All language subtitles for the.elegant.universe.einstein.s.dreams

af Afrikaans
ak Akan
sq Albanian
am Amharic
ar Arabic
hy Armenian
az Azerbaijani
eu Basque
be Belarusian
bem Bemba
bn Bengali
bh Bihari
bs Bosnian
br Breton
bg Bulgarian
km Cambodian
ca Catalan
chr Cherokee
ny Chichewa
zh-CN Chinese (Simplified)
zh-TW Chinese (Traditional)
co Corsican
hr Croatian
cs Czech
da Danish
nl Dutch
en English
eo Esperanto
et Estonian
ee Ewe
fo Faroese
tl Filipino
fi Finnish
fr French Download
fy Frisian
gaa Ga
gl Galician
ka Georgian
de German
el Greek
gn Guarani
gu Gujarati
ht Haitian Creole
ha Hausa
haw Hawaiian
iw Hebrew
hi Hindi
hu Hungarian
is Icelandic
ig Igbo
id Indonesian
ia Interlingua
ga Irish
it Italian
ja Japanese
jw Javanese
kn Kannada
kk Kazakh
rw Kinyarwanda
rn Kirundi
kg Kongo
ko Korean
kri Krio (Sierra Leone)
ku Kurdish
ckb Kurdish (Soranî)
ky Kyrgyz
lo Laothian
la Latin
lv Latvian
ln Lingala
lt Lithuanian
loz Lozi
lg Luganda
ach Luo
mk Macedonian
mg Malagasy
ms Malay
ml Malayalam
mt Maltese
mi Maori
mr Marathi
mfe Mauritian Creole
mo Moldavian
mn Mongolian
sr-ME Montenegrin
ne Nepali
pcm Nigerian Pidgin
nso Northern Sotho
no Norwegian
nn Norwegian (Nynorsk)
oc Occitan
or Oriya
om Oromo
ps Pashto
fa Persian
pl Polish
pt-BR Portuguese (Brazil)
pt-PT Portuguese (Portugal)
pa Punjabi
qu Quechua
ro Romanian
rm Romansh
nyn Runyakitara
ru Russian
gd Scots Gaelic
sr Serbian
sh Serbo-Croatian
st Sesotho
tn Setswana
crs Seychellois Creole
sn Shona
sd Sindhi
si Sinhalese
sk Slovak
sl Slovenian
so Somali
es Spanish
es-419 Spanish (Latin American)
su Sundanese
sw Swahili
sv Swedish
tg Tajik
ta Tamil
tt Tatar
te Telugu
th Thai
ti Tigrinya
to Tonga
lua Tshiluba
tum Tumbuka
tr Turkish
tk Turkmen
tw Twi
ug Uighur
uk Ukrainian
ur Urdu
uz Uzbek
vi Vietnamese
cy Welsh
wo Wolof
xh Xhosa
yi Yiddish
yo Yoruba
zu Zulu
Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,965 Acum, pe NOVA, 2 00:00:03,000 --> 00:00:04,965 face�i o senza�ional� c�l�torie 3 00:00:05,000 --> 00:00:07,500 �ntr-o lume mai bizar� dec�t science-fiction, 4 00:00:07,535 --> 00:00:10,000 unde voi juca�i jocul, �nc�lc�nd ni�te reguli, 5 00:00:10,035 --> 00:00:12,500 unde o nou� viziune a universului, 6 00:00:12,600 --> 00:00:14,050 va �mpinge dincolo de limitele 7 00:00:14,085 --> 00:00:15,500 celei mai �ndr�zne�e imagina�ii. 8 00:00:16,500 --> 00:00:19,750 Aceasta e lumea teoriei stringurilor, 9 00:00:19,785 --> 00:00:23,392 un mod de a descrie orice for�� �i toat� materia 10 00:00:23,427 --> 00:00:27,000 de la un atom la P�m�nt, p�n� la cap�tul galaxiilor.. 11 00:00:27,035 --> 00:00:31,000 de la �nceputul timpului p�n� la ultima clip�.. 12 00:00:32,000 --> 00:00:35,965 �ntr-o singur� teorie, o teorie a TOTULUI. 13 00:00:36,000 --> 00:00:39,500 Ghidul nostru spre aceast� nou� lume 14 00:00:39,510 --> 00:00:43,510 este Brian Greene, autor de succes �i fizician. 15 00:00:43,545 --> 00:00:45,027 BRIAN GREENE (Universitatea Columbia): 16 00:00:45,062 --> 00:00:46,510 �i nu conteaz� de c�te ori ajung aici, 17 00:00:46,545 --> 00:00:48,475 se pare c� niciodat� nu m� obi�nuiesc. 18 00:00:48,510 --> 00:00:50,510 NARATOR : Poate el s� ne ajute s� rezolv�m 19 00:00:50,545 --> 00:00:52,510 cel mai mare puzzle al fizicii moderne.. 20 00:00:55,005 --> 00:00:57,589 acela c� �n�elegerea noastr� asupra universului 21 00:00:58,010 --> 00:01:00,510 e bazat� pe 2 seturi de legi, care se contrazic ? 22 00:01:02,510 --> 00:01:06,510 Rezolvarea acestei contradic�ii i-a sc�pat chiar �i lui Einstein, 23 00:01:06,545 --> 00:01:09,010 care a f�cut-o s� fie ultima sa c�utare. 24 00:01:09,520 --> 00:01:10,985 Dup� decenii, 25 00:01:11,020 --> 00:01:14,020 e posibil s� fim �n pragul unei descoperiri. 26 00:01:18,020 --> 00:01:20,520 Solu�ia este : STRINGURILE, 27 00:01:21,020 --> 00:01:23,020 mici particule de energie vibratoare 28 00:01:23,055 --> 00:01:25,020 ca �i corzile unui violoncel, 29 00:01:25,520 --> 00:01:27,485 o simfonie cosmica 30 00:01:27,520 --> 00:01:29,520 �n inima �ntregii realit��i. 31 00:01:31,520 --> 00:01:33,485 Dar aceasta are pre�ul ei : 32 00:01:33,520 --> 00:01:37,020 universuri paralele �i 11 dimensiuni, 33 00:01:37,520 --> 00:01:38,520 din care, pe cele mai multe 34 00:01:38,530 --> 00:01:39,495 nu le-a�i v�zut niciodat�. 35 00:01:39,530 --> 00:01:41,530 BRIAN GREENE : E foarte posibil s� tr�im �ntr-un univers 36 00:01:41,565 --> 00:01:44,495 cu mai multe dimensiuni dec�t poate percepe ochiul. 37 00:01:44,530 --> 00:01:46,530 AMANDA PEET (University of Toronto): Cei care au spus c� exista dimensiuni �n plus 38 00:01:46,565 --> 00:01:47,995 ale spa�iului, au fost 39 00:01:48,030 --> 00:01:50,280 eticheta�i ca tr�sni�i, sau oameni nebuni. 40 00:01:50,315 --> 00:01:52,530 NARATOR : Un miraj al �tiin�ei �i matematicii 41 00:01:52,565 --> 00:01:55,495 sau teoria final� a totului ? 42 00:01:55,530 --> 00:01:57,030 S. JAMES GATES, JR. (University of Maryland): 43 00:01:57,040 --> 00:01:58,790 Dac� teoria stringurilor e�ueaz� �n a oferi 44 00:01:58,825 --> 00:02:00,540 o predic�ie testabil, 45 00:02:00,640 --> 00:02:02,005 atunci nimeni n-ar crede-o. 46 00:02:02,040 --> 00:02:03,540 SHELDON LEE GLASHOW (Boston University): 47 00:02:03,575 --> 00:02:05,040 Aceasta e o teorie a fizicii, 48 00:02:05,075 --> 00:02:06,505 sau o filosofie ? 49 00:02:06,540 --> 00:02:09,040 BRIAN GREENE : Un lucru sigur 50 00:02:09,075 --> 00:02:11,040 este c� teoria stringurilor ne ar�ta deja c� universul 51 00:02:11,540 --> 00:02:13,505 poate fi cu mult mai bizar 52 00:02:13,540 --> 00:02:15,540 dec�t �i-a imaginat vreodat� oricare dintre noi. 53 00:02:15,550 --> 00:02:17,550 NARATOR : �n seara aceasta... 54 00:02:19,050 --> 00:02:21,015 totul a �nceput cu un m�r. 55 00:02:21,050 --> 00:02:22,550 S. JAMES GATES, JR. (Universidad de Maryland) 56 00:02:22,585 --> 00:02:24,050 Triumful ecua�iilor lui Newton 57 00:02:24,085 --> 00:02:25,515 provine din �ncercarea 58 00:02:25,550 --> 00:02:27,550 de a �n�elege planetele �i stelele. 59 00:02:28,050 --> 00:02:30,050 NARATOR : �i e un lung drum de-atunci. 60 00:02:30,085 --> 00:02:31,550 BRIAN GREENE : Einstein a dat lumii 61 00:02:31,585 --> 00:02:33,015 o nou� imagine a ceea ce 62 00:02:33,050 --> 00:02:35,050 este de fapt for�a gravita�iei. 63 00:02:37,560 --> 00:02:40,025 NARATOR : Unde s-a oprit el, �ndr�znesc s� mearg� acum teoreticienii stringurilor. 64 00:02:40,060 --> 00:02:43,060 Dar c�t de aproape sunt ei de a �mplini visul lui Einstein ? 65 00:02:43,095 --> 00:02:47,060 Privi�i "Universul Elegant" chiar acum. 66 00:04:29,000 --> 00:04:33,000 U N I V E R S U L E L E G A N T Partea �nt�i 67 00:04:35,800 --> 00:04:40,100 prezentat de Brian Green 68 00:04:42,200 --> 00:04:46,000 Visul lui Einstein 69 00:04:47,500 --> 00:04:51,500 Adaptarea : cod_bara 70 00:05:01,060 --> 00:05:04,560 BRIAN GREENE : 50 de ani �n urm�, aceast� cas� a fost scena unuia dintre 71 00:05:04,595 --> 00:05:07,827 cele mai mari mistere ale �tiin�ei moderne, 72 00:05:07,862 --> 00:05:10,711 un mister at�t de profund, �nc�t �i azi 73 00:05:10,746 --> 00:05:13,560 mii de savan�i la grani�ele fizicii 74 00:05:13,570 --> 00:05:15,535 �nc� mai �ncearc� s�-l rezolve. 75 00:05:15,570 --> 00:05:19,070 Albert Einstein �i-a petrecut ultimele dou� decenii 76 00:05:19,105 --> 00:05:22,570 �n aceast� modest� casa �n Princeton, New Jersey. 77 00:05:24,070 --> 00:05:27,035 �i �n biroul s�u de la al doilea etaj 78 00:05:27,070 --> 00:05:32,070 Einstein a c�utat ne�ncetat o singur� teorie at�t de puternic� 79 00:05:32,105 --> 00:05:35,570 �nc�t s� poat� descrie toat� func�ionarea universului. 80 00:05:37,570 --> 00:05:40,570 Chiar �i c�nd s-a apropiat de sf�r�itul vie�ii sale 81 00:05:40,605 --> 00:05:43,535 Einstein a �inut un carnet la �ndem�n�, 82 00:05:43,570 --> 00:05:47,320 �ncerc�nd din r�sputeri s� descopere ecua�iile 83 00:05:47,355 --> 00:05:51,070 pentru ceea ce ar fi fost cunoscut ca "Teoria totului". 84 00:05:52,080 --> 00:05:55,080 Convins c� era �n pragul 85 00:05:55,115 --> 00:05:58,597 celei mai mari descoperiri din istoria �tiin�ei, 86 00:05:58,632 --> 00:06:02,080 Einstein a r�mas f�r� timp �i cu visul ne�mplinit. 87 00:06:05,580 --> 00:06:08,545 Acum, aproape o jum�tate de secol mai t�rziu, 88 00:06:08,580 --> 00:06:11,080 �elul de unificare al lui Einstein.. 89 00:06:11,115 --> 00:06:13,347 de a combin� toate legile universului 90 00:06:13,382 --> 00:06:15,545 �n doar una, o teorie atotcuprinz�toare.. 91 00:06:15,580 --> 00:06:19,580 a devenit Sf�ntul Graal al fizicii moderne. 92 00:06:20,080 --> 00:06:24,080 �i noi credem c� e posibil s� fi realizat, �n sf�r�it, visul lui Einstein 93 00:06:24,115 --> 00:06:27,080 cu un nou �i radical set de idei 94 00:06:27,090 --> 00:06:30,055 numit "teoria stringurilor." 95 00:06:30,090 --> 00:06:32,590 Dar dac� aceast� teorie revolu�ionar� este corect�, 96 00:06:32,625 --> 00:06:34,590 ne a�teapt� un adev�rat �oc. 97 00:06:36,090 --> 00:06:38,055 Teoria stringurilor spune 98 00:06:38,090 --> 00:06:40,055 c� e posibil s� tr�im �ntr-un univers 99 00:06:40,090 --> 00:06:43,090 �n care realitatea �nt�lne�te SF-ul.. 100 00:06:44,090 --> 00:06:48,090 un univers cu 11 dimensiuni, 101 00:06:48,125 --> 00:06:50,107 cu universuri paralele 102 00:06:50,142 --> 00:06:52,090 chiar l�ng� noi.. 103 00:06:54,090 --> 00:06:57,590 un univers elegant, compus �n �ntregime 104 00:06:57,600 --> 00:07:00,100 din muzica stringurilor. 105 00:07:03,500 --> 00:07:05,465 Dar, pentru toate ambi�iile sale, 106 00:07:05,500 --> 00:07:08,500 ideea fundamental� a teoriei stringurilor 107 00:07:08,535 --> 00:07:11,000 este surprinz�tor de simpl�. 