are you?

They're so important
that when they go wrong

the consequences
can be devastating.

So, tomorrow's the big day.

I don't know if we can
call it the big day.

Katlyn Hagan was born
with a heart defect

which is causing some of
her pacemakers to misfire

giving her a dangerously
irregular heartbeat.

She's here to meet leading
heart surgeon Stephanie Fuller.

There's a risk of death
with heart surgery.

I hate saying it, it's not zero,
but I have a great team

and we'll take great care of you
tomorrow, I promise you.

We'll do everything we can for you.

OK?

Katlyn's biggest problem really stems
from the abnormal pacemaker cells.

They are a risk for
developing clots in the heart,

developing a stroke

and continuing to have
abnormal heart rhythms

that eventually can cause
her to have heart failure.

It's not just Katlyn's future

that depends on
the outcome of this operation.

She has a one-year-old daughter.

I'm very scared. I...

..wanna make sure that I'm still
living after my operation

so I can be there for
my daughter's growing up,

and just live a normal life.

- I don't know where my picture is.
- OK.

- It's right here.
- Really thank you.

Just a little more sleepy medicine.

You're going to feel very warm
and comfortable and very relaxed.

I'm scared.

We're going take
very, very good care of you.

Everything's going perfectly.

Katlyn's heart is revealed.

In a healthy heart,
the rhythm set by the pacemakers

flows through the muscle
as an electrical wave.

And this wave
follows a precise sequence

which controls the contractions.

But in Katlyn's heart

some of the pacemaker cells
are firing out of sequence,

making the electrical flow chaotic.

First, the surgeons must transfer
the job of pumping blood to a machine.

When that's done,
they can stop her heart.

Lean back on the cardio, please.

See it gradually slowing down,
and as the fluid goes in,

the heart gets a little whiter
because there's no blood going into it.

Without a heartbeat,
Katlyn is in a hinterland

between life and death.

Now the surgeons can begin to prune
away the faulty pacemaker cells

using a cryoprobe,
which freezes them.

They have to be extremely careful
only to freeze the cells

which are misfiring.

It's very important that we make sure
that we haven't destroyed

the pacemaker cells that Katlyn
very much needs to keep.

Katlyn has been without a pulse
for nearly an hour.

I'm going to be coming off
in just a second.

It's time to get her off the bypass
machine and to reconnect her heart.

The hope is that when this is done

her pacemakers will start
to beat again all by themselves.

Her heart's starting to get
blood right now.

So we're inflating the lungs.

As Katlyn's blood
flows back into her heart,

its warmth is enough
to restart the pacemakers.

All right.

Come off.

Amazingly, this is all it takes
to bring the rhythm back.

Looks good.

The operation was a great success.

Your heart's will to beat
is incredibly strong.

And that's just as well, because it
drives through your circulation

something that is vital for life:

oxygen.

The hard graft of carrying that oxygen

is done by some of your smallest
and most peculiar cells.

Their story begins deep inside
the marrow of your bones.

Here, every minute of your life,

150 million red blood cells
are produced

by a dedicated factory.

The workers are specialised
white blood cells

affectionately known as nurse cells.

They carefully nurture
each red blood cell for five days

and then set it free.

As it's swept away
in the bloodstream,

it joins 25 trillion others
whizzing around your body.

They're on a long journey.

If all the blood vessels
in your body were joined,

they'd stretch more than
twice the way around the Earth.

Each cell travels
through wide arteries

spiralling off
into smaller arterioles

and then squeezing through
tiny capillaries.

Here, in the smallest
narrowest vessels,

our cell does the job
it's been created for.

It releases its payload of oxygen
into your tissues.

It'll do this over and over again
for the rest of its life.

But that life is short.

After four months of hard graft

travelling the length
and breadth of your body,

your red blood cell begins
to look rather knackered.

As it returns to the bone marrow
where it was born,

chemical changes on the aging cell

attract the attention
of the nurse cells.

But this time, their job is
not to nurture, but to destroy.

