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Acum, pe NOVA,
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face�i o senza�ional� c�l�torie
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�ntr-o lume mai bizar� dec�t science-fiction,
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unde voi juca�i jocul, �nc�lc�nd ni�te reguli,
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unde o nou� viziune a universului,
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va �mpinge dincolo de limitele
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celei mai �ndr�zne�e imagina�ii.
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Aceasta e lumea teoriei stringurilor,
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un mod de a descrie orice for�� �i toat� materia
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de la un atom la P�m�nt, p�n� la cap�tul galaxiilor..
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de la �nceputul timpului p�n� la ultima clip�..
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�ntr-o singur� teorie, o teorie a TOTULUI.
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Ghidul nostru spre aceast� nou� lume
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este Brian Greene, autor de succes �i fizician.
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BRIAN GREENE
(Universitatea Columbia):
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�i nu conteaz� de c�te ori ajung aici,
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se pare c� niciodat� nu m� obi�nuiesc.
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NARATOR :
Poate el s� ne ajute s� rezolv�m
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cel mai mare puzzle al fizicii moderne..
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acela c� �n�elegerea noastr� asupra universului
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e bazat� pe 2 seturi de legi, care se contrazic ?
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Rezolvarea acestei contradic�ii i-a sc�pat chiar �i lui Einstein,
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care a f�cut-o s� fie ultima sa c�utare.
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Dup� decenii,
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e posibil s� fim �n pragul unei descoperiri.
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Solu�ia este : STRINGURILE,
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mici particule de energie vibratoare
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ca �i corzile unui violoncel,
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o simfonie cosmica
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�n inima �ntregii realit��i.
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Dar aceasta are pre�ul ei :
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universuri paralele �i 11 dimensiuni,
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din care, pe cele mai multe
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nu le-a�i v�zut niciodat�.
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BRIAN GREENE :
E foarte posibil s� tr�im �ntr-un univers
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cu mai multe dimensiuni dec�t poate percepe ochiul.
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AMANDA PEET
(University of Toronto):
Cei care au spus c� exista dimensiuni �n plus
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ale spa�iului, au fost
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eticheta�i ca tr�sni�i, sau oameni nebuni.
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NARATOR :
Un miraj al �tiin�ei �i matematicii
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sau teoria final� a totului ?
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S. JAMES GATES, JR.
(University of Maryland):
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Dac� teoria stringurilor e�ueaz� �n a oferi
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o predic�ie testabil,
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atunci nimeni n-ar crede-o.
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SHELDON LEE GLASHOW
(Boston University):
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Aceasta e o teorie a fizicii,
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sau o filosofie ?
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BRIAN GREENE :
Un lucru sigur
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este c� teoria stringurilor ne ar�ta deja c� universul
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poate fi cu mult mai bizar
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dec�t �i-a imaginat vreodat� oricare dintre noi.
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NARATOR :
�n seara aceasta...
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totul a �nceput cu un m�r.
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S. JAMES GATES, JR.
(Universidad de Maryland)
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00:02:22,585 --> 00:02:24,050
Triumful ecua�iilor lui Newton
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provine din �ncercarea
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de a �n�elege planetele �i stelele.
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NARATOR :
�i e un lung drum de-atunci.
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BRIAN GREENE :
Einstein a dat lumii
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o nou� imagine a ceea ce
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este de fapt for�a gravita�iei.
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NARATOR :
Unde s-a oprit el, �ndr�znesc s� mearg� acum teoreticienii stringurilor.
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Dar c�t de aproape sunt ei de a �mplini visul lui Einstein ?
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Privi�i "Universul Elegant" chiar acum.
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U N I V E R S U L E L E G A N T
Partea �nt�i
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prezentat de Brian Green
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Visul lui Einstein
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Adaptarea : cod_bara
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BRIAN GREENE :
50 de ani �n urm�, aceast� cas� a fost scena unuia dintre
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00:05:04,595 --> 00:05:07,827
cele mai mari mistere ale �tiin�ei moderne,
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un mister at�t de profund, �nc�t �i azi
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mii de savan�i la grani�ele fizicii
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�nc� mai �ncearc� s�-l rezolve.
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Albert Einstein �i-a petrecut ultimele dou� decenii
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�n aceast� modest� casa �n Princeton, New Jersey.
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�i �n biroul s�u de la al doilea etaj
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Einstein a c�utat ne�ncetat o singur� teorie at�t de puternic�
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�nc�t s� poat� descrie toat� func�ionarea universului.
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Chiar �i c�nd s-a apropiat de sf�r�itul vie�ii sale
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Einstein a �inut un carnet la �ndem�n�,
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�ncerc�nd din r�sputeri s� descopere ecua�iile
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pentru ceea ce ar fi fost cunoscut ca "Teoria totului".
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00:05:52,080 --> 00:05:55,080
Convins c� era �n pragul
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celei mai mari descoperiri din istoria �tiin�ei,
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00:05:58,632 --> 00:06:02,080
Einstein a r�mas f�r� timp �i cu visul ne�mplinit.
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00:06:05,580 --> 00:06:08,545
Acum, aproape o jum�tate de secol mai t�rziu,
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�elul de unificare al lui Einstein..
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de a combin� toate legile universului
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�n doar una, o teorie atotcuprinz�toare..
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a devenit Sf�ntul Graal al fizicii moderne.
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�i noi credem c� e posibil s� fi realizat, �n sf�r�it, visul lui Einstein
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cu un nou �i radical set de idei
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numit "teoria stringurilor."
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Dar dac� aceast� teorie revolu�ionar� este corect�,
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ne a�teapt� un adev�rat �oc.
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Teoria stringurilor spune
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c� e posibil s� tr�im �ntr-un univers
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�n care realitatea �nt�lne�te SF-ul..
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un univers cu 11 dimensiuni,
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cu universuri paralele
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chiar l�ng� noi..
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un univers elegant, compus �n �ntregime
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din muzica stringurilor.
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Dar, pentru toate ambi�iile sale,
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ideea fundamental� a teoriei stringurilor
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este surprinz�tor de simpl�.
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Ea spune c� totul �n univers,
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de la cea mai mic� particul�, p�n� la cea mai �ndep�rtat� stea
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e f�cut dintr-un singur fel de componente..
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inimaginabil de mici fire de energie vibr�nde
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numite stringuri (corzi).
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00:07:31,000 --> 00:07:33,500
Exact a�a cum corzile unui violoncel
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pot da na�tere unei largi
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variet��i de note muzicale,
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micile stringuri din teorie vibreaz� �ntr-o multitudine de moduri
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alc�tuind to�i constituen�ii naturii.
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Cu alte cuvinte, universul este ca
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o mare simfonie cosmica
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r�sun�nd cu toate aceste note variate
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pe care aceste mici fire vibr�nde de energie
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le pot reda.
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00:08:07,010 --> 00:08:08,510
Teoria stringurilor este �nc�
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la �nceputul ei,
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dar deja reveleaz�
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o imagine cu totul nou� a universului,
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ce e simultan stranie �i frumoas�.
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Dar ce ne face s� credem c� putem �n�elege
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toat� complexitatea universului
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�i mai ales s� o reducem la o singur� "Teorie a totului" ?
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Avem R miu niu, minus 1/2 g miu niu R..
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��i aminte�ti cum e..
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egal cu 8 Pi G T miu niu...
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vine din modificarea ac�iunii Einstein-Hilbert
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�i ob�inem ecua�iile de camp
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�i acest termen. ��i aminte�ti cum se nume�te ?
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C�inele latr� :
Vau, vau !
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Nu, aceea e curba scalar�.
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Acesta e tensorul Ricci.
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Ai studiat asta vreun pic ?
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Oric�t c�t de tare te-ai str�dui,
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nu po�i �nv��a un c�ine fizica.
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00:09:05,332 --> 00:09:08,030
Creierul lor nu e proiectat
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s-o �n�eleag�.
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Dar noi ?
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Cum �tim c� noi suntem �n stare
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s� �n�elegem cele mai ad�nci legi
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ale universului ?
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Ei bine, fizicienii de azi au �ncredere c� suntem
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�i c� pornim
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de unde Einstein s-a oprit �n �ncercarea sa de unificare.
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Unificarea ar fi formularea unei legi
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care descrie, poate,
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totul �n universul cunoscut,
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�ntr-o singur� idee, o ecua�ie perfect�.
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�i noi credem c� e posibil s� existe aceast� ecua�ie perfect�,
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pentru ca, �n decursul ultimilor
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200 de ani,
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�n�elegerea noastr� asupra universului
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ne-a oferit o varietate de explica�ii
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ce se �ndreapt� toate spre un singur punct.
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Toate par s� convearg�
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�n s�m�n�a unei idei
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pe care �nc� �ncercam s-o g�sim.
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STEVEN WEINBERG
(University of Texas at Austin):
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E vorba despre unificare.
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Unificarea este ceea ce
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noi �ncercam s� realiz�m.
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�ntregul scop al fizicii fundamentale
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este de a vedea c�t mai multe din fenomenele lumii
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�n termenii a c�t mai pu�ine �i mai simple principii.
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MICHAEL B. GREEN
(University of Cambridge):
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00:10:26,845 --> 00:10:29,060
Noi sim�im, ca fizicieni, ca, dac� putem explica
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00:10:29,070 --> 00:10:32,070
un mare num�r de fenomene �ntr-o manier� foarte simpl�,
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aceasta �nseamn� un progres.
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Este un aspect aproape emo�ional al modului
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�n care marile teorii din fizica
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cuprind o mare varietate
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de fenomene fizice aparent diferite.
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Deci aceast� idee c�tre care ar trebui s� �intim,
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de a unifica �n�elegerea noastr�, este, �n mod esen�ial, inerenta
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�ntregului mod �n care acest fel de �tiin�a progreseaz�.
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Secretul jenant al lui Newton
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BRIAN GREENE :
�i mult �naintea lui Einstein, �ncercarea de unificare
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�ncepea cu cel mai faimos accident
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din istoria �tiin�ei.
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00:11:09,580 --> 00:11:12,545
Cum se poveste�te, �ntr-o zi din 1665,
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un t�n�r st�tea sub un pom c�nd,
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deodat�, el a v�zut un m�r c�z�nd de sus.
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�i cu c�derea acelui mar, Isaac Newton
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a revolu�ionat imaginea noastr� asupra universului.
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Ca o sugestie �ndr�znea�a pentru timpul s�u,
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00:11:26,615 --> 00:11:29,080
Newton a proclamat ca for�a
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care trage merele spre sol
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00:11:32,590 --> 00:11:35,555
�i for�a care �ine luna pe orbit�
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00:11:35,590 --> 00:11:39,090
�n jurul P�m�ntului, erau de fapt una �i aceea�i.
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00:11:39,590 --> 00:11:48,090
Dintr-o lovitur�, Newton a unificat cerul �i p�m�ntul
198
00:11:48,125 --> 00:11:52,090
�ntr-o singur� teorie pe care el a numit-o gravita�ie.
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00:11:52,125 --> 00:11:54,055
STEVEN WEINBERG :
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00:11:54,090 --> 00:11:57,055
Unificarea celestului cu terestrul..
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00:11:57,090 --> 00:12:00,590
faptul c� acelea�i legi care guverneaz� planetele �n mi�carea lor
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00:12:00,625 --> 00:12:04,090
guverneaz� �i mareele �i c�derea fructelor aici pe p�m�nt..
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00:12:04,125 --> 00:12:07,055
a fost o fantastic�
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unificare a imaginii noastre despre natur�.
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BRIAN GREENE :
Gravita�ia a fost prima for�� �n�eleas� �tiin�ific,
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cu toate c� au mai urmat 3, p�n� la urm�.