108 00:07:11,500 --> 00:07:13,965 Ea spune c� totul �n univers, 109 00:07:14,000 --> 00:07:17,000 de la cea mai mic� particul�, p�n� la cea mai �ndep�rtat� stea 110 00:07:17,035 --> 00:07:19,500 e f�cut dintr-un singur fel de componente.. 111 00:07:20,000 --> 00:07:24,500 inimaginabil de mici fire de energie vibr�nde 112 00:07:24,535 --> 00:07:27,500 numite stringuri (corzi). 113 00:07:31,000 --> 00:07:33,500 Exact a�a cum corzile unui violoncel 114 00:07:33,510 --> 00:07:36,010 pot da na�tere unei largi 115 00:07:36,045 --> 00:07:38,510 variet��i de note muzicale, 116 00:07:40,010 --> 00:07:44,010 micile stringuri din teorie vibreaz� �ntr-o multitudine de moduri 117 00:07:44,045 --> 00:07:48,010 alc�tuind to�i constituen�ii naturii. 118 00:07:51,010 --> 00:07:54,010 Cu alte cuvinte, universul este ca 119 00:07:54,045 --> 00:07:55,975 o mare simfonie cosmica 120 00:07:56,010 --> 00:07:58,510 r�sun�nd cu toate aceste note variate 121 00:07:58,545 --> 00:08:01,010 pe care aceste mici fire vibr�nde de energie 122 00:08:01,045 --> 00:08:03,510 le pot reda. 123 00:08:07,010 --> 00:08:08,510 Teoria stringurilor este �nc� 124 00:08:08,520 --> 00:08:10,520 la �nceputul ei, 125 00:08:10,555 --> 00:08:12,485 dar deja reveleaz� 126 00:08:12,520 --> 00:08:15,020 o imagine cu totul nou� a universului, 127 00:08:15,055 --> 00:08:17,520 ce e simultan stranie �i frumoas�. 128 00:08:20,020 --> 00:08:22,770 Dar ce ne face s� credem c� putem �n�elege 129 00:08:22,805 --> 00:08:25,485 toat� complexitatea universului 130 00:08:25,520 --> 00:08:29,020 �i mai ales s� o reducem la o singur� "Teorie a totului" ? 131 00:08:29,055 --> 00:08:33,020 Avem R miu niu, minus 1/2 g miu niu R.. 132 00:08:33,055 --> 00:08:34,985 ��i aminte�ti cum e.. 133 00:08:35,020 --> 00:08:38,520 egal cu 8 Pi G T miu niu... 134 00:08:38,530 --> 00:08:41,030 vine din modificarea ac�iunii Einstein-Hilbert 135 00:08:41,065 --> 00:08:43,495 �i ob�inem ecua�iile de camp 136 00:08:43,530 --> 00:08:45,530 �i acest termen. ��i aminte�ti cum se nume�te ? 137 00:08:45,565 --> 00:08:47,030 C�inele latr� : Vau, vau ! 138 00:08:48,030 --> 00:08:51,030 Nu, aceea e curba scalar�. 139 00:08:51,065 --> 00:08:54,030 Acesta e tensorul Ricci. 140 00:08:55,530 --> 00:08:58,530 Ai studiat asta vreun pic ? 141 00:08:59,530 --> 00:09:02,530 Oric�t c�t de tare te-ai str�dui, 142 00:09:02,565 --> 00:09:05,297 nu po�i �nv��a un c�ine fizica. 143 00:09:05,332 --> 00:09:08,030 Creierul lor nu e proiectat 144 00:09:08,040 --> 00:09:10,540 s-o �n�eleag�. 145 00:09:11,540 --> 00:09:13,505 Dar noi ? 146 00:09:13,540 --> 00:09:15,790 Cum �tim c� noi suntem �n stare 147 00:09:15,825 --> 00:09:17,932 s� �n�elegem cele mai ad�nci legi 148 00:09:17,967 --> 00:09:20,040 ale universului ? 149 00:09:20,540 --> 00:09:24,040 Ei bine, fizicienii de azi au �ncredere c� suntem 150 00:09:24,075 --> 00:09:27,005 �i c� pornim 151 00:09:27,040 --> 00:09:30,540 de unde Einstein s-a oprit �n �ncercarea sa de unificare. 152 00:09:33,540 --> 00:09:37,540 Unificarea ar fi formularea unei legi 153 00:09:37,575 --> 00:09:40,040 care descrie, poate, 154 00:09:40,050 --> 00:09:42,515 totul �n universul cunoscut, 155 00:09:42,550 --> 00:09:45,550 �ntr-o singur� idee, o ecua�ie perfect�. 156 00:09:45,585 --> 00:09:48,550 �i noi credem c� e posibil s� existe aceast� ecua�ie perfect�, 157 00:09:48,585 --> 00:09:51,050 pentru ca, �n decursul ultimilor 158 00:09:51,085 --> 00:09:53,015 200 de ani, 159 00:09:53,050 --> 00:09:55,050 �n�elegerea noastr� asupra universului 160 00:09:55,085 --> 00:09:57,067 ne-a oferit o varietate de explica�ii 161 00:09:57,102 --> 00:09:59,050 ce se �ndreapt� toate spre un singur punct. 162 00:09:59,085 --> 00:10:01,015 Toate par s� convearg� 163 00:10:01,050 --> 00:10:03,050 �n s�m�n�a unei idei 164 00:10:03,060 --> 00:10:05,060 pe care �nc� �ncercam s-o g�sim. 165 00:10:05,560 --> 00:10:07,060 STEVEN WEINBERG (University of Texas at Austin): 166 00:10:07,095 --> 00:10:09,560 E vorba despre unificare. 167 00:10:10,560 --> 00:10:12,025 Unificarea este ceea ce 168 00:10:12,060 --> 00:10:14,025 noi �ncercam s� realiz�m. 169 00:10:14,060 --> 00:10:17,060 �ntregul scop al fizicii fundamentale 170 00:10:17,095 --> 00:10:20,060 este de a vedea c�t mai multe din fenomenele lumii 171 00:10:20,095 --> 00:10:23,060 �n termenii a c�t mai pu�ine �i mai simple principii. 172 00:10:24,560 --> 00:10:26,810 MICHAEL B. GREEN (University of Cambridge): 173 00:10:26,845 --> 00:10:29,060 Noi sim�im, ca fizicieni, ca, dac� putem explica 174 00:10:29,070 --> 00:10:32,070 un mare num�r de fenomene �ntr-o manier� foarte simpl�, 175 00:10:32,105 --> 00:10:34,570 aceasta �nseamn� un progres. 176 00:10:35,570 --> 00:10:39,070 Este un aspect aproape emo�ional al modului 177 00:10:39,105 --> 00:10:42,570 �n care marile teorii din fizica 178 00:10:42,605 --> 00:10:45,070 cuprind o mare varietate 179 00:10:45,105 --> 00:10:47,535 de fenomene fizice aparent diferite. 180 00:10:47,570 --> 00:10:50,535 Deci aceast� idee c�tre care ar trebui s� �intim, 181 00:10:50,570 --> 00:10:53,570 de a unifica �n�elegerea noastr�, este, �n mod esen�ial, inerenta 182 00:10:53,605 --> 00:10:56,570 �ntregului mod �n care acest fel de �tiin�a progreseaz�. 183 00:10:56,605 --> 00:11:01,035 Secretul jenant al lui Newton 184 00:11:01,070 --> 00:11:04,570 BRIAN GREENE : �i mult �naintea lui Einstein, �ncercarea de unificare 185 00:11:04,580 --> 00:11:07,580 �ncepea cu cel mai faimos accident 186 00:11:07,615 --> 00:11:09,545 din istoria �tiin�ei. 187 00:11:09,580 --> 00:11:12,545 Cum se poveste�te, �ntr-o zi din 1665, 188 00:11:12,580 --> 00:11:15,080 un t�n�r st�tea sub un pom c�nd, 189 00:11:15,115 --> 00:11:18,045 deodat�, el a v�zut un m�r c�z�nd de sus. 190 00:11:18,080 --> 00:11:20,580 �i cu c�derea acelui mar, Isaac Newton 191 00:11:20,615 --> 00:11:23,080 a revolu�ionat imaginea noastr� asupra universului. 192 00:11:24,080 --> 00:11:26,580 Ca o sugestie �ndr�znea�a pentru timpul s�u, 193 00:11:26,615 --> 00:11:29,080 Newton a proclamat ca for�a 194 00:11:29,115 --> 00:11:31,580 care trage merele spre sol 195 00:11:32,590 --> 00:11:35,555 �i for�a care �ine luna pe orbit� 196 00:11:35,590 --> 00:11:39,090 �n jurul P�m�ntului, erau de fapt una �i aceea�i. 197 00:11:39,590 --> 00:11:48,090 Dintr-o lovitur�, Newton a unificat cerul �i p�m�ntul 198 00:11:48,125 --> 00:11:52,090 �ntr-o singur� teorie pe care el a numit-o gravita�ie. 199 00:11:52,125 --> 00:11:54,055 STEVEN WEINBERG : 200 00:11:54,090 --> 00:11:57,055 Unificarea celestului cu terestrul.. 201 00:11:57,090 --> 00:12:00,590 faptul c� acelea�i legi care guverneaz� planetele �n mi�carea lor 202 00:12:00,625 --> 00:12:04,090 guverneaz� �i mareele �i c�derea fructelor aici pe p�m�nt.. 203 00:12:04,125 --> 00:12:07,055 a fost o fantastic� 204 00:12:07,090 --> 00:12:09,590 unificare a imaginii noastre despre natur�. 205 00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:14,000 BRIAN GREENE : Gravita�ia a fost prima for�� �n�eleas� �tiin�ific, 206 00:12:14,035 --> 00:12:16,465 cu toate c� au mai urmat 3, p�n� la urm�. 207 00:12:16,500 --> 00:12:20,500 �i, de�i Newton a descoperit legea gravita�iei cu mai mult de 300 de ani �n urm�, 208 00:12:20,535 --> 00:12:24,000 ecua�iile sale ce descriu aceast� for�� fac at�t de 209 00:12:24,035 --> 00:12:26,500 precise predic�ii �nc�t le folosim �i azi. 210 00:12:27,000 --> 00:12:29,750 �ntr-adev�r, oamenii de �tiin�a n-au avut nevoie de altceva 211 00:12:29,785 --> 00:12:32,500 dec�t ecua�iile lui Newton pentru a planifica drumul unei rachete 212 00:12:32,535 --> 00:12:35,500 ce a dus oameni pe Luna. 213 00:12:37,500 --> 00:12:40,000 Totu�i a fost o problem�. 214 00:12:40,035 --> 00:12:42,500 De�i legile sale descriau 215 00:12:42,510 --> 00:12:46,510 for�a gravita�iei cu mare precizie, 216 00:12:46,545 --> 00:12:50,475 Newton p�stra un secret jenant : 217 00:12:50,510 --> 00:12:55,010 el nu avea nici o idee despre cum func�ioneaz� de fapt gravita�ia. 218 00:13:00,010 --> 00:13:03,510 Pentru aproape 250 de ani, 219 00:13:03,545 --> 00:13:07,027 oamenii de �tiin�� s-au mul�umit s� �ntoarc� privirea 220 00:13:07,062 --> 00:13:10,475 c�nd s-au confruntat cu acest mister. 221 00:13:10,510 --> 00:13:13,510 Dar la �nceputul anilor 1900, 222 00:13:13,545 --> 00:13:16,527 un func�ionar necunoscut, ce lucra la biroul elve�ian de brevete 223 00:13:16,562 --> 00:13:19,510 a schimbat totul. 224 00:13:20,010 --> 00:13:23,510 �n timp ce revedea aplica�iile brevetate, Albert Einstein 225 00:13:23,520 --> 00:13:27,020 reflecta asupra comportamentului luminii. 226 00:13:27,055 --> 00:13:28,985 �i habar n-avea Einstein 227 00:13:29,020 --> 00:13:30,985 ca reflec�iile sale asupra luminii 228 00:13:31,020 --> 00:13:33,020 �l vor conduce spre rezolvarea misterului lui Newton 229 00:13:33,055 --> 00:13:35,020 despre ce este gravita�ia. 230 00:13:36,520 --> 00:13:41,770 La v�rsta de 26 de ani, Einstein a f�cut o descoperire �ocanta : 231 00:13:41,805 --> 00:13:47,020 ca viteza luminii este un fel de 232 00:13:47,055 --> 00:13:52,020 limita cosmic� de vitez�, o vitez� pe care nimic �n univers n=o poate dep�i. 233 00:13:52,055 --> 00:13:52,985 Dar cur�nd 234 00:13:53,020 --> 00:13:56,020 dup� ce �i-a publicat ideea t�n�rul Einstein 235 00:13:56,030 --> 00:13:58,780 s-a trezit �n contradic�ie 236 00:13:58,815 --> 00:14:01,530 cu p�rintele gravita�iei. 237 00:14:05,030 --> 00:14:07,995 Problema era c� ideea 238 00:14:08,030 --> 00:14:11,030 ca nimic nu poate avea o vitez� mai mare ca a luminii 239 00:14:11,065 --> 00:14:13,995 era aruncat� �n fa�a imaginii lui Newton 240 00:14:14,030 --> 00:14:17,530 asupra gravita�iei. 241 00:14:17,565 --> 00:14:20,495 Pentru a �n�elege acest conflict, 242 00:14:20,530 --> 00:14:23,530 trebuie a facem ni�te experimente. 