Every minute,
150 million red blood cells

come to a sticky end.

But as fast as
the old cells are destroyed,

new cells are created.

So that you always
have enough to keep up

the balance of oxygen
in your blood.

Here in the high altitudes
of the Peruvian Andes,

the air is thin and
there is far less oxygen.

This lack of oxygen
would make it hard for you

to walk, climb or do
any energetic activity.

Yet every year in June,
people come here to take part

in one of the highest
pilgrimages in the world.

Carlos is one of
the thousands of pilgrims

who will climb for three days
to reach the peak of Mount Sinakara.

Because at the peak, there is
something that is very special to him:

sacred ice.

The pilgrims believe
that if they can reach it,

it will answer their prayers.

Over many generations, their bodies
have evolved a way of coping

with the reduced oxygen levels.

Their blood contains
higher numbers of red blood cells.

And so overall,
it can hold more oxygen.

After two days walking,
the pilgrims have reached 5,000 metres

and are close to their goal.

It's a time for
energetic celebration.

At this altitude,
the low oxygen levels

would make it really uncomfortable
for anyone who's not acclimatized.

But the most difficult part
of the climb lies ahead.

Carlos is desperate
to reach the sacred ice tomorrow

so he can pray
for the health of his daughter.

I have a daughter,
her name is Jasmina,

she is five months old.

She could catch pneumonia

when we bathe her in the mornings,
because of the cold.

We don't have hot water or a shower.

We just have cold water.

I pray for her health.

The next morning,
the pilgrims and their priests

finally reach their destination.

At 5,500 metres,

it's almost 1,000 metres
higher than Mont Blanc,

the highest mountain
in western Europe.

Without the extra red blood cells,

Carlos would have struggled
to make it here.

At last, he can pray for
his young daughter's health.

Remarkably, in just three weeks,

your body would start
to adapt to these conditions.

Even if you had never been
at high altitude before,

your body would soon start
to create more red blood cells

and your blood would temporarily
become more like that of an Andean.

This balance is so vital for life

because oxygen is a key ingredient
in producing the thing

that keeps you moving:

energy.

You need energy
for every single thing you do,

no matter how grand or how tiny.

And you get it by combining oxygen
with one of the other essentials of life:

food.

You might be surprised to know
how little of that you can survive on.

This is Debbie Taylor.

And this is what Debbie Taylor eats.

This is all Debbie Taylor eats.

This is lunch.

And this is dinner.

Now aged 31, for over a decade
she's barely eaten anything else.

In the fridge, I have sausages.

I haven't had sausages
since I was under 11 years old.

But I still cook them
for other people.

I've never had a pepper,

so I don't know what it tastes like
and I don't want to either.

Not had grapes since I was at
primary school, I should think.

There can't be any nice flavour
in that, cos it's all rubbery, look.

It's probably really chewy
on the outside.

I can imagine that getting stuck
in your throat or something and it just

gagging on it.

No matter the occasion,
Debbie's diet doesn't deviate.

On Christmas Day, I won't eat
the turkey or anything like that.

I'll leave that to the family.

I'll just eat a bag of crisps.

When we go away on holiday

I usually pack a suitcase,
a hand luggage,

full of the crisps that I eat,
my flavour,

because sometimes you'll find that
they don't sell them abroad,

so I have to take them with me.

Debbie's unusual eating habit
began as an effort to lose weight.

I mean, I know crisps are carbs,
but at the end of the day

I'm not eating meat with it and gravy
and all the, you know, vegetables.

It petrifies me,
the thought of eating a meal.

With such a singular diet,

there's a price to pay
from a lack of vitamins and minerals.

The hair is really bad,

nails don't grow,
skin's colour is awful.

Sometimes you can't sleep.

Teeth, as well, are another thing.

They... When you brush them,
they bleed... a lot.

Despite the long-term problems,
a diet of just crisps

gets Debbie through
her busy working day.

My job is a housekeeper in a hotel.

It is a very energetic job,
physical job.

