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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:00,967 --> 00:00:04,004 - [Host] The ocean makes life on earth possible. 2 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 3 00:00:04,037 --> 00:00:06,006 But this all-important resource 4 00:00:06,039 --> 00:00:07,640 is under extreme threat. 5 00:00:07,674 --> 00:00:10,043 - I looked around me and I just saw 6 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 7 00:00:10,076 --> 00:00:12,012 more plastic bags than fish. 8 00:00:12,045 --> 00:00:14,447 - [Host] Its delicate balance is tipping 9 00:00:14,481 --> 00:00:17,017 towards destruction. - If we lost our coral reef, 10 00:00:17,050 --> 00:00:18,818 that'll kill us. - [Host] And somehow, 11 00:00:18,852 --> 00:00:21,154 because our very existence depends on it, 12 00:00:21,187 --> 00:00:24,057 we must save the ocean. 13 00:00:24,090 --> 00:00:26,226 - [Lacomte] We only have one ocean. 14 00:00:26,259 --> 00:00:29,963 - We can all be part of this solution. 15 00:00:29,996 --> 00:00:33,500 (upbeat inspiring music) 16 00:00:46,179 --> 00:00:49,182 (people cheering) 17 00:00:49,215 --> 00:00:52,752 (inspiring music continues) 18 00:01:00,226 --> 00:01:01,594 - Let me ask you, what is the greatest threat 19 00:01:01,628 --> 00:01:04,164 to the ocean today, plastic pollution? 20 00:01:04,197 --> 00:01:06,399 Temperature increase? Overfishing? 21 00:01:06,433 --> 00:01:09,102 Yes, these and other issues are extremely serious, 22 00:01:09,135 --> 00:01:11,771 but the greatest threat of them all is the lack of awareness 23 00:01:11,805 --> 00:01:15,542 of the vital importance of the ocean for our very existence. 24 00:01:15,575 --> 00:01:18,678 There are so many examples, but here's just one. 25 00:01:18,711 --> 00:01:23,683 Take in a deep breath. Now breathe out. Do this twice. 26 00:01:23,716 --> 00:01:26,086 One of those breaths you took came from the ocean. 27 00:01:27,287 --> 00:01:28,922 Marine organisms produce over half 28 00:01:28,955 --> 00:01:31,558 of the oxygen that land animals, including people, 29 00:01:31,591 --> 00:01:33,093 need to breathe. 30 00:01:33,126 --> 00:01:36,062 And as I said, this is just one example of so many things 31 00:01:36,096 --> 00:01:38,064 that the ocean provides us with, 32 00:01:38,098 --> 00:01:39,833 something we can't live without. 33 00:01:42,001 --> 00:01:44,003 - [Host] The ocean is a stunningly beautiful world 34 00:01:44,037 --> 00:01:46,806 that we are still exploring and learning about. 35 00:01:48,341 --> 00:01:52,412 We do know that it covers about 71% of the earth's surface 36 00:01:52,445 --> 00:01:57,117 and contains an estimated 97% of the planet's water. 37 00:01:58,351 --> 00:02:01,821 We also know that the ocean is in deep trouble 38 00:02:01,855 --> 00:02:05,658 and that presents an existential threat to us all. 39 00:02:07,961 --> 00:02:11,831 2,400 miles away from Hawaii in the central Pacific Ocean, 40 00:02:11,865 --> 00:02:15,101 lies the tiny republic of Kiribati. 41 00:02:15,135 --> 00:02:17,937 For thousands of years, the people of these remote islands 42 00:02:17,971 --> 00:02:21,141 have enjoyed a lifelong relationship with the sea, 43 00:02:21,174 --> 00:02:24,677 but now the ocean seems to be turning against them 44 00:02:24,711 --> 00:02:26,846 and may soon cause this island nation 45 00:02:26,880 --> 00:02:28,681 its ultimate destruction. 46 00:02:30,917 --> 00:02:33,853 Kiribati is expected to be the first country 47 00:02:33,887 --> 00:02:37,357 to be completely swallowed up because of climate change. 48 00:02:37,390 --> 00:02:40,593 - In the year, I think the land lost 1.5 meters. 49 00:02:43,396 --> 00:02:44,197 Every year. 50 00:02:45,698 --> 00:02:48,902 - [Host] The first nation to actually disappear. 51 00:02:48,935 --> 00:02:52,238 Yes, scientists predict that in the near future, 52 00:02:52,272 --> 00:02:55,975 Kiribati will be totally underwater. 53 00:02:56,009 --> 00:02:59,546 American journalist Lulu DeBoer has ancestors from Kiribati. 54 00:03:00,880 --> 00:03:03,383 One year ago, she began an extended stay there. 55 00:03:05,051 --> 00:03:06,653 - The way, you know, grandmas talk 56 00:03:06,686 --> 00:03:09,889 about their place growing up, it sounded like a paradise. 57 00:03:09,923 --> 00:03:12,759 And so for me, I was like, "Oh man, 58 00:03:12,792 --> 00:03:15,195 I have to go back there before it's all gone." 59 00:03:15,228 --> 00:03:17,897 'Cause I want my kids to have that sense 60 00:03:17,931 --> 00:03:19,799 of culture that I grew up with. 61 00:03:20,767 --> 00:03:22,769 And the only way I knew how to pass that on 62 00:03:22,802 --> 00:03:25,438 was to come back here and absorb as much as possible 63 00:03:25,471 --> 00:03:28,308 before it was all gone, so that I could pass it on 64 00:03:28,341 --> 00:03:30,443 to the next generation. 65 00:03:30,476 --> 00:03:33,746 - [Host] In far too many ways, the impending disaster faced 66 00:03:33,780 --> 00:03:38,318 by Kiribati is a microcosmic example of the emergency facing 67 00:03:38,351 --> 00:03:40,954 the ocean and the entire planet. 68 00:03:40,987 --> 00:03:44,891 And it's not just the rising water that presents a danger. 69 00:03:44,924 --> 00:03:48,661 In Kiribati, a much less obvious threat exists 70 00:03:48,695 --> 00:03:52,765 inside the water, the fish and even in the bodies 71 00:03:52,799 --> 00:03:55,101 of the people who live there. 72 00:03:55,134 --> 00:03:58,071 And like the rising sea levels, it has the potential 73 00:03:58,104 --> 00:04:01,374 to affect millions of people around the world. 74 00:04:02,609 --> 00:04:05,845 In 1907, Monaco's Prince Albert I 75 00:04:05,878 --> 00:04:07,780 was making his fourth and final expedition 76 00:04:07,814 --> 00:04:09,949 to study the Arctic Ocean. 77 00:04:09,983 --> 00:04:13,786 It is sadly ironic that at the same time in New York, 78 00:04:13,820 --> 00:04:16,623 chemist Leo Baekeland was inventing a material 79 00:04:16,656 --> 00:04:19,759 that would impact the ocean forever. 80 00:04:19,792 --> 00:04:23,196 60 years later, the whole world was thinking exactly 81 00:04:23,229 --> 00:04:26,799 what Mr. McGuire told Benjamin in The Graduate. 82 00:04:26,833 --> 00:04:29,168 - Are you listening? - Yes, I am. 83 00:04:29,202 --> 00:04:30,703 - Plastics. - [Host] Yes, 84 00:04:30,737 --> 00:04:34,407 everyone had fallen in love with plastic. 85 00:04:35,842 --> 00:04:39,479 Today, plastic is in everything, from the clothes we wear 86 00:04:39,512 --> 00:04:42,282 to even the gum we chew. 87 00:04:42,315 --> 00:04:45,952 No one imagined that this dream material 88 00:04:45,985 --> 00:04:47,820 would create this nightmare. 89 00:04:49,722 --> 00:04:52,392 (water bubbling) 90 00:04:55,028 --> 00:04:57,797 All over the ocean, there are huge collections 91 00:04:57,830 --> 00:05:01,968 of mostly plastic debris known as patches. 92 00:05:02,001 --> 00:05:04,737 These massive accumulations are caused 93 00:05:04,771 --> 00:05:07,840 by complex interactions of the Earth's spin 94 00:05:07,874 --> 00:05:11,010 and ocean currents, which give the garbage patch 95 00:05:11,044 --> 00:05:14,414 the alternative name, trash vortex. 96 00:05:15,615 --> 00:05:17,984 This is the biggest patch of them all, 97 00:05:18,017 --> 00:05:20,687 located in the north Pacific Ocean, 98 00:05:20,720 --> 00:05:23,823 the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. 99 00:05:23,856 --> 00:05:25,725 Because it is partially submerged 100 00:05:25,758 --> 00:05:27,727 and always moving with the water, 101 00:05:27,760 --> 00:05:30,830 it's hard to know its size exactly, 102 00:05:30,863 --> 00:05:34,500 but common estimates are twice the size of Texas 103 00:05:34,534 --> 00:05:37,770 and three times the size of France. 104 00:05:37,804 --> 00:05:40,540 This long-distance swimmer wanted to raise awareness 105 00:05:40,573 --> 00:05:43,743 of the global problem by swimming through it. 106 00:05:46,045 --> 00:05:48,414 - For me, the vortex swim is a way to shine the light 107 00:05:48,448 --> 00:05:51,117 on the garbage patch and to bring people 108 00:05:51,150 --> 00:05:55,054 into that big discussion of what plastic is 109 00:05:55,088 --> 00:05:57,990 and what it does to the to the ocean. 110 00:05:58,991 --> 00:06:01,794 (water splashing) 111 00:06:04,397 --> 00:06:06,132 Well there is no island of trash, 112 00:06:06,165 --> 00:06:08,634 what we find is a high concentration 113 00:06:08,668 --> 00:06:12,905 of degrees of all sizes but especially microfibers 114 00:06:12,939 --> 00:06:15,308 and the microplastic around. 115 00:06:16,809 --> 00:06:20,079 On this expedition, I was out for two and a half months. 116 00:06:20,113 --> 00:06:22,982 Through my own eyes, I saw the magnitude of the problem. 117 00:06:24,650 --> 00:06:27,620 - [Host] Ben definitely got the attention of the world news. 118 00:06:27,653 --> 00:06:30,723 - One man's effort to bring awareness to pollution, 119 00:06:30,757 --> 00:06:32,058 51 year old Ben Lacomte. 120 00:06:32,091 --> 00:06:34,627 - Is seeing firsthand the true cost 121 00:06:34,660 --> 00:06:37,263 of plastic pollution in our oceans. 122 00:06:37,296 --> 00:06:40,800 - [Host] For Ben, this is also a research expedition. 123 00:06:40,833 --> 00:06:42,902 Working closely with his scientific partners, 124 00:06:42,935 --> 00:06:44,937 he and his crew will be collecting 125 00:06:44,971 --> 00:06:46,172 samples of microplastics 126 00:06:46,205 --> 00:06:49,675 and microfibers in the water and recording the data 127 00:06:49,709 --> 00:06:52,078 for ocean scientists to use later. 