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00:12:16,500 --> 00:12:20,500
�i, de�i Newton a descoperit legea gravita�iei cu mai mult de 300 de ani �n urm�,
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00:12:20,535 --> 00:12:24,000
ecua�iile sale ce descriu aceast� for�� fac at�t de
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00:12:24,035 --> 00:12:26,500
precise predic�ii �nc�t le folosim �i azi.
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�ntr-adev�r, oamenii de �tiin�a n-au avut nevoie de altceva
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dec�t ecua�iile lui Newton pentru a planifica drumul unei rachete
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ce a dus oameni pe Luna.
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00:12:37,500 --> 00:12:40,000
Totu�i a fost o problem�.
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De�i legile sale descriau
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00:12:42,510 --> 00:12:46,510
for�a gravita�iei cu mare precizie,
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Newton p�stra un secret jenant :
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el nu avea nici o idee despre cum func�ioneaz� de fapt gravita�ia.
218
00:13:00,010 --> 00:13:03,510
Pentru aproape 250 de ani,
219
00:13:03,545 --> 00:13:07,027
oamenii de �tiin�� s-au mul�umit s� �ntoarc� privirea
220
00:13:07,062 --> 00:13:10,475
c�nd s-au confruntat cu acest mister.
221
00:13:10,510 --> 00:13:13,510
Dar la �nceputul anilor 1900,
222
00:13:13,545 --> 00:13:16,527
un func�ionar necunoscut, ce lucra la biroul elve�ian de brevete
223
00:13:16,562 --> 00:13:19,510
a schimbat totul.
224
00:13:20,010 --> 00:13:23,510
�n timp ce revedea aplica�iile brevetate, Albert Einstein
225
00:13:23,520 --> 00:13:27,020
reflecta asupra comportamentului luminii.
226
00:13:27,055 --> 00:13:28,985
�i habar n-avea Einstein
227
00:13:29,020 --> 00:13:30,985
ca reflec�iile sale asupra luminii
228
00:13:31,020 --> 00:13:33,020
�l vor conduce spre rezolvarea misterului lui Newton
229
00:13:33,055 --> 00:13:35,020
despre ce este gravita�ia.
230
00:13:36,520 --> 00:13:41,770
La v�rsta de 26 de ani, Einstein a f�cut o descoperire �ocanta :
231
00:13:41,805 --> 00:13:47,020
ca viteza luminii este un fel de
232
00:13:47,055 --> 00:13:52,020
limita cosmic� de vitez�, o vitez� pe care nimic �n univers n=o poate dep�i.
233
00:13:52,055 --> 00:13:52,985
Dar cur�nd
234
00:13:53,020 --> 00:13:56,020
dup� ce �i-a publicat ideea t�n�rul Einstein
235
00:13:56,030 --> 00:13:58,780
s-a trezit �n contradic�ie
236
00:13:58,815 --> 00:14:01,530
cu p�rintele gravita�iei.
237
00:14:05,030 --> 00:14:07,995
Problema era c� ideea
238
00:14:08,030 --> 00:14:11,030
ca nimic nu poate avea o vitez� mai mare ca a luminii
239
00:14:11,065 --> 00:14:13,995
era aruncat� �n fa�a imaginii lui Newton
240
00:14:14,030 --> 00:14:17,530
asupra gravita�iei.
241
00:14:17,565 --> 00:14:20,495
Pentru a �n�elege acest conflict,
242
00:14:20,530 --> 00:14:23,530
trebuie a facem ni�te experimente.
243
00:14:24,030 --> 00:14:28,280
�i pentru �nceput, s� cre�m o catastrof� cosmic�.
244
00:14:28,315 --> 00:14:32,530
Imagina�i-v� c� brusc �i f�r� nici o avertizare,
245
00:14:32,540 --> 00:14:36,540
Soarele se evapora �i dispare complet.
246
00:14:37,540 --> 00:14:40,505
Acum, s� refacem aceast� catastrof�
247
00:14:40,540 --> 00:14:43,540
�i s� vedem ce efect ar avea ea asupra planetelor
248
00:14:43,575 --> 00:14:44,540
dup� Newton.
249
00:14:45,040 --> 00:14:47,540
Teoria lui Newton prezice
250
00:14:47,575 --> 00:14:51,505
c� odat� cu distrugerea Soarelui,
251
00:14:51,540 --> 00:14:56,540
planetele ar zbura imediat �nafara orbitelor lor
252
00:14:56,575 --> 00:14:59,040
r�t�cind �n spa�iu.
253
00:15:03,840 --> 00:15:06,540
Cu alte cuvinte, Newton credea c� gravita�ia era
254
00:15:06,575 --> 00:15:08,040
o for�� care ac�ioneaz� instantaneu
255
00:15:08,050 --> 00:15:10,015
la orice distan��.
256
00:15:10,050 --> 00:15:12,550
Iar ca noi am sim�i imediat
257
00:15:12,585 --> 00:15:14,515
efectul distrugerii Soarelui.
258
00:15:14,550 --> 00:15:18,550
Dar Einstein a sesizat o mare problema in teoria lui Newton,
259
00:15:18,585 --> 00:15:22,550
o problem� ce reie�ea din studiul s�u asupra luminii.
260
00:15:23,550 --> 00:15:27,550
Einstein �tia c� lumina nu c�l�torea instantaneu.
261
00:15:28,050 --> 00:15:31,300
De fapt, dureaz� 8 minute
262
00:15:31,335 --> 00:15:34,550
ca razele Soarelui s� str�bat� cele 93 milioane de mile
263
00:15:34,585 --> 00:15:37,015
p�n� la P�m�nt.
264
00:15:37,050 --> 00:15:40,550
�i, de vreme ce el ar�tase ca nimic, nici m�car gravita�ia,
265
00:15:40,560 --> 00:15:43,060
nu poate c�l�tori mai repede ca lumina,
266
00:15:45,060 --> 00:15:48,560
cum ar putea P�m�ntul s� fie eliberat de pe orbita
267
00:15:48,595 --> 00:15:51,525
�nainte ca �ntunericul rezultat din dispari�ia Soarelui
268
00:15:51,560 --> 00:15:54,560
s� fi ajuns la ochii no�tri ?
269
00:16:01,560 --> 00:16:05,060
Pentru t�n�rul arogant din biroul elve�ian de brevete
270
00:16:05,095 --> 00:16:08,560
ceva care s� dep�easc� lumina era imposibil,
271
00:16:09,060 --> 00:16:12,060
iar aceasta �nsemna c� imaginea, veche de 250 de ani,
272
00:16:12,095 --> 00:16:14,560
a lui Newton asupra gravita�iei, era gre�it�.
273
00:16:14,595 --> 00:16:16,525
S. JAMES GATES, JR. :
274
00:16:16,560 --> 00:16:19,060
Dac� Newton a gre�it,
275
00:16:19,070 --> 00:16:21,535
atunci de ce planetele r�m�n la locul lor ?
276
00:16:21,570 --> 00:16:24,570
Pentru ca, aminti�i-v�, triumful ecua�iilor lui Newton
277
00:16:24,605 --> 00:16:27,535
vine din �ncercarea de a �n�elege
278
00:16:27,570 --> 00:16:31,070
planetele �i stelele
279
00:16:31,105 --> 00:16:34,070
�i �n special problema de ce planetele au orbitele pe care le au.
280
00:16:35,070 --> 00:16:37,570
�i cu ecua�iile lui Newton, po�i calcula modul
281
00:16:37,605 --> 00:16:40,070
�n care planetele se pot mi�ca.
282
00:16:40,570 --> 00:16:43,070
Einstein trebuia s� rezolve aceast� dilem�.
283
00:16:44,570 --> 00:16:48,070
BRIAN GREENE :
�n ultimii s�i 20 de ani, Einstein a trebuit s� g�seasc�
284
00:16:48,105 --> 00:16:51,570
o nou� imagine a universului
285
00:16:51,580 --> 00:16:54,045
�n care gravita�ia nu dep�e�te viteza luminii.
286
00:16:54,080 --> 00:16:58,045
�nc� lucr�nd �n biroul s�u de brevete, Einstein
287
00:16:58,080 --> 00:17:02,080
a pornit �ntr-o c�utare solitar� pentru a rezolva acest mister.
288
00:17:04,580 --> 00:17:08,045
Dup� ce �i-a stors creierii aproape 10 ani
289
00:17:08,080 --> 00:17:11,080
el a g�sit r�spunsul �ntr-un nou fel de unificare.
290
00:17:13,180 --> 00:17:15,080
O nou� imagine a gravita�iei
291
00:17:15,115 --> 00:17:16,545
PETER GALISON
(Harvard University):
292
00:17:16,580 --> 00:17:19,580
Einstein a ajuns s� se g�ndeasc� la cele 3 dimensiuni ale spa�iului
293
00:17:19,615 --> 00:17:22,080
�i singura dimensiune a timpului
294
00:17:22,580 --> 00:17:26,080
ca fiind legate �mpreun� �ntr-un singur substrat, "spa�iu-timp".
295
00:17:32,090 --> 00:17:34,055
A fost speran�a lui
296
00:17:34,090 --> 00:17:37,090
ca, prin �n�elegerea geometriei acestui
297
00:17:37,125 --> 00:17:39,590
4-dimensional substrat al spa�iu-timpului,
298
00:17:39,625 --> 00:17:41,555
ar fi putut vorbi simplu despre
299
00:17:41,590 --> 00:17:44,590
lucruri care se mi�ca pe suprafe�e
300
00:17:44,625 --> 00:17:47,590
�n acest substrat spa�iu-timp.
301
00:17:48,590 --> 00:17:51,090
BRIAN GREENE :
Ca suprafa�a unei trambuline,
302
00:17:51,125 --> 00:17:53,607
acest substrat unificat este curbat �i �ntins
303
00:17:53,642 --> 00:17:56,390
de obiecte grele, cum sunt planetele �i stelele.
304
00:17:59,090 --> 00:18:02,590
�i aceasta curbare a spa�iu-timpului
305
00:18:02,600 --> 00:18:06,100
creeaz� ceea ce noi sim�im ca gravita�ie.
306
00:18:07,100 --> 00:18:10,065
O planet� ca P�m�ntul este men�inut� pe orbit�,
307
00:18:10,100 --> 00:18:13,100
nu pentru c� Soarele se �ntinde �i instantaneu
308
00:18:13,135 --> 00:18:15,065
o apuc� �i o �ine, ca �n teoria lui Newton,
309
00:18:15,100 --> 00:18:18,065
ci pur �i simplu pentru ca planeta urmeaz� curbe
310
00:18:18,100 --> 00:18:21,100
�n substratul spa�ial, generate de prezen�a Soarelui.
311
00:18:21,135 --> 00:18:23,600
Deci, cu aceast� nou� �n�elegere a gravita�iei,
312
00:18:23,635 --> 00:18:25,965
s� re-derulam catastrofa cosmic�.
313
00:18:26,000 --> 00:18:28,500
S� vedem ce se petrece acum dac� Soarele dispare.
314
00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:34,000
Perturbarea gravita�ionala care rezult�
315
00:18:34,010 --> 00:18:38,510
va forma un val care traverseaz� substratul spa�ial
316
00:18:38,545 --> 00:18:41,027
la fel cum o pietricic�
317
00:18:41,062 --> 00:18:43,536
c�zut� �ntr-un lac face unde circulare
318
00:18:43,571 --> 00:18:46,040
ce se propaga pe suprafa�a apei.
319
00:18:46,075 --> 00:18:48,510
Deci noi nu vom sim�i nici o schimbare
320
00:18:48,545 --> 00:18:50,777
�n orbita noastr� �n jurul Soarelui
321
00:18:50,812 --> 00:18:53,010
p�n� c�nd acel val va atinge P�m�ntul.