It may seem surprising,
but in terms of energy alone,

Debbie's crisp diet is no problem.

And that's because
the human digestive system

is very efficient at squeezing
all it can out of any food,

including crisps.

After chewing, your food drops
into an expandable bag of acid,

also known as your stomach.

The pulverised pieces
then pass into your small intestine

where they get broken down
even further.

Here, there's a carpet of
finger-like projections, called villi.

And on top,
smaller versions called microvilli.

Together, they increase
the surface area of your gut

to that of a tennis court.

In the small intestine,
any carbohydrates you've eaten

are rapidly taken up and
converted into a simple sugar:

glucose.

This glucose is carried in
your blood to your tissues

which contain a network
of tiny power stations,

called mitochondria.

Here, the glucose
is finally combined with oxygen

to produce precious energy.

And this is what powers
everything you do.

Every minute of your life,

your body is working
furiously to keep you going.

It ensures that
everything is just so.

Your heart beats
at the right speed

to drive the right amount of oxygen
through your blood

to combine with the food you eat,
to make the required amount of energy.

But that is not the
end of the story,

because there is another
delicate balancing act

that your body has to perform
if you are to stay alive.

For these elite
firefighters in Texas,

their body's ability
to regulate temperature

is a matter of life and death.

And the way they do it
is by sweating.

Sweating is a part of the game
when it comes to firefighting.

I've seen guys actually pour
sweat out of their boots.

They've taken their T-shirts
and they wring the sweat out.

If I couldn't sweat, I couldn't go in
and do what I need to do.

I couldn't be a firefighter.

When your body starts to overheat,

it stimulates sweat glands
deep down within your skin

to produce a tiny bead of sweat.

Each bead must then work its
way to your skin's surface.

And it's here that sweat
performs its magic.

As it evaporates into the air,
it takes heat with it.

This is how your body keeps its cool

and keeps you alive
when things hot up.

Today, Fire Chief David Herr
is running a test to find out exactly

how much a firefighter sweats
when doing a high-temperature rescue.

Firefighter Mario Rodriguez

has the dubious honour of
being the test subject.

First, he's weighed naked.

By comparing his weight
before and after the test,

they can calculate
how much sweat he has lost.

He swallows an electronic pill
containing a thermometer

which will monitor
his core temperature

to see how much it varies
from the normal 37 degrees.

The fire is set and its temperature
is also measured.

I have a good angle on the fire,
a good reading.

Currently getting 1,200 degrees.

At this temperature,
aluminium melts.

Before he goes in,
Rodriguez kits up.

The suit should protect him from
the flames and the worst of the heat.

Firefighter Rodriguez, hold on.

His core temperature is checked.

It's now just over
37 degrees Celsius.

You're starting to warm up already.
You know what your task is.

Let's get going. Be safe.

All that stands between
Rodriguez and certain death

is his suit and his
ability to sweat.

The temperature has just
rocketed by 1,200 degrees.

Yet, if his temperature were
to increase by just a few degrees,

that could have
devastating consequences.

An increase of just four degrees would
leave him confused and unconscious.

A rise of seven degrees
would kill him.

After 45 seconds in the fire,
Rodriguez is poaching in his own juices.

It was real hot.

My bones and all my joints
starting burning.

Just the heat, just gotta get
out of there and get some cool air.

Stand by, let me get your
core temperature reading.

Despite everything
he's been through,

his core temperature has risen
by just one degree Celsius.

Now he's weighed again
to see how much sweat he's lost.

You're at 207 now.

So that looks like you lost
three pounds of body weight.

Three pounds equals
1.4 litres of sweat.

That's three times more than
you would lose in an average day.

Thanks to all that sweating,
Rodriguez was able to maintain

his core temperature
despite the extreme heat of the fire.

It's important
to keep your body at 37 degrees

because this is
the optimum temperature

for the chemical processes
that keep you alive.

But coping with the cold
requires an entirely different strategy.

These are the frozen
wastes of Iceland.