128 00:06:52,111 --> 00:06:53,646 - Kind of wears you down. 129 00:06:53,679 --> 00:06:55,314 It's just like would be nice one day to pull it out 130 00:06:55,348 --> 00:06:56,816 and there not to be any plastic in it. 131 00:06:56,849 --> 00:07:00,086 But you know, 50 days, we do two a day, 132 00:07:00,119 --> 00:07:02,688 that's never happened, yeah, it's pretty messed up 133 00:07:02,722 --> 00:07:04,223 when you stop to think about it. 134 00:07:05,691 --> 00:07:08,027 - [Lacomte] I swim every day for about six hours 135 00:07:08,060 --> 00:07:10,596 with my face in a sea of plastic. 136 00:07:10,630 --> 00:07:14,767 At its highest concentration, it looked like a snow storm. 137 00:07:14,801 --> 00:07:17,970 It was very disgusting and extremely disturbing. 138 00:07:19,305 --> 00:07:23,709 I had the amazing opportunity to swim with two sperm whales 139 00:07:23,743 --> 00:07:26,546 and it was a wonderful moment in the water with them. 140 00:07:28,014 --> 00:07:30,650 Unfortunately, right after that event, 141 00:07:30,683 --> 00:07:32,819 I came back on board to find out 142 00:07:32,852 --> 00:07:35,822 that it was our highest count of microplastic 143 00:07:35,855 --> 00:07:40,126 in the water so far, I can't imagine the terrible impact 144 00:07:40,159 --> 00:07:42,495 all that plastic has on their lives. 145 00:07:44,096 --> 00:07:47,366 - [Host] Ben Lacomte swam 338 miles 146 00:07:47,400 --> 00:07:50,203 through the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. 147 00:07:50,236 --> 00:07:52,572 This amazing accomplishment earned him 148 00:07:52,605 --> 00:07:54,407 a Guinness World Record. 149 00:07:54,440 --> 00:07:57,009 But more importantly to Ben, it sent out a message 150 00:07:57,043 --> 00:07:59,345 that rang out through the world, 151 00:07:59,378 --> 00:08:02,882 we need to solve the problem of plastic in the ocean. 152 00:08:04,050 --> 00:08:06,486 - [Lacomte] We only have one ocean. 153 00:08:06,519 --> 00:08:09,255 We need to all work together to save it. 154 00:08:11,924 --> 00:08:14,427 - The future will certainly bring many more inventions 155 00:08:14,460 --> 00:08:16,762 to replace plastic with better alternatives. 156 00:08:16,796 --> 00:08:19,232 But why wait? You can start right now. 157 00:08:19,265 --> 00:08:20,700 Here's something you can do today 158 00:08:20,733 --> 00:08:23,202 to get off your plastic addiction. 159 00:08:23,236 --> 00:08:24,670 Dish soap is a huge problem 160 00:08:24,704 --> 00:08:27,340 because of the plastic containers it comes in. 161 00:08:27,373 --> 00:08:30,843 So try a dish block, a solid block of earth-friendly soap. 162 00:08:30,877 --> 00:08:32,245 You just wet your sponge on it 163 00:08:32,278 --> 00:08:34,046 and get an instant soapy lather to clean 164 00:08:34,080 --> 00:08:35,381 up the day's dishes. 165 00:08:35,414 --> 00:08:37,517 - Your typical kitchen sponges are made 166 00:08:37,550 --> 00:08:40,052 of petroleum-based polyurethane, 167 00:08:40,086 --> 00:08:42,088 a big polluter for the ocean. 168 00:08:42,121 --> 00:08:44,690 So why not use a loofah scrubber? 169 00:08:44,724 --> 00:08:47,593 Loofahs are the fruit of a tropical vine plant 170 00:08:47,627 --> 00:08:49,195 in the cucumber family. 171 00:08:49,228 --> 00:08:52,298 They're so biodegradable and eco-friendly 172 00:08:52,331 --> 00:08:55,601 that loofahs can actually be eaten if they're harvested 173 00:08:55,635 --> 00:08:57,203 when the fruit is young and tender. 174 00:08:57,236 --> 00:08:59,739 Plus, you can clean them in the dishwasher 175 00:08:59,772 --> 00:09:01,941 or in your washing machine. 176 00:09:03,142 --> 00:09:05,611 (upbeat music) 177 00:09:09,081 --> 00:09:11,517 (upbeat music) 178 00:09:13,152 --> 00:09:16,088 - How much plastic is there on earth? 179 00:09:16,122 --> 00:09:18,591 It's estimated that over 10 billion tons 180 00:09:18,624 --> 00:09:20,993 of plastic have been created by now 181 00:09:21,027 --> 00:09:23,129 and most of it is still here. 182 00:09:25,965 --> 00:09:28,167 - Plastic pollution is decimating ocean animals 183 00:09:28,200 --> 00:09:30,603 and working its way up in the food chain, 184 00:09:30,636 --> 00:09:32,405 even into our own bodies. 185 00:09:32,438 --> 00:09:35,942 In a disturbing recent study, scientists found microplastics 186 00:09:35,975 --> 00:09:39,078 in four out of six human placentas they studied. 187 00:09:39,111 --> 00:09:41,647 - [Host] Plastic thrown away in the USA 188 00:09:41,681 --> 00:09:45,851 can end up as far away as Antarctica. 189 00:09:45,885 --> 00:09:48,487 Garbage is pulled from our coastal waters 190 00:09:48,521 --> 00:09:51,724 into wind-driven circular ocean currents. 191 00:09:53,526 --> 00:09:56,796 Other currents carry the trash across the ocean. 192 00:09:56,829 --> 00:09:59,999 There are no boundaries in moving water. 193 00:10:00,032 --> 00:10:04,170 So in reality, it's just one ocean. 194 00:10:04,203 --> 00:10:06,872 (dramatic music) 195 00:10:13,980 --> 00:10:16,682 (birds trilling) 196 00:10:17,917 --> 00:10:20,786 2000 miles away from the nearest continent 197 00:10:20,820 --> 00:10:23,889 in one of the most isolated places on the planet, 198 00:10:23,923 --> 00:10:27,793 Dr. Jennifer Lavers learned firsthand the shocking amount 199 00:10:27,827 --> 00:10:32,098 of plastic that can exist inside a dead albatross. 200 00:10:33,733 --> 00:10:37,036 - [Lavers] To try and wrap your mind around the condition 201 00:10:37,069 --> 00:10:40,139 of this animal and the quality of its life 202 00:10:40,172 --> 00:10:44,210 really is quite an overwhelming thing. 203 00:10:44,243 --> 00:10:46,345 I do have some pretty rough days, have to go home 204 00:10:46,379 --> 00:10:50,383 and really wrap my mind around where do we go from here? 205 00:10:50,416 --> 00:10:53,019 - [Host] Just on this island alone, 206 00:10:53,052 --> 00:10:56,222 plastic is killing seabirds by the thousands. 207 00:10:57,723 --> 00:11:01,260 But seabirds are not the only animals being devastated 208 00:11:01,293 --> 00:11:03,162 by plastics in the ocean. 209 00:11:03,195 --> 00:11:07,033 They are just the tip of the iceberg of destruction. 210 00:11:08,267 --> 00:11:11,337 The bags, bottles and all other discarded items 211 00:11:11,370 --> 00:11:14,206 you see floating near the surface are broken down 212 00:11:14,240 --> 00:11:18,911 by sunlight, waves and sea animals until what's left 213 00:11:18,944 --> 00:11:23,082 is like tiny bits of confetti floating in a soup 214 00:11:23,115 --> 00:11:25,284 and releasing any toxic chemicals 215 00:11:25,317 --> 00:11:28,220 that they might contain into the water. 216 00:11:28,254 --> 00:11:31,390 Then these tiny particles of plastic that will last 217 00:11:31,424 --> 00:11:36,429 for hundreds of years disperse with the winds and currents. 218 00:11:37,663 --> 00:11:40,366 This deadly sea of plastic particles, 219 00:11:40,399 --> 00:11:43,269 from the big pieces to the tiny ones, 220 00:11:43,302 --> 00:11:46,872 make it into the bodies of all marine life, 221 00:11:46,906 --> 00:11:49,508 including the largest animals on earth. 222 00:11:51,444 --> 00:11:53,713 - Experts found plastic in the stomach 223 00:11:53,746 --> 00:11:55,948 of a dead blue whale washed ashore 224 00:11:55,981 --> 00:11:58,084 in eastern Japan earlier this month. 225 00:11:58,117 --> 00:12:00,119 They say it's an example of the spread 226 00:12:00,152 --> 00:12:02,822 of marine plastic contamination. 227 00:12:02,855 --> 00:12:05,224 - [Host] And plastic is also found 228 00:12:05,257 --> 00:12:07,460 in the tiniest animals in the ocean. 229 00:12:08,761 --> 00:12:11,230 - Copepods are mini beasts of the ocean. 230 00:12:11,263 --> 00:12:14,767 Small crustaceans, a bit like tiny shrimps. 231 00:12:14,800 --> 00:12:17,303 They belong to an important group of animals, 232 00:12:17,336 --> 00:12:20,106 known as zooplankton, which drift and float 233 00:12:20,139 --> 00:12:21,874 in the surface of our seas. 234 00:12:23,042 --> 00:12:25,778 They may be small, a single copepod could sit 235 00:12:25,811 --> 00:12:28,848 on the head of a pin, but they are very important 236 00:12:28,881 --> 00:12:32,451 and play a vital role in our ocean ecosystems. 237 00:12:32,485 --> 00:12:36,088 - [Host] But as copepods feed by sucking in water, 238 00:12:36,122 --> 00:12:37,923 they have no way to discern 239 00:12:37,957 --> 00:12:40,793 between the phytoplankton they evolved to eat 240 00:12:40,826 --> 00:12:44,630 and the microplastics that now abound in the water. 241 00:12:44,663 --> 00:12:49,301 So plastic has become a part of their diet everywhere, 242 00:12:49,335 --> 00:12:53,205 even in the most remote waters of the planet. 243 00:12:53,239 --> 00:12:55,040 These copepods were filmed swimming 244 00:12:55,074 --> 00:13:00,045 among fluorescent microplastics, the results are striking. 245 00:13:01,380 --> 00:13:03,549 Soon, the plastic is seen within the body 246 00:13:03,582 --> 00:13:07,319 of the animals and it flows up the food chain 247 00:13:07,353 --> 00:13:11,490 into all fish and other marine animals that feed on them. 248 00:13:11,524 --> 00:13:15,361 And from the ocean creatures, the plastic is transferred 249 00:13:15,394 --> 00:13:19,064 to the land animals that eat them, including us. 250 00:13:20,366 --> 00:13:22,868 Researchers are finding that most shellfish 251 00:13:22,902 --> 00:13:24,537 have plastic in them. 252 00:13:24,570 --> 00:13:28,474 - They're all sorts of different colors, they're very small, 253 00:13:28,507 --> 00:13:33,012 all sorts of different shapes and sizes, microplastics. 