243 00:14:24,030 --> 00:14:28,280 �i pentru �nceput, s� cre�m o catastrof� cosmic�. 244 00:14:28,315 --> 00:14:32,530 Imagina�i-v� c� brusc �i f�r� nici o avertizare, 245 00:14:32,540 --> 00:14:36,540 Soarele se evapora �i dispare complet. 246 00:14:37,540 --> 00:14:40,505 Acum, s� refacem aceast� catastrof� 247 00:14:40,540 --> 00:14:43,540 �i s� vedem ce efect ar avea ea asupra planetelor 248 00:14:43,575 --> 00:14:44,540 dup� Newton. 249 00:14:45,040 --> 00:14:47,540 Teoria lui Newton prezice 250 00:14:47,575 --> 00:14:51,505 c� odat� cu distrugerea Soarelui, 251 00:14:51,540 --> 00:14:56,540 planetele ar zbura imediat �nafara orbitelor lor 252 00:14:56,575 --> 00:14:59,040 r�t�cind �n spa�iu. 253 00:15:03,840 --> 00:15:06,540 Cu alte cuvinte, Newton credea c� gravita�ia era 254 00:15:06,575 --> 00:15:08,040 o for�� care ac�ioneaz� instantaneu 255 00:15:08,050 --> 00:15:10,015 la orice distan��. 256 00:15:10,050 --> 00:15:12,550 Iar ca noi am sim�i imediat 257 00:15:12,585 --> 00:15:14,515 efectul distrugerii Soarelui. 258 00:15:14,550 --> 00:15:18,550 Dar Einstein a sesizat o mare problema in teoria lui Newton, 259 00:15:18,585 --> 00:15:22,550 o problem� ce reie�ea din studiul s�u asupra luminii. 260 00:15:23,550 --> 00:15:27,550 Einstein �tia c� lumina nu c�l�torea instantaneu. 261 00:15:28,050 --> 00:15:31,300 De fapt, dureaz� 8 minute 262 00:15:31,335 --> 00:15:34,550 ca razele Soarelui s� str�bat� cele 93 milioane de mile 263 00:15:34,585 --> 00:15:37,015 p�n� la P�m�nt. 264 00:15:37,050 --> 00:15:40,550 �i, de vreme ce el ar�tase ca nimic, nici m�car gravita�ia, 265 00:15:40,560 --> 00:15:43,060 nu poate c�l�tori mai repede ca lumina, 266 00:15:45,060 --> 00:15:48,560 cum ar putea P�m�ntul s� fie eliberat de pe orbita 267 00:15:48,595 --> 00:15:51,525 �nainte ca �ntunericul rezultat din dispari�ia Soarelui 268 00:15:51,560 --> 00:15:54,560 s� fi ajuns la ochii no�tri ? 269 00:16:01,560 --> 00:16:05,060 Pentru t�n�rul arogant din biroul elve�ian de brevete 270 00:16:05,095 --> 00:16:08,560 ceva care s� dep�easc� lumina era imposibil, 271 00:16:09,060 --> 00:16:12,060 iar aceasta �nsemna c� imaginea, veche de 250 de ani, 272 00:16:12,095 --> 00:16:14,560 a lui Newton asupra gravita�iei, era gre�it�. 273 00:16:14,595 --> 00:16:16,525 S. JAMES GATES, JR. : 274 00:16:16,560 --> 00:16:19,060 Dac� Newton a gre�it, 275 00:16:19,070 --> 00:16:21,535 atunci de ce planetele r�m�n la locul lor ? 276 00:16:21,570 --> 00:16:24,570 Pentru ca, aminti�i-v�, triumful ecua�iilor lui Newton 277 00:16:24,605 --> 00:16:27,535 vine din �ncercarea de a �n�elege 278 00:16:27,570 --> 00:16:31,070 planetele �i stelele 279 00:16:31,105 --> 00:16:34,070 �i �n special problema de ce planetele au orbitele pe care le au. 280 00:16:35,070 --> 00:16:37,570 �i cu ecua�iile lui Newton, po�i calcula modul 281 00:16:37,605 --> 00:16:40,070 �n care planetele se pot mi�ca. 282 00:16:40,570 --> 00:16:43,070 Einstein trebuia s� rezolve aceast� dilem�. 283 00:16:44,570 --> 00:16:48,070 BRIAN GREENE : �n ultimii s�i 20 de ani, Einstein a trebuit s� g�seasc� 284 00:16:48,105 --> 00:16:51,570 o nou� imagine a universului 285 00:16:51,580 --> 00:16:54,045 �n care gravita�ia nu dep�e�te viteza luminii. 286 00:16:54,080 --> 00:16:58,045 �nc� lucr�nd �n biroul s�u de brevete, Einstein 287 00:16:58,080 --> 00:17:02,080 a pornit �ntr-o c�utare solitar� pentru a rezolva acest mister. 288 00:17:04,580 --> 00:17:08,045 Dup� ce �i-a stors creierii aproape 10 ani 289 00:17:08,080 --> 00:17:11,080 el a g�sit r�spunsul �ntr-un nou fel de unificare. 290 00:17:13,180 --> 00:17:15,080 O nou� imagine a gravita�iei 291 00:17:15,115 --> 00:17:16,545 PETER GALISON (Harvard University): 292 00:17:16,580 --> 00:17:19,580 Einstein a ajuns s� se g�ndeasc� la cele 3 dimensiuni ale spa�iului 293 00:17:19,615 --> 00:17:22,080 �i singura dimensiune a timpului 294 00:17:22,580 --> 00:17:26,080 ca fiind legate �mpreun� �ntr-un singur substrat, "spa�iu-timp". 295 00:17:32,090 --> 00:17:34,055 A fost speran�a lui 296 00:17:34,090 --> 00:17:37,090 ca, prin �n�elegerea geometriei acestui 297 00:17:37,125 --> 00:17:39,590 4-dimensional substrat al spa�iu-timpului, 298 00:17:39,625 --> 00:17:41,555 ar fi putut vorbi simplu despre 299 00:17:41,590 --> 00:17:44,590 lucruri care se mi�ca pe suprafe�e 300 00:17:44,625 --> 00:17:47,590 �n acest substrat spa�iu-timp. 301 00:17:48,590 --> 00:17:51,090 BRIAN GREENE : Ca suprafa�a unei trambuline, 302 00:17:51,125 --> 00:17:53,607 acest substrat unificat este curbat �i �ntins 303 00:17:53,642 --> 00:17:56,390 de obiecte grele, cum sunt planetele �i stelele. 304 00:17:59,090 --> 00:18:02,590 �i aceasta curbare a spa�iu-timpului 305 00:18:02,600 --> 00:18:06,100 creeaz� ceea ce noi sim�im ca gravita�ie. 306 00:18:07,100 --> 00:18:10,065 O planet� ca P�m�ntul este men�inut� pe orbit�, 307 00:18:10,100 --> 00:18:13,100 nu pentru c� Soarele se �ntinde �i instantaneu 308 00:18:13,135 --> 00:18:15,065 o apuc� �i o �ine, ca �n teoria lui Newton, 309 00:18:15,100 --> 00:18:18,065 ci pur �i simplu pentru ca planeta urmeaz� curbe 310 00:18:18,100 --> 00:18:21,100 �n substratul spa�ial, generate de prezen�a Soarelui. 311 00:18:21,135 --> 00:18:23,600 Deci, cu aceast� nou� �n�elegere a gravita�iei, 312 00:18:23,635 --> 00:18:25,965 s� re-derulam catastrofa cosmic�. 313 00:18:26,000 --> 00:18:28,500 S� vedem ce se petrece acum dac� Soarele dispare. 314 00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:34,000 Perturbarea gravita�ionala care rezult� 315 00:18:34,010 --> 00:18:38,510 va forma un val care traverseaz� substratul spa�ial 316 00:18:38,545 --> 00:18:41,027 la fel cum o pietricic� 317 00:18:41,062 --> 00:18:43,536 c�zut� �ntr-un lac face unde circulare 318 00:18:43,571 --> 00:18:46,040 ce se propaga pe suprafa�a apei. 319 00:18:46,075 --> 00:18:48,510 Deci noi nu vom sim�i nici o schimbare 320 00:18:48,545 --> 00:18:50,777 �n orbita noastr� �n jurul Soarelui 321 00:18:50,812 --> 00:18:53,010 p�n� c�nd acel val va atinge P�m�ntul. 322 00:18:55,210 --> 00:18:59,510 Mai mult, Einstein a calculat c� aceste unde gravita�ionale 323 00:18:59,545 --> 00:19:03,510 c�l�toresc cu exact viteza luminii. 324 00:19:05,510 --> 00:19:07,810 Astfel, cu aceast� nou� abordare, 325 00:19:07,820 --> 00:19:10,320 Einstein a rezolvat conflictul cu Newton 326 00:19:10,355 --> 00:19:12,985 despre c�t de repede se deplaseaz� gravita�ia. 327 00:19:13,020 --> 00:19:16,520 �i mai mult dec�t at�t, Einstein a oferit lumii o nou� imagine 328 00:19:16,555 --> 00:19:19,185 asupra a ceea ce este de fapt for�a gravita�iei : 329 00:19:19,220 --> 00:19:24,020 este �ndoituri �i curbe �n substratul spa�iului timp. 330 00:19:25,720 --> 00:19:30,020 Einstein a numit aceast� nou� imagine a gravita�iei "Relativitatea generalizata" 331 00:19:30,520 --> 00:19:33,020 �i �n c��iva ani, Albert Einstein 332 00:19:33,055 --> 00:19:35,287 a devenit un nume consacrat. 333 00:19:35,322 --> 00:19:37,421 S. JAMES GATES, JR. : Einstein a fost ca 334 00:19:37,456 --> 00:19:39,520 o stea rock, �n timpul sau. 335 00:19:39,530 --> 00:19:41,680 A fost una din cele mai larg cunoscute 336 00:19:41,715 --> 00:19:43,795 �i recunoscute figuri �n via��. 337 00:19:43,830 --> 00:19:46,430 El �i poate Charlie Chaplin au fost 338 00:19:46,465 --> 00:19:49,030 regii �ncorona�i ai mass mediei. 339 00:19:49,230 --> 00:19:51,495 MARCIA BARTUSIAK (Author): Oamenii i-au urm�rit activitatea. 340 00:19:51,530 --> 00:19:55,530 �i anticipau... din cauza acestui minunat lucru 341 00:19:55,565 --> 00:19:57,495 pe care el l-a f�cut cu relativitatea generalizat�, 342 00:19:57,530 --> 00:20:02,730 aceasta reformulare a legilor gravita�iei din mintea sa... 343 00:20:02,765 --> 00:20:05,230 exista o idee c� ar putea face-o din nou 344 00:20:05,265 --> 00:20:08,030 �i �ti�i c� oamenii vor s� fie la curent. 345 00:20:08,440 --> 00:20:11,740 BRIAN GREENE : �n ciuda a tot ce realizase, 346 00:20:11,775 --> 00:20:13,505 Einstein nu era mul�umit. 347 00:20:13,540 --> 00:20:16,790 Imediat �i-a �ndreptat privirea spre un �el �i mai mare, 348 00:20:16,825 --> 00:20:19,682 unificarea noii sale viziuni asupra gravita�iei 349 00:20:19,717 --> 00:20:22,540 cu cealalt� for�a cunoscut� la acel moment, 350 00:20:22,575 --> 00:20:24,305 electromagnetismul. 351 00:20:24,340 --> 00:20:26,940 Electromagnetismul este o for�� 352 00:20:26,975 --> 00:20:29,540 ce a fost �i ea unificata 353 00:20:29,575 --> 00:20:31,557 doar cu c�teva decenii mai devreme. 354 00:20:31,592 --> 00:20:33,540 La mijlocul anilor 1800, 355 00:20:33,550 --> 00:20:37,050 electricitatea �i magnetismul 356 00:20:37,085 --> 00:20:40,550 au st�rnit interesul oamenilor de �tiin��. 357 00:20:41,050 --> 00:20:44,550 Aceste dou� for�e p�reau s� aib� o curioas� rela�ie �ntre ele 358 00:20:44,585 --> 00:20:48,067 de care inventatori c� Samuel Morse 359 00:20:48,102 --> 00:20:51,550 au profitat �n dispozitivele moderne, cum ar fi telegraful. 360 00:20:54,550 --> 00:20:57,550 Un impuls electric trimis printr-un fir de telegraf 361 00:20:57,585 --> 00:21:00,050 c�tre un magnet aflat la mii de mile distan�� 362 00:21:00,550 --> 00:21:04,050 producea familiarele puncte �i linii ale codului Morse 363 00:21:04,085 --> 00:21:07,550 ce permitea transmiterea mesajelor peste continente 364 00:21:07,585 --> 00:21:10,050 �ntr-o frac�iune de secund�. 