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Well, hi, guys.
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Hey.
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So in this lesson, we are going to learn standard or otherwise known as copper cables.
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All right.
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Let's get started.
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There's a lot to learn.
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All right, so these days, copper twisted pair of cable environments are widely used as Ethernet transport
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now generally and home or corporate networks, the connection between a computer and a switch or more
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broadly between any two devices that need an Ethernet connection is made using a copper ethernet cable.
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All right, so that's the stuff, you know?
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But the most important factor when you use copper, even that cable is the distance.
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Well, there's also cost.
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But the longest distance determined for healthy data exchange over copper ethernet is 100 meters.
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You got to step up to fiber optic as a transport media when you're going to try to reach distances exceeding
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100 meters.
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Now, while only one pair or two separate wires of this cable is sufficient for analog telephone lines,
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for instance, use in the past two or four separate wires are combined into a cable that's used in the
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Ethernet transport environment.
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One pair of these is used to transmit data.
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The other pairs used to receive data.
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So why four pairs and eight wires?
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All right.
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Well, copper Ethernet cable consists of four cable pairs in total, right, so that eight copper wires,
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we just mentioned that two pairs of wires are enough for data transmission.
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So why use four pairs of wires?
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Well, in fact, had we invented this cable, maybe we would have produced it with a total of four copper
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cables just in case two pairs of cables were used to avoid waste.
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But engineers thought the remaining two pairs could be used in the future.
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So they designed a four pair Ethernet cable consisting of eight copper wires.
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But as a matter of fact, we see that these pairs are also used to transfer energy to the opposite device
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in power transmission or power applications over certain Ethernet cables used today.
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However, we could probably say that these pairs are really not used that much in general applications.
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And yes, some of us are kind of waiting for what that future use will be.
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But if you ask which cables that were using copper cables numbered one to three and six are used in
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Ethernet cable consisting of eight copper cable, so that means one and two are used for transmitting
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and three and six for receiving data.
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So why a twisted pair?
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Remember, earlier we mentioned the transfer of data from one point to another is done at the bit level,
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the physical layer and that is ones and zeros coded over a copper cable will be transmitted across an
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electric current.
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Right.
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When you transmit electric current through copper cable, a magnetic field begins to form around the
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copper cable.
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That's just physics, right?
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If you bring in multiple copper cables and they're paired up side by side in the same jacket or this
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magnetic field effect on one copper cable starts to affect and then distort the signal passing over
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all the other copper cables that are going along with it in parallel.
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That's typically called a cross-talk effect.
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So in order to minimize this magnetic field in that Ethernet cable, genius engineers discovered twisted
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pair.
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In other words, they discovered that their crosstalk effect is minimized when copper pairs that provide
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data transmission are wrapped around each other in a twisted way.
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So what's up with 100 meters?
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Now, we all know, though, when electric current passes through a copper wire resistance occurs on
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that wire, right?
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And the transmitted signal, in turn, will weaken in direct proportion to that distance.
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And in addition, remember the magnetic effect that we just talked about well.
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That can also be caused within the external environment as well.
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So it has been determined that the signal transmitted over copper ethernet cable can reach safely a
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distance of just over 100 meters, and these are certified measurements depending on the cable type.
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So the trouble free working distance has indeed been determined and certified to be 100 meters end of
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story.
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Now, today, it's possible to carry data well over 100 meters with some cables, depending on the environment,
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but not guaranteed by the manufacturers.
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Don't try it at home.
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Or maybe try it if you're experimenting, but may or may not work.
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Your mileage may vary.
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Anyway.
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What's the arrangement of the cable and how does it lay out?
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Well, cable layout is very important when preparing an Ethernet cable, so you can't just run cable
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randomly and expect it to work.
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You got to use a way that's going to minimize a magnetic effect and comply with the standards.
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So cables are actually colored for tracking purposes, and the standard colors are orange and white,
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orange, green, white, green, blue, white, blue, brown, white, brown.
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I'm glad you asked because there are actually two main standards in cable preparation when it comes
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time for termination.
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All right, so one of them is T 568 A. Yeah, there's two five six eight B.
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Only difference between the two standards is it the transmit and receive pairs are interchanged.
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So you can see that the orange and green are swapped between the two standards.
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So generally, the two five six eight B standard is used in practice, but when you see signs of A and
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B on different connectors and patch panels in the future, remember?
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Check it out.
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Do you need to be consistent with be or consistent with a.
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Now, if you're asking how the numbers from one to eight are determined here.
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Well, these numbers are the numbers from left to right when you hold the RJ 45 connector with the underside
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of the RJ 45 connector inserted into the end of the cable facing us.
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Contacts up, I like to say.
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Now you are seeing a picture of an empty RJ 45 connector that has not been attached to the cable in.
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This is a connector that has been fixed in accordance with the standards.
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So no one indicates the leftmost pin and number eight indicates a rightmost pin.