254 00:13:34,380 --> 00:13:36,515 - [Host] So when you eat oysters and clams. 255 00:13:36,549 --> 00:13:38,217 - [Woman] You're eating plastic as well. 256 00:13:38,250 --> 00:13:40,719 - [Host] And because it's present throughout the food web, 257 00:13:40,753 --> 00:13:44,924 you are ingesting plastic every time you eat any seafood, 258 00:13:44,957 --> 00:13:47,326 from shrimp to swordfish. 259 00:13:47,359 --> 00:13:49,895 So where is all this microplastic coming from? 260 00:13:49,929 --> 00:13:53,199 Here is what ocean pollution expert Dr. Peter Ross 261 00:13:53,232 --> 00:13:57,269 says about what he found in samples he took in the Arctic. 262 00:13:57,303 --> 00:14:01,273 - 92% of the particles that we encountered were fibers 263 00:14:01,307 --> 00:14:06,312 of different colors and 73% of those were polyester. 264 00:14:07,613 --> 00:14:09,615 Well, the shocking thing is that we found polyester 265 00:14:09,648 --> 00:14:12,418 in every single sample of seawater we collected 266 00:14:12,451 --> 00:14:15,421 between Norway, the North Pole, 267 00:14:15,454 --> 00:14:17,389 the Canadian Arctic archipelago 268 00:14:17,423 --> 00:14:20,059 and throughout the Belfort Sea. 269 00:14:20,092 --> 00:14:22,761 - [Host] And what is the source of all this polyester? 270 00:14:24,129 --> 00:14:25,631 You are wearing it. 271 00:14:25,664 --> 00:14:28,868 Much of our clothing now contains plastic fibers. 272 00:14:28,901 --> 00:14:31,537 That means every time you wash your clothes, 273 00:14:31,570 --> 00:14:34,440 fibers are loosened up and go into the wash water. 274 00:14:34,473 --> 00:14:36,208 Depending on the type of garment, 275 00:14:36,242 --> 00:14:40,946 a single wash could release as much as 10 million fibers, 276 00:14:40,980 --> 00:14:45,985 then down the drain they go and often end up in the ocean. 277 00:14:46,452 --> 00:14:48,487 Every day, we are learning more about the risk 278 00:14:48,520 --> 00:14:50,656 that microplastics in the ocean pose 279 00:14:50,689 --> 00:14:54,326 to the animals that are eating them, including us. 280 00:14:54,360 --> 00:14:57,396 What is the best way to reduce this risk? 281 00:14:57,429 --> 00:14:58,464 It's a simple answer. 282 00:14:59,531 --> 00:15:01,767 - Reduce our use of plastic. 283 00:15:01,800 --> 00:15:04,503 (upbeat music) 284 00:15:07,606 --> 00:15:10,342 (upbeat music) 285 00:15:11,844 --> 00:15:14,013 - Is there plastic everywhere in the ocean? 286 00:15:14,046 --> 00:15:15,381 Unfortunately, yes. 287 00:15:15,414 --> 00:15:18,851 Plastic has been found even at 36,000 feet deep 288 00:15:18,884 --> 00:15:21,854 in the Marianna Trench, the deepest part of the ocean. 289 00:15:23,923 --> 00:15:26,859 - We know that plastic poses an immense threat to the ocean. 290 00:15:26,892 --> 00:15:28,560 So what can we do to turn the tide 291 00:15:28,594 --> 00:15:31,330 of ocean destruction to one of ocean's survival? 292 00:15:32,498 --> 00:15:34,767 One of the tools we have is our creativity 293 00:15:34,800 --> 00:15:37,503 and it will take a lot of it from a lot of people, 294 00:15:37,536 --> 00:15:38,637 but it has begun. 295 00:15:40,339 --> 00:15:44,944 - [Host] In 2011, Dutch teenager Boyan Slat 296 00:15:44,977 --> 00:15:48,013 made an alarming discovery that would've a big impact 297 00:15:48,047 --> 00:15:50,616 on both his life and the ocean. 298 00:15:51,817 --> 00:15:54,486 - When I was 16 years old, I went scuba diving 299 00:15:54,520 --> 00:15:56,989 on the family holiday and I was expecting to see 300 00:15:57,022 --> 00:15:58,791 all these beautiful things like you see 301 00:15:58,824 --> 00:16:00,693 in the nature documentaries. 302 00:16:00,726 --> 00:16:03,495 And then I looked around me and I just saw 303 00:16:03,529 --> 00:16:05,431 more plastic bags than fish. 304 00:16:05,464 --> 00:16:07,933 I wondered, why can't we just clean this up? 305 00:16:07,967 --> 00:16:11,036 - [Host] He made ocean plastic pollution the subject 306 00:16:11,070 --> 00:16:14,473 of his high school project and came up with the idea 307 00:16:14,506 --> 00:16:17,943 of building a passive plastic catchment system, 308 00:16:17,977 --> 00:16:22,548 using circulating ocean currents to capture plastic waste. 309 00:16:22,581 --> 00:16:27,586 In 2013, Slat founded the Ocean Cleanup, and at 27, 310 00:16:28,754 --> 00:16:31,690 he began seeing his dream come to fruition. 311 00:16:33,058 --> 00:16:34,493 - Yeah. 312 00:16:34,526 --> 00:16:36,695 Ah, what a great day. 313 00:16:36,729 --> 00:16:38,397 It's not going away by itself, 314 00:16:38,430 --> 00:16:41,200 so we have to go out there unfortunately 315 00:16:41,233 --> 00:16:44,970 to go and clean it up, if you were to simply skim the ocean 316 00:16:45,004 --> 00:16:48,173 for plastic, it would take forever. 317 00:16:48,207 --> 00:16:50,009 It would be really expensive. 318 00:16:50,042 --> 00:16:51,877 So that's why we came up with this idea 319 00:16:51,910 --> 00:16:55,881 to basically deploy artificial coastlines 320 00:16:55,914 --> 00:16:58,217 where there are no coastline, allowing the plastic 321 00:16:58,250 --> 00:17:01,186 to accumulate in these cleanup systems, 322 00:17:01,220 --> 00:17:03,822 which means that with a boat, we can then periodically 323 00:17:03,856 --> 00:17:06,892 take the plastic out of the system and bring it to land. 324 00:17:06,925 --> 00:17:09,194 We had our ups and downs, we had problems, 325 00:17:09,228 --> 00:17:12,898 we had structural failures, but eventually we had a system 326 00:17:12,931 --> 00:17:16,001 that was successfully catching plastic. 327 00:17:16,035 --> 00:17:18,504 Not just the big stuff, but we were also catching 328 00:17:18,537 --> 00:17:20,372 the small pieces, the microplastics, 329 00:17:20,406 --> 00:17:22,908 down to a millimeter in in size. 330 00:17:22,941 --> 00:17:26,845 Objective of this first campaign wasn't to maximize 331 00:17:26,879 --> 00:17:30,449 our harvest, it was really to prove, to validate 332 00:17:30,482 --> 00:17:33,786 the principles behind the cleanup system. 333 00:17:33,819 --> 00:17:35,354 Yet we still collected some plastics. 334 00:17:35,387 --> 00:17:38,924 We've collected roughly 60 cubic meters of trash, 335 00:17:38,957 --> 00:17:40,793 but still a small amount compared to 336 00:17:40,826 --> 00:17:43,629 the hundred million kilos that we still have to clean up. 337 00:17:45,164 --> 00:17:47,366 But on the other hand, it does already constitute 338 00:17:47,399 --> 00:17:51,070 roughly 14,000 football fields of ocean. 339 00:17:51,103 --> 00:17:56,041 - [Host] And in July, 2021, a new system, 002, 340 00:17:56,075 --> 00:17:58,777 was deployed to the Great Pacific Garbage Patch 341 00:17:58,811 --> 00:18:02,381 and was soon sending ships back loaded with plastic. 342 00:18:02,414 --> 00:18:06,752 And today, 002 is still out there doing its job. 343 00:18:07,953 --> 00:18:10,389 But it's not only Boyan Slat's organization 344 00:18:10,422 --> 00:18:13,725 that is attacking the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. 345 00:18:13,759 --> 00:18:17,996 Ocean Voyages Institute is utilizing a 140-foot 346 00:18:18,030 --> 00:18:20,232 sustainable sailing cargo vessel 347 00:18:20,265 --> 00:18:22,101 to tackle the cleanup as well. 348 00:18:22,134 --> 00:18:25,938 - My name is Mary Crowley and I'm the founder 349 00:18:25,971 --> 00:18:29,441 of Ocean Voyages Institute and I'm very excited 350 00:18:29,475 --> 00:18:34,113 to be here today seeing off the sailing ship Kauai, 351 00:18:34,146 --> 00:18:36,982 who's going on a great mission. 352 00:18:37,015 --> 00:18:39,485 - [Host] Day after day on the rolling ocean, 353 00:18:39,518 --> 00:18:42,821 the crew worked until the ship was full. 354 00:18:46,959 --> 00:18:51,029 - This morning, starting at around 6:30, 355 00:18:51,063 --> 00:18:54,800 the crew started preparing the 103 tons 356 00:18:58,170 --> 00:19:01,540 of ghost nets, derelict fishing gear 357 00:19:01,573 --> 00:19:06,578 and consumer plastics that they just removed in 48 days 358 00:19:07,279 --> 00:19:11,383 from the North Pacific Gyre, accomplishing the largest 359 00:19:12,217 --> 00:19:14,286 at-sea cleanup that's ever been done. 360 00:19:16,722 --> 00:19:20,926 They'll be recycled and repurposed. 361 00:19:20,959 --> 00:19:23,595 Nothing will end up in landfill. 362 00:19:23,629 --> 00:19:27,032 Nothing will ever go back in the ocean. 363 00:19:27,065 --> 00:19:29,601 - I just can't think of any better work to be doing. 364 00:19:29,635 --> 00:19:32,304 Feels wonderful, you get tired at the end of the day 365 00:19:32,337 --> 00:19:34,740 after a good day, but you really feel 366 00:19:34,773 --> 00:19:37,109 like you've accomplished something. 367 00:19:37,142 --> 00:19:38,810 - [Host] But Mary Crowley is not content 368 00:19:38,844 --> 00:19:42,114 with just one ship pulling plastic out of the ocean. 369 00:19:42,147 --> 00:19:47,152 - We are intending to build two sailing cargo ships 370 00:19:48,353 --> 00:19:52,291 with a cargo hold of 200 to 250 tons, 371 00:19:54,193 --> 00:19:58,797 scaling up to address the level of this problem. 372 00:19:58,830 --> 00:20:01,967 We will also be scaling up globally 373 00:20:02,000 --> 00:20:04,203 our educational efforts. 