365 00:21:11,060 --> 00:21:13,810 De�i telegraful a fost senza�ional, 366 00:21:13,845 --> 00:21:16,560 �tiin�a fundamental� a func�ion�rii lui 367 00:21:16,595 --> 00:21:18,560 a r�mas �ntr-un fel un mister. 368 00:21:23,060 --> 00:21:28,560 Dar pentru un om de �tiin�a sco�ian numit James Clark Maxwell, 369 00:21:28,595 --> 00:21:32,560 rela�ia dintre electricitate �i magnetism 370 00:21:33,060 --> 00:21:39,060 a fost at�t de evident�, �nc�t reclama unificarea. 371 00:21:41,060 --> 00:21:43,560 Dac� a�i fost vreodat� pe v�rful unui munte 372 00:21:43,595 --> 00:21:46,525 �n timpul unei furtuni, a�i avea 373 00:21:46,560 --> 00:21:51,060 idee despre cum electricitatea �i magnetismul sunt �nrudite. 374 00:21:51,560 --> 00:21:55,560 C�nd un curent de particule �nc�rcate electric se propaga, 375 00:21:55,570 --> 00:21:58,820 ca �ntr-un fulger, el creeaz� un c�mp magnetic. 376 00:21:58,855 --> 00:22:02,070 �i pute�i eviden�ia aceasta cu o busol�. 377 00:22:09,070 --> 00:22:11,535 Obsedat de aceast� rela�ie, 378 00:22:11,570 --> 00:22:14,570 sco�ianul s-a hot�r�t s� explice 379 00:22:14,605 --> 00:22:17,570 conexiunea dintre electricitate �i magnetism 380 00:22:17,605 --> 00:22:20,070 �n limbaj matematic. 381 00:22:21,070 --> 00:22:23,320 Arunc�nd o nou� lumin� asupra subiectului, 382 00:22:23,355 --> 00:22:25,535 Maxwell a inventat un set 383 00:22:25,570 --> 00:22:28,070 de 4 elegante ecua�ii matematice 384 00:22:33,070 --> 00:22:36,570 ce au unificat electricitatea �i magnetismul 385 00:22:37,080 --> 00:22:41,580 �ntr-o singur� for�� numita "electromagnetism." 386 00:22:43,080 --> 00:22:46,045 �i ca Isaac Newton's �naintea lui, 387 00:22:46,080 --> 00:22:49,580 unificarea lui Maxwell a dus �tiin�� cu un pas mai aproape 388 00:22:49,615 --> 00:22:52,545 de a sparge codul universului. 389 00:22:52,580 --> 00:22:54,580 JOSEPH POLCHINSKI (University of California, Santa Barbara): 390 00:22:54,615 --> 00:22:56,597 Aceasta a fost �ntr-adev�r remarcabil, 391 00:22:56,632 --> 00:22:58,545 c� aceste fenomene diferite 392 00:22:58,580 --> 00:23:00,830 erau conectate �n acest fel. 393 00:23:00,865 --> 00:23:03,045 �i e �nc� un exemplu de fenomene diferite 394 00:23:03,080 --> 00:23:07,080 provenind dintr-un singur bloc fundamental sau dintr-un singur principiu fundamental. 395 00:23:07,090 --> 00:23:09,090 WALTER H.G. LEWIN (Massachusetts Institute of Technology): 396 00:23:09,125 --> 00:23:12,555 Imagineaz�-�i c� tot ce po�i g�ndi 397 00:23:12,590 --> 00:23:16,090 care are leg�tur� cu electricitatea �i magnetismul 398 00:23:16,125 --> 00:23:21,090 poate fi scris �n 4 ecua�ii foarte simple. 399 00:23:22,390 --> 00:23:25,890 Nu e incredibil ? Nu e uimitor ? 400 00:23:25,925 --> 00:23:27,855 Eu �l numesc elegant. 401 00:23:27,890 --> 00:23:30,640 PETER GALISON : Einstein s-a g�ndit c� acesta a fost 402 00:23:30,675 --> 00:23:33,532 unul dintre momentele de triumf ale �ntregii fizici 403 00:23:33,567 --> 00:23:36,390 �i l-a admirat pe Maxwell enorm pentru ce a f�cut. 404 00:23:38,090 --> 00:23:40,590 BRIAN GREENE : La aproape 50 de ani dup� ce Maxwell a unificat 405 00:23:40,600 --> 00:23:42,565 electricitatea �i magnetismul, 406 00:23:42,600 --> 00:23:45,565 Einstein era �ncrez�tor 407 00:23:45,600 --> 00:23:49,100 c� dac� el ar putea unifica noua sa teorie a gravita�iei cu cea a lui Maxwell, electromagnetismul, 408 00:23:49,135 --> 00:23:52,065 ar putea formula o ecua�ie perfect� 409 00:23:52,100 --> 00:23:56,100 ce ar putea descrie orice, �ntregul univers. 410 00:23:56,135 --> 00:23:58,065 S. JAMES GATES, JR. : 411 00:23:58,100 --> 00:24:01,850 Einstein crede �n mod clar ca universul 412 00:24:01,885 --> 00:24:06,600 are un mare �i frumos tipar suprem al modului sau de func�ionare. 413 00:24:07,000 --> 00:24:09,000 Deci, pentru a-�i r�spunde la �ntrebare, 414 00:24:09,035 --> 00:24:11,000 de ce c�uta el unificarea ? 415 00:24:11,010 --> 00:24:13,510 Cred c� r�spunsul e simplu 416 00:24:13,545 --> 00:24:16,475 pentru c� Einstein e unul din acei fizicieni 417 00:24:16,510 --> 00:24:21,510 ce vor cu adev�rat s� cunoasc� mintea lui Dumnezeu, adic� �ntreaga imagine. 418 00:24:23,010 --> 00:24:25,010 O lume nou� �i stranie 419 00:24:26,010 --> 00:24:30,510 BRIAN GREENE : Ast�zi, acesta este �elul teoriei stringurilor : 420 00:24:30,545 --> 00:24:34,010 de a unifica �n�elegerea noastr� asupra totului 421 00:24:34,510 --> 00:24:37,010 de la na�terea universului 422 00:24:37,045 --> 00:24:39,510 p�n� la maiestuoasa rotire a galaxiilor 423 00:24:40,010 --> 00:24:42,510 �n doar un set de principii, 424 00:24:44,010 --> 00:24:47,010 o ecua�ie perfect�. 425 00:24:48,020 --> 00:24:51,020 Newton a unificat cerul �i p�m�ntul 426 00:24:52,020 --> 00:24:54,485 �ntr-o teorie a gravita�iei. 427 00:24:54,520 --> 00:24:59,020 Maxwell a unificat electricitatea �i magnetismul. 428 00:25:00,520 --> 00:25:03,020 Einstein a ra�ionat c� tot 429 00:25:03,520 --> 00:25:05,985 ce r�m�nea pentru a construi o "Teorie a Totului".. 430 00:25:06,020 --> 00:25:09,520 o singur� teorie ce ar putea cuprinde toate legile universului.. 431 00:25:09,555 --> 00:25:12,520 era s� uneasc� viziunea sa asupra gravita�iei 432 00:25:12,555 --> 00:25:14,985 cu electromagnetismul. 433 00:25:15,020 --> 00:25:17,270 AMANDA PEET : El avea �n mod sigur motiva�ii. 434 00:25:17,305 --> 00:25:19,520 Probabil una din ele putea fi estetic�, 435 00:25:19,530 --> 00:25:21,495 sau aceast� �ncercare de a simplifica. 436 00:25:21,530 --> 00:25:24,030 Alta se poate s� fi fost doar faptul fizic 437 00:25:24,065 --> 00:25:26,047 c� se p�rea ca viteza gravita�iei 438 00:25:26,082 --> 00:25:28,030 este egal� cu viteza luminii. 439 00:25:28,730 --> 00:25:30,995 Deci dac� ambele se deplasau cu aceea�i vitez�, 440 00:25:31,030 --> 00:25:34,030 atunci poate c� asta e o indica�ie a unei simetrii fundamentale. 441 00:25:35,030 --> 00:25:38,030 BRIAN GREENE : Dar c�nd Einstein �ncerca s� unifice 442 00:25:38,065 --> 00:25:40,530 gravita�ia �i electromagnetismul, 443 00:25:41,030 --> 00:25:44,030 el avea s� afle c� diferen�a de t�rie dintre aceste dou� for�e 444 00:25:44,065 --> 00:25:46,530 ar dep�i similarit��ile lor. 445 00:25:47,540 --> 00:25:50,040 Da�i-mi voie s� v� ar�t ce vreau s� spun. 446 00:25:51,040 --> 00:25:54,040 Noi tindem s� credem c� gravita�ia este o for�� puternic�. 447 00:25:55,040 --> 00:25:57,540 �n definitiv, este for�a care, chiar acum, 448 00:25:57,575 --> 00:26:00,040 m� ancoreaz� pe mine de aceasta margine. 449 00:26:03,040 --> 00:26:05,290 Dar comparat� cu electromagnetismul, 450 00:26:05,325 --> 00:26:07,505 e de fapt foarte slab�. 451 00:26:07,540 --> 00:26:10,040 Practic, exista un test simplu pentru a arata aceasta. 452 00:26:10,240 --> 00:26:13,540 Imagina�i-v� c� a� sari de pe aceast� cl�dire destul de �nalt�. 453 00:26:14,040 --> 00:26:16,540 De fapt, nu doar s� ne imagin�m. 454 00:26:16,840 --> 00:26:18,240 S-o facem. 455 00:26:18,250 --> 00:26:20,050 Ve�i vedea ce vreau s� spun. 456 00:26:37,950 --> 00:26:41,450 Acum, desigur, ar fi trebuit s� fiu turtit. 457 00:26:41,485 --> 00:26:43,015 Dar �ntrebarea important� este : 458 00:26:43,050 --> 00:26:45,515 ce m-a �mpiedicat s� sparg trotuarul 459 00:26:45,550 --> 00:26:48,050 �i s� str�pung p�m�ntul pana �n centrul s�u ? 460 00:26:50,550 --> 00:26:53,015 Ei bine, de�i suna straniu, 461 00:26:53,050 --> 00:26:55,550 r�spunsul este : electromagnetismul. 462 00:26:56,550 --> 00:26:59,515 Tot ce putem vedea, de la noi 463 00:26:59,550 --> 00:27:03,050 p�n� la trotuar, este f�cut din mici particule de materie 464 00:27:03,085 --> 00:27:05,050 numite atomi. 465 00:27:05,060 --> 00:27:07,560 �i �nveli�ul exterior al oric�rui atom 466 00:27:07,595 --> 00:27:10,060 are o sarcin� electric� negativ�. 467 00:27:11,060 --> 00:27:13,560 Deci c�nd atomii mei intra �n coliziune 468 00:27:13,595 --> 00:27:15,525 cu atomii cimentului 469 00:27:15,560 --> 00:27:18,060 aceste sarcini electrice se resping reciproc 470 00:27:18,560 --> 00:27:21,525 cu a�a o putere, �nc�t chiar �i o mic� bucat� din trotuar 471 00:27:21,560 --> 00:27:25,560 poate rezista la �ntreaga gravita�ie a P�m�ntului �i m� poate opri din c�dere. 472 00:27:26,060 --> 00:27:29,060 Practic, for�� electromagnetic� 473 00:27:29,360 --> 00:27:32,560 este de miliarde �i miliarde de ori mai puternic� 474 00:27:32,595 --> 00:27:34,060 dec�t gravita�ia. 475 00:27:34,070 --> 00:27:35,535 NIMA ARKANI-HAMED (Harvard University): 476 00:27:35,570 --> 00:27:37,270 Pare pu�in straniu, pentru c� gravita�ia ne men�ine picioarele pe p�m�nt 477 00:27:37,305 --> 00:27:38,835 �i men�ine P�m�ntul �n jurul Soarelui. 478 00:27:38,870 --> 00:27:40,570 Dar, �n realitate, 479 00:27:40,605 --> 00:27:43,035 reu�e�te s� fac� aceast� doar pentru ca 480 00:27:43,070 --> 00:27:46,070 ea ac�ioneaz� asupra unor conglomerate enorme de materie, 481 00:27:46,105 --> 00:27:48,535 �ti�i.. tu, eu, P�m�ntul, Soarele.. 482 00:27:48,570 --> 00:27:51,570 dar la nivelul atomilor individuali, 483 00:27:51,605 --> 00:27:54,570 gravita�ia este de fapt o for�� incredibil de slab�. 484 00:27:59,070 --> 00:28:02,270 BRIAN GREENE : Ar fi o lupt� obositoare pentru Einstein sa unifice 485 00:28:02,280 --> 00:28:05,480 aceste dou� for�e de puteri extrem de diferite. 486 00:28:07,080 --> 00:28:09,980 �i pentru a �nr�ut��i situa�ia, abia �ncepuse 487 00:28:10,015 --> 00:28:12,045 c�nd schimb�ri rapide 488 00:28:12,080 --> 00:28:15,080 �n lumea fizicii... l-au l�sat �n urm�. 