322
00:18:55,210 --> 00:18:59,510
Mai mult, Einstein a calculat c� aceste unde gravita�ionale
323
00:18:59,545 --> 00:19:03,510
c�l�toresc cu exact viteza luminii.
324
00:19:05,510 --> 00:19:07,810
Astfel, cu aceast� nou� abordare,
325
00:19:07,820 --> 00:19:10,320
Einstein a rezolvat conflictul cu Newton
326
00:19:10,355 --> 00:19:12,985
despre c�t de repede se deplaseaz� gravita�ia.
327
00:19:13,020 --> 00:19:16,520
�i mai mult dec�t at�t, Einstein a oferit lumii o nou� imagine
328
00:19:16,555 --> 00:19:19,185
asupra a ceea ce este de fapt for�a gravita�iei :
329
00:19:19,220 --> 00:19:24,020
este �ndoituri �i curbe �n substratul spa�iului timp.
330
00:19:25,720 --> 00:19:30,020
Einstein a numit aceast� nou� imagine a gravita�iei "Relativitatea generalizata"
331
00:19:30,520 --> 00:19:33,020
�i �n c��iva ani, Albert Einstein
332
00:19:33,055 --> 00:19:35,287
a devenit un nume consacrat.
333
00:19:35,322 --> 00:19:37,421
S. JAMES GATES, JR. :
Einstein a fost ca
334
00:19:37,456 --> 00:19:39,520
o stea rock, �n timpul sau.
335
00:19:39,530 --> 00:19:41,680
A fost una din cele mai larg cunoscute
336
00:19:41,715 --> 00:19:43,795
�i recunoscute figuri �n via��.
337
00:19:43,830 --> 00:19:46,430
El �i poate Charlie Chaplin au fost
338
00:19:46,465 --> 00:19:49,030
regii �ncorona�i ai mass mediei.
339
00:19:49,230 --> 00:19:51,495
MARCIA BARTUSIAK
(Author):
Oamenii i-au urm�rit activitatea.
340
00:19:51,530 --> 00:19:55,530
�i anticipau... din cauza acestui minunat lucru
341
00:19:55,565 --> 00:19:57,495
pe care el l-a f�cut cu relativitatea generalizat�,
342
00:19:57,530 --> 00:20:02,730
aceasta reformulare a legilor gravita�iei din mintea sa...
343
00:20:02,765 --> 00:20:05,230
exista o idee c� ar putea face-o din nou
344
00:20:05,265 --> 00:20:08,030
�i �ti�i c� oamenii vor s� fie la curent.
345
00:20:08,440 --> 00:20:11,740
BRIAN GREENE :
�n ciuda a tot ce realizase,
346
00:20:11,775 --> 00:20:13,505
Einstein nu era mul�umit.
347
00:20:13,540 --> 00:20:16,790
Imediat �i-a �ndreptat privirea spre un �el �i mai mare,
348
00:20:16,825 --> 00:20:19,682
unificarea noii sale viziuni asupra gravita�iei
349
00:20:19,717 --> 00:20:22,540
cu cealalt� for�a cunoscut� la acel moment,
350
00:20:22,575 --> 00:20:24,305
electromagnetismul.
351
00:20:24,340 --> 00:20:26,940
Electromagnetismul este o for��
352
00:20:26,975 --> 00:20:29,540
ce a fost �i ea unificata
353
00:20:29,575 --> 00:20:31,557
doar cu c�teva decenii mai devreme.
354
00:20:31,592 --> 00:20:33,540
La mijlocul anilor 1800,
355
00:20:33,550 --> 00:20:37,050
electricitatea �i magnetismul
356
00:20:37,085 --> 00:20:40,550
au st�rnit interesul oamenilor de �tiin��.
357
00:20:41,050 --> 00:20:44,550
Aceste dou� for�e p�reau s� aib� o curioas� rela�ie �ntre ele
358
00:20:44,585 --> 00:20:48,067
de care inventatori c� Samuel Morse
359
00:20:48,102 --> 00:20:51,550
au profitat �n dispozitivele moderne, cum ar fi telegraful.
360
00:20:54,550 --> 00:20:57,550
Un impuls electric trimis printr-un fir de telegraf
361
00:20:57,585 --> 00:21:00,050
c�tre un magnet aflat la mii de mile distan��
362
00:21:00,550 --> 00:21:04,050
producea familiarele puncte �i linii ale codului Morse
363
00:21:04,085 --> 00:21:07,550
ce permitea transmiterea mesajelor peste continente
364
00:21:07,585 --> 00:21:10,050
�ntr-o frac�iune de secund�.
365
00:21:11,060 --> 00:21:13,810
De�i telegraful a fost senza�ional,
366
00:21:13,845 --> 00:21:16,560
�tiin�a fundamental� a func�ion�rii lui
367
00:21:16,595 --> 00:21:18,560
a r�mas �ntr-un fel un mister.
368
00:21:23,060 --> 00:21:28,560
Dar pentru un om de �tiin�a sco�ian numit James Clark Maxwell,
369
00:21:28,595 --> 00:21:32,560
rela�ia dintre electricitate �i magnetism
370
00:21:33,060 --> 00:21:39,060
a fost at�t de evident�, �nc�t reclama unificarea.
371
00:21:41,060 --> 00:21:43,560
Dac� a�i fost vreodat� pe v�rful unui munte
372
00:21:43,595 --> 00:21:46,525
�n timpul unei furtuni, a�i avea
373
00:21:46,560 --> 00:21:51,060
idee despre cum electricitatea �i magnetismul sunt �nrudite.
374
00:21:51,560 --> 00:21:55,560
C�nd un curent de particule �nc�rcate electric se propaga,
375
00:21:55,570 --> 00:21:58,820
ca �ntr-un fulger, el creeaz� un c�mp magnetic.
376
00:21:58,855 --> 00:22:02,070
�i pute�i eviden�ia aceasta cu o busol�.
377
00:22:09,070 --> 00:22:11,535
Obsedat de aceast� rela�ie,
378
00:22:11,570 --> 00:22:14,570
sco�ianul s-a hot�r�t s� explice
379
00:22:14,605 --> 00:22:17,570
conexiunea dintre electricitate �i magnetism
380
00:22:17,605 --> 00:22:20,070
�n limbaj matematic.
381
00:22:21,070 --> 00:22:23,320
Arunc�nd o nou� lumin� asupra subiectului,
382
00:22:23,355 --> 00:22:25,535
Maxwell a inventat un set
383
00:22:25,570 --> 00:22:28,070
de 4 elegante ecua�ii matematice
384
00:22:33,070 --> 00:22:36,570
ce au unificat electricitatea �i magnetismul
385
00:22:37,080 --> 00:22:41,580
�ntr-o singur� for�� numita "electromagnetism."
386
00:22:43,080 --> 00:22:46,045
�i ca Isaac Newton's �naintea lui,
387
00:22:46,080 --> 00:22:49,580
unificarea lui Maxwell a dus �tiin�� cu un pas mai aproape
388
00:22:49,615 --> 00:22:52,545
de a sparge codul universului.
389
00:22:52,580 --> 00:22:54,580
JOSEPH POLCHINSKI
(University of California, Santa Barbara):
390
00:22:54,615 --> 00:22:56,597
Aceasta a fost �ntr-adev�r remarcabil,
391
00:22:56,632 --> 00:22:58,545
c� aceste fenomene diferite
392
00:22:58,580 --> 00:23:00,830
erau conectate �n acest fel.
393
00:23:00,865 --> 00:23:03,045
�i e �nc� un exemplu de fenomene diferite
394
00:23:03,080 --> 00:23:07,080
provenind dintr-un singur bloc fundamental
sau dintr-un singur principiu fundamental.
395
00:23:07,090 --> 00:23:09,090
WALTER H.G. LEWIN
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology):
396
00:23:09,125 --> 00:23:12,555
Imagineaz�-�i c� tot ce po�i g�ndi
397
00:23:12,590 --> 00:23:16,090
care are leg�tur� cu electricitatea �i magnetismul
398
00:23:16,125 --> 00:23:21,090
poate fi scris �n 4 ecua�ii foarte simple.
399
00:23:22,390 --> 00:23:25,890
Nu e incredibil ? Nu e uimitor ?
400
00:23:25,925 --> 00:23:27,855
Eu �l numesc elegant.
401
00:23:27,890 --> 00:23:30,640
PETER GALISON :
Einstein s-a g�ndit c� acesta a fost
402
00:23:30,675 --> 00:23:33,532
unul dintre momentele de triumf ale �ntregii fizici
403
00:23:33,567 --> 00:23:36,390
�i l-a admirat pe Maxwell enorm pentru ce a f�cut.
404
00:23:38,090 --> 00:23:40,590
BRIAN GREENE :
La aproape 50 de ani dup� ce Maxwell a unificat
405
00:23:40,600 --> 00:23:42,565
electricitatea �i magnetismul,
406
00:23:42,600 --> 00:23:45,565
Einstein era �ncrez�tor
407
00:23:45,600 --> 00:23:49,100
c� dac� el ar putea unifica noua sa teorie a
gravita�iei cu cea a lui Maxwell, electromagnetismul,
408
00:23:49,135 --> 00:23:52,065
ar putea formula o ecua�ie perfect�
409
00:23:52,100 --> 00:23:56,100
ce ar putea descrie orice, �ntregul univers.
410
00:23:56,135 --> 00:23:58,065
S. JAMES GATES, JR. :
411
00:23:58,100 --> 00:24:01,850
Einstein crede �n mod clar ca universul
412
00:24:01,885 --> 00:24:06,600
are un mare �i frumos tipar suprem al modului sau de func�ionare.
413
00:24:07,000 --> 00:24:09,000
Deci, pentru a-�i r�spunde la �ntrebare,
414
00:24:09,035 --> 00:24:11,000
de ce c�uta el unificarea ?
415
00:24:11,010 --> 00:24:13,510
Cred c� r�spunsul e simplu
416
00:24:13,545 --> 00:24:16,475
pentru c� Einstein e unul din acei fizicieni
417
00:24:16,510 --> 00:24:21,510
ce vor cu adev�rat s� cunoasc� mintea lui Dumnezeu, adic� �ntreaga imagine.
418
00:24:23,010 --> 00:24:25,010
O lume nou� �i stranie
419
00:24:26,010 --> 00:24:30,510
BRIAN GREENE :
Ast�zi, acesta este �elul teoriei stringurilor :
420
00:24:30,545 --> 00:24:34,010
de a unifica �n�elegerea noastr� asupra totului
421
00:24:34,510 --> 00:24:37,010
de la na�terea universului
422
00:24:37,045 --> 00:24:39,510
p�n� la maiestuoasa rotire a galaxiilor
423
00:24:40,010 --> 00:24:42,510
�n doar un set de principii,
424
00:24:44,010 --> 00:24:47,010
o ecua�ie perfect�.
425
00:24:48,020 --> 00:24:51,020
Newton a unificat cerul �i p�m�ntul
426
00:24:52,020 --> 00:24:54,485
�ntr-o teorie a gravita�iei.
427
00:24:54,520 --> 00:24:59,020
Maxwell a unificat electricitatea �i magnetismul.
428
00:25:00,520 --> 00:25:03,020
Einstein a ra�ionat c� tot
429
00:25:03,520 --> 00:25:05,985
ce r�m�nea pentru a construi o "Teorie a Totului"..
430
00:25:06,020 --> 00:25:09,520
o singur� teorie ce ar putea cuprinde toate legile universului..
431
00:25:09,555 --> 00:25:12,520
era s� uneasc� viziunea sa asupra gravita�iei
432
00:25:12,555 --> 00:25:14,985
cu electromagnetismul.
433
00:25:15,020 --> 00:25:17,270
AMANDA PEET :
El avea �n mod sigur motiva�ii.