374 00:20:05,337 --> 00:20:07,606 - [Host] Starting with only the ideas of two people, 375 00:20:07,639 --> 00:20:10,676 Boyan Slat and Mary Crowley, 376 00:20:10,709 --> 00:20:13,478 their organizations have grown to make a difference 377 00:20:13,512 --> 00:20:15,981 in the health of the ocean. 378 00:20:16,014 --> 00:20:18,450 But this is only the tip of the iceberg. 379 00:20:18,483 --> 00:20:21,353 It will take the efforts of so many more, 380 00:20:21,386 --> 00:20:22,921 and with this goal in mind, 381 00:20:22,955 --> 00:20:26,625 in Monaco's Ocean Week, 1000 policymakers, 382 00:20:26,658 --> 00:20:29,094 investors and entrepreneurs came together 383 00:20:29,127 --> 00:20:33,031 for seven days to share ideas, expertise, 384 00:20:33,065 --> 00:20:35,701 and hatch innovative solutions. 385 00:20:35,734 --> 00:20:39,004 While the world's superpower countries still try to all get 386 00:20:39,037 --> 00:20:42,007 on the same page to preserve the ocean, 387 00:20:42,040 --> 00:20:46,378 tiny Monaco has a long history of leading the way. 388 00:20:46,411 --> 00:20:51,116 Over 100 years ago, the ruler of Monaco, Prince Albert I, 389 00:20:51,149 --> 00:20:53,318 led groundbreaking, scientific journeys 390 00:20:53,352 --> 00:20:56,021 with a total of 28 expeditions 391 00:20:56,054 --> 00:20:59,124 to the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea 392 00:20:59,157 --> 00:21:00,559 to his credit. 393 00:21:00,592 --> 00:21:03,362 Ever since then, Monaco has been at the forefront 394 00:21:03,395 --> 00:21:05,731 of advocacy for the planet. 395 00:21:05,764 --> 00:21:08,967 The prince's love of nature was passed onto his son, 396 00:21:09,001 --> 00:21:12,471 Prince Rainier III, and ultimately to his grandson, 397 00:21:12,504 --> 00:21:16,375 Prince Albert II, now the sovereign ruler of Monaco. 398 00:21:16,408 --> 00:21:19,411 His Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation 399 00:21:19,444 --> 00:21:21,680 is one of the foremost leaders in efforts 400 00:21:21,713 --> 00:21:24,116 to save the ocean and the planet. 401 00:21:24,149 --> 00:21:27,452 He has led fact-finding expeditions around the world 402 00:21:27,486 --> 00:21:30,489 to bring awareness to the effects of climate change. 403 00:21:30,522 --> 00:21:34,993 And in 2006, he became the first head of state in office 404 00:21:35,027 --> 00:21:36,161 to reach the North Pole. 405 00:21:37,262 --> 00:21:40,032 - Couldn't stop thinking of Prince Albert I 406 00:21:42,167 --> 00:21:46,905 and his arctic travels and he would've loved 407 00:21:47,839 --> 00:21:48,674 to have been here. 408 00:21:54,012 --> 00:21:56,415 (upbeat music) 409 00:22:00,052 --> 00:22:02,554 (upbeat music) 410 00:22:04,923 --> 00:22:08,193 - How much plastic is going into the ocean? 411 00:22:08,226 --> 00:22:12,564 An estimated two garbage truck loads a minute. 412 00:22:12,597 --> 00:22:16,435 In total, 11 million tons more plastic flows 413 00:22:16,468 --> 00:22:18,870 into the ocean every year. 414 00:22:21,373 --> 00:22:23,608 - No matter how good we become a cleaning up the ocean, 415 00:22:23,642 --> 00:22:25,677 it is like trying to empty a bathtub 416 00:22:25,711 --> 00:22:27,612 without stopping the flow of the water. 417 00:22:28,447 --> 00:22:30,282 So how does all the plastic get 418 00:22:30,315 --> 00:22:32,184 into the ocean in the first place? 419 00:22:32,217 --> 00:22:34,453 And how do we stop the flow? 420 00:22:34,486 --> 00:22:37,055 - [Host] The answer is rivers. 421 00:22:37,089 --> 00:22:40,225 They are the primary source of plastic in the ocean. 422 00:22:40,258 --> 00:22:42,928 And some rivers in less developed countries 423 00:22:42,961 --> 00:22:44,963 are especially impactful. 424 00:22:46,131 --> 00:22:47,399 - In a lot of these underdeveloped countries 425 00:22:47,432 --> 00:22:49,067 what happens is, is there's a formula, right? 426 00:22:49,101 --> 00:22:51,103 There's a large amount of single-use plastic. 427 00:22:51,136 --> 00:22:53,038 There's not a recycling infrastructure 428 00:22:53,071 --> 00:22:55,307 and they don't have a very good sanitation system. 429 00:22:55,340 --> 00:22:57,209 So what happens is, a lot of the locals 430 00:22:57,242 --> 00:22:59,010 will throw their plastic into the alleys, 431 00:22:59,044 --> 00:23:00,112 into the drains and everything, 432 00:23:00,145 --> 00:23:02,581 and in these mountainous areas, whenever it rains, 433 00:23:02,614 --> 00:23:04,449 all that plastic gets swept offshore. 434 00:23:04,483 --> 00:23:06,918 So over 85% of the plastic that's entering 435 00:23:06,952 --> 00:23:10,422 the ocean today actually comes from land-based sources. 436 00:23:10,455 --> 00:23:11,957 - [Host] But where there's a problem, 437 00:23:11,990 --> 00:23:15,160 there's Boyan Slat again with a new solution, 438 00:23:15,193 --> 00:23:18,130 to turn off the faucet of plastic. 439 00:23:18,163 --> 00:23:21,433 - What if we could intercept plastic 440 00:23:21,466 --> 00:23:25,070 in rivers before it reaches the oceans? 441 00:23:26,004 --> 00:23:28,540 What we need is a product, 442 00:23:28,573 --> 00:23:31,476 one integrated system that you can bring anywhere 443 00:23:31,510 --> 00:23:35,547 in the world, install within days and that just works. 444 00:23:35,580 --> 00:23:40,519 And it doesn't exist until today. 445 00:23:44,990 --> 00:23:48,126 - [Host] The Interceptor is the world's first solar-powered 446 00:23:48,160 --> 00:23:52,898 floating robot, a 50 ton monster that collects trash 447 00:23:54,166 --> 00:23:56,168 but leaves the fish alone. 448 00:23:56,201 --> 00:23:59,070 As garbage floats down the river, it runs into a barrier 449 00:23:59,104 --> 00:24:01,406 on the surface of the water, which funnels it 450 00:24:01,440 --> 00:24:03,842 into the mouth of the Interceptor. 451 00:24:03,875 --> 00:24:05,977 Then it travels up a conveyor belt, 452 00:24:06,011 --> 00:24:08,880 which drops it into floating dumpsters. 453 00:24:08,914 --> 00:24:11,883 When they're full, the Interceptor stays anchored 454 00:24:11,917 --> 00:24:14,920 in place while the dumpsters are towed to the shore. 455 00:24:16,188 --> 00:24:19,090 There, whatever can be recycled is processed 456 00:24:19,124 --> 00:24:21,993 and the rest goes to the landfill. 457 00:24:22,027 --> 00:24:23,995 Okay, that's how it operates. 458 00:24:24,029 --> 00:24:26,031 But does it really work? 459 00:24:26,064 --> 00:24:28,433 Well, the numbers speak for themselves. 460 00:24:28,467 --> 00:24:32,037 Since the unveiling of the first one in October, 2019, 461 00:24:32,070 --> 00:24:35,273 eight more Interceptors have been deployed in Indonesia, 462 00:24:35,307 --> 00:24:39,044 Vietnam, the Dominican Republic, two in Malaysia, 463 00:24:39,077 --> 00:24:42,747 and three in Jamaica, seven more are in the works 464 00:24:42,781 --> 00:24:45,283 for other areas, including one planned soon 465 00:24:45,317 --> 00:24:48,520 for Ballona Creek in Los Angeles, California. 466 00:24:48,553 --> 00:24:51,089 Up until now, the ocean Interceptors combined 467 00:24:51,122 --> 00:24:53,058 with the cleanup out in the ocean have removed 468 00:24:53,091 --> 00:24:55,961 over a million pounds of trash. 469 00:24:57,229 --> 00:25:00,232 According to UN estimates, there are between 160 470 00:25:00,265 --> 00:25:04,536 and 440 billion pounds of plastic left to go, 471 00:25:04,569 --> 00:25:06,638 but at least we are seeing a beginning 472 00:25:06,671 --> 00:25:08,273 to the cleanup of the ocean. 473 00:25:08,306 --> 00:25:11,877 To finish the job, we will all have to do our part. 474 00:25:11,910 --> 00:25:15,146 In the Bahamas, Kristal Ambrose took it upon herself 475 00:25:15,180 --> 00:25:17,115 to do exactly that. 476 00:25:17,148 --> 00:25:18,750 - [Ambrose] We're so happy to have you here today. 477 00:25:18,783 --> 00:25:20,418 You happy to be here? Scream. 478 00:25:20,452 --> 00:25:22,087 - [Crowd] Woo. 479 00:25:22,120 --> 00:25:25,056 - [Ambrose] Our Plastic Camp has been so impactful. 480 00:25:25,090 --> 00:25:28,827 We've been doing the program for over six years now. 481 00:25:28,860 --> 00:25:31,096 We've reached more than 500 students 482 00:25:31,129 --> 00:25:33,231 on eight different Bahamian Islands. 483 00:25:33,265 --> 00:25:35,800 - You'll be the solution to plastic pollution. 484 00:25:35,834 --> 00:25:38,537 (crowd cheering) 485 00:25:40,639 --> 00:25:42,908 - So we built that stewardship through our beach cleanups, 486 00:25:42,941 --> 00:25:45,243 through all of our environmental work. 487 00:25:45,277 --> 00:25:47,979 And with the help of a lawyer, we wrote a bill 488 00:25:48,013 --> 00:25:51,116 of what a single-use plastic ban 489 00:25:51,149 --> 00:25:53,018 would look like for the Bahamas. 490 00:25:53,051 --> 00:25:55,654 So we literally went in there beating on the desk, 491 00:25:55,687 --> 00:25:57,989 "We are the change, we're the solution. 492 00:25:58,023 --> 00:26:00,525 We can fix this plastic pollution." 493 00:26:00,559 --> 00:26:03,094 And then we proceeded to tell the Minister of Environment 494 00:26:03,128 --> 00:26:07,132 why we needed to act now and ban single-use plastics. 495 00:26:07,165 --> 00:26:09,467 - In assembling her data and doing her research, 496 00:26:09,501 --> 00:26:11,803 Kristal was able to demonstrate that this problem 497 00:26:11,836 --> 00:26:13,638 isn't just out there, it's actually right 498 00:26:13,672 --> 00:26:16,975 on our front doors, and we need to act now. 499 00:26:17,008 --> 00:26:18,710 - [Host] Soon, the bill that had begun 500 00:26:18,743 --> 00:26:21,513 as a school project became a reality. 