489 00:28:16,080 --> 00:28:19,080 STEVEN WEINBERG : Einstein realizase at�t de mult 490 00:28:19,580 --> 00:28:22,080 �n anii de p�n� la 1920, 491 00:28:22,380 --> 00:28:25,580 �nc�t desigur c� se a�tepta c� putea continua 492 00:28:26,580 --> 00:28:29,080 juc�nd acelea�i jocuri teoretice 493 00:28:29,115 --> 00:28:31,580 �i s� realizeze �n continuare lucruri m�re�e. 494 00:28:31,890 --> 00:28:33,590 Dar n-a putut. 495 00:28:35,390 --> 00:28:38,790 Natura s-a revelat �n alte moduri 496 00:28:38,825 --> 00:28:41,555 �n 1920 fa�� de 1930, 497 00:28:41,590 --> 00:28:46,590 iar trucurile �i uneltele specifice pe care Einstein le-a avut la dispozi�ie 498 00:28:46,625 --> 00:28:49,590 �i care fuseser� at�t de fabulos de eficiente, 499 00:28:50,090 --> 00:28:53,090 nu mai erau aplicabile. 500 00:28:54,590 --> 00:28:56,590 The Quantum Cafe 501 00:28:57,590 --> 00:29:01,590 BRIAN GREENE : Vede�i, �n anii 1920, un grup de tineri oameni de �tiin�� 502 00:29:01,625 --> 00:29:04,090 au furat reflectorul de pe Einstein 503 00:29:04,125 --> 00:29:06,965 c�nd au ap�rut cu un bizar 504 00:29:07,000 --> 00:29:09,500 mod nou de a g�ndi fizica. 505 00:29:10,700 --> 00:29:14,000 Viziunea lor asupra universului era a�a de ciudat�, 506 00:29:14,700 --> 00:29:17,500 �nc�t face SF-ul s� par� bl�nd 507 00:29:17,535 --> 00:29:19,465 �i a �ntors �ncercarea lui Einstein 508 00:29:19,500 --> 00:29:22,000 de unificare, cu capul �n jos. 509 00:29:22,035 --> 00:29:24,000 Unificare ! Unificare ! 510 00:29:26,500 --> 00:29:30,000 Condu�i de fizicianul danez Niels Bohr, 511 00:29:30,035 --> 00:29:33,500 ace�ti oameni de �tiin�� au descoperit 512 00:29:33,535 --> 00:29:35,767 un �ntreg t�r�m nou al universului. 513 00:29:35,802 --> 00:29:38,000 Atomii, 514 00:29:38,010 --> 00:29:40,560 mult timp considera�i a fi cei mai mici constituen�i 515 00:29:40,595 --> 00:29:42,475 ai naturii, s-a aflat 516 00:29:42,510 --> 00:29:45,210 c� sunt alc�tui�i din particule �i mai mici : 517 00:29:45,245 --> 00:29:47,327 nucleul, familiar de-acum, 518 00:29:48,110 --> 00:29:51,110 de protoni �i neutroni, �nconjurat de electroni. 519 00:29:51,510 --> 00:29:54,475 �i teoriile lui Einstein �i Maxwell 520 00:29:54,510 --> 00:29:57,010 au fost inutile �n a explica 521 00:29:57,045 --> 00:29:59,527 modul bizar �n care aceste mici particule de materie 522 00:29:59,562 --> 00:30:02,010 interac�ioneaz� �ntre ele �n�untrul atomului. 523 00:30:03,020 --> 00:30:05,770 PETER GALISON : A fost un imens mister 524 00:30:05,805 --> 00:30:08,520 despre cum se explica toate acestea, 525 00:30:08,555 --> 00:30:11,485 cum se explica ce se petrece �n nucleu 526 00:30:11,520 --> 00:30:14,020 pe m�sur� ce atomul �ncepea s� se dezv�luie 527 00:30:14,055 --> 00:30:16,020 �n diferite moduri. 528 00:30:16,520 --> 00:30:20,720 Iar vechile teorii erau total inadecvate pentru a le explica. 529 00:30:20,755 --> 00:30:23,985 Gravita�ia era irelevant�. Era mult prea slab�. 530 00:30:24,020 --> 00:30:27,020 Iar electricitatea �i magnetismul nu erau suficiente. 531 00:30:31,220 --> 00:30:34,520 BRIAN GREENE : F�r� o teorie care s� explice aceast� nou� lume stranie, 532 00:30:34,555 --> 00:30:38,020 ace�ti savan�i erau pierdu�i 533 00:30:38,030 --> 00:30:41,030 �ntr-un teritoriu atomic necunoscut 534 00:30:42,030 --> 00:30:45,530 c�ut�nd orice semne de recunoa�tere. 535 00:31:02,730 --> 00:31:06,530 Apoi, la sf�r�itul anilor 1920, totul s-a schimbat. 536 00:31:06,565 --> 00:31:09,297 Pe parcursul acestor ani, fizicienii au dezvoltat 537 00:31:09,332 --> 00:31:11,995 o nou� teorie numita "mecanica cuantic�" 538 00:31:12,030 --> 00:31:15,030 care era capabil� s� descrie t�r�mul 539 00:31:15,065 --> 00:31:17,030 microscopic cu mare succes. 540 00:31:17,230 --> 00:31:19,195 Dar iat� problema : 541 00:31:19,230 --> 00:31:21,730 mecanica cuantic� era o teorie at�t de radical� 542 00:31:21,765 --> 00:31:24,730 �nc�t sf�r�ma complet toate modurile precedente 543 00:31:24,740 --> 00:31:27,240 de a privi universul. 544 00:31:27,275 --> 00:31:29,705 Teoriile lui Einstein revendicau 545 00:31:29,740 --> 00:31:32,540 un univers ordonat �i predictibil, 546 00:31:34,740 --> 00:31:37,240 dar Niels Bohr nu a fost de acord. 547 00:31:37,275 --> 00:31:39,705 El �i colegii lui au proclamat 548 00:31:39,740 --> 00:31:42,240 ca la scara atomilor �i particulelor, 549 00:31:42,275 --> 00:31:44,740 lumea e un joc de noroc. 550 00:31:45,740 --> 00:31:49,740 La nivelul atomic sau cuantic, guverneaz� incertitudinea. 551 00:31:51,540 --> 00:31:53,540 Tot ce po�i s� faci, 552 00:31:53,575 --> 00:31:55,540 �n acord cu mecanica cuantic�, 553 00:31:55,550 --> 00:31:57,515 este de a prezice �ansa sau probabilitatea 554 00:31:57,550 --> 00:32:00,050 unui rezultat sau a altuia. 555 00:32:02,550 --> 00:32:06,515 �i aceasta stranie idee 556 00:32:06,550 --> 00:32:10,550 a deschis poarta unei imagini tulbur�toare a realit��ii. 557 00:32:16,550 --> 00:32:20,015 Era at�t de tulbur�toare 558 00:32:20,050 --> 00:32:23,050 �nc�t dac� bizarele caracteristici ale mecanicii cuantice 559 00:32:23,085 --> 00:32:25,317 ar fi fost observabile �n lumea noastr� de zi cu zi, 560 00:32:25,352 --> 00:32:27,701 a�a cum sunt aici, �n Quantum Caf�, 561 00:32:27,736 --> 00:32:30,015 a�i putea crede c� v-a�i pierdut min�ile. 562 00:32:30,050 --> 00:32:32,550 WALTER H.G. LEWIN : Legile din lumea cuantic� 563 00:32:32,560 --> 00:32:34,810 sunt foarte diferite de legile 564 00:32:34,845 --> 00:32:37,025 cu care suntem noi obi�nui�i. 565 00:32:37,060 --> 00:32:39,560 Experien�ele noastre zilnice sunt total diferite 566 00:32:39,595 --> 00:32:42,060 de orice am putea vedea �n lumea cuantic�. 567 00:32:42,095 --> 00:32:43,725 Lumea cuantic� e nebun�. 568 00:32:43,760 --> 00:32:45,760 E probabil cea mai bun� defini�ie : 569 00:32:45,795 --> 00:32:47,060 e o lume nebun�. 570 00:32:47,560 --> 00:32:49,025 BRIAN GREENE : Pentru aproape 80 de ani, 571 00:32:49,060 --> 00:32:51,560 mecanica cuantic� a proclamat cu succes 572 00:32:51,595 --> 00:32:53,560 ca straniul �i bizarul sunt caracteristicile 573 00:32:53,570 --> 00:32:56,570 modului �n care se comporta universul nostru 574 00:32:56,605 --> 00:32:59,070 la dimensiuni extrem de mici. 575 00:32:59,570 --> 00:33:01,570 La scara vie�ii obi�nuite, 576 00:33:01,605 --> 00:33:03,535 noi nu experimentam direct 577 00:33:03,570 --> 00:33:06,070 ciud��enia mecanicii cuantice. 578 00:33:06,570 --> 00:33:09,035 Dar aici, �n Quantum Caf�, 579 00:33:09,070 --> 00:33:11,570 lucruri mari, de zi cu zi, 580 00:33:11,605 --> 00:33:14,087 se comporta ca �i cum ar fi microscopice. 581 00:33:14,122 --> 00:33:16,570 �i indiferent de c�t de multe ori vin aici, 582 00:33:16,605 --> 00:33:19,070 Se pare c� nu m� pot obi�nui. 583 00:33:20,080 --> 00:33:21,580 A� vrea un suc de portocale, v� rog. 584 00:33:21,615 --> 00:33:23,847 BARTENDER : Voi �ncerca. 585 00:33:23,882 --> 00:33:26,080 BRIAN GREENE : "Voi �ncerca," spune ea. 586 00:33:29,080 --> 00:33:31,580 Vede�i, ei nu sunt obi�nui�i ca oamenii 587 00:33:31,615 --> 00:33:34,080 s� dea comenzi clare aici, �n Quantum Caf�, 588 00:33:34,115 --> 00:33:36,545 pentru c� aici totul e guvernat de noroc. 589 00:33:36,580 --> 00:33:39,080 C�nd doresc un suc de portocale, 590 00:33:39,115 --> 00:33:40,080 exist� doar o singur� probabilitate 591 00:33:40,115 --> 00:33:42,580 ca voi primi �ntr-adev�r unul. 592 00:33:46,580 --> 00:33:49,580 �i nu e nici un motiv s� fii dezam�git 593 00:33:49,590 --> 00:33:52,055 de un rezultat sau altul, 594 00:33:52,090 --> 00:33:54,090 pentru ca mecanica cuantic� sugereaz� 595 00:33:54,125 --> 00:33:56,055 c� oricare din posibilit��i, 596 00:33:56,090 --> 00:33:58,590 cum ar fi s� prime�ti un suc galben sau unul ro�u, 597 00:33:58,625 --> 00:34:00,055 se poate �nt�mpla. 598 00:34:00,090 --> 00:34:02,055 Ele doar se �nt�mpla s� se �nt�mple 599 00:34:02,090 --> 00:34:04,555 �n universuri paralele cu al nostru, 600 00:34:04,590 --> 00:34:07,090 universuri ce par reale locuitorilor lor 601 00:34:07,125 --> 00:34:09,590 a�a cum �i al nostru ne pare noua real. 602 00:34:10,590 --> 00:34:13,090 WALTER H.G. LEWIN : Dac� exist� o mie de posibilit��i 603 00:34:13,100 --> 00:34:15,065 �i mecanic� cuantic� nu poate, cu certitudine, 604 00:34:15,100 --> 00:34:17,100 s� spun� care dintr-o mie va fi, 605 00:34:17,135 --> 00:34:19,500 atunci toate o mie vor avea loc. 606 00:34:20,000 --> 00:34:22,265 Da, pute�i r�de de asta �i spune, 607 00:34:22,300 --> 00:34:24,300 "P�i... asta trebuie s� fie gre�it." 608 00:34:24,500 --> 00:34:27,000 Dar exist� at�t de multe alte lucruri �n fizic� 609 00:34:27,035 --> 00:34:28,965 ce - la momentul descoperirii lor.. 610 00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:31,500 ar fi trebuit s� fie gre�ite, dar n-au fost. 611 00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:33,965 Trebuie s� fii pu�in atent, cred, 612 00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:36,500 �nainte de a spune c� aceasta e sigur gre�it. 613 00:34:39,310 --> 00:34:41,275 BRIAN GREENE : �i chiar �i �n universul nostru, 614 00:34:41,310 --> 00:34:43,810 mecanica cuantic� spune c� exista o �ans� 615 00:34:44,510 --> 00:34:48,010 c� lucruri pe care �n mod obi�nuit le-am considera imposibile 616 00:34:48,045 --> 00:34:50,510 s� se poat� produce. 