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hi i'm mike regnetta this is crash
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course mythology and today we're going
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to talk about a small easy topic
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the creation of the universe this is the
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first of several episodes on creation
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stories and this one will center on
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myths that imagine a universe created
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out of nothing or possibly something
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sometimes out of water
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probably water but it's magical water
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it's primordial water hey tote do
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egyptian gods drink water
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[Music]
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myths that describe creation as coming
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out of nothing are some of the hardest
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to get our heads around in latin the
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phrase ex-nilo is used to describe this
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type of creation and it can cause a bit
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of existential dread for people who are
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uncomfortable with the idea of absolute
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nothing no time no space
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just an infinite void like when the
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wi-fi suddenly goes down but just much
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much worse just ask hephaestus greek god
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of technology that guy knows about
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unstable router architecture and hammers
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the ex-nilo creation story that's
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probably the best known in the west
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comes from the book of genesis in the
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beginning god created the heaven and the
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earth and earth was without form and
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void and darkness was upon the face of
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the deep and the spirit of god moved
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upon the face of the waters so in this
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story the main character is god and hey
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let's take just a quick minute to
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remember that this is mythology not
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religious studies so we're going to be
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referring to the judeo-christian god as
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a character so we'll take a second
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to just get comfortable with that
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and now let's move on so this character
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exists before anything we would call the
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world
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where does god exist
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it's unclear there's a void there's
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water which are handy if god needs
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storage space or is thirsty but that's
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about it x nilo creation stories are
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common in the ancient near east the
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mediterranean world where the abrahamic
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religions judaism christianity and islam
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originated egypt was part of an
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interconnected mediterranean system and
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one of its creation myths also posits a
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universe coming from nothing as we can
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see in this fragment i am the eternal
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spirit i am the sun that rose from the
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primeval waters my soul is god i am the
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creator of the word evil is my
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abomination i see it not i am the
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creator of the order wherein i live i am
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the word which will never be annihilated
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in this my name of soul take away the
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first person pronoun and the bold claims
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and you can see the similarities to the
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genesis story there is an eternal god
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who creates the world and then there are
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waters out of which rise
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well in this case it's the sun which is
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nice just ask raw egyptian sun god
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because eventually humans would realize
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that some of us look better with the tan
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me especially i don't know about you but
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i have a hard time conceiving of
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nothingness i'm a lot more accustomed to
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thingness i mean isn't nothingness a
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thing in and of itself and hey more
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importantly can we really even call it
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nothingness with all this water around
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fortunately for people like me there's a
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word to describe the condition before
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creation
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chaos which mythologist david leming
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defines as the primal void or state of
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uniform
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non-differentiation that precedes the
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creation of the world in most creation
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myths chaos is something of a background
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in many of these myths as it is in the
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greek version of creation found in the
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theogony by hesiod a poet and sheep
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farmer who probably lived in the 8th
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century bce according to this version
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verily at the first chaos came to be but
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next wide bosomed earth not much to go
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on there but as we can see chaos is what
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we have before
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a deity or deities roll up and provide
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order and also the earth apparently has
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breasts
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mother earth i guess makes sense in many
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creation myths an inaugural way to put
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things in order is to bring light out of
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darkness in one creation myth from the
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kano people of guinea the darkness
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before creation is inhabited by death
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his wife and his daughter in the
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beginning there was darkness and in it
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lived death called sa with his wife and
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daughter the three of them were all that
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was there was nowhere for them to live
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comfortably so sa started it he used his
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magic power and he made an endless mud
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sea in this mud place saw built his
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house after that the god allah tangana
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came to visit saw he found asa's house
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dirty and dark alatangana thought asa
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should do better than that and he said
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so nothing can live in such a place that
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god told sa this house needs fixing up
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everything is too dark so alatangana
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thought he'd better take things in hand
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he made the mud solid we now know it as
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earth the earth feels sad god said i
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will make plants and animals to live on
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it so he did and that
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is how we got home renovation just
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kidding i love this myth i love that god
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thinks that the earth is sad and so he
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gets the earth a puppy to cheer it up a
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puppy and some plants you know
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spruce up the joint but notice that
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there are a lot of similarities between
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this myth and the egyptian myth and that
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both describe a vast sea one of mud one
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of water and that there is a god who
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exists previous to and outside of the
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void and the darkness though the
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konomith differs and that it implies
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that death
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is the one constant in the universe
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oh no and now i'm worried about the
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puppy but why all this talk about water
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well we don't know exactly but if you're
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living in an ancient society
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and you try to think through something
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as big as the creation of the universe
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you'd probably turn your thoughts to the
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vastest things you were aware of
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the sky and the sea even if you only
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experience the ocean from the relative
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safety of the shore there is something
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unknowable and eternal about it that
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makes it possible to imagine the sea
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existing for all time and even before
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time itself and according to theories of
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evolution the idea that all life came
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from the sea is
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fairly accurate but let's not get into
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evolution here we'll leave that to hank