434
00:25:17,305 --> 00:25:19,520
Probabil una din ele putea fi estetic�,
435
00:25:19,530 --> 00:25:21,495
sau aceast� �ncercare de a simplifica.
436
00:25:21,530 --> 00:25:24,030
Alta se poate s� fi fost doar faptul fizic
437
00:25:24,065 --> 00:25:26,047
c� se p�rea ca viteza gravita�iei
438
00:25:26,082 --> 00:25:28,030
este egal� cu viteza luminii.
439
00:25:28,730 --> 00:25:30,995
Deci dac� ambele se deplasau cu aceea�i vitez�,
440
00:25:31,030 --> 00:25:34,030
atunci poate c� asta e o indica�ie a unei simetrii fundamentale.
441
00:25:35,030 --> 00:25:38,030
BRIAN GREENE :
Dar c�nd Einstein �ncerca s� unifice
442
00:25:38,065 --> 00:25:40,530
gravita�ia �i electromagnetismul,
443
00:25:41,030 --> 00:25:44,030
el avea s� afle c� diferen�a de t�rie dintre aceste dou� for�e
444
00:25:44,065 --> 00:25:46,530
ar dep�i similarit��ile lor.
445
00:25:47,540 --> 00:25:50,040
Da�i-mi voie s� v� ar�t ce vreau s� spun.
446
00:25:51,040 --> 00:25:54,040
Noi tindem s� credem c� gravita�ia este o for�� puternic�.
447
00:25:55,040 --> 00:25:57,540
�n definitiv, este for�a care, chiar acum,
448
00:25:57,575 --> 00:26:00,040
m� ancoreaz� pe mine de aceasta margine.
449
00:26:03,040 --> 00:26:05,290
Dar comparat� cu electromagnetismul,
450
00:26:05,325 --> 00:26:07,505
e de fapt foarte slab�.
451
00:26:07,540 --> 00:26:10,040
Practic, exista un test simplu pentru a arata aceasta.
452
00:26:10,240 --> 00:26:13,540
Imagina�i-v� c� a� sari de pe aceast� cl�dire destul de �nalt�.
453
00:26:14,040 --> 00:26:16,540
De fapt, nu doar s� ne imagin�m.
454
00:26:16,840 --> 00:26:18,240
S-o facem.
455
00:26:18,250 --> 00:26:20,050
Ve�i vedea ce vreau s� spun.
456
00:26:37,950 --> 00:26:41,450
Acum, desigur, ar fi trebuit s� fiu turtit.
457
00:26:41,485 --> 00:26:43,015
Dar �ntrebarea important� este :
458
00:26:43,050 --> 00:26:45,515
ce m-a �mpiedicat s� sparg trotuarul
459
00:26:45,550 --> 00:26:48,050
�i s� str�pung p�m�ntul pana �n centrul s�u ?
460
00:26:50,550 --> 00:26:53,015
Ei bine, de�i suna straniu,
461
00:26:53,050 --> 00:26:55,550
r�spunsul este : electromagnetismul.
462
00:26:56,550 --> 00:26:59,515
Tot ce putem vedea, de la noi
463
00:26:59,550 --> 00:27:03,050
p�n� la trotuar, este f�cut din mici particule de materie
464
00:27:03,085 --> 00:27:05,050
numite atomi.
465
00:27:05,060 --> 00:27:07,560
�i �nveli�ul exterior al oric�rui atom
466
00:27:07,595 --> 00:27:10,060
are o sarcin� electric� negativ�.
467
00:27:11,060 --> 00:27:13,560
Deci c�nd atomii mei intra �n coliziune
468
00:27:13,595 --> 00:27:15,525
cu atomii cimentului
469
00:27:15,560 --> 00:27:18,060
aceste sarcini electrice se resping reciproc
470
00:27:18,560 --> 00:27:21,525
cu a�a o putere, �nc�t chiar �i o mic� bucat� din trotuar
471
00:27:21,560 --> 00:27:25,560
poate rezista la �ntreaga gravita�ie a P�m�ntului �i m� poate opri din c�dere.
472
00:27:26,060 --> 00:27:29,060
Practic, for�� electromagnetic�
473
00:27:29,360 --> 00:27:32,560
este de miliarde �i miliarde de ori mai puternic�
474
00:27:32,595 --> 00:27:34,060
dec�t gravita�ia.
475
00:27:34,070 --> 00:27:35,535
NIMA ARKANI-HAMED
(Harvard University):
476
00:27:35,570 --> 00:27:37,270
Pare pu�in straniu, pentru c� gravita�ia ne men�ine picioarele pe p�m�nt
477
00:27:37,305 --> 00:27:38,835
�i men�ine P�m�ntul �n jurul Soarelui.
478
00:27:38,870 --> 00:27:40,570
Dar, �n realitate,
479
00:27:40,605 --> 00:27:43,035
reu�e�te s� fac� aceast� doar pentru ca
480
00:27:43,070 --> 00:27:46,070
ea ac�ioneaz� asupra unor conglomerate enorme de materie,
481
00:27:46,105 --> 00:27:48,535
�ti�i.. tu, eu, P�m�ntul, Soarele..
482
00:27:48,570 --> 00:27:51,570
dar la nivelul atomilor individuali,
483
00:27:51,605 --> 00:27:54,570
gravita�ia este de fapt o for�� incredibil de slab�.
484
00:27:59,070 --> 00:28:02,270
BRIAN GREENE :
Ar fi o lupt� obositoare pentru Einstein sa unifice
485
00:28:02,280 --> 00:28:05,480
aceste dou� for�e de puteri extrem de diferite.
486
00:28:07,080 --> 00:28:09,980
�i pentru a �nr�ut��i situa�ia, abia �ncepuse
487
00:28:10,015 --> 00:28:12,045
c�nd schimb�ri rapide
488
00:28:12,080 --> 00:28:15,080
�n lumea fizicii... l-au l�sat �n urm�.
489
00:28:16,080 --> 00:28:19,080
STEVEN WEINBERG :
Einstein realizase at�t de mult
490
00:28:19,580 --> 00:28:22,080
�n anii de p�n� la 1920,
491
00:28:22,380 --> 00:28:25,580
�nc�t desigur c� se a�tepta c� putea continua
492
00:28:26,580 --> 00:28:29,080
juc�nd acelea�i jocuri teoretice
493
00:28:29,115 --> 00:28:31,580
�i s� realizeze �n continuare lucruri m�re�e.
494
00:28:31,890 --> 00:28:33,590
Dar n-a putut.
495
00:28:35,390 --> 00:28:38,790
Natura s-a revelat �n alte moduri
496
00:28:38,825 --> 00:28:41,555
�n 1920 fa�� de 1930,
497
00:28:41,590 --> 00:28:46,590
iar trucurile �i uneltele specifice pe care Einstein le-a avut la dispozi�ie
498
00:28:46,625 --> 00:28:49,590
�i care fuseser� at�t de fabulos de eficiente,
499
00:28:50,090 --> 00:28:53,090
nu mai erau aplicabile.
500
00:28:54,590 --> 00:28:56,590
The Quantum Cafe
501
00:28:57,590 --> 00:29:01,590
BRIAN GREENE :
Vede�i, �n anii 1920, un grup de tineri oameni de �tiin��
502
00:29:01,625 --> 00:29:04,090
au furat reflectorul de pe Einstein
503
00:29:04,125 --> 00:29:06,965
c�nd au ap�rut cu un bizar
504
00:29:07,000 --> 00:29:09,500
mod nou de a g�ndi fizica.
505
00:29:10,700 --> 00:29:14,000
Viziunea lor asupra universului era a�a de ciudat�,
506
00:29:14,700 --> 00:29:17,500
�nc�t face SF-ul s� par� bl�nd
507
00:29:17,535 --> 00:29:19,465
�i a �ntors �ncercarea lui Einstein
508
00:29:19,500 --> 00:29:22,000
de unificare, cu capul �n jos.
509
00:29:22,035 --> 00:29:24,000
Unificare ! Unificare !
510
00:29:26,500 --> 00:29:30,000
Condu�i de fizicianul danez Niels Bohr,
511
00:29:30,035 --> 00:29:33,500
ace�ti oameni de �tiin�� au descoperit
512
00:29:33,535 --> 00:29:35,767
un �ntreg t�r�m nou al universului.
513
00:29:35,802 --> 00:29:38,000
Atomii,
514
00:29:38,010 --> 00:29:40,560
mult timp considera�i a fi cei mai mici constituen�i
515
00:29:40,595 --> 00:29:42,475
ai naturii, s-a aflat
516
00:29:42,510 --> 00:29:45,210
c� sunt alc�tui�i din particule �i mai mici :
517
00:29:45,245 --> 00:29:47,327
nucleul, familiar de-acum,
518
00:29:48,110 --> 00:29:51,110
de protoni �i neutroni, �nconjurat de electroni.
519
00:29:51,510 --> 00:29:54,475
�i teoriile lui Einstein �i Maxwell
520
00:29:54,510 --> 00:29:57,010
au fost inutile �n a explica
521
00:29:57,045 --> 00:29:59,527
modul bizar �n care aceste mici particule de materie
522
00:29:59,562 --> 00:30:02,010
interac�ioneaz� �ntre ele �n�untrul atomului.
523
00:30:03,020 --> 00:30:05,770
PETER GALISON :
A fost un imens mister
524
00:30:05,805 --> 00:30:08,520
despre cum se explica toate acestea,
525
00:30:08,555 --> 00:30:11,485
cum se explica ce se petrece �n nucleu
526
00:30:11,520 --> 00:30:14,020
pe m�sur� ce atomul �ncepea s� se dezv�luie
527
00:30:14,055 --> 00:30:16,020
�n diferite moduri.
528
00:30:16,520 --> 00:30:20,720
Iar vechile teorii erau total inadecvate pentru a le explica.
529
00:30:20,755 --> 00:30:23,985
Gravita�ia era irelevant�. Era mult prea slab�.
530
00:30:24,020 --> 00:30:27,020
Iar electricitatea �i magnetismul nu erau suficiente.
531
00:30:31,220 --> 00:30:34,520
BRIAN GREENE :
F�r� o teorie care s� explice aceast� nou� lume stranie,
532
00:30:34,555 --> 00:30:38,020
ace�ti savan�i erau pierdu�i
533
00:30:38,030 --> 00:30:41,030
�ntr-un teritoriu atomic necunoscut
534
00:30:42,030 --> 00:30:45,530
c�ut�nd orice semne de recunoa�tere.
535
00:31:02,730 --> 00:31:06,530
Apoi, la sf�r�itul anilor 1920, totul s-a schimbat.
536
00:31:06,565 --> 00:31:09,297
Pe parcursul acestor ani, fizicienii au dezvoltat
537
00:31:09,332 --> 00:31:11,995
o nou� teorie numita "mecanica cuantic�"
538
00:31:12,030 --> 00:31:15,030
care era capabil� s� descrie t�r�mul
539
00:31:15,065 --> 00:31:17,030
microscopic cu mare succes.
540
00:31:17,230 --> 00:31:19,195
Dar iat� problema :
541
00:31:19,230 --> 00:31:21,730
mecanica cuantic� era o teorie at�t de radical�
542
00:31:21,765 --> 00:31:24,730
�nc�t sf�r�ma complet toate modurile precedente
543
00:31:24,740 --> 00:31:27,240
de a privi universul.
544
00:31:27,275 --> 00:31:29,705
Teoriile lui Einstein revendicau
545
00:31:29,740 --> 00:31:32,540
un univers ordonat �i predictibil,
546
00:31:34,740 --> 00:31:37,240
dar Niels Bohr nu a fost de acord.
547
00:31:37,275 --> 00:31:39,705
El �i colegii lui au proclamat
548
00:31:39,740 --> 00:31:42,240
ca la scara atomilor �i particulelor,
549
00:31:42,275 --> 00:31:44,740
lumea e un joc de noroc.