617 00:34:51,510 --> 00:34:53,975 De exemplu, exista o �ans� 618 00:34:54,010 --> 00:34:57,510 ca particule s� poat� trece prin ziduri sau bariere 619 00:34:58,510 --> 00:35:01,010 care par impenetrabile pentru noi. 620 00:35:01,810 --> 00:35:03,475 Exista chiar o �ans� 621 00:35:03,510 --> 00:35:06,010 ca �i eu s� pot trece prin ceva solid, cum ar fi un zid. 622 00:35:06,045 --> 00:35:08,510 Acum, calculele cuantice arata 623 00:35:08,520 --> 00:35:11,520 ca probabilitatea ca aceasta s� se produc� �n lumea obi�nuit� 624 00:35:11,555 --> 00:35:14,020 este at�t de mic�, �nc�t ar trebui 625 00:35:14,055 --> 00:35:16,537 s� continui s� merg �n zid 626 00:35:16,572 --> 00:35:19,020 pentru aproape o eternitate p�n� s� am o �ans� rezonabil� de a reu�i. 627 00:35:22,020 --> 00:35:25,520 Dar aici, astfel de lucruri se petrec tot timpul. 628 00:35:26,520 --> 00:35:28,020 EDWARD FARHI (Massachusetts Institute of Technology): 629 00:35:28,055 --> 00:35:29,985 Trebuie s� �nve�i s� abandonezi acele prezum�ii 630 00:35:30,020 --> 00:35:32,520 pe care le ai despre lume 631 00:35:32,555 --> 00:35:34,520 cu scopul de a �n�elege mecanica cuantic�. 632 00:35:34,555 --> 00:35:37,020 �n sinea mea, 633 00:35:37,030 --> 00:35:39,030 simt c� am o ad�nc�, intuitiv� 634 00:35:39,065 --> 00:35:41,030 �n�elegere a mecanicii cuantice ? 635 00:35:41,530 --> 00:35:43,530 Nu. 636 00:35:44,230 --> 00:35:46,530 BRIAN GREENE : �i nici Einstein nu avea. 637 00:35:47,530 --> 00:35:50,030 El nu �i-a pierdut niciodat� credin�a c� universul 638 00:35:50,065 --> 00:35:52,030 se comport� �ntr-un mod 639 00:35:52,065 --> 00:35:54,030 clar �i predictibil. 640 00:35:55,030 --> 00:35:57,995 Ideea c� tot ce putem face este s� calcul�m sor�ii 641 00:35:58,030 --> 00:36:00,530 c� lucrurile s� ias� �ntr-un fel sau altul 642 00:36:01,530 --> 00:36:04,530 a fost una c�reia Einstein i-a rezistat profund. 643 00:36:05,040 --> 00:36:07,040 MICHAEL DUFF (University of Michigan): 644 00:36:07,075 --> 00:36:09,005 Mecanica cuantic� spune c� tu 645 00:36:09,040 --> 00:36:11,040 nu po�i �ti sigur 646 00:36:11,075 --> 00:36:13,040 rezultatul nici unui experiment; 647 00:36:13,075 --> 00:36:14,505 po�i doar s� acorzi o anumit� probabilitate 648 00:36:14,540 --> 00:36:16,005 rezultatului unui experiment. 649 00:36:16,040 --> 00:36:18,540 Iar aceasta, lui Einstein ii displ�cea intens. 650 00:36:18,575 --> 00:36:21,540 El obi�nuia s� zic� "Dumnezeu nu arunca zaruri." 651 00:36:23,040 --> 00:36:27,005 BRIAN GREENE : �i totu�i, experiment dup� experiment 652 00:36:27,040 --> 00:36:30,040 arata c� Einstein se �n�elase 653 00:36:30,075 --> 00:36:33,040 �i ca mecanica cuantic� descrie, �ntr-adev�r, 654 00:36:33,050 --> 00:36:36,050 cum func�ioneaz� lumea la nivel subatomic. 655 00:36:36,550 --> 00:36:38,015 WALTER H.G. LEWIN : 656 00:36:38,050 --> 00:36:40,550 Deci mecanica cuantic� nu e un lux, ceva 657 00:36:40,585 --> 00:36:42,515 de care te po�i dispensa. 658 00:36:42,550 --> 00:36:44,515 Adic�, de ce e apa a�a cum e ? 659 00:36:44,550 --> 00:36:47,050 De ce trece lumina direct prin ap� ? De ce e ea transparenta ? 660 00:36:47,085 --> 00:36:49,050 De ce alte lucruri nu sunt transparente ? 661 00:36:49,085 --> 00:36:51,015 Cum se formeaz� moleculele ? 662 00:36:51,050 --> 00:36:53,550 De ce reac�ioneaz� a�a cum o fac ? 663 00:36:53,585 --> 00:36:56,050 �n momentul �n care vrei s� �n�elegi 664 00:36:56,060 --> 00:36:58,560 ceva la un nivel atomic, 665 00:36:59,060 --> 00:37:01,525 �n mod ne-intuitiv, 666 00:37:01,560 --> 00:37:06,060 �n acel moment, po�i face progrese doar cu mecanica cuantic�. 667 00:37:06,095 --> 00:37:07,577 EDWARD FARHI : Mecanica cuantic� 668 00:37:07,612 --> 00:37:09,060 e fantastic de precis�. 669 00:37:09,095 --> 00:37:11,025 N-a fost niciodat� 670 00:37:11,060 --> 00:37:13,310 o predic�ie a mecanicii cuantice 671 00:37:13,345 --> 00:37:15,560 care s� contrazic� o observa�ie, 672 00:37:16,060 --> 00:37:18,060 niciodat�. 673 00:37:18,560 --> 00:37:20,560 Gravity - The Odd Man Out 674 00:37:21,070 --> 00:37:23,570 BRIAN GREENE : P�n� �n '30, �ncercarea lui Einstein 675 00:37:23,605 --> 00:37:26,070 de unificare s-a �mpotmolit, 676 00:37:27,070 --> 00:37:29,035 �n timp ce mecanica cuantic� 677 00:37:29,070 --> 00:37:31,070 dezlega secretele atomului. 678 00:37:32,570 --> 00:37:34,570 Savan�ii au aflat c� gravita�ia 679 00:37:34,605 --> 00:37:36,035 �i electromagnetismul 680 00:37:36,070 --> 00:37:39,570 nu sunt singurele for�e ce guverneaz� universul. 681 00:37:40,570 --> 00:37:43,070 Explor�nd structura atomului, 682 00:37:43,105 --> 00:37:45,570 ei au descoperit dou� noi forte. 683 00:37:47,570 --> 00:37:51,070 Una, intitulat� "for�a nucleara tare" 684 00:37:51,105 --> 00:37:53,035 ac�ioneaz� ca un superglue, 685 00:37:53,070 --> 00:37:55,570 men�in�nd nucleul fiec�rui atom �ntreg, 686 00:37:55,605 --> 00:37:58,570 leg�nd protoni cu neutroni. 687 00:38:00,270 --> 00:38:03,270 Iar cealalt�, numit� "for�a nucleara slaba", 688 00:38:03,280 --> 00:38:06,280 permite neutronilor s� se preschimbe �n protoni, 689 00:38:06,315 --> 00:38:09,280 eliber�nd radia�ie �n cadrul procesului. 690 00:38:10,580 --> 00:38:11,545 La nivel cuantic, 691 00:38:11,580 --> 00:38:14,080 for�a cu care suntem cel mai familiariza�i, 692 00:38:14,115 --> 00:38:17,045 gravita�ia, a fost complet umbrit� 693 00:38:17,080 --> 00:38:20,580 de electromagnetism �i de aceste dou� noi forte. 694 00:38:22,780 --> 00:38:24,080 Acum, for�a tare �i cea slab� 695 00:38:24,115 --> 00:38:25,580 pot p�rea obscure, 696 00:38:25,880 --> 00:38:27,730 dar cel pu�in �ntr-un sens, 697 00:38:27,765 --> 00:38:29,580 to�i suntem foarte con�tien�i de puterea ei. 698 00:38:30,090 --> 00:38:34,590 La 5:29 �n diminea�a zilei de 16 iulie, 1945, 699 00:38:34,625 --> 00:38:37,055 aceast� putere a fost revelata de un act 700 00:38:37,090 --> 00:38:39,090 ce urma sa schimbe cursul istoriei. 701 00:38:40,090 --> 00:38:42,090 �n mijlocul de�ertului, �n New Mexico, 702 00:38:42,790 --> 00:38:44,555 �n v�rful unui turn de o�el, la aproape 703 00:38:44,590 --> 00:38:48,590 100 de picioare deasupra v�rfului acestui monument, 704 00:38:48,625 --> 00:38:51,090 a fost detonat� prima bomb� atomic�. 705 00:38:51,890 --> 00:38:54,355 A fost doar de 5 picioare, 706 00:38:54,390 --> 00:38:56,890 dar acea bomb� a ambalat o lovitur� 707 00:38:57,190 --> 00:39:00,890 echivalent� cu aproape 20 000 de tone de TNT. 708 00:39:07,800 --> 00:39:10,900 Cu acea puternic� explozie, savan�ii 709 00:39:10,935 --> 00:39:14,000 au dezl�n�uit for�a nucleara tare, 710 00:39:14,500 --> 00:39:17,500 for�a ce �ine neutronii �i protonii 711 00:39:17,535 --> 00:39:20,500 str�ns lipi�i �mpreuna �n nucleul unui atom. 712 00:39:21,200 --> 00:39:23,500 Prin ruperea leg�turilor acelui lipici 713 00:39:23,535 --> 00:39:26,000 �i dezintegrarea atomului, 714 00:39:27,500 --> 00:39:30,000 mari, cu adev�rat incredibile cantit��i 715 00:39:30,035 --> 00:39:32,500 de energie distructiv�, au fost eliberate. 716 00:39:38,200 --> 00:39:40,000 �nc� mai putem detecta remanente 717 00:39:40,035 --> 00:39:41,800 ale acelei explozii prin 718 00:39:41,810 --> 00:39:43,310 cealalt� for�a nuclear�, 719 00:39:43,345 --> 00:39:44,975 for�a nucleara slab�, 720 00:39:45,010 --> 00:39:47,510 pentru ca ea e responsabil� de radioactivitate. 721 00:39:47,545 --> 00:39:50,475 �i azi, cu mai mult de 50 de ani mai t�rziu, 722 00:39:50,510 --> 00:39:53,510 nivelul de radia�ii de aici sunt �nc� 723 00:39:53,545 --> 00:39:56,010 aproape de 10 ori mai mari dec�t normal. 724 00:39:57,010 --> 00:39:57,675 Deci, 725 00:39:57,710 --> 00:40:01,210 de�i �n compara�ie cu electromagnetismul �i gravita�ia, 726 00:40:01,245 --> 00:40:04,727 for�ele nucleare ac�ioneaz� la scar� foarte mic�, 727 00:40:04,762 --> 00:40:08,210 impactul lor asupra vie�ii de zi cu zi este foarte profund. 728 00:40:12,020 --> 00:40:14,485 Dar ce-i cu gravita�ia ? 729 00:40:14,520 --> 00:40:17,270 �i cu relativitatea generalizat� a lui Einstein ? 730 00:40:17,305 --> 00:40:20,020 Unde se �ncadreaz� aceasta la nivel cuantic ? 731 00:40:22,520 --> 00:40:24,485 Mecanic� cuantic� ne spune 732 00:40:24,520 --> 00:40:27,520 cum func�ioneaz� toate for�ele naturii �n t�r�mul microscopic 733 00:40:27,555 --> 00:40:29,520 cu excep�ia acestei for�e a gravita�iei. 734 00:40:30,020 --> 00:40:32,020 Absolut nimeni nu a putut 735 00:40:32,055 --> 00:40:33,985 s�-�i dea seama cum opereaz� gravita�ia 736 00:40:34,020 --> 00:40:36,020 c�nd se coboar� la dimensiunea atomilor 737 00:40:36,055 --> 00:40:38,020 �i particulelor subatomice. 738 00:40:38,030 --> 00:40:40,495 Adic� nimeni n-a �tiut 739 00:40:40,530 --> 00:40:46,030 cum s� pun� relativitatea generala �i mecanic� cuantic� �ntr-un singur pachet. 740 00:40:50,030 --> 00:40:51,995 Decenii, 741 00:40:52,030 --> 00:40:54,530 orice �ncercare de a descrie for�a gravita�iei 742 00:40:54,565 --> 00:40:57,030 �n acela�i limbaj ca �i celelalte forte.. 743 00:40:57,065 --> 00:40:59,030 limbajul mecanicii cuantice.. 744 00:40:59,530 --> 00:41:01,495 a fost un dezastru. 745 00:41:01,530 --> 00:41:03,530 S. JAMES GATES, JR. : �ncerci s� pui aceste dou� buc��i 746 00:41:03,565 --> 00:41:05,530 de matematic� �mpreun�, 747 00:41:05,565 --> 00:41:07,530 dar ele nu coexist� �n pace. 748 00:41:07,840 --> 00:41:09,540 STEVEN WEINBERG : Prime�ti r�spunsuri 749 00:41:09,575 --> 00:41:11,057 ca probabilit��ile evenimentului 750 00:41:11,092 --> 00:41:12,540 pe care-l ai �n vedere sunt infinite. 751 00:41:12,575 --> 00:41:14,540 Nonsens, nu e profund, 752 00:41:14,575 --> 00:41:16,005 e doar nonsens. 