501 00:26:23,014 --> 00:26:24,382 - [Ambrose] This is my planet, this is my ocean. 502 00:26:24,416 --> 00:26:28,320 I deserve to fight and my voice matters. 503 00:26:30,188 --> 00:26:32,190 - Let's talk about your toothbrush. 504 00:26:32,223 --> 00:26:34,993 You can find a lot of these in the ocean. 505 00:26:35,026 --> 00:26:37,896 So, why not use a bamboo toothbrush? 506 00:26:37,929 --> 00:26:41,032 Bamboo is biodegradable and highly sustainable. 507 00:26:41,066 --> 00:26:43,168 In fact, it's one of the fastest-growing plants 508 00:26:43,201 --> 00:26:44,869 in the world. - Did you know 509 00:26:44,903 --> 00:26:47,238 that in the US we throw away one 510 00:26:47,272 --> 00:26:51,276 and a half billion plastic toothpaste tubes every year? 511 00:26:51,309 --> 00:26:54,279 They're another huge source of ocean pollution. 512 00:26:54,312 --> 00:26:57,549 But now, you can use toothpaste tablets instead. 513 00:26:57,582 --> 00:26:59,784 You just pop one in your mouth, chew it up 514 00:26:59,818 --> 00:27:01,353 and it becomes effervescent, 515 00:27:01,386 --> 00:27:03,555 then just brush like you always do. 516 00:27:04,556 --> 00:27:07,058 (upbeat music) 517 00:27:10,161 --> 00:27:12,897 (upbeat music) 518 00:27:14,933 --> 00:27:17,435 - How many countries have outlawed single-use plastics? 519 00:27:17,469 --> 00:27:20,905 Unfortunately, only a few nations have an all-out ban 520 00:27:20,939 --> 00:27:23,108 and sadly, the United States is not one of them. 521 00:27:23,141 --> 00:27:24,776 But recently, India announced 522 00:27:24,809 --> 00:27:26,911 they will ban single-use plastics, 523 00:27:26,945 --> 00:27:28,279 a huge polluter in the ocean. 524 00:27:30,982 --> 00:27:32,250 - Cleaning up the existing plastic 525 00:27:32,283 --> 00:27:33,818 from the ocean and the rivers that flow 526 00:27:33,852 --> 00:27:37,122 into it is a huge step in the right direction. 527 00:27:37,155 --> 00:27:39,824 But once it's all collected, what do we do with it? 528 00:27:40,859 --> 00:27:43,061 Back in the fifties, the long-lasting quality of plastic 529 00:27:43,094 --> 00:27:45,430 was it's biggest selling point. 530 00:27:45,463 --> 00:27:47,632 Now we know it is actually a curse. 531 00:27:47,666 --> 00:27:51,436 How long does it take for plastic items to decompose? 532 00:27:51,469 --> 00:27:53,772 You may be shocked by the numbers. 533 00:27:53,805 --> 00:27:56,775 - [Host] Plastic straws? 200 years. 534 00:27:56,808 --> 00:28:00,979 Six pack plastic rings? 400 years. 535 00:28:01,012 --> 00:28:03,948 Plastic bottles, 450 years. 536 00:28:03,982 --> 00:28:06,785 Plastic cups, 450 years. 537 00:28:06,818 --> 00:28:09,854 Coffee pods, 500 years. 538 00:28:09,888 --> 00:28:12,924 Plastic toothbrushes, 500 years. 539 00:28:12,957 --> 00:28:15,860 Disposable diapers, 500 years. 540 00:28:16,728 --> 00:28:20,098 Fishing line, 600 years. 541 00:28:20,131 --> 00:28:22,667 Of course, reducing our use of plastic 542 00:28:22,701 --> 00:28:25,203 and finding alternatives is essential. 543 00:28:25,236 --> 00:28:27,839 But for all the plastic that currently exists, 544 00:28:27,872 --> 00:28:30,675 we need something that can decompose it rapidly. 545 00:28:31,876 --> 00:28:34,646 Maybe this scientist found the answer. 546 00:28:34,679 --> 00:28:38,116 Her name is Federica Bertocchini. 547 00:28:38,149 --> 00:28:40,552 - I noticed, basically cleaning one of my beehives, 548 00:28:40,585 --> 00:28:41,786 that there was these worms. 549 00:28:41,820 --> 00:28:43,988 So basically I cleaned them, I put them into a plastic bags, 550 00:28:44,022 --> 00:28:48,993 and usually what I used to find was dead invertebrates. 551 00:28:49,928 --> 00:28:51,029 - [Dean] But these worms 552 00:28:51,062 --> 00:28:53,331 managed to eat their way out of the plastic bag. 553 00:28:53,364 --> 00:28:57,168 - So, I said, "This is something interesting." 554 00:28:57,202 --> 00:28:58,903 - [Dean] They're called meal worms 555 00:28:58,937 --> 00:29:01,806 and you can actually buy them online 556 00:29:01,840 --> 00:29:04,709 and watch them become cute beetles 557 00:29:04,743 --> 00:29:07,846 by feeding them styrofoam. 558 00:29:07,879 --> 00:29:09,848 Now it's not the meal worms themselves 559 00:29:09,881 --> 00:29:12,183 that are actually breaking down the styrofoam. 560 00:29:12,217 --> 00:29:14,853 It's the enzymes produced by bacteria 561 00:29:14,886 --> 00:29:18,523 the worms have inside them that make the magic happen. 562 00:29:19,724 --> 00:29:21,359 - The secreted enzymes are really interesting. 563 00:29:21,392 --> 00:29:22,927 Those are the tools 564 00:29:22,961 --> 00:29:24,829 that actually break the wall down into little pieces. 565 00:29:24,863 --> 00:29:26,331 - [Dean] So scientists are now spending 566 00:29:26,364 --> 00:29:30,401 a lot of time searching in places like garbage dumps. 567 00:29:30,435 --> 00:29:33,538 Their goal is to find new bugs and bacteria 568 00:29:33,571 --> 00:29:36,608 that can digest plastic, isolate their enzymes, 569 00:29:36,641 --> 00:29:41,212 and then enhance and mass produce them in bioreactors. 570 00:29:41,246 --> 00:29:44,282 Finding a way to deal with our enormous plastic waste 571 00:29:44,315 --> 00:29:47,218 would be a huge step in the right direction. 572 00:29:47,252 --> 00:29:49,954 But to really improve the planet's health, 573 00:29:49,988 --> 00:29:53,625 we need to attack the ultimate source of the problem. 574 00:29:53,658 --> 00:29:55,560 And that is the world's 575 00:29:55,593 --> 00:29:58,396 insatiable consumption of plastic. 576 00:29:58,429 --> 00:30:01,566 We need safe and sustainable alternatives. 577 00:30:01,599 --> 00:30:02,867 It seems only fitting 578 00:30:02,901 --> 00:30:05,804 that one solution to plastic pollution in the ocean 579 00:30:05,837 --> 00:30:08,973 might come from the ocean itself. 580 00:30:09,007 --> 00:30:10,742 - We're developing new solutions 581 00:30:10,775 --> 00:30:12,977 that try to use seaweed instead of plastic 582 00:30:13,011 --> 00:30:15,947 for a lot of single-use applications 583 00:30:15,980 --> 00:30:17,615 - [Dean] They're focusing on packaging 584 00:30:17,649 --> 00:30:19,751 for foods and other everyday products, 585 00:30:19,784 --> 00:30:21,886 lots of things that we consume quickly 586 00:30:21,920 --> 00:30:23,621 and throw the containers away. 587 00:30:23,655 --> 00:30:24,923 Their first creation 588 00:30:24,956 --> 00:30:27,759 was a space-aged, edible bubble packet 589 00:30:27,792 --> 00:30:29,494 that can hold any liquid, 590 00:30:29,527 --> 00:30:32,430 like water, juice, or sports drinks. 591 00:30:32,463 --> 00:30:34,165 For one thing, it's a great way to avoid 592 00:30:34,199 --> 00:30:36,935 all those little cups left over after a marathon. 593 00:30:36,968 --> 00:30:39,404 To tackle on even bigger plastic problem, 594 00:30:39,437 --> 00:30:42,006 they developed an edible packet for condiments 595 00:30:42,040 --> 00:30:45,844 so you can eat the container right along with the ketchup. 596 00:30:45,877 --> 00:30:49,314 And they've continued to create other packaging solutions. 597 00:30:49,347 --> 00:30:50,949 The company realized that seaweed 598 00:30:50,982 --> 00:30:53,918 has great potential as a sustainable resource. 599 00:30:53,952 --> 00:30:56,821 It's one of the fastest growing organisms on the planet. 600 00:30:56,855 --> 00:31:00,925 Some seaweeds can grow up to to a meter per day. 601 00:31:00,959 --> 00:31:03,862 These ocean plants also have other advantages 602 00:31:03,895 --> 00:31:06,297 when compared to those that grow on land. 603 00:31:06,331 --> 00:31:08,967 Seaweed doesn't require fresh water. 604 00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:11,002 It needs no fertilizer. 605 00:31:11,035 --> 00:31:13,938 In fact, it's really zero maintenance. 606 00:31:13,972 --> 00:31:15,907 You just let it grow. 607 00:31:17,141 --> 00:31:19,377 While one company is having success with seaweed, 608 00:31:19,410 --> 00:31:22,547 another is looking to create plastic alternatives 609 00:31:22,580 --> 00:31:24,349 from a different source. 610 00:31:24,382 --> 00:31:26,985 Mushrooms, or more specifically 611 00:31:27,018 --> 00:31:31,055 their living root structures, mycelium. 612 00:31:31,089 --> 00:31:33,691 The power of mushrooms is nothing new. 613 00:31:33,725 --> 00:31:35,960 For thousands of years, humans have known 614 00:31:35,994 --> 00:31:38,963 how to cultivate them for food and medicines. 615 00:31:38,997 --> 00:31:42,066 This US company is harnessing that age-old knowledge 616 00:31:42,100 --> 00:31:44,903 and applying 21st century technology to it 617 00:31:44,936 --> 00:31:49,540 to give simple mushrooms a new, Earth-saving role. 618 00:31:49,574 --> 00:31:51,876 This is how it all begins. 619 00:31:51,910 --> 00:31:55,246 They start with wood chips, corn husks, or hemp 620 00:31:55,280 --> 00:31:57,982 that would otherwise be thrown out by local farms. 621 00:31:58,016 --> 00:32:00,418 Then sprinkle in some fungal spores, 622 00:32:00,451 --> 00:32:04,155 add water, and place them in special growing chambers. 623 00:32:04,188 --> 00:32:05,924 It only takes a few weeks. 624 00:32:05,957 --> 00:32:08,259 After feeding on the agricultural waste, 625 00:32:08,293 --> 00:32:11,396 the spores have transformed into the base material 626 00:32:11,429 --> 00:32:14,165 for a wide array of products. 627 00:32:14,198 --> 00:32:15,566 Soon it will be used to make 628 00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:17,936 the company's plastic-free foams, 629 00:32:17,969 --> 00:32:19,771 leather-like textiles for fashion 630 00:32:19,804 --> 00:32:24,042 and other applications, and even plant-based meats. 