550
00:31:45,740 --> 00:31:49,740
La nivelul atomic sau cuantic, guverneaz� incertitudinea.
551
00:31:51,540 --> 00:31:53,540
Tot ce po�i s� faci,
552
00:31:53,575 --> 00:31:55,540
�n acord cu mecanica cuantic�,
553
00:31:55,550 --> 00:31:57,515
este de a prezice �ansa sau probabilitatea
554
00:31:57,550 --> 00:32:00,050
unui rezultat sau a altuia.
555
00:32:02,550 --> 00:32:06,515
�i aceasta stranie idee
556
00:32:06,550 --> 00:32:10,550
a deschis poarta unei imagini tulbur�toare a realit��ii.
557
00:32:16,550 --> 00:32:20,015
Era at�t de tulbur�toare
558
00:32:20,050 --> 00:32:23,050
�nc�t dac� bizarele caracteristici ale mecanicii cuantice
559
00:32:23,085 --> 00:32:25,317
ar fi fost observabile �n lumea noastr� de zi cu zi,
560
00:32:25,352 --> 00:32:27,701
a�a cum sunt aici, �n Quantum Caf�,
561
00:32:27,736 --> 00:32:30,015
a�i putea crede c� v-a�i pierdut min�ile.
562
00:32:30,050 --> 00:32:32,550
WALTER H.G. LEWIN :
Legile din lumea cuantic�
563
00:32:32,560 --> 00:32:34,810
sunt foarte diferite de legile
564
00:32:34,845 --> 00:32:37,025
cu care suntem noi obi�nui�i.
565
00:32:37,060 --> 00:32:39,560
Experien�ele noastre zilnice sunt total diferite
566
00:32:39,595 --> 00:32:42,060
de orice am putea vedea �n lumea cuantic�.
567
00:32:42,095 --> 00:32:43,725
Lumea cuantic� e nebun�.
568
00:32:43,760 --> 00:32:45,760
E probabil cea mai bun� defini�ie :
569
00:32:45,795 --> 00:32:47,060
e o lume nebun�.
570
00:32:47,560 --> 00:32:49,025
BRIAN GREENE :
Pentru aproape 80 de ani,
571
00:32:49,060 --> 00:32:51,560
mecanica cuantic� a proclamat cu succes
572
00:32:51,595 --> 00:32:53,560
ca straniul �i bizarul sunt caracteristicile
573
00:32:53,570 --> 00:32:56,570
modului �n care se comporta universul nostru
574
00:32:56,605 --> 00:32:59,070
la dimensiuni extrem de mici.
575
00:32:59,570 --> 00:33:01,570
La scara vie�ii obi�nuite,
576
00:33:01,605 --> 00:33:03,535
noi nu experimentam direct
577
00:33:03,570 --> 00:33:06,070
ciud��enia mecanicii cuantice.
578
00:33:06,570 --> 00:33:09,035
Dar aici, �n Quantum Caf�,
579
00:33:09,070 --> 00:33:11,570
lucruri mari, de zi cu zi,
580
00:33:11,605 --> 00:33:14,087
se comporta ca �i cum ar fi microscopice.
581
00:33:14,122 --> 00:33:16,570
�i indiferent de c�t de multe ori vin aici,
582
00:33:16,605 --> 00:33:19,070
Se pare c� nu m� pot obi�nui.
583
00:33:20,080 --> 00:33:21,580
A� vrea un suc de portocale, v� rog.
584
00:33:21,615 --> 00:33:23,847
BARTENDER :
Voi �ncerca.
585
00:33:23,882 --> 00:33:26,080
BRIAN GREENE :
"Voi �ncerca," spune ea.
586
00:33:29,080 --> 00:33:31,580
Vede�i, ei nu sunt obi�nui�i ca oamenii
587
00:33:31,615 --> 00:33:34,080
s� dea comenzi clare aici, �n Quantum Caf�,
588
00:33:34,115 --> 00:33:36,545
pentru c� aici totul e guvernat de noroc.
589
00:33:36,580 --> 00:33:39,080
C�nd doresc un suc de portocale,
590
00:33:39,115 --> 00:33:40,080
exist� doar o singur� probabilitate
591
00:33:40,115 --> 00:33:42,580
ca voi primi �ntr-adev�r unul.
592
00:33:46,580 --> 00:33:49,580
�i nu e nici un motiv s� fii dezam�git
593
00:33:49,590 --> 00:33:52,055
de un rezultat sau altul,
594
00:33:52,090 --> 00:33:54,090
pentru ca mecanica cuantic� sugereaz�
595
00:33:54,125 --> 00:33:56,055
c� oricare din posibilit��i,
596
00:33:56,090 --> 00:33:58,590
cum ar fi s� prime�ti un suc galben sau unul ro�u,
597
00:33:58,625 --> 00:34:00,055
se poate �nt�mpla.
598
00:34:00,090 --> 00:34:02,055
Ele doar se �nt�mpla s� se �nt�mple
599
00:34:02,090 --> 00:34:04,555
�n universuri paralele cu al nostru,
600
00:34:04,590 --> 00:34:07,090
universuri ce par reale locuitorilor lor
601
00:34:07,125 --> 00:34:09,590
a�a cum �i al nostru ne pare noua real.
602
00:34:10,590 --> 00:34:13,090
WALTER H.G. LEWIN :
Dac� exist� o mie de posibilit��i
603
00:34:13,100 --> 00:34:15,065
�i mecanic� cuantic� nu poate, cu certitudine,
604
00:34:15,100 --> 00:34:17,100
s� spun� care dintr-o mie va fi,
605
00:34:17,135 --> 00:34:19,500
atunci toate o mie vor avea loc.
606
00:34:20,000 --> 00:34:22,265
Da, pute�i r�de de asta �i spune,
607
00:34:22,300 --> 00:34:24,300
"P�i... asta trebuie s� fie gre�it."
608
00:34:24,500 --> 00:34:27,000
Dar exist� at�t de multe alte lucruri �n fizic�
609
00:34:27,035 --> 00:34:28,965
ce - la momentul descoperirii lor..
610
00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:31,500
ar fi trebuit s� fie gre�ite, dar n-au fost.
611
00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:33,965
Trebuie s� fii pu�in atent, cred,
612
00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:36,500
�nainte de a spune c� aceasta e sigur gre�it.
613
00:34:39,310 --> 00:34:41,275
BRIAN GREENE :
�i chiar �i �n universul nostru,
614
00:34:41,310 --> 00:34:43,810
mecanica cuantic� spune c� exista o �ans�
615
00:34:44,510 --> 00:34:48,010
c� lucruri pe care �n mod obi�nuit le-am considera imposibile
616
00:34:48,045 --> 00:34:50,510
s� se poat� produce.
617
00:34:51,510 --> 00:34:53,975
De exemplu, exista o �ans�
618
00:34:54,010 --> 00:34:57,510
ca particule s� poat� trece prin ziduri sau bariere
619
00:34:58,510 --> 00:35:01,010
care par impenetrabile pentru noi.
620
00:35:01,810 --> 00:35:03,475
Exista chiar o �ans�
621
00:35:03,510 --> 00:35:06,010
ca �i eu s� pot trece prin ceva solid, cum ar fi un zid.
622
00:35:06,045 --> 00:35:08,510
Acum, calculele cuantice arata
623
00:35:08,520 --> 00:35:11,520
ca probabilitatea ca aceasta s� se produc� �n lumea obi�nuit�
624
00:35:11,555 --> 00:35:14,020
este at�t de mic�, �nc�t ar trebui
625
00:35:14,055 --> 00:35:16,537
s� continui s� merg �n zid
626
00:35:16,572 --> 00:35:19,020
pentru aproape o eternitate p�n� s� am o �ans� rezonabil� de a reu�i.
627
00:35:22,020 --> 00:35:25,520
Dar aici, astfel de lucruri se petrec tot timpul.
628
00:35:26,520 --> 00:35:28,020
EDWARD FARHI
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology):
629
00:35:28,055 --> 00:35:29,985
Trebuie s� �nve�i s� abandonezi acele prezum�ii
630
00:35:30,020 --> 00:35:32,520
pe care le ai despre lume
631
00:35:32,555 --> 00:35:34,520
cu scopul de a �n�elege mecanica cuantic�.
632
00:35:34,555 --> 00:35:37,020
�n sinea mea,
633
00:35:37,030 --> 00:35:39,030
simt c� am o ad�nc�, intuitiv�
634
00:35:39,065 --> 00:35:41,030
�n�elegere a mecanicii cuantice ?
635
00:35:41,530 --> 00:35:43,530
Nu.
636
00:35:44,230 --> 00:35:46,530
BRIAN GREENE :
�i nici Einstein nu avea.
637
00:35:47,530 --> 00:35:50,030
El nu �i-a pierdut niciodat� credin�a c� universul
638
00:35:50,065 --> 00:35:52,030
se comport� �ntr-un mod
639
00:35:52,065 --> 00:35:54,030
clar �i predictibil.
640
00:35:55,030 --> 00:35:57,995
Ideea c� tot ce putem face este s� calcul�m sor�ii
641
00:35:58,030 --> 00:36:00,530
c� lucrurile s� ias� �ntr-un fel sau altul
642
00:36:01,530 --> 00:36:04,530
a fost una c�reia Einstein i-a rezistat profund.
643
00:36:05,040 --> 00:36:07,040
MICHAEL DUFF
(University of Michigan):
644
00:36:07,075 --> 00:36:09,005
Mecanica cuantic� spune c� tu
645
00:36:09,040 --> 00:36:11,040
nu po�i �ti sigur
646
00:36:11,075 --> 00:36:13,040
rezultatul nici unui experiment;
647
00:36:13,075 --> 00:36:14,505
po�i doar s� acorzi o anumit� probabilitate
648
00:36:14,540 --> 00:36:16,005
rezultatului unui experiment.
649
00:36:16,040 --> 00:36:18,540
Iar aceasta, lui Einstein ii displ�cea intens.
650
00:36:18,575 --> 00:36:21,540
El obi�nuia s� zic� "Dumnezeu nu arunca zaruri."
651
00:36:23,040 --> 00:36:27,005
BRIAN GREENE :
�i totu�i, experiment dup� experiment
652
00:36:27,040 --> 00:36:30,040
arata c� Einstein se �n�elase
653
00:36:30,075 --> 00:36:33,040
�i ca mecanica cuantic� descrie, �ntr-adev�r,
654
00:36:33,050 --> 00:36:36,050
cum func�ioneaz� lumea la nivel subatomic.
655
00:36:36,550 --> 00:36:38,015
WALTER H.G. LEWIN :
656
00:36:38,050 --> 00:36:40,550
Deci mecanica cuantic� nu e un lux, ceva
657
00:36:40,585 --> 00:36:42,515
de care te po�i dispensa.
658
00:36:42,550 --> 00:36:44,515
Adic�, de ce e apa a�a cum e ?
659
00:36:44,550 --> 00:36:47,050
De ce trece lumina direct prin ap� ? De ce e ea transparenta ?
660
00:36:47,085 --> 00:36:49,050
De ce alte lucruri nu sunt transparente ?
661
00:36:49,085 --> 00:36:51,015
Cum se formeaz� moleculele ?
662
00:36:51,050 --> 00:36:53,550
De ce reac�ioneaz� a�a cum o fac ?
663
00:36:53,585 --> 00:36:56,050
�n momentul �n care vrei s� �n�elegi
664
00:36:56,060 --> 00:36:58,560
ceva la un nivel atomic,
665
00:36:59,060 --> 00:37:01,525
�n mod ne-intuitiv,
666
00:37:01,560 --> 00:37:06,060
�n acel moment, po�i face progrese doar cu mecanica cuantic�.