753 00:41:16,040 --> 00:41:18,040 NIMA ARKANI-HAMED : E foarte ironic, pentru c� a fost prima for�� 754 00:41:18,075 --> 00:41:20,057 ce a fost �n�eleas� �ntr-un mod decent, 755 00:41:20,092 --> 00:41:22,005 cantitativ, dar, dar, 756 00:41:22,040 --> 00:41:25,040 dar ea �nc� mai r�m�ne separat� 757 00:41:25,075 --> 00:41:27,540 �i foarte diferit� de celelalte. 758 00:41:27,550 --> 00:41:29,050 S. JAMES GATES, JR. : Legile naturii 759 00:41:29,085 --> 00:41:30,567 se presupune c� se aplica oriunde. 760 00:41:30,602 --> 00:41:32,076 Deci dac� legile lui Einstein 761 00:41:32,111 --> 00:41:33,515 e de a�teptat 762 00:41:33,550 --> 00:41:35,050 s� se aplice peste tot, 763 00:41:35,085 --> 00:41:36,515 iar legile mecanicii cuantice 764 00:41:36,550 --> 00:41:38,015 se presupune c� se aplica oriunde, 765 00:41:38,050 --> 00:41:41,050 ei bine, nu po�i avea dou� "toturi" separate. 766 00:41:42,050 --> 00:41:45,550 Stringurile salvatoare 767 00:41:46,550 --> 00:41:50,550 BRIAN GREENE : �n 1933, dup� ce a p�r�sit Germania nazist�, 768 00:41:51,060 --> 00:41:53,560 Einstein s-a stabilit �n Princeton, New Jersey. 769 00:41:54,060 --> 00:41:57,525 Lucr�nd �n solitudine, a continuat cu �nc�p���nare 770 00:41:57,560 --> 00:42:01,560 c�utarea pe care o �ncepuse cu mai mult de un deceniu �n urm�, 771 00:42:01,595 --> 00:42:04,060 de a uni gravita�ia �i electromagnetismul. 772 00:42:06,060 --> 00:42:07,525 La fiecare c��iva ani, 773 00:42:07,560 --> 00:42:09,525 ap�reau titluri, 774 00:42:09,560 --> 00:42:11,560 proclam�nd c� Einstein era �n pragul succesului. 775 00:42:12,060 --> 00:42:13,525 Dar cei mai mul�i dintre colegii s�i 776 00:42:13,560 --> 00:42:16,310 credeau c� �ncercarea lui era gre�it �ndreptat� 777 00:42:16,345 --> 00:42:18,965 �i c� cele mai bune zile ale sale erau deja �n urm�. 778 00:42:19,000 --> 00:42:21,535 STEVEN WEINBERG : Einstein, �n ultimii s�i ani, 779 00:42:21,570 --> 00:42:25,070 a devenit mai degrab� deta�at de munc� �n fizic� 780 00:42:25,105 --> 00:42:28,070 �n general �i a �ncetat s� mai citeasc� publica�iile. 781 00:42:28,105 --> 00:42:30,087 Nici nu cred c� �tia 782 00:42:30,122 --> 00:42:32,096 c� exista ceva de genul for�ei nucleare slabe. 783 00:42:32,131 --> 00:42:34,035 Nu d�dea aten�ie acestor lucruri. 784 00:42:34,070 --> 00:42:36,320 Continua s� lucreze la aceea�i problem� 785 00:42:36,355 --> 00:42:38,570 la care �nc�puse s� lucreze de c�nd era t�n�r. 786 00:42:40,070 --> 00:42:43,070 S JAMES GATES, JR. : C�nd comunitatea fizicienilor teoreticieni 787 00:42:43,105 --> 00:42:45,570 �ncepe s� exploreze atomul, 788 00:42:45,580 --> 00:42:48,780 Einstein este l�sat foarte clar �nafara scenei. 789 00:42:49,580 --> 00:42:53,330 El, �ntr-un fel, a ales s� nu 790 00:42:53,365 --> 00:42:57,045 se uite la fizic� provenit� din aceste experimente. 791 00:42:57,080 --> 00:43:00,580 Aceasta �nseamn� c� legile mecanicii cuantice 792 00:43:01,080 --> 00:43:05,080 n-au jucat nici un rol �n cercet�rile sale ulterioare. 793 00:43:05,580 --> 00:43:08,080 S-a considerat ca aceasta tremur�toare 794 00:43:08,580 --> 00:43:10,545 �i simpatica figura b�tr�na 795 00:43:10,580 --> 00:43:14,080 a condus o revolu�ie timpurie, dar a alunecat cumva din ea. 796 00:43:15,680 --> 00:43:17,080 STEVEN WEINBERG : E ca �i cum un general 797 00:43:17,580 --> 00:43:20,580 ce fusese un maestru al cavaleriei ecvestre, 798 00:43:21,090 --> 00:43:23,555 care a realizat lucruri m�re�e 799 00:43:23,590 --> 00:43:26,090 ca �i comandant, la �nceputul primului r�zboi mondial, 800 00:43:26,590 --> 00:43:29,590 ar �ncerca s� aduc� din nou cavaleria 801 00:43:30,090 --> 00:43:32,555 s� lupte �mpotriva s�rmei ghimpate 802 00:43:32,590 --> 00:43:35,090 tran�eelor �i a armelor automate. 803 00:43:39,090 --> 00:43:43,390 BRIAN GREENE : Albert Einstein a murit �n 18 Aprilie, 1955. 804 00:43:44,090 --> 00:43:47,340 �i pentru mul�i ani, p�rea ca visul lui Einstein 805 00:43:47,375 --> 00:43:50,590 de a unifica for�ele �ntr-o singur� teorie 806 00:43:50,625 --> 00:43:53,090 a murit cu el. 807 00:43:53,125 --> 00:43:55,090 S. JAMES GATES, JR. : 808 00:43:55,100 --> 00:43:57,100 Astfel, �ncercarea de unificare 809 00:43:57,135 --> 00:43:59,100 a devenit o linie moart� a fizicii. 810 00:44:00,000 --> 00:44:02,000 Cam �n vremea mor�ii lui Einstein 811 00:44:02,035 --> 00:44:04,000 �n anii '50, 812 00:44:04,500 --> 00:44:08,500 aproape nici un fizician serios 813 00:44:09,500 --> 00:44:12,500 nu era angajat �n aceast� �ncercare de unificare. 814 00:44:18,700 --> 00:44:20,165 BRIAN GREENE din partea dreapt� : �n anii de c�nd, 815 00:44:20,200 --> 00:44:23,000 fizicienii s-au separat �n 2 tabere : 816 00:44:23,035 --> 00:44:25,465 una care folose�te relativitatea generalizata 817 00:44:25,500 --> 00:44:27,465 pentru a studia obiecte mari �i grele, 818 00:44:27,500 --> 00:44:31,000 lucruri ca stelele, galaxiile �i universul ca �ntreg... 819 00:44:31,510 --> 00:44:34,260 BRIAN GREENE din partea st�ng� : ... �i o alta, care utiliza mecanica cuantic� 820 00:44:34,295 --> 00:44:37,010 pentru a studia cele mai mici obiecte, 821 00:44:37,045 --> 00:44:39,010 ca atomii �i particulele. 822 00:44:39,510 --> 00:44:42,010 Aceasta era ca �i cum am avea dou� familii 823 00:44:42,045 --> 00:44:43,675 care nu se �n�eleg 824 00:44:43,710 --> 00:44:45,310 �i nu-�i vorbesc niciodat�... 825 00:44:45,810 --> 00:44:48,310 RIGHT SIDE BRIAN GREENE : ... tr�ind sub acela�i acoperi�. 826 00:44:48,510 --> 00:44:51,510 LEFT SIDE BRIAN GREENE : P�rea c� nu exista cale de a combina 827 00:44:51,545 --> 00:44:52,975 mecanica cuantic�... 828 00:44:53,010 --> 00:44:56,010 RIGHT SIDE BRIAN GREENE : ... �i relativitatea generalizata �ntr-o singur� teorie 829 00:44:56,020 --> 00:44:59,020 ce ar putea descrie universul la toate nivelele. 830 00:45:04,820 --> 00:45:05,985 BRIAN GREENE : Acum, �n ciuda acestui fapt, 831 00:45:06,020 --> 00:45:08,485 am f�cut un progres imens 832 00:45:08,520 --> 00:45:09,520 �n �n�elegerea universului. 833 00:45:11,020 --> 00:45:13,520 Dar exista o capcan� : 834 00:45:14,020 --> 00:45:17,020 exist� t�r�muri stranii ale cosmosului 835 00:45:17,055 --> 00:45:19,485 ce nu vor fi niciodat� �n�elese pe deplin 836 00:45:19,520 --> 00:45:22,520 p�n� c�nd vom g�si o teorie unificat�. 837 00:45:23,520 --> 00:45:26,520 �i nic�ieri nu e mai evident 838 00:45:26,555 --> 00:45:28,020 dec�t �n 839 00:45:28,030 --> 00:45:31,030 ad�ncurile unei g�uri negre. 840 00:45:32,030 --> 00:45:33,495 Un astronom german numit 841 00:45:33,530 --> 00:45:35,280 Karl Schwarzschild 842 00:45:35,315 --> 00:45:36,995 a propus prima dat� 843 00:45:37,030 --> 00:45:39,030 ceea ce noi numim g�uri negre 844 00:45:39,065 --> 00:45:40,530 �n 1916. 845 00:45:43,030 --> 00:45:45,530 �n timp ce st�tea �n primele linii 846 00:45:45,565 --> 00:45:48,030 �n primul r�zboi mondial, 847 00:45:49,530 --> 00:45:51,495 el a rezolvat ecua�iile 848 00:45:51,530 --> 00:45:54,030 relativit��ii generalizate a lui Einstein 849 00:45:54,040 --> 00:45:56,540 �ntr-un nou �i enigmatic mod. 850 00:45:57,540 --> 00:46:00,540 Printre calculele traiectoriilor artileriei, 851 00:46:02,040 --> 00:46:04,005 Schwarzschild �i-a dat seama 852 00:46:04,040 --> 00:46:06,540 c� o enorm� mas�, 853 00:46:06,575 --> 00:46:08,807 cum ar fi cea a unei stele foarte dense, 854 00:46:08,842 --> 00:46:11,005 concentrat� �ntr-un spa�iu mic, 855 00:46:11,040 --> 00:46:14,040 ar curba substratul spa�iu-timp 856 00:46:14,075 --> 00:46:16,040 at�t de tare 857 00:46:17,040 --> 00:46:20,005 �nc�t nimic, nici m�car lumina, 858 00:46:20,040 --> 00:46:23,040 n-ar putea sc�pa atrac�iei sale gravita�ionale. 859 00:46:25,050 --> 00:46:26,515 Decenii, 860 00:46:26,550 --> 00:46:28,550 fizicienii au fost sceptici 861 00:46:28,585 --> 00:46:30,550 cu privire la calculele lui Schwarzschild 862 00:46:30,585 --> 00:46:32,550 c� ar fi mai mult dec�t o teorie. 863 00:46:34,550 --> 00:46:36,015 Dar azi, 864 00:46:36,050 --> 00:46:38,300 telescoapele satelit ce exploreaz� ad�nc 865 00:46:38,335 --> 00:46:40,442 �n spa�iu 866 00:46:40,477 --> 00:46:42,515 descoper� regiuni 867 00:46:42,550 --> 00:46:45,050 cu o enorm� atrac�ie gravita�ional� 868 00:46:45,085 --> 00:46:47,050 despre care cei mai mul�i oameni de �tiin�a cred 869 00:46:47,060 --> 00:46:49,560 c� sunt g�uri negre. 870 00:46:50,060 --> 00:46:52,025 Teoria lui Schwarzschild 871 00:46:52,060 --> 00:46:54,560 acum pare s� fie realitate. 872 00:46:55,060 --> 00:46:57,525 �i iat� �ntrebarea : 873 00:46:57,560 --> 00:47:00,310 dac� �ncerci s�-�i dai seama 874 00:47:00,345 --> 00:47:02,952 ce se petrece �n ad�ncul unei g�uri negre, 875 00:47:02,987 --> 00:47:05,560 unde o �ntreag� stea e pr�bu�it� 876 00:47:05,595 --> 00:47:07,525 �ntr-o mic� pat�, 877 00:47:07,560 --> 00:47:09,725 folose�ti relativitatea generalizata 878 00:47:09,760 --> 00:47:12,560 pentru c� steaua e incredibil de grea, 879 00:47:12,770 --> 00:47:15,035 sau mecanica cuantic� 880 00:47:15,070 --> 00:47:17,570 pentru c� e incredibil de mic� ? 881 00:47:17,605 --> 00:47:20,035 Ei bine, asta-i problema. 