631 00:32:24,075 --> 00:32:26,678 Plus, in keeping with a philosophy to work together 632 00:32:26,711 --> 00:32:28,246 for the good of the planet, 633 00:32:28,279 --> 00:32:31,082 their technology is open access, 634 00:32:31,115 --> 00:32:33,618 helping partner businesses around the world 635 00:32:33,651 --> 00:32:36,721 make Earth-friendly alternatives. 636 00:32:36,754 --> 00:32:39,557 - Here's another way to cut down on plastic pollution, 637 00:32:39,590 --> 00:32:42,961 and it's one you might not think of, dental floss. 638 00:32:42,994 --> 00:32:46,130 It's made of plastic and often ends up in the ocean. 639 00:32:46,164 --> 00:32:48,533 And don't forget the plastic container that it comes in 640 00:32:48,566 --> 00:32:51,536 that takes 500 years to decompose. 641 00:32:51,569 --> 00:32:54,539 But, you can switch to a biodegradable dental floss. 642 00:32:54,572 --> 00:32:57,108 There are options made from silk, corn, 643 00:32:57,141 --> 00:33:00,378 and bamboo fibers available. And each comes in 644 00:33:00,411 --> 00:33:02,547 a biodegradable or reusable container. 645 00:33:02,580 --> 00:33:04,048 When it comes to shampoo, 646 00:33:04,082 --> 00:33:06,884 the biggest problem is the plastic container. 647 00:33:06,918 --> 00:33:09,620 So instead, try a shampoo bar. 648 00:33:09,654 --> 00:33:12,223 They come with or without conditioner built in. 649 00:33:12,256 --> 00:33:15,126 You just lather them up and scrub away. 650 00:33:15,159 --> 00:33:17,862 (exciting music) 651 00:33:20,298 --> 00:33:23,001 (exciting music) 652 00:33:25,103 --> 00:33:28,139 - Which countries burn the most fossil fuels? 653 00:33:29,140 --> 00:33:30,641 China tops the list, 654 00:33:30,675 --> 00:33:32,944 burning almost twice as much fossil fuel 655 00:33:32,977 --> 00:33:34,212 as the United States, 656 00:33:34,245 --> 00:33:37,815 with India, Russia, and Japan close behind. 657 00:33:37,849 --> 00:33:40,718 But when it comes to the amount burned per person, 658 00:33:40,752 --> 00:33:44,022 the United States uses twice as much as China. 659 00:33:46,424 --> 00:33:48,426 - The Industrial Revolution is considered to be 660 00:33:48,459 --> 00:33:51,095 one of the most significant events in human history 661 00:33:51,129 --> 00:33:54,432 because of the sweeping changes it made in people's lives. 662 00:33:54,465 --> 00:33:56,768 Only now, some 200 years later, 663 00:33:56,801 --> 00:33:58,603 are we beginning to fully acknowledge 664 00:33:58,636 --> 00:34:01,639 the profound impact it has had on our planet. 665 00:34:01,672 --> 00:34:03,174 (ethereal music) 666 00:34:03,207 --> 00:34:06,044 (water gurgles) 667 00:34:07,678 --> 00:34:09,747 - [Dean] It was the burning of fossil fuels 668 00:34:09,781 --> 00:34:11,849 that provided us the power to drive 669 00:34:11,883 --> 00:34:13,351 the Industrial Revolution. 670 00:34:13,384 --> 00:34:14,685 But at the same time, 671 00:34:14,719 --> 00:34:17,789 it caused us to release large amounts of carbon dioxide 672 00:34:17,822 --> 00:34:19,323 into the atmosphere. 673 00:34:19,357 --> 00:34:21,292 This caused a greenhouse effect, 674 00:34:21,325 --> 00:34:23,227 a condition where heat is trapped 675 00:34:23,261 --> 00:34:24,862 in the Earth's atmosphere. 676 00:34:24,896 --> 00:34:27,832 Plus, there are other greenhouse gases like methane, 677 00:34:27,865 --> 00:34:29,801 which have increased in recent years 678 00:34:29,834 --> 00:34:32,236 due to things like livestock production, 679 00:34:32,270 --> 00:34:34,705 especially on crowded factory farms, 680 00:34:34,739 --> 00:34:37,308 other types of agriculture, sewage treatment, 681 00:34:37,341 --> 00:34:39,777 and natural gas and oil distribution. 682 00:34:40,945 --> 00:34:42,713 What does this mean for the Earth? 683 00:34:42,747 --> 00:34:44,382 The planet is trapping 684 00:34:44,415 --> 00:34:46,851 roughly double the amount of heat in the atmosphere 685 00:34:46,884 --> 00:34:49,387 than it did 15 years ago. 686 00:34:49,420 --> 00:34:51,689 So the Earth is warming. 687 00:34:51,722 --> 00:34:53,858 Now to survive, plants and animals 688 00:34:53,891 --> 00:34:55,526 that evolved for millions of years 689 00:34:55,560 --> 00:34:57,895 to live at pre-industrial temperatures 690 00:34:57,929 --> 00:35:01,666 are forced to adapt to a warmer Earth. 691 00:35:01,699 --> 00:35:05,203 For many species, that may be impossible. 692 00:35:05,236 --> 00:35:08,739 Corals evolved 500 million years ago. 693 00:35:08,773 --> 00:35:11,742 They are vitally important to both the ocean 694 00:35:11,776 --> 00:35:13,878 and the world's human population. 695 00:35:13,911 --> 00:35:15,379 But corals around the world 696 00:35:15,413 --> 00:35:16,714 are under threat, 697 00:35:16,747 --> 00:35:19,050 and that's true in Kiribati as well. 698 00:35:19,083 --> 00:35:22,520 - For me, the biggest scare is coral bleaching 699 00:35:22,553 --> 00:35:24,689 'cause our islands, our entire subsistence, 700 00:35:24,722 --> 00:35:26,357 is off of our coral reef. 701 00:35:26,390 --> 00:35:27,792 It's where we get all of our food. 702 00:35:27,825 --> 00:35:30,862 That's what keeps the islands' ecosystems running. 703 00:35:30,895 --> 00:35:32,697 It's the coral. 704 00:35:32,730 --> 00:35:34,765 And coral's really fragile. 705 00:35:34,799 --> 00:35:36,968 And that's absolutely terrifying to me. 706 00:35:37,001 --> 00:35:39,270 If we lost our coral reef, that'll kill us. 707 00:35:39,303 --> 00:35:42,974 - [Dean] Coral is a colonial marine animal. 708 00:35:43,007 --> 00:35:46,444 The individuals are dependent on one another for survival. 709 00:35:46,477 --> 00:35:48,079 What we see as a coral structure 710 00:35:48,112 --> 00:35:50,481 is actually hundreds to thousands 711 00:35:50,515 --> 00:35:54,452 of tiny individual organisms called coral polyps 712 00:35:54,485 --> 00:35:56,320 living together in a colony. 713 00:35:56,354 --> 00:35:58,222 Each soft-bodied polyp 714 00:35:58,256 --> 00:36:01,492 secretes a hard outer skeleton of calcium carbonate 715 00:36:01,526 --> 00:36:03,294 that attaches either to a rock 716 00:36:03,327 --> 00:36:06,831 or the dead skeletons of other polyps. 717 00:36:06,864 --> 00:36:09,400 But the polyps live not only with each other, 718 00:36:09,433 --> 00:36:13,771 but also with algae that lives inside the coral's tissues. 719 00:36:13,804 --> 00:36:16,641 Like other plants, algae use photosynthesis 720 00:36:16,674 --> 00:36:18,910 to produce nutrients and pass many 721 00:36:18,943 --> 00:36:20,845 directly to the coral's cells. 722 00:36:20,878 --> 00:36:24,849 In return, the coral provides a safe home for the algae. 723 00:36:24,882 --> 00:36:27,618 So a coral formation is one of the natural world's 724 00:36:27,652 --> 00:36:30,922 perfect symbiotic relationships. 725 00:36:30,955 --> 00:36:33,658 But nature takes it even one step further. 726 00:36:33,691 --> 00:36:37,094 By itself, the coral skeleton is ghostly white. 727 00:36:37,128 --> 00:36:38,963 But the chlorophyll in the algae 728 00:36:38,996 --> 00:36:40,965 gives them a green-brown color. 729 00:36:40,998 --> 00:36:42,433 And on top of that, 730 00:36:42,466 --> 00:36:45,036 the algae produce a variety of pigments 731 00:36:45,069 --> 00:36:49,173 which finally give the coral formations their stunning hues. 732 00:36:49,207 --> 00:36:50,975 But when the algae becomes stressed, 733 00:36:51,008 --> 00:36:54,612 they stop providing enough nutrients to support the coral. 734 00:36:54,645 --> 00:36:57,682 And soon the starving coral expel the algae 735 00:36:57,715 --> 00:37:00,551 and turn back into their ghostly white, 736 00:37:00,585 --> 00:37:03,221 a condition called bleaching. 737 00:37:03,254 --> 00:37:05,556 If the situation continues long enough, 738 00:37:05,590 --> 00:37:08,192 the coral weaken and die. 739 00:37:09,093 --> 00:37:10,394 What can stress the algae 740 00:37:10,428 --> 00:37:12,964 to begin this chain of destruction? 741 00:37:12,997 --> 00:37:17,001 One thing is water temperatures that are too warm. 742 00:37:17,034 --> 00:37:19,003 And as climate change causes global temperatures 743 00:37:19,036 --> 00:37:20,538 to rise around the world, 744 00:37:20,571 --> 00:37:24,041 we are seeing coral bleaching in the ocean everywhere, 745 00:37:24,075 --> 00:37:26,544 including the largest system of coral structures 746 00:37:26,577 --> 00:37:27,411 in the world, 747 00:37:28,512 --> 00:37:30,948 Australia's Great Barrier Reef. 748 00:37:33,284 --> 00:37:37,989 This scientist is widely known as the godfather of coral, 749 00:37:38,022 --> 00:37:40,925 and he has identified more than 20% 750 00:37:40,958 --> 00:37:43,227 of all the world's coral species. 751 00:37:44,695 --> 00:37:47,365 Back in the 1990s, he started getting very worried 752 00:37:47,398 --> 00:37:50,601 as he began seeing changes in the climate. 753 00:37:50,635 --> 00:37:52,770 And back then, 30 years ago, 754 00:37:52,803 --> 00:37:56,040 he made some pretty scary predictions. 755 00:37:56,073 --> 00:37:59,010 - I predicted that by 2015, 756 00:37:59,043 --> 00:38:01,712 the carbon monoxide levels would be so high 757 00:38:01,746 --> 00:38:04,915 that it would cause bleaching practically every year. 758 00:38:06,484 --> 00:38:09,754 It's all happened and the consequences of that 759 00:38:09,787 --> 00:38:12,990 have turned out to be much worse than those predictions. 