667
00:37:06,095 --> 00:37:07,577
EDWARD FARHI :
Mecanica cuantic�
668
00:37:07,612 --> 00:37:09,060
e fantastic de precis�.
669
00:37:09,095 --> 00:37:11,025
N-a fost niciodat�
670
00:37:11,060 --> 00:37:13,310
o predic�ie a mecanicii cuantice
671
00:37:13,345 --> 00:37:15,560
care s� contrazic� o observa�ie,
672
00:37:16,060 --> 00:37:18,060
niciodat�.
673
00:37:18,560 --> 00:37:20,560
Gravity - The Odd Man Out
674
00:37:21,070 --> 00:37:23,570
BRIAN GREENE :
P�n� �n '30, �ncercarea lui Einstein
675
00:37:23,605 --> 00:37:26,070
de unificare s-a �mpotmolit,
676
00:37:27,070 --> 00:37:29,035
�n timp ce mecanica cuantic�
677
00:37:29,070 --> 00:37:31,070
dezlega secretele atomului.
678
00:37:32,570 --> 00:37:34,570
Savan�ii au aflat c� gravita�ia
679
00:37:34,605 --> 00:37:36,035
�i electromagnetismul
680
00:37:36,070 --> 00:37:39,570
nu sunt singurele for�e ce guverneaz� universul.
681
00:37:40,570 --> 00:37:43,070
Explor�nd structura atomului,
682
00:37:43,105 --> 00:37:45,570
ei au descoperit dou� noi forte.
683
00:37:47,570 --> 00:37:51,070
Una, intitulat� "for�a nucleara tare"
684
00:37:51,105 --> 00:37:53,035
ac�ioneaz� ca un superglue,
685
00:37:53,070 --> 00:37:55,570
men�in�nd nucleul fiec�rui atom �ntreg,
686
00:37:55,605 --> 00:37:58,570
leg�nd protoni cu neutroni.
687
00:38:00,270 --> 00:38:03,270
Iar cealalt�, numit� "for�a nucleara slaba",
688
00:38:03,280 --> 00:38:06,280
permite neutronilor s� se preschimbe �n protoni,
689
00:38:06,315 --> 00:38:09,280
eliber�nd radia�ie �n cadrul procesului.
690
00:38:10,580 --> 00:38:11,545
La nivel cuantic,
691
00:38:11,580 --> 00:38:14,080
for�a cu care suntem cel mai familiariza�i,
692
00:38:14,115 --> 00:38:17,045
gravita�ia, a fost complet umbrit�
693
00:38:17,080 --> 00:38:20,580
de electromagnetism �i de aceste dou� noi forte.
694
00:38:22,780 --> 00:38:24,080
Acum, for�a tare �i cea slab�
695
00:38:24,115 --> 00:38:25,580
pot p�rea obscure,
696
00:38:25,880 --> 00:38:27,730
dar cel pu�in �ntr-un sens,
697
00:38:27,765 --> 00:38:29,580
to�i suntem foarte con�tien�i de puterea ei.
698
00:38:30,090 --> 00:38:34,590
La 5:29 �n diminea�a zilei de 16 iulie, 1945,
699
00:38:34,625 --> 00:38:37,055
aceast� putere a fost revelata de un act
700
00:38:37,090 --> 00:38:39,090
ce urma sa schimbe cursul istoriei.
701
00:38:40,090 --> 00:38:42,090
�n mijlocul de�ertului, �n New Mexico,
702
00:38:42,790 --> 00:38:44,555
�n v�rful unui turn de o�el, la aproape
703
00:38:44,590 --> 00:38:48,590
100 de picioare deasupra v�rfului acestui monument,
704
00:38:48,625 --> 00:38:51,090
a fost detonat� prima bomb� atomic�.
705
00:38:51,890 --> 00:38:54,355
A fost doar de 5 picioare,
706
00:38:54,390 --> 00:38:56,890
dar acea bomb� a ambalat o lovitur�
707
00:38:57,190 --> 00:39:00,890
echivalent� cu aproape 20 000 de tone de TNT.
708
00:39:07,800 --> 00:39:10,900
Cu acea puternic� explozie, savan�ii
709
00:39:10,935 --> 00:39:14,000
au dezl�n�uit for�a nucleara tare,
710
00:39:14,500 --> 00:39:17,500
for�a ce �ine neutronii �i protonii
711
00:39:17,535 --> 00:39:20,500
str�ns lipi�i �mpreuna �n nucleul unui atom.
712
00:39:21,200 --> 00:39:23,500
Prin ruperea leg�turilor acelui lipici
713
00:39:23,535 --> 00:39:26,000
�i dezintegrarea atomului,
714
00:39:27,500 --> 00:39:30,000
mari, cu adev�rat incredibile cantit��i
715
00:39:30,035 --> 00:39:32,500
de energie distructiv�, au fost eliberate.
716
00:39:38,200 --> 00:39:40,000
�nc� mai putem detecta remanente
717
00:39:40,035 --> 00:39:41,800
ale acelei explozii prin
718
00:39:41,810 --> 00:39:43,310
cealalt� for�a nuclear�,
719
00:39:43,345 --> 00:39:44,975
for�a nucleara slab�,
720
00:39:45,010 --> 00:39:47,510
pentru ca ea e responsabil� de radioactivitate.
721
00:39:47,545 --> 00:39:50,475
�i azi, cu mai mult de 50 de ani mai t�rziu,
722
00:39:50,510 --> 00:39:53,510
nivelul de radia�ii de aici sunt �nc�
723
00:39:53,545 --> 00:39:56,010
aproape de 10 ori mai mari dec�t normal.
724
00:39:57,010 --> 00:39:57,675
Deci,
725
00:39:57,710 --> 00:40:01,210
de�i �n compara�ie cu electromagnetismul �i gravita�ia,
726
00:40:01,245 --> 00:40:04,727
for�ele nucleare ac�ioneaz� la scar� foarte mic�,
727
00:40:04,762 --> 00:40:08,210
impactul lor asupra vie�ii de zi cu zi este foarte profund.
728
00:40:12,020 --> 00:40:14,485
Dar ce-i cu gravita�ia ?
729
00:40:14,520 --> 00:40:17,270
�i cu relativitatea generalizat� a lui Einstein ?
730
00:40:17,305 --> 00:40:20,020
Unde se �ncadreaz� aceasta la nivel cuantic ?
731
00:40:22,520 --> 00:40:24,485
Mecanic� cuantic� ne spune
732
00:40:24,520 --> 00:40:27,520
cum func�ioneaz� toate for�ele naturii �n t�r�mul microscopic
733
00:40:27,555 --> 00:40:29,520
cu excep�ia acestei for�e a gravita�iei.
734
00:40:30,020 --> 00:40:32,020
Absolut nimeni nu a putut
735
00:40:32,055 --> 00:40:33,985
s�-�i dea seama cum opereaz� gravita�ia
736
00:40:34,020 --> 00:40:36,020
c�nd se coboar� la dimensiunea atomilor
737
00:40:36,055 --> 00:40:38,020
�i particulelor subatomice.
738
00:40:38,030 --> 00:40:40,495
Adic� nimeni n-a �tiut
739
00:40:40,530 --> 00:40:46,030
cum s� pun� relativitatea generala �i mecanic� cuantic� �ntr-un singur pachet.
740
00:40:50,030 --> 00:40:51,995
Decenii,
741
00:40:52,030 --> 00:40:54,530
orice �ncercare de a descrie for�a gravita�iei
742
00:40:54,565 --> 00:40:57,030
�n acela�i limbaj ca �i celelalte forte..
743
00:40:57,065 --> 00:40:59,030
limbajul mecanicii cuantice..
744
00:40:59,530 --> 00:41:01,495
a fost un dezastru.
745
00:41:01,530 --> 00:41:03,530
S. JAMES GATES, JR. :
�ncerci s� pui aceste dou� buc��i
746
00:41:03,565 --> 00:41:05,530
de matematic� �mpreun�,
747
00:41:05,565 --> 00:41:07,530
dar ele nu coexist� �n pace.
748
00:41:07,840 --> 00:41:09,540
STEVEN WEINBERG :
Prime�ti r�spunsuri
749
00:41:09,575 --> 00:41:11,057
ca probabilit��ile evenimentului
750
00:41:11,092 --> 00:41:12,540
pe care-l ai �n vedere sunt infinite.
751
00:41:12,575 --> 00:41:14,540
Nonsens, nu e profund,
752
00:41:14,575 --> 00:41:16,005
e doar nonsens.
753
00:41:16,040 --> 00:41:18,040
NIMA ARKANI-HAMED :
E foarte ironic, pentru c� a fost prima for��
754
00:41:18,075 --> 00:41:20,057
ce a fost �n�eleas� �ntr-un mod decent,
755
00:41:20,092 --> 00:41:22,005
cantitativ, dar, dar,
756
00:41:22,040 --> 00:41:25,040
dar ea �nc� mai r�m�ne separat�
757
00:41:25,075 --> 00:41:27,540
�i foarte diferit� de celelalte.
758
00:41:27,550 --> 00:41:29,050
S. JAMES GATES, JR. :
Legile naturii
759
00:41:29,085 --> 00:41:30,567
se presupune c� se aplica oriunde.
760
00:41:30,602 --> 00:41:32,076
Deci dac� legile lui Einstein
761
00:41:32,111 --> 00:41:33,515
e de a�teptat
762
00:41:33,550 --> 00:41:35,050
s� se aplice peste tot,
763
00:41:35,085 --> 00:41:36,515
iar legile mecanicii cuantice
764
00:41:36,550 --> 00:41:38,015
se presupune c� se aplica oriunde,
765
00:41:38,050 --> 00:41:41,050
ei bine, nu po�i avea dou� "toturi" separate.
766
00:41:42,050 --> 00:41:45,550
Stringurile salvatoare
767
00:41:46,550 --> 00:41:50,550
BRIAN GREENE :
�n 1933, dup� ce a p�r�sit Germania nazist�,
768
00:41:51,060 --> 00:41:53,560
Einstein s-a stabilit �n Princeton, New Jersey.
769
00:41:54,060 --> 00:41:57,525
Lucr�nd �n solitudine, a continuat cu �nc�p���nare
770
00:41:57,560 --> 00:42:01,560
c�utarea pe care o �ncepuse cu mai mult de un deceniu �n urm�,
771
00:42:01,595 --> 00:42:04,060
de a uni gravita�ia �i electromagnetismul.
772
00:42:06,060 --> 00:42:07,525
La fiecare c��iva ani,
773
00:42:07,560 --> 00:42:09,525
ap�reau titluri,
774
00:42:09,560 --> 00:42:11,560
proclam�nd c� Einstein era �n pragul succesului.
775
00:42:12,060 --> 00:42:13,525
Dar cei mai mul�i dintre colegii s�i
776
00:42:13,560 --> 00:42:16,310
credeau c� �ncercarea lui era gre�it �ndreptat�
777
00:42:16,345 --> 00:42:18,965
�i c� cele mai bune zile ale sale erau deja �n urm�.
778
00:42:19,000 --> 00:42:21,535
STEVEN WEINBERG :
Einstein, �n ultimii s�i ani,
779
00:42:21,570 --> 00:42:25,070
a devenit mai degrab� deta�at de munc� �n fizic�
780
00:42:25,105 --> 00:42:28,070
�n general �i a �ncetat s� mai citeasc� publica�iile.
781
00:42:28,105 --> 00:42:30,087
Nici nu cred c� �tia
782
00:42:30,122 --> 00:42:32,096
c� exista ceva de genul for�ei nucleare slabe.
783
00:42:32,131 --> 00:42:34,035
Nu d�dea aten�ie acestor lucruri.
784
00:42:34,070 --> 00:42:36,320
Continua s� lucreze la aceea�i problem�
785
00:42:36,355 --> 00:42:38,570
la care �nc�puse s� lucreze de c�nd era t�n�r.