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and the scientists over at crash course
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biology hey fun fact though the western
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hemisphere has water too and we have
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some ex-nilo creation stories of our own
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one of the most difficult and
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fascinating comes from the mayans of
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guatemala and is recorded in the papal
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vu or the book of the community it's not
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as catchy in translation in this complex
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story creation occurs
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four times but it begins like the gospel
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of john in the new testament with the
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word and just because i think it's gonna
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be fun to watch thought bubble animate
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nothingness let's see this myth there
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hey tote has popcorn the word began long
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ago in a place called kiche where the
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kiche people lived there was no one at
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first there was not one animal yet and
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no birds fish or tree there was no rock
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or forest no canyon no meadow there was
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sky separated from all things the face
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of the earth was invisible there was
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nothing that could make a sound there
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was the sea so calm and all alone there
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was dark and night and sea murmurings
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ripplings yet within the dark and night
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and sea there was the maker and there
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was the feathered serpent and they
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brought their words together joined them
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with their thoughts planned creation
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their words and thoughts were so clear
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that whatever they said came to be and
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the serpent and the maker thought about
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the nature of the world what would be
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light and dark who would bring food and
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what everything should look like and
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then by speaking their thoughts they
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brought the world into existence
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starting with earth and then moving on
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to its features like mountains and trees
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followed by wild animals but there was a
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problem the wild animals were unable to
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speak the names of the maker and the
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feathered serpent as well as the other
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gods who helped bring about creation and
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they were unable to praise the gods thus
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the first creation was a failure the
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maker had to start over again but not
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before explaining to all the wild
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animals their lot was to be brought low
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which considering the fact that the
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maker and the feathered serpent
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organized things this way seems at least
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a little unfair you bird deer you will
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stay where you are where you sleep and
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eat in the forest and canyons among the
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tree and bush you will be eaten you will
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kill and be killed you will stay low and
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serve since you cannot talk and praise
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your god thanks that bubble this
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particular myth is fascinating for a
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number of reasons first of all it
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reminds me of the story in genesis of
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adam giving names to all of the animals
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and establishing humanity's dominion
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over all non-speaking creatures
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providing a single reason why humans
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should be considered special among all
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animals we have the power of speech and
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by extension the power to invent and
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tell
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creation stories of our own just ask
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anansi african spider god of stories
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tote don't eat him this is not australia
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even though this myth doesn't focus on
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chaos or the void or nothingness it does
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have the idea that before creation there
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was nothing except god or the word and
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like the creation myths we looked at
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earlier it includes an endless sea a
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physical manifestation of things unknown
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but also of the source of life since
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nothing we can see exists without water
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especially people but especially fish
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we'll spend a little more time in the
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cosmic ocean in our next episode when we
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look at eggs seeds and earth divers but
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this creation story is elaborate since
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creation 1.0 doesn't go so well the
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maker and the feathered serpent get back
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to work and they have to get all the way
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to creation 4.0 before they resolve all
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of the major glitches and even then
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there are probably still some software
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updates like ancient
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ancient software like
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service packs
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but for existence before we leave the
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realm of ex-nilo creation i want to give
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one more example
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the big bang and a lot of you are now
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staring at your screens in confusion and
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horror and saying that this isn't a myth
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at all but remember we're talking about
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significant stories
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with staying power which the big bang
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certainly is so let's try it out hank
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and phil plate have gone over this in
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detail over at crash course astronomy
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and we've talked about it on big history
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here we're gonna use a version related
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by brian swim in his book the universe
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is a green dragon imagine that furnace
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out of which everything came forth this
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was a fire that filled the universe that
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was the universe there was no place in
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the universe free from it every point of
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the cosmos was a point of this explosion
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of light and all the particles of the
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universe churned in extremes of heat and
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pressure all that we see about us all
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that now exists was there at the
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beginning in that great burning
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explosion of light hey that sounds a lot
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like some of the most ancient myths
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doesn't it like all ex nilo creation
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stories the big bang starts in a time
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before time and gives us an origin event
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one that seems to conjure light from
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darkness heat from cold and okay unlike
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earlier myths it doesn't supply a god or
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water but you can still appreciate the
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structural similarities what's so great
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about fish anyways oh
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sorry toad so yes ex-nilo creation myths
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are
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unsettling they ask us to imagine void
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absence
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chaos
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but then we see how each tradition
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brings some order to that
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order and light
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and sometimes mud
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thanks for watching
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see you next week crash course mythology
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is filmed in the chad and stacy emigos
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studio in indianapolis indiana and is
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produced with the help of all of these
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nice people our animation team is
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thought cafe and crash course exists
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thanks to the generous support of our
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patrons at patreon patreon is a
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voluntary subscription service where you
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can support the content that you love
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through a monthly donation to help keep
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crash course free for everyone forever
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thanks for watching and if you can help
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it try not to eat any spiders especially
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anansi
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