760 00:38:14,258 --> 00:38:16,560 It's exactly like me 761 00:38:16,594 --> 00:38:19,797 seeing my family slowly dying or something. 762 00:38:21,265 --> 00:38:23,000 It's very grave-like. 763 00:38:24,302 --> 00:38:28,272 - Corals are really the linchpin of the ecosystem. 764 00:38:30,975 --> 00:38:33,277 When you go out there and you say, in the ocean, 765 00:38:33,311 --> 00:38:36,113 how many species of fish live in and around coral reefs? 766 00:38:36,147 --> 00:38:38,082 The answer is about a quarter. 767 00:38:38,115 --> 00:38:39,750 - [Dean] Yes although coral reefs 768 00:38:39,784 --> 00:38:42,253 cover less than 1% of the ocean floor, 769 00:38:42,286 --> 00:38:47,058 they provide a home for 25% of the ocean's species 770 00:38:47,091 --> 00:38:48,526 that we know of today. 771 00:38:48,559 --> 00:38:51,696 And in more human terms, 60% of the fish 772 00:38:51,729 --> 00:38:53,698 the world depends on for food 773 00:38:53,731 --> 00:38:56,434 depend on healthy coral for survival. 774 00:38:56,467 --> 00:38:59,904 But the value of coral to human beings goes even further. 775 00:38:59,937 --> 00:39:02,973 As one of the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth, 776 00:39:03,007 --> 00:39:05,710 there may be millions of undiscovered species 777 00:39:05,743 --> 00:39:07,712 of organisms living there. 778 00:39:07,745 --> 00:39:10,081 Many scientists believe that these reefs 779 00:39:10,114 --> 00:39:14,618 hold the key to finding new medicines for the 21st century. 780 00:39:14,652 --> 00:39:17,088 Medical researchers are now developing new drugs 781 00:39:17,121 --> 00:39:19,156 from coral reef animals and plants 782 00:39:19,190 --> 00:39:22,993 as possible cures for arthritis, viruses, 783 00:39:23,027 --> 00:39:25,029 cancer, and other diseases. 784 00:39:26,297 --> 00:39:28,499 (waves crash) 785 00:39:28,532 --> 00:39:30,101 - The other thing that is very important 786 00:39:30,134 --> 00:39:33,270 is coral is protecting us from the waves. 787 00:39:33,304 --> 00:39:36,073 - [Dean] Coral reefs help prevent the loss of life, 788 00:39:36,107 --> 00:39:37,975 property damage, and erosion 789 00:39:38,008 --> 00:39:40,911 as they buffer shorelines against 97% 790 00:39:40,945 --> 00:39:44,315 of the energy from waves, storms, and floods. 791 00:39:44,348 --> 00:39:46,350 - If the coral is dying, then we won't 792 00:39:46,384 --> 00:39:49,553 have this protection against a storm surge, 793 00:39:49,587 --> 00:39:51,489 especially in the area where we've got cyclones 794 00:39:51,522 --> 00:39:54,892 and huge storm surge is coming up from cyclones, 795 00:39:54,925 --> 00:39:57,361 so the coral reef can protect against this. 796 00:39:57,395 --> 00:39:59,597 - [Dean] If this natural barrier was gone, 797 00:39:59,630 --> 00:40:00,865 millions of people 798 00:40:00,898 --> 00:40:04,101 who live on the ocean's shores would suffer. 799 00:40:04,135 --> 00:40:05,569 And from an economic standpoint, 800 00:40:05,603 --> 00:40:08,539 besides all the industries surrounding fishing, 801 00:40:08,572 --> 00:40:12,076 corals have great importance for another human activity 802 00:40:12,109 --> 00:40:14,912 that is extremely valuable to many countries. 803 00:40:14,945 --> 00:40:17,715 - Tourism, five to 6 billion dollars 804 00:40:17,748 --> 00:40:20,518 worth of tourist revenue coming into our country 805 00:40:20,551 --> 00:40:23,254 because we have this pristine, beautiful structure. 806 00:40:24,488 --> 00:40:27,558 - If you see something you really love dying, 807 00:40:27,591 --> 00:40:29,693 of course it has a huge impact. 808 00:40:29,727 --> 00:40:34,732 It's very hard to continue when so many people think, 809 00:40:35,566 --> 00:40:37,034 oh, there's nothing wrong. 810 00:40:37,067 --> 00:40:40,638 And that makes me angry because this is utter stupidity. 811 00:40:40,671 --> 00:40:42,807 - [Dean] But corals are not just being damaged 812 00:40:42,840 --> 00:40:44,475 by rising temperatures. 813 00:40:44,508 --> 00:40:46,644 They are also being attacked by another problem, 814 00:40:46,677 --> 00:40:50,448 a major change in the actual chemistry of the ocean. 815 00:40:50,481 --> 00:40:52,616 - Ocean acidification, 816 00:40:52,650 --> 00:40:55,719 which we talk much less about, at least in the media. 817 00:40:55,753 --> 00:40:57,421 - [Dean] It is yet another issue 818 00:40:57,455 --> 00:41:00,224 caused by the burning of fossil fuels. 819 00:41:00,257 --> 00:41:02,626 Like a sponge, the ocean soaks up 820 00:41:02,660 --> 00:41:04,628 the added carbon dioxide in the air. 821 00:41:04,662 --> 00:41:06,564 - We know that today the oceans 822 00:41:06,597 --> 00:41:10,401 pump about one half of the excess carbon 823 00:41:10,434 --> 00:41:13,137 that humans are putting into the atmosphere, 824 00:41:13,170 --> 00:41:14,472 which means that 825 00:41:14,505 --> 00:41:16,674 they're already taking out of the atmosphere 826 00:41:16,707 --> 00:41:19,477 huge amounts of carbon that would otherwise 827 00:41:19,510 --> 00:41:22,246 be heating the atmosphere even more. 828 00:41:22,279 --> 00:41:23,981 - [Dean] But as that helps the atmosphere, 829 00:41:24,014 --> 00:41:25,649 it hurts the ocean. 830 00:41:25,683 --> 00:41:29,753 This added CO2 dissolves and becomes carbonic acid. 831 00:41:29,787 --> 00:41:33,290 As a result, seawater has become more acidic. 832 00:41:33,324 --> 00:41:34,425 A lot more. 833 00:41:34,458 --> 00:41:36,760 Acidity is 30% higher 834 00:41:36,794 --> 00:41:38,596 than before the Industrial Revolution. 835 00:41:38,629 --> 00:41:40,798 This inhibits the coral's ability 836 00:41:40,831 --> 00:41:43,767 to build its calcium carbonate skeleton. 837 00:41:43,801 --> 00:41:46,604 The effect is similar to osteoporosis, 838 00:41:46,637 --> 00:41:50,007 slowing growth and making corals weaker. 839 00:41:50,040 --> 00:41:52,009 - There's huge parts of the world 840 00:41:52,042 --> 00:41:54,945 where you can swim over a coral reef, 841 00:41:54,979 --> 00:41:57,882 and you just see individual corals here and there. 842 00:41:57,915 --> 00:41:59,817 It really is decimated. 843 00:41:59,850 --> 00:42:03,621 At least 30% of all the coral of this planet is gone. 844 00:42:03,654 --> 00:42:06,824 If we continue business as usual, 845 00:42:06,857 --> 00:42:08,993 the only hope for a coral reef is that humans 846 00:42:09,026 --> 00:42:12,029 will destroy their own capacity to make carbon dioxide. 847 00:42:13,731 --> 00:42:16,800 - There is a real chance that ocean acidification, 848 00:42:16,834 --> 00:42:19,470 if it continues on the track that it is now, 849 00:42:19,503 --> 00:42:21,338 that coral-dominated reef systems 850 00:42:21,372 --> 00:42:25,242 like the Great Barrier Reef will soon disappear. 851 00:42:25,276 --> 00:42:27,845 And of course, if the reef disappears, 852 00:42:27,878 --> 00:42:30,548 then the habitat for over a million species 853 00:42:30,581 --> 00:42:32,516 will also disappear as well. 854 00:42:32,550 --> 00:42:35,886 At a global scale, losing coral reefs has implications 855 00:42:35,920 --> 00:42:38,355 for over 500 million people 856 00:42:38,389 --> 00:42:40,324 who depend on coral reefs each day 857 00:42:40,357 --> 00:42:41,759 for their food and income. 858 00:42:42,960 --> 00:42:45,563 - Coral reefs are saying, "We are in trouble." 859 00:42:45,596 --> 00:42:47,731 And when coral reefs are in trouble, 860 00:42:47,765 --> 00:42:49,300 then the oceans are in trouble. 861 00:42:50,901 --> 00:42:52,169 - [Dean] Some scientists 862 00:42:52,202 --> 00:42:54,004 predict that all the world's corals 863 00:42:54,038 --> 00:42:56,941 could be wiped out by the middle of the century. 864 00:42:56,974 --> 00:43:00,210 But corals are not the only sea life being threatened 865 00:43:00,244 --> 00:43:02,746 by ocean acidification. 866 00:43:02,780 --> 00:43:05,883 Other sea creatures and plants are also in danger. 867 00:43:05,916 --> 00:43:07,718 The acidity of the ocean 868 00:43:07,751 --> 00:43:10,287 can disrupt the delicate natural balance 869 00:43:10,321 --> 00:43:13,524 between predator and prey populations. 870 00:43:13,557 --> 00:43:17,595 In many important ways, fish rely on their sense of smell. 871 00:43:17,628 --> 00:43:21,532 One scent in particular is essential for their survival. 872 00:43:21,565 --> 00:43:23,400 - The smell of chewed up fish. 873 00:43:23,434 --> 00:43:25,135 Yeah, the smell of chewed up fish. 874 00:43:25,169 --> 00:43:27,905 - [Dean] This is the odor that fish would recognize 875 00:43:27,938 --> 00:43:30,274 if a predator was attacking their group. 876 00:43:30,307 --> 00:43:31,809 - [Scientist] This is the alarm cue. 877 00:43:31,842 --> 00:43:34,612 So if their sense of smell is working properly, 878 00:43:34,645 --> 00:43:37,414 then this is the smell that they should identify 879 00:43:37,448 --> 00:43:38,782 and want to run away from. 880 00:43:38,816 --> 00:43:40,884 - [Dean] But in water of a higher acidity, 881 00:43:40,918 --> 00:43:44,088 the fish's ability to detect odors is disrupted. 882 00:43:44,121 --> 00:43:45,322 - And it's important because 883 00:43:45,356 --> 00:43:47,791 once they lose their sense of smell, 884 00:43:47,825 --> 00:43:50,060 they have inability to detect and respond 885 00:43:50,094 --> 00:43:52,229 or avoid predators, 886 00:43:52,262 --> 00:43:55,766 pick up chemical cues associated with finding food, 887 00:43:55,799 --> 00:44:00,104 or in the case of salmon, honing to their native streams. 