786
00:42:40,070 --> 00:42:43,070
S JAMES GATES, JR. :
C�nd comunitatea fizicienilor teoreticieni
787
00:42:43,105 --> 00:42:45,570
�ncepe s� exploreze atomul,
788
00:42:45,580 --> 00:42:48,780
Einstein este l�sat foarte clar �nafara scenei.
789
00:42:49,580 --> 00:42:53,330
El, �ntr-un fel, a ales s� nu
790
00:42:53,365 --> 00:42:57,045
se uite la fizic� provenit� din aceste experimente.
791
00:42:57,080 --> 00:43:00,580
Aceasta �nseamn� c� legile mecanicii cuantice
792
00:43:01,080 --> 00:43:05,080
n-au jucat nici un rol �n cercet�rile sale ulterioare.
793
00:43:05,580 --> 00:43:08,080
S-a considerat ca aceasta tremur�toare
794
00:43:08,580 --> 00:43:10,545
�i simpatica figura b�tr�na
795
00:43:10,580 --> 00:43:14,080
a condus o revolu�ie timpurie, dar a alunecat cumva din ea.
796
00:43:15,680 --> 00:43:17,080
STEVEN WEINBERG :
E ca �i cum un general
797
00:43:17,580 --> 00:43:20,580
ce fusese un maestru al cavaleriei ecvestre,
798
00:43:21,090 --> 00:43:23,555
care a realizat lucruri m�re�e
799
00:43:23,590 --> 00:43:26,090
ca �i comandant, la �nceputul primului r�zboi mondial,
800
00:43:26,590 --> 00:43:29,590
ar �ncerca s� aduc� din nou cavaleria
801
00:43:30,090 --> 00:43:32,555
s� lupte �mpotriva s�rmei ghimpate
802
00:43:32,590 --> 00:43:35,090
tran�eelor �i a armelor automate.
803
00:43:39,090 --> 00:43:43,390
BRIAN GREENE :
Albert Einstein a murit �n 18 Aprilie, 1955.
804
00:43:44,090 --> 00:43:47,340
�i pentru mul�i ani, p�rea ca visul lui Einstein
805
00:43:47,375 --> 00:43:50,590
de a unifica for�ele �ntr-o singur� teorie
806
00:43:50,625 --> 00:43:53,090
a murit cu el.
807
00:43:53,125 --> 00:43:55,090
S. JAMES GATES, JR. :
808
00:43:55,100 --> 00:43:57,100
Astfel, �ncercarea de unificare
809
00:43:57,135 --> 00:43:59,100
a devenit o linie moart� a fizicii.
810
00:44:00,000 --> 00:44:02,000
Cam �n vremea mor�ii lui Einstein
811
00:44:02,035 --> 00:44:04,000
�n anii '50,
812
00:44:04,500 --> 00:44:08,500
aproape nici un fizician serios
813
00:44:09,500 --> 00:44:12,500
nu era angajat �n aceast� �ncercare de unificare.
814
00:44:18,700 --> 00:44:20,165
BRIAN GREENE din partea dreapt� :
�n anii de c�nd,
815
00:44:20,200 --> 00:44:23,000
fizicienii s-au separat �n 2 tabere :
816
00:44:23,035 --> 00:44:25,465
una care folose�te relativitatea generalizata
817
00:44:25,500 --> 00:44:27,465
pentru a studia obiecte mari �i grele,
818
00:44:27,500 --> 00:44:31,000
lucruri ca stelele, galaxiile �i universul ca �ntreg...
819
00:44:31,510 --> 00:44:34,260
BRIAN GREENE din partea st�ng� :
... �i o alta, care utiliza mecanica cuantic�
820
00:44:34,295 --> 00:44:37,010
pentru a studia cele mai mici obiecte,
821
00:44:37,045 --> 00:44:39,010
ca atomii �i particulele.
822
00:44:39,510 --> 00:44:42,010
Aceasta era ca �i cum am avea dou� familii
823
00:44:42,045 --> 00:44:43,675
care nu se �n�eleg
824
00:44:43,710 --> 00:44:45,310
�i nu-�i vorbesc niciodat�...
825
00:44:45,810 --> 00:44:48,310
RIGHT SIDE BRIAN GREENE :
... tr�ind sub acela�i acoperi�.
826
00:44:48,510 --> 00:44:51,510
LEFT SIDE BRIAN GREENE :
P�rea c� nu exista cale de a combina
827
00:44:51,545 --> 00:44:52,975
mecanica cuantic�...
828
00:44:53,010 --> 00:44:56,010
RIGHT SIDE BRIAN GREENE :
... �i relativitatea generalizata �ntr-o singur� teorie
829
00:44:56,020 --> 00:44:59,020
ce ar putea descrie universul la toate nivelele.
830
00:45:04,820 --> 00:45:05,985
BRIAN GREENE :
Acum, �n ciuda acestui fapt,
831
00:45:06,020 --> 00:45:08,485
am f�cut un progres imens
832
00:45:08,520 --> 00:45:09,520
�n �n�elegerea universului.
833
00:45:11,020 --> 00:45:13,520
Dar exista o capcan� :
834
00:45:14,020 --> 00:45:17,020
exist� t�r�muri stranii ale cosmosului
835
00:45:17,055 --> 00:45:19,485
ce nu vor fi niciodat� �n�elese pe deplin
836
00:45:19,520 --> 00:45:22,520
p�n� c�nd vom g�si o teorie unificat�.
837
00:45:23,520 --> 00:45:26,520
�i nic�ieri nu e mai evident
838
00:45:26,555 --> 00:45:28,020
dec�t �n
839
00:45:28,030 --> 00:45:31,030
ad�ncurile unei g�uri negre.
840
00:45:32,030 --> 00:45:33,495
Un astronom german numit
841
00:45:33,530 --> 00:45:35,280
Karl Schwarzschild
842
00:45:35,315 --> 00:45:36,995
a propus prima dat�
843
00:45:37,030 --> 00:45:39,030
ceea ce noi numim g�uri negre
844
00:45:39,065 --> 00:45:40,530
�n 1916.
845
00:45:43,030 --> 00:45:45,530
�n timp ce st�tea �n primele linii
846
00:45:45,565 --> 00:45:48,030
�n primul r�zboi mondial,
847
00:45:49,530 --> 00:45:51,495
el a rezolvat ecua�iile
848
00:45:51,530 --> 00:45:54,030
relativit��ii generalizate a lui Einstein
849
00:45:54,040 --> 00:45:56,540
�ntr-un nou �i enigmatic mod.
850
00:45:57,540 --> 00:46:00,540
Printre calculele traiectoriilor artileriei,
851
00:46:02,040 --> 00:46:04,005
Schwarzschild �i-a dat seama
852
00:46:04,040 --> 00:46:06,540
c� o enorm� mas�,
853
00:46:06,575 --> 00:46:08,807
cum ar fi cea a unei stele foarte dense,
854
00:46:08,842 --> 00:46:11,005
concentrat� �ntr-un spa�iu mic,
855
00:46:11,040 --> 00:46:14,040
ar curba substratul spa�iu-timp
856
00:46:14,075 --> 00:46:16,040
at�t de tare
857
00:46:17,040 --> 00:46:20,005
�nc�t nimic, nici m�car lumina,
858
00:46:20,040 --> 00:46:23,040
n-ar putea sc�pa atrac�iei sale gravita�ionale.
859
00:46:25,050 --> 00:46:26,515
Decenii,
860
00:46:26,550 --> 00:46:28,550
fizicienii au fost sceptici
861
00:46:28,585 --> 00:46:30,550
cu privire la calculele lui Schwarzschild
862
00:46:30,585 --> 00:46:32,550
c� ar fi mai mult dec�t o teorie.
863
00:46:34,550 --> 00:46:36,015
Dar azi,
864
00:46:36,050 --> 00:46:38,300
telescoapele satelit ce exploreaz� ad�nc
865
00:46:38,335 --> 00:46:40,442
�n spa�iu
866
00:46:40,477 --> 00:46:42,515
descoper� regiuni
867
00:46:42,550 --> 00:46:45,050
cu o enorm� atrac�ie gravita�ional�
868
00:46:45,085 --> 00:46:47,050
despre care cei mai mul�i oameni de �tiin�a cred
869
00:46:47,060 --> 00:46:49,560
c� sunt g�uri negre.
870
00:46:50,060 --> 00:46:52,025
Teoria lui Schwarzschild
871
00:46:52,060 --> 00:46:54,560
acum pare s� fie realitate.
872
00:46:55,060 --> 00:46:57,525
�i iat� �ntrebarea :
873
00:46:57,560 --> 00:47:00,310
dac� �ncerci s�-�i dai seama
874
00:47:00,345 --> 00:47:02,952
ce se petrece �n ad�ncul unei g�uri negre,
875
00:47:02,987 --> 00:47:05,560
unde o �ntreag� stea e pr�bu�it�
876
00:47:05,595 --> 00:47:07,525
�ntr-o mic� pat�,
877
00:47:07,560 --> 00:47:09,725
folose�ti relativitatea generalizata
878
00:47:09,760 --> 00:47:12,560
pentru c� steaua e incredibil de grea,
879
00:47:12,770 --> 00:47:15,035
sau mecanica cuantic�
880
00:47:15,070 --> 00:47:17,570
pentru c� e incredibil de mic� ?
881
00:47:17,605 --> 00:47:20,035
Ei bine, asta-i problema.
882
00:47:20,070 --> 00:47:22,570
Dac� centrul unei g�uri negre
883
00:47:22,605 --> 00:47:25,070
este �i mic �i greu,
884
00:47:25,105 --> 00:47:27,337
nu po�i evita s� folose�ti
885
00:47:27,372 --> 00:47:29,535
ambele teorii �n acela�i timp.
886
00:47:29,570 --> 00:47:32,070
�i c�nd �ncercam s� punem �mpreun� ambele teorii
887
00:47:32,105 --> 00:47:34,337
�n domeniul g�urilor negre,
888
00:47:34,372 --> 00:47:36,570
ele se afla �n conflict. Cade.
889
00:47:36,580 --> 00:47:39,580
Dau predic�ii f�r� sens. �i universul nu e lipsit de sens;
890
00:47:39,615 --> 00:47:41,045
trebuie s� aib� sens.
891
00:47:41,080 --> 00:47:42,080
EDWARD WITTEN
(Institute for Advanced Study):
892
00:47:42,115 --> 00:47:43,545
Mecanica cuantic� merge bine
893
00:47:43,580 --> 00:47:45,580
pentru lucruri mici, iar relativitatea generalizata
894
00:47:45,615 --> 00:47:47,580
merge foarte bine la stele �i galaxii,
895
00:47:47,615 --> 00:47:49,545
dar atomii, lucrurile mici,
896
00:47:49,580 --> 00:47:51,580
ca �i galaxiile, sunt p�r�i ale
897
00:47:51,615 --> 00:47:53,347
aceluia�i univers.
898
00:47:53,382 --> 00:47:55,080
Deci trebuie s� fie o descriere
899
00:47:55,090 --> 00:47:57,090
care se aplic� tuturor.
900
00:47:57,125 --> 00:47:58,855
Deci nu putem avea o descriere pentru atomi
901
00:47:58,890 --> 00:48:00,740
�i una pentru stele.
902
00:48:00,775 --> 00:48:02,590
BRIAN GREENE :
Acum, cu teoria stringurilor,
903
00:48:02,625 --> 00:48:04,555
credem c� e posibil s� fi g�sit
904
00:48:04,590 --> 00:48:07,090
un mod de a uni teoria noastr� a marelui
905
00:48:07,125 --> 00:48:09,590
cu teoria micului
906
00:48:09,625 --> 00:48:11,555
�i s� ar�t�m sensul universului
907
00:48:11,590 --> 00:48:14,090
la toate nivelele �i �n toate locurile.