And this is Wim Hof,

also known as "The Iceman".

Cold is a noble force.

It ignites beautiful
feelings within.

It's so majestic, I feel a king.

I want to show the forgotten
language of the cold.

To explore how Wim endures the cold,

he's agreed to spend the afternoon
in an industrial fridge.

His friend, Henny, who's not used
to the cold, will act as a comparison.

A thermal camera
measures their skin temperature

to see whether Wim is better
at keeping warm.

Henny starts off well.

But after a while
he starts to show signs

that his body's
defences are struggling.

When you get cold,
your skin goes pale

as it redirects blood
away from the surface.

Tiny piloerector muscles
pull up your hairs,

so they stand erect.

You see this as goose bumps.

The hairs trap a layer of air

that insulates your body
like a wafer-thin duvet.

But in reality, goose bumps are
pretty useless at keeping you warm.

I'm not comfortable.

I don't stay any
much longer in here, I think.

Finally, Henny starts to shiver.

It's his body's attempt to generate heat
by making his muscles move.

But shivering, too, is ineffective.

Using large amounts of energy
to generate precious little heat.

Shivering is a sign
that Henny's starting to fade.

But Wim is fine.

One hour in this
fridge and still warm.

That counts for something, huh?

A cold beer.

Strangely enough,
the thermal camera shows

there's no difference in skin
temperature between Wim and Henny.

It must be something going on inside
that's keeping Wim warmer.

I quit.

After an hour and four minutes,
Henny can't stand it any more.

Wim, however, is still happy.

But sitting naked in a fridge
is child's play

compared to what Wim does next.

He's about to take
a swim in this lake.

The water here
is just above freezing,

two degrees Celsius.

Wim intends to stay in
for 15 minutes.

That would kill most people.

Yet Wim believes that everyone
has the potential to do what he does.

There is a natural ability
in everybody to neutralise the cold.

It's about nothing abstract,
it's no hocus-pocus, it's the mind.

Anybody can do what I do.

It is trainable.

Water looks clear, good.

Inviting, attractive.

Powerful.

Inviting me to come in
and to take part.

The first minute in ice-cold water
is the most dangerous.

Your body goes into
a panic-like cold shock

which can trigger a heart attack.

But it has no effect on Wim.

I don't feel the cold.
I feel the power, yes.

I don't feel the pain, because I am
stronger than the pain at that moment.

Repeated exposure
has changed Wim's threshold

for withstanding cold and pain.

He no longer feels the shock.

Instead, he's able to
endure it and stay calm.

Even to enjoy it.

# Is everybody happy? #

# Is everybody fine? #

It's a privilege to be here.

Look at this.

Diamonds!

Five minutes in,
and he's still going.

Looks like a dinosaur.

Whales.

Monsters.

After ten minutes,
there's a new danger.

The cold starts to chill
the thinnest parts of your body:

your arms and your legs.

Nerve impulses slow down,

so they no longer trigger
your muscles to contract.

Most people come to a grinding halt

which makes them
vulnerable to drowning.

But not Wim.

Because he's adapted to the cold,
he keeps swimming vigorously

and this helps him generate heat
to keep him going.

I feel charged, actually.

Sort of charged.

I feel like a bit electric.

Yeah, electrified.

After 15 minutes
swimming in ice-cold water,

he emerges.

Wim has survived an experience
that would kill most of us.

A testimony to the
body's amazing ability

to adapt to almost
unimaginable extremes.

Since your early days in the womb,
when your heart first began to beat,

your body has been
working round the clock

to keep you alive and ticking.

It ensures that everything
inside you is nicely balanced.

Producing just the right
number of blood cells

to carry oxygen to your tissues.

And keeping your tissues
at just the right temperature.

So you can generate
just the right amount of energy

to keep you going.

The extraordinary adaptability
of the human body

gives each and everyone
of us the potential

to thrive in every corner
of our planet.

Subtitles by JohnCoffey_09

reviewed by:
Tio Beto from Brazil

... =Peace Through Anarchy=...