882 00:47:20,070 --> 00:47:22,570 Dac� centrul unei g�uri negre 883 00:47:22,605 --> 00:47:25,070 este �i mic �i greu, 884 00:47:25,105 --> 00:47:27,337 nu po�i evita s� folose�ti 885 00:47:27,372 --> 00:47:29,535 ambele teorii �n acela�i timp. 886 00:47:29,570 --> 00:47:32,070 �i c�nd �ncercam s� punem �mpreun� ambele teorii 887 00:47:32,105 --> 00:47:34,337 �n domeniul g�urilor negre, 888 00:47:34,372 --> 00:47:36,570 ele se afla �n conflict. Cade. 889 00:47:36,580 --> 00:47:39,580 Dau predic�ii f�r� sens. �i universul nu e lipsit de sens; 890 00:47:39,615 --> 00:47:41,045 trebuie s� aib� sens. 891 00:47:41,080 --> 00:47:42,080 EDWARD WITTEN (Institute for Advanced Study): 892 00:47:42,115 --> 00:47:43,545 Mecanica cuantic� merge bine 893 00:47:43,580 --> 00:47:45,580 pentru lucruri mici, iar relativitatea generalizata 894 00:47:45,615 --> 00:47:47,580 merge foarte bine la stele �i galaxii, 895 00:47:47,615 --> 00:47:49,545 dar atomii, lucrurile mici, 896 00:47:49,580 --> 00:47:51,580 ca �i galaxiile, sunt p�r�i ale 897 00:47:51,615 --> 00:47:53,347 aceluia�i univers. 898 00:47:53,382 --> 00:47:55,080 Deci trebuie s� fie o descriere 899 00:47:55,090 --> 00:47:57,090 care se aplic� tuturor. 900 00:47:57,125 --> 00:47:58,855 Deci nu putem avea o descriere pentru atomi 901 00:47:58,890 --> 00:48:00,740 �i una pentru stele. 902 00:48:00,775 --> 00:48:02,590 BRIAN GREENE : Acum, cu teoria stringurilor, 903 00:48:02,625 --> 00:48:04,555 credem c� e posibil s� fi g�sit 904 00:48:04,590 --> 00:48:07,090 un mod de a uni teoria noastr� a marelui 905 00:48:07,125 --> 00:48:09,590 cu teoria micului 906 00:48:09,625 --> 00:48:11,555 �i s� ar�t�m sensul universului 907 00:48:11,590 --> 00:48:14,090 la toate nivelele �i �n toate locurile. 908 00:48:15,590 --> 00:48:18,590 �n loc de o multitudine de particule mici, 909 00:48:19,500 --> 00:48:21,500 teoria stringurilor proclama 910 00:48:21,535 --> 00:48:23,465 ca totul �n univers, 911 00:48:23,500 --> 00:48:25,965 toate for�ele �i toat� materia 912 00:48:26,000 --> 00:48:28,500 sunt f�cute dintr-un singur component, 913 00:48:29,000 --> 00:48:32,000 mici fire vibr�nde de energie 914 00:48:32,035 --> 00:48:33,965 cunoscute ca stringuri/corzi. 915 00:48:34,000 --> 00:48:35,465 MICHAEL B. GREEN : Un string 916 00:48:35,500 --> 00:48:37,500 poate vibra �n multe moduri, 917 00:48:37,535 --> 00:48:39,500 �n timp ce, desigur, un punct nu poate. 918 00:48:39,535 --> 00:48:41,500 Iar diferitele moduri �n care un string vibreaz� 919 00:48:41,510 --> 00:48:43,510 reprezint� diferitele feluri 920 00:48:43,545 --> 00:48:45,010 de particule elementare. 921 00:48:45,210 --> 00:48:47,510 MICHAEL DUFF : E ca o coard� de vioar� 922 00:48:47,545 --> 00:48:49,510 �i poate vibra exact la fel 923 00:48:49,545 --> 00:48:51,527 ca �i corzile unei vioare. 924 00:48:51,562 --> 00:48:53,475 Fiecare nota, dac� vre�i, 925 00:48:53,510 --> 00:48:55,310 descrie o particul� diferit�. 926 00:48:55,345 --> 00:48:56,677 MICHAEL B. GREEN : Deci are o incredibil� 927 00:48:56,712 --> 00:48:58,111 putere de unificare, 928 00:48:58,146 --> 00:48:59,510 unifica �n�elegerea noastr� 929 00:48:59,520 --> 00:49:00,985 asupra tuturor acestor feluri diferite 930 00:49:01,020 --> 00:49:02,520 de particule. 931 00:49:02,555 --> 00:49:03,985 EDWARD WITTEN : Deci unitatea 932 00:49:04,020 --> 00:49:05,520 diferitelor for�e sau particule 933 00:49:05,555 --> 00:49:07,037 este realizat� pentru ca toate 934 00:49:07,072 --> 00:49:08,520 provin din diferite feluri de vibra�ii 935 00:49:08,555 --> 00:49:10,520 ale aceleia�i corzi de baz�. 936 00:49:10,555 --> 00:49:12,485 BRIAN GREENE : E o idee simpl� 937 00:49:12,520 --> 00:49:14,270 cu consecin�e ample. 938 00:49:14,305 --> 00:49:16,020 JOSEPH LYKKEN (Fermi lab): 939 00:49:16,030 --> 00:49:18,030 Ce face teoria stringurilor este 940 00:49:18,065 --> 00:49:19,547 s� promit� c�, 941 00:49:19,582 --> 00:49:21,030 "Iat�, putem cu adev�rat 942 00:49:21,065 --> 00:49:22,995 s� �n�elegem �ntreb�ri 943 00:49:23,030 --> 00:49:25,530 despre care nici n-a�i crezut c� erau �tiin�ifice : 944 00:49:26,530 --> 00:49:28,530 despre cum a �nceput universul, 945 00:49:28,565 --> 00:49:31,030 de ce universul e a�a cum e 946 00:49:31,065 --> 00:49:33,030 la cel mai profund nivel." 947 00:49:33,530 --> 00:49:35,530 Ideea c� o teorie �tiin�ific� 948 00:49:35,565 --> 00:49:37,530 pe care deja o avem �n m�na 949 00:49:37,540 --> 00:49:40,040 ar putea r�spunde la cele mai profunde �ntreb�ri 950 00:49:40,075 --> 00:49:41,557 este extrem de seduc�toare. 951 00:49:41,592 --> 00:49:43,316 �tiin�a filosofiei ? 952 00:49:43,351 --> 00:49:45,040 BRIAN GREENE : Dar aceast� nou� �i seduc�toare teorie 953 00:49:46,040 --> 00:49:48,040 este �i controversat�. 954 00:49:49,040 --> 00:49:51,005 Stringurile, dac� exista, 955 00:49:51,040 --> 00:49:53,790 sunt at�t de mici, 956 00:49:53,825 --> 00:49:56,505 �nc�t e slab� speran�� de a vedea unul vreodat�. 957 00:49:56,540 --> 00:49:58,540 JOSEPH LYKKEN : Teoria stringurilor 958 00:49:58,575 --> 00:50:00,540 �i teoreticienii ei, au o real� problem�. 959 00:50:00,550 --> 00:50:02,515 Cum po�i testa teoria stringurilor ? 960 00:50:02,550 --> 00:50:04,515 Dac� nu o po�i testa �n modul 961 00:50:04,550 --> 00:50:06,550 �n care testam teoriile normale, 962 00:50:06,585 --> 00:50:08,050 nu e �tiin�a, ci filosofie, 963 00:50:08,085 --> 00:50:09,515 iar aceasta e o real� problem�. 964 00:50:09,550 --> 00:50:11,050 S. JAMES GATES, JR. : Dac� teoria stringurilor e�ueaz� 965 00:50:11,085 --> 00:50:12,817 s� ofere 966 00:50:12,852 --> 00:50:14,701 o predic�ie testabila, 967 00:50:14,736 --> 00:50:16,550 atunci nimeni n-ar trebui s-o cread�. 968 00:50:18,050 --> 00:50:19,515 Pe de alt� parte, 969 00:50:19,550 --> 00:50:22,550 exista un fel de elegant� �n aceste lucruri 970 00:50:23,050 --> 00:50:25,300 �i dat� fiind istoria a c�t a evoluat 971 00:50:25,335 --> 00:50:27,550 fizica teoretic� p�n� acum, 972 00:50:28,550 --> 00:50:31,050 este total imaginabil 973 00:50:31,085 --> 00:50:33,515 ca unele, dac� nu toate, 974 00:50:33,550 --> 00:50:36,050 din aceste idei se vor dovedi corecte. 975 00:50:36,085 --> 00:50:37,515 STEVEN WEINBERG : 976 00:50:37,550 --> 00:50:39,050 Cred c�, peste 100 de ani de acum �ncolo, 977 00:50:39,085 --> 00:50:40,550 aceast� perioad� particular�, 978 00:50:40,560 --> 00:50:43,060 c�nd majoritatea celor mai str�lucitori tineri fizicieni teoreticieni 979 00:50:43,095 --> 00:50:45,060 au lucrat la teoria stringurilor, 980 00:50:45,560 --> 00:50:48,060 va fi rememorata ca o eroic� era, 981 00:50:48,560 --> 00:50:51,560 c�nd teoreticienii au �ncercat �i au reu�it 982 00:50:51,595 --> 00:50:53,525 s� dezvolte o unic� 983 00:50:53,560 --> 00:50:56,025 teorie a tuturor fenomenelor naturii. 984 00:50:56,060 --> 00:50:59,560 Pe de alt� parte, poate fi rememorata ca un tragic e�ec. 985 00:50:59,595 --> 00:51:01,525 B�nuiala mea e 986 00:51:01,560 --> 00:51:03,560 c� va fi mai degrab� ca �n prima variant�, dec�t c� �n a doua. 987 00:51:04,560 --> 00:51:06,560 Dar �ntreab�-m� peste 100 de ani de-acum, 988 00:51:06,570 --> 00:51:08,070 �i-atunci ��i voi putea spune. 989 00:51:15,770 --> 00:51:18,020 BRIAN GREENE : �n�elegerea noastr� asupra universului 990 00:51:18,055 --> 00:51:20,062 a str�b�tut un enorm de lung drum 991 00:51:20,097 --> 00:51:22,070 pe parcursul ultimelor 3 secole. 992 00:51:24,770 --> 00:51:26,570 �ine�i cont de asta. 993 00:51:27,770 --> 00:51:29,235 Isaac Newton, 994 00:51:29,270 --> 00:51:31,270 care a fost poate cel mai mare savant 995 00:51:31,305 --> 00:51:33,235 al tuturor timpurilor, a zis odat� 996 00:51:33,270 --> 00:51:36,270 "Am fost ca un b�iat juc�ndu-se 997 00:51:36,305 --> 00:51:39,270 pe malul m�rii, ab�t�ndu-m� �ncoace 998 00:51:39,280 --> 00:51:42,580 �i �ncolo, s� g�sesc o pietricic� mai neted� sau o scoic� mai frumoas� dec�t de obicei, 999 00:51:42,780 --> 00:51:45,545 �n timp ce marele ocean al adev�rului 1000 00:51:45,580 --> 00:51:48,580 sta �n fa�a mea, total nedescoperit." 1001 00:51:51,080 --> 00:51:52,045 �i apoi, 1002 00:51:52,080 --> 00:51:54,080 250 de ani mai t�rziu, 1003 00:51:54,115 --> 00:51:55,045 Albert Einstein, 1004 00:51:55,080 --> 00:51:57,080 ce a fost adev�ratul succesor al lui Newton, 1005 00:51:57,115 --> 00:51:59,580 a fost capabil s� sugereze serios 1006 00:51:59,615 --> 00:52:01,545 ca acest mare ocean, 1007 00:52:01,580 --> 00:52:03,545 toate legile naturii, 1008 00:52:03,580 --> 00:52:06,080 ar putea fi reduse la c�teva idei fundamentale 1009 00:52:06,390 --> 00:52:08,590 exprimate printr-un pumn 1010 00:52:08,625 --> 00:52:10,590 de simboluri matematice. 1011 00:52:13,790 --> 00:52:15,055 �i azi, 1012 00:52:15,090 --> 00:52:17,790 la o j um�tate de secol de la moartea lui Einstein, 1013 00:52:18,090 --> 00:52:20,555 se poate s� fim 1014 00:52:20,590 --> 00:52:23,090 �n pragul �mplinirii visului s�u de unificare, 1015 00:52:23,590 --> 00:52:25,590 prin teoria stringurilor. 1016 00:52:35,790 --> 00:52:39,590 Dar de unde vine aceast� �ndr�znea�� �i ciudat� teorie ? 1017 00:52:43,590 --> 00:52:46,055 Cum realizeaz� aceast� teorie 1018 00:52:46,090 --> 00:52:48,590 unificarea final� dintre legile marelui 1019 00:52:48,600 --> 00:52:50,600 �i legile micului ? 1020 00:52:51,500 --> 00:52:54,500 �i cum vom �ti dac� e corect sau gre�it ? 1021 00:52:54,535 --> 00:52:56,000 SHELDON LEE GLASHOW : Nici un experiment 1022 00:52:56,035 --> 00:52:57,965 nu poate verifica vreodat� ce se petrece 1023 00:52:58,000 --> 00:53:00,500 la distan�ele ce sunt studiate. 1024 00:53:00,535 --> 00:53:03,000 Aceast� teorie e permanent sigur�. 1025 00:53:03,035 --> 00:53:05,200 Este ea o teorie a fizicii 1026 00:53:05,235 --> 00:53:06,665 sau a filosofiei ? 1027 00:53:06,700 --> 00:53:08,165 STEVEN WEINBERG : Nu e scris �n stele 1028 00:53:08,200 --> 00:53:10,200 c� vom reu�i, 1029 00:53:10,210 --> 00:53:12,460 dar �n final 1030 00:53:12,495 --> 00:53:14,710 sper�m c� vom avea o singur� teorie ce guverneaz� totul. 83338

Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.