908
00:48:15,590 --> 00:48:18,590
�n loc de o multitudine de particule mici,
909
00:48:19,500 --> 00:48:21,500
teoria stringurilor proclama
910
00:48:21,535 --> 00:48:23,465
ca totul �n univers,
911
00:48:23,500 --> 00:48:25,965
toate for�ele �i toat� materia
912
00:48:26,000 --> 00:48:28,500
sunt f�cute dintr-un singur component,
913
00:48:29,000 --> 00:48:32,000
mici fire vibr�nde de energie
914
00:48:32,035 --> 00:48:33,965
cunoscute ca stringuri/corzi.
915
00:48:34,000 --> 00:48:35,465
MICHAEL B. GREEN :
Un string
916
00:48:35,500 --> 00:48:37,500
poate vibra �n multe moduri,
917
00:48:37,535 --> 00:48:39,500
�n timp ce, desigur, un punct nu poate.
918
00:48:39,535 --> 00:48:41,500
Iar diferitele moduri �n care un string vibreaz�
919
00:48:41,510 --> 00:48:43,510
reprezint� diferitele feluri
920
00:48:43,545 --> 00:48:45,010
de particule elementare.
921
00:48:45,210 --> 00:48:47,510
MICHAEL DUFF :
E ca o coard� de vioar�
922
00:48:47,545 --> 00:48:49,510
�i poate vibra exact la fel
923
00:48:49,545 --> 00:48:51,527
ca �i corzile unei vioare.
924
00:48:51,562 --> 00:48:53,475
Fiecare nota, dac� vre�i,
925
00:48:53,510 --> 00:48:55,310
descrie o particul� diferit�.
926
00:48:55,345 --> 00:48:56,677
MICHAEL B. GREEN :
Deci are o incredibil�
927
00:48:56,712 --> 00:48:58,111
putere de unificare,
928
00:48:58,146 --> 00:48:59,510
unifica �n�elegerea noastr�
929
00:48:59,520 --> 00:49:00,985
asupra tuturor acestor feluri diferite
930
00:49:01,020 --> 00:49:02,520
de particule.
931
00:49:02,555 --> 00:49:03,985
EDWARD WITTEN :
Deci unitatea
932
00:49:04,020 --> 00:49:05,520
diferitelor for�e sau particule
933
00:49:05,555 --> 00:49:07,037
este realizat� pentru ca toate
934
00:49:07,072 --> 00:49:08,520
provin din diferite feluri de vibra�ii
935
00:49:08,555 --> 00:49:10,520
ale aceleia�i corzi de baz�.
936
00:49:10,555 --> 00:49:12,485
BRIAN GREENE :
E o idee simpl�
937
00:49:12,520 --> 00:49:14,270
cu consecin�e ample.
938
00:49:14,305 --> 00:49:16,020
JOSEPH LYKKEN
(Fermi lab):
939
00:49:16,030 --> 00:49:18,030
Ce face teoria stringurilor este
940
00:49:18,065 --> 00:49:19,547
s� promit� c�,
941
00:49:19,582 --> 00:49:21,030
"Iat�, putem cu adev�rat
942
00:49:21,065 --> 00:49:22,995
s� �n�elegem �ntreb�ri
943
00:49:23,030 --> 00:49:25,530
despre care nici n-a�i crezut c� erau �tiin�ifice :
944
00:49:26,530 --> 00:49:28,530
despre cum a �nceput universul,
945
00:49:28,565 --> 00:49:31,030
de ce universul e a�a cum e
946
00:49:31,065 --> 00:49:33,030
la cel mai profund nivel."
947
00:49:33,530 --> 00:49:35,530
Ideea c� o teorie �tiin�ific�
948
00:49:35,565 --> 00:49:37,530
pe care deja o avem �n m�na
949
00:49:37,540 --> 00:49:40,040
ar putea r�spunde la cele mai profunde �ntreb�ri
950
00:49:40,075 --> 00:49:41,557
este extrem de seduc�toare.
951
00:49:41,592 --> 00:49:43,316
�tiin�a filosofiei ?
952
00:49:43,351 --> 00:49:45,040
BRIAN GREENE :
Dar aceast� nou� �i seduc�toare teorie
953
00:49:46,040 --> 00:49:48,040
este �i controversat�.
954
00:49:49,040 --> 00:49:51,005
Stringurile, dac� exista,
955
00:49:51,040 --> 00:49:53,790
sunt at�t de mici,
956
00:49:53,825 --> 00:49:56,505
�nc�t e slab� speran�� de a vedea unul vreodat�.
957
00:49:56,540 --> 00:49:58,540
JOSEPH LYKKEN :
Teoria stringurilor
958
00:49:58,575 --> 00:50:00,540
�i teoreticienii ei, au o real� problem�.
959
00:50:00,550 --> 00:50:02,515
Cum po�i testa teoria stringurilor ?
960
00:50:02,550 --> 00:50:04,515
Dac� nu o po�i testa �n modul
961
00:50:04,550 --> 00:50:06,550
�n care testam teoriile normale,
962
00:50:06,585 --> 00:50:08,050
nu e �tiin�a, ci filosofie,
963
00:50:08,085 --> 00:50:09,515
iar aceasta e o real� problem�.
964
00:50:09,550 --> 00:50:11,050
S. JAMES GATES, JR. :
Dac� teoria stringurilor e�ueaz�
965
00:50:11,085 --> 00:50:12,817
s� ofere
966
00:50:12,852 --> 00:50:14,701
o predic�ie testabila,
967
00:50:14,736 --> 00:50:16,550
atunci nimeni n-ar trebui s-o cread�.
968
00:50:18,050 --> 00:50:19,515
Pe de alt� parte,
969
00:50:19,550 --> 00:50:22,550
exista un fel de elegant� �n aceste lucruri
970
00:50:23,050 --> 00:50:25,300
�i dat� fiind istoria a c�t a evoluat
971
00:50:25,335 --> 00:50:27,550
fizica teoretic� p�n� acum,
972
00:50:28,550 --> 00:50:31,050
este total imaginabil
973
00:50:31,085 --> 00:50:33,515
ca unele, dac� nu toate,
974
00:50:33,550 --> 00:50:36,050
din aceste idei se vor dovedi corecte.
975
00:50:36,085 --> 00:50:37,515
STEVEN WEINBERG :
976
00:50:37,550 --> 00:50:39,050
Cred c�, peste 100 de ani de acum �ncolo,
977
00:50:39,085 --> 00:50:40,550
aceast� perioad� particular�,
978
00:50:40,560 --> 00:50:43,060
c�nd majoritatea celor mai str�lucitori tineri fizicieni teoreticieni
979
00:50:43,095 --> 00:50:45,060
au lucrat la teoria stringurilor,
980
00:50:45,560 --> 00:50:48,060
va fi rememorata ca o eroic� era,
981
00:50:48,560 --> 00:50:51,560
c�nd teoreticienii au �ncercat �i au reu�it
982
00:50:51,595 --> 00:50:53,525
s� dezvolte o unic�
983
00:50:53,560 --> 00:50:56,025
teorie a tuturor fenomenelor naturii.
984
00:50:56,060 --> 00:50:59,560
Pe de alt� parte, poate fi rememorata ca un tragic e�ec.
985
00:50:59,595 --> 00:51:01,525
B�nuiala mea e
986
00:51:01,560 --> 00:51:03,560
c� va fi mai degrab� ca �n prima variant�, dec�t c� �n a doua.
987
00:51:04,560 --> 00:51:06,560
Dar �ntreab�-m� peste 100 de ani de-acum,
988
00:51:06,570 --> 00:51:08,070
�i-atunci ��i voi putea spune.
989
00:51:15,770 --> 00:51:18,020
BRIAN GREENE :
�n�elegerea noastr� asupra universului
990
00:51:18,055 --> 00:51:20,062
a str�b�tut un enorm de lung drum
991
00:51:20,097 --> 00:51:22,070
pe parcursul ultimelor 3 secole.
992
00:51:24,770 --> 00:51:26,570
�ine�i cont de asta.
993
00:51:27,770 --> 00:51:29,235
Isaac Newton,
994
00:51:29,270 --> 00:51:31,270
care a fost poate cel mai mare savant
995
00:51:31,305 --> 00:51:33,235
al tuturor timpurilor, a zis odat�
996
00:51:33,270 --> 00:51:36,270
"Am fost ca un b�iat juc�ndu-se
997
00:51:36,305 --> 00:51:39,270
pe malul m�rii, ab�t�ndu-m� �ncoace
998
00:51:39,280 --> 00:51:42,580
�i �ncolo, s� g�sesc o pietricic� mai neted� sau o scoic� mai frumoas� dec�t de obicei,
999
00:51:42,780 --> 00:51:45,545
�n timp ce marele ocean al adev�rului
1000
00:51:45,580 --> 00:51:48,580
sta �n fa�a mea, total nedescoperit."
1001
00:51:51,080 --> 00:51:52,045
�i apoi,
1002
00:51:52,080 --> 00:51:54,080
250 de ani mai t�rziu,
1003
00:51:54,115 --> 00:51:55,045
Albert Einstein,
1004
00:51:55,080 --> 00:51:57,080
ce a fost adev�ratul succesor al lui Newton,
1005
00:51:57,115 --> 00:51:59,580
a fost capabil s� sugereze serios
1006
00:51:59,615 --> 00:52:01,545
ca acest mare ocean,
1007
00:52:01,580 --> 00:52:03,545
toate legile naturii,
1008
00:52:03,580 --> 00:52:06,080
ar putea fi reduse la c�teva idei fundamentale
1009
00:52:06,390 --> 00:52:08,590
exprimate printr-un pumn
1010
00:52:08,625 --> 00:52:10,590
de simboluri matematice.
1011
00:52:13,790 --> 00:52:15,055
�i azi,
1012
00:52:15,090 --> 00:52:17,790
la o j um�tate de secol de la moartea lui Einstein,
1013
00:52:18,090 --> 00:52:20,555
se poate s� fim
1014
00:52:20,590 --> 00:52:23,090
�n pragul �mplinirii visului s�u de unificare,
1015
00:52:23,590 --> 00:52:25,590
prin teoria stringurilor.
1016
00:52:35,790 --> 00:52:39,590
Dar de unde vine aceast� �ndr�znea�� �i ciudat� teorie ?
1017
00:52:43,590 --> 00:52:46,055
Cum realizeaz� aceast� teorie
1018
00:52:46,090 --> 00:52:48,590
unificarea final� dintre legile marelui
1019
00:52:48,600 --> 00:52:50,600
�i legile micului ?
1020
00:52:51,500 --> 00:52:54,500
�i cum vom �ti dac� e corect sau gre�it ?
1021
00:52:54,535 --> 00:52:56,000
SHELDON LEE GLASHOW :
Nici un experiment
1022
00:52:56,035 --> 00:52:57,965
nu poate verifica vreodat� ce se petrece
1023
00:52:58,000 --> 00:53:00,500
la distan�ele ce sunt studiate.
1024
00:53:00,535 --> 00:53:03,000
Aceast� teorie e permanent sigur�.
1025
00:53:03,035 --> 00:53:05,200
Este ea o teorie a fizicii
1026
00:53:05,235 --> 00:53:06,665
sau a filosofiei ?
1027
00:53:06,700 --> 00:53:08,165
STEVEN WEINBERG :
Nu e scris �n stele
1028
00:53:08,200 --> 00:53:10,200
c� vom reu�i,
1029
00:53:10,210 --> 00:53:12,460
dar �n final
1030
00:53:12,495 --> 00:53:14,710
sper�m c� vom avea o singur� teorie ce guverneaz� totul.
83338
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