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So as you can see, the orange white pin is in the far left that is fastened according to the two five
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six eight B standard.
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Snell, let's take a look at the end of a cable with both ends terminated.
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One Orange White, two orange, three green white blue, five Blue White, six green, seven Brown White
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and eight brown.
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Hey, watch out for the green wire.
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You can see that the green pear is located on pins three and six.
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And while the other cables are located next to each other.
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Also note that in pairs, the first white cable comes first, then the main color cable, while the
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blue pair includes the first blue, then the Blue White.
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Flat cable cross cable.
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All right.
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So the new generation might not ever know what a cross cable is because all devices produced today are
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automatically produced with a straight cross detection system, auto, MDI or MDA six.
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Therefore, it's possible to make all kinds of connections using the flat cable pictured above.
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However, the standards are as follows the Ethernet connection type on the ports of the user devices
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like computers and routers and servers and stuff is installed in accordance with two five six eight
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B as its standard.
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So it means that I'm sending signals from pins one and two, right?
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I'm transmitting and I'm receiving signals from pins three and six.
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You see that?
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Cool.
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So the device in front of me needs to receive the signal that's being sent through the receiver pins
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and then send the signal back through the transmit pins.
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Now, if I use a flat cable while transmitting from my pins one and two, the signal that I send will
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reach the one and two transmit pins.
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The other device or vice versa.
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So while I'm waiting for a signal from my pins three and six.
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Well, the other device is going to wait for a signal from pins three and six and the transmissions
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are going to take place.
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So in fact, the signal that I send from pins wanted to should reach.
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Receiving pins, three and six of the other device, or vice versa, the signal sent from pins one and
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two by the other party should reach my three and six receiving pins.
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You follow.
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So here I'll need to produce a cable that will carry the signal that I send for my pins one and two
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to the three and six ports on the other side.
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That's why we call it the cross cable.
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So if we take a look at across Cape.
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Well, as you can see, the orange pairs located at PIN one and two on the right in are transferred
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to the pin out on three and six on the left then.
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Likewise, a green pairs on pins three and six at the right end are also connected to pins one and two
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at the left in.
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So to show it in a different way.
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The ports on the Switch devices are designed to be one in two receiving and three and six sending automatically.
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Therefore, you can directly connect a user device to the Switch device if you're going to connect the
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user device to another user device or connect two switches together.
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That's when you normally need to use a crossover cable.
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However, just as I mentioned, almost all systems now have the feature automatically detecting the
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exchange ports they adjust themselves according to the status of the systems that they're connected
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to.
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Freaking genius?
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Yeah.
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So now let's take another look at both cable sequences.
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So here's some cable categories.
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Copper Ethernet cables are divided into different categories, according to the amount of data that
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they can carry, depending on the development of technology.
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So the thickness of the copper wire used in the cable and technology used also will increase the amount
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of data carried over the cable.
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You'll see why here.
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There's good old category one that is mostly used for analog telephone lines.
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There's Category two and old technology, but the maximum data carrying capacity is four megabits per
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second.
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Category three.
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Well, they're still in use today, and they're used in 10 based networks, but predominantly should
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be left in the past because they support only up to 10 megabits per second.
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Now we're getting into category four again, the old token is used in ring networks.
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Supports up to 16 megabits per second, but you see how we're increasing in speed.
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Category five supports up to 100 megabits per second.
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Then you step up to Category five.
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And that supports up to one gigabit per second.
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Category six is the currently widely used cable type, and it supports up to one gigabit per second.
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Now, let's talk about shielded, twisted pair or stop.
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Now, earlier, we were talking about UTP that is unshielded, twisted pair cable.
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But there's also step.
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So these are cables that are made of shielded twisted pairs, and they're used, especially in data
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centers.
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So the characteristic of the shielded, twisted pair step is that there's actual aluminum foil wrapped
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around the cable pairs.
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There's also the addition of a grounding wire.
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Well, thanks to this developed technology, the cable is protected from external magnetic effects and
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any other external interference, so the amount of data carried over to the cable can be increased significantly.
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So it's thanks to these features as STP cables can carry data up to 10 gigabits per second.
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So an SDP cable looks like this.
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The RJ 45 connector used to terminate the PSDB cable is also designed in accordance with the shielded
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structure.
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And here's a connector and what it looks like as steep cable is a more expensive technology than YouTube.
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In addition, connect your termination to the cable and can only be done by using expert teams and equipment.
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UTP, on the other hand, is relatively cheaper and has a structure that could be terminated easily.
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So for this reason to stop, cable is generally used in data center infrastructures that require high
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speed and reliability.
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The psdp cabling standard used in data centers today is classified as Cat six A.
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Or Cat seven.
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All right, so that's a lesson up to here.
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So we've now learned about these copper cables.
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I hope you learned a lot without getting too bored.
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Aha.
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Anyway, I want to see in the next lesson.
19051
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