888 00:44:00,137 --> 00:44:02,306 - [Dean] But fish are not the only sea life affected 889 00:44:02,339 --> 00:44:04,408 by ocean acidification. 890 00:44:04,441 --> 00:44:07,945 It especially impacts any animals with a shell. 891 00:44:07,978 --> 00:44:09,980 - The ocean is so acidic 892 00:44:10,014 --> 00:44:13,484 that it is dissolving the shell of our baby oysters. 893 00:44:13,517 --> 00:44:18,155 Our farm is what has kept this family together. 894 00:44:18,188 --> 00:44:20,824 It's our glue and it would be devastating 895 00:44:20,858 --> 00:44:25,429 to lose that, such a big part of our history. 896 00:44:25,462 --> 00:44:27,798 What we're experiencing here in the Puget Sound 897 00:44:27,831 --> 00:44:30,534 is what other people will be experiencing 898 00:44:30,567 --> 00:44:31,969 not too long in the future. 899 00:44:34,638 --> 00:44:35,773 - [Dean] While the damage caused 900 00:44:35,806 --> 00:44:37,174 by the acidification of the ocean 901 00:44:37,207 --> 00:44:40,611 may be most evident in coral and shellfish, 902 00:44:40,644 --> 00:44:42,012 there is a less visible, 903 00:44:42,046 --> 00:44:45,716 but perhaps even more destructive problem. 904 00:44:45,749 --> 00:44:48,385 - There are also alarming signs of plankton, 905 00:44:48,419 --> 00:44:51,722 that is responsible for 50% of the oxygen we breathe. 906 00:44:51,755 --> 00:44:54,858 And for the vast food chains in our polar oceans, 907 00:44:54,892 --> 00:44:56,393 are beginning to struggle 908 00:44:56,427 --> 00:44:58,562 to make their delicate calcium carbonate skeletons. 909 00:44:58,595 --> 00:45:00,898 - Our study has found that phytoplankton levels 910 00:45:00,931 --> 00:45:05,002 have diminished by up to 40% over the last 50 years, 911 00:45:05,035 --> 00:45:06,370 so since 1950. 912 00:45:06,403 --> 00:45:07,705 Phytoplankton is important 913 00:45:07,738 --> 00:45:09,339 because it's the base of everything in the ocean 914 00:45:09,373 --> 00:45:12,076 and the ocean is the base for everything on the planet. 915 00:45:12,109 --> 00:45:15,379 - If we start losing the plankton of the southern oceans, 916 00:45:15,412 --> 00:45:18,182 we start losing the capacity of the southern oceans 917 00:45:18,215 --> 00:45:20,884 to support just about all their marine life. 918 00:45:20,918 --> 00:45:23,654 - It can completely change ocean ecosystems, 919 00:45:23,687 --> 00:45:26,490 starting with the ocean microorganisms 920 00:45:26,523 --> 00:45:29,359 in the ocean surface waters, 921 00:45:29,393 --> 00:45:31,161 which are those that are actually 922 00:45:31,195 --> 00:45:33,197 pumping carbon from the atmosphere 923 00:45:33,230 --> 00:45:35,766 into the oceans through photosynthesis. 924 00:45:35,799 --> 00:45:40,370 If the oceans were to go beyond a certain level of acidity, 925 00:45:40,404 --> 00:45:41,939 well paradoxically, 926 00:45:41,972 --> 00:45:43,941 they could actually destroy some of these organisms 927 00:45:43,974 --> 00:45:47,244 that are actually helping us to keep carbon levels 928 00:45:47,277 --> 00:45:50,781 in the atmosphere lower than they would otherwise be. 929 00:45:52,816 --> 00:45:54,885 - The only thing we can do, 930 00:45:54,918 --> 00:45:57,855 which will control ocean acidification, 931 00:45:57,888 --> 00:46:00,557 is to stop burning fossil. 932 00:46:02,092 --> 00:46:04,995 (exciting music) 933 00:46:07,498 --> 00:46:10,167 (exciting music) 934 00:46:12,603 --> 00:46:14,471 - Besides plastics, 935 00:46:14,505 --> 00:46:17,141 what else is polluting the ocean? 936 00:46:17,174 --> 00:46:19,910 Some other major sources of pollution are: 937 00:46:19,943 --> 00:46:23,080 toxic metals, like mercury from mining, 938 00:46:23,113 --> 00:46:25,883 fertilizers and herbicides in farm runoff, 939 00:46:25,916 --> 00:46:27,818 and oil. 940 00:46:30,821 --> 00:46:32,089 - Oil spills 941 00:46:32,122 --> 00:46:34,424 are one of the most visible threats to the ocean. 942 00:46:34,458 --> 00:46:36,326 Who has not seen the gut-wrenching pictures 943 00:46:36,360 --> 00:46:37,661 of helpless seabirds 944 00:46:37,694 --> 00:46:39,863 stuck in the deadly mess of spilled oil? 945 00:46:40,697 --> 00:46:42,332 However, below the surface, 946 00:46:42,366 --> 00:46:45,502 there is even more destruction going on. 947 00:46:45,536 --> 00:46:46,436 - [Dean] A spill that happens 948 00:46:46,470 --> 00:46:48,238 in a matter of hours or days 949 00:46:48,272 --> 00:46:51,975 can devastate the fragile ocean ecosystem for years. 950 00:46:52,009 --> 00:46:53,911 According to the US Department of Energy, 951 00:46:53,944 --> 00:46:56,446 1.3 million gallons of oil 952 00:46:56,480 --> 00:46:58,949 are spilled into US waters alone 953 00:46:58,982 --> 00:47:01,985 from vessels, pipelines, and drilling rigs 954 00:47:02,019 --> 00:47:03,754 in a typical year. 955 00:47:03,787 --> 00:47:06,223 (rig explodes) 956 00:47:09,126 --> 00:47:10,994 - On April 20th, 2010, 957 00:47:11,028 --> 00:47:13,430 41 miles off the Louisiana coast, 958 00:47:13,463 --> 00:47:15,632 the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig 959 00:47:15,666 --> 00:47:18,001 exploded in the Gulf of Mexico. 960 00:47:18,969 --> 00:47:20,370 There were months of cleanup efforts, 961 00:47:20,404 --> 00:47:22,840 but still, it turned into one of the largest 962 00:47:22,873 --> 00:47:26,276 environmental catastrophes in US history. 963 00:47:26,310 --> 00:47:29,012 To keep the oil from moving to fragile coastlines, 964 00:47:29,046 --> 00:47:31,048 air crews sprayed the oil slick 965 00:47:31,081 --> 00:47:35,052 with over 1 million gallons of dispersants. 966 00:47:35,085 --> 00:47:36,653 Unfortunately, dispersants 967 00:47:36,687 --> 00:47:39,223 do not remove the oil from the water. 968 00:47:39,256 --> 00:47:41,358 They just break the huge oil slicks down 969 00:47:41,391 --> 00:47:43,460 into small droplets. 970 00:47:43,493 --> 00:47:45,062 Floating plankton and algae 971 00:47:45,095 --> 00:47:47,164 were so stressed by the dispersants 972 00:47:47,197 --> 00:47:51,034 that they released streams of sticky mucus into the water. 973 00:47:51,068 --> 00:47:54,171 This sticky mixture of the oil, dispersants, 974 00:47:54,204 --> 00:47:56,006 dead plankton, and other particles 975 00:47:56,039 --> 00:47:59,376 sunk from the surface all the way to the bottom, 976 00:47:59,409 --> 00:48:01,011 covering the ocean floor 977 00:48:01,044 --> 00:48:04,581 in what has become known as a dirty blizzard. 978 00:48:04,615 --> 00:48:08,318 Organisms that couldn't escape its path suffocated. 979 00:48:08,352 --> 00:48:11,154 When researchers returned to the site 10 years later, 980 00:48:11,188 --> 00:48:13,991 they were shocked by the devastation that still remained. 981 00:48:14,024 --> 00:48:17,160 - The oil and the dispersants are a toxic mixture, right? 982 00:48:17,194 --> 00:48:21,265 And so by having all that oil deposited on the sea bottom, 983 00:48:21,298 --> 00:48:23,233 it's going to interact with all the creatures 984 00:48:23,267 --> 00:48:25,435 that live at the surface of the sediment 985 00:48:25,469 --> 00:48:28,038 and also the creatures that live in the sediment. 986 00:48:28,071 --> 00:48:30,874 And so that created a lot of mortality. 987 00:48:32,075 --> 00:48:33,577 - [Dean] Clearly we need a better way 988 00:48:33,610 --> 00:48:36,947 to respond to the inevitable spills that will occur 989 00:48:36,980 --> 00:48:40,183 as long as oil is a part of our global economy. 990 00:48:40,217 --> 00:48:42,052 One company has a creative idea, 991 00:48:42,085 --> 00:48:44,187 using not only their brains, 992 00:48:44,221 --> 00:48:46,423 but something else from their bodies as well. 993 00:48:47,758 --> 00:48:49,960 - So Clean Wave is our program. 994 00:48:49,993 --> 00:48:51,728 We've been doing it for over 20 years 995 00:48:51,762 --> 00:48:55,232 and it's where you take hair from hair salons, 996 00:48:55,265 --> 00:48:58,468 hair clippings, fur clippings from pet groomers, 997 00:48:58,502 --> 00:49:02,072 waste fleece and fiber from alpaca farms 998 00:49:02,105 --> 00:49:05,242 and sheep farms and buffalo herds and everything. 999 00:49:05,275 --> 00:49:07,244 And you can take all of this fiber, 1000 00:49:07,277 --> 00:49:09,279 which would normally go to a landfill, 1001 00:49:09,313 --> 00:49:12,983 and we felt it into mats that soak up oil spills. 1002 00:49:13,016 --> 00:49:15,085 And we do that because hair collects oil. 1003 00:49:15,118 --> 00:49:17,120 - [Dean] A pound of hair can soak up 1004 00:49:17,154 --> 00:49:19,856 around five times its weight in oil. 1005 00:49:21,191 --> 00:49:24,094 The finished product could be mistaken for a doormat. 1006 00:49:24,127 --> 00:49:27,731 Hair is acquired from salons in over 30 countries. 1007 00:49:27,764 --> 00:49:30,968 - And so it's one way to use a renewable resource 1008 00:49:31,001 --> 00:49:34,237 to suck up oil spills and everybody who gets a haircut 1009 00:49:34,271 --> 00:49:36,239 can participate in this. 1010 00:49:36,273 --> 00:49:37,474 And it's free 1011 00:49:37,507 --> 00:49:39,276 and just you mail in the hair. 1012 00:49:39,309 --> 00:49:40,477 So it's the cost of a postage stamp or whatever, 1013 00:49:40,510 --> 00:49:41,845 and it helps us. 1014 00:49:41,878 --> 00:49:45,415 And so that's a way everybody can help. 1015 00:49:45,449 --> 00:49:48,151 - [Dean] Oil spills are just one of the great costs 1016 00:49:48,185 --> 00:49:51,288 of our dependence on fossil fuels for energy. 1017 00:49:51,321 --> 00:49:54,157 To support our growing world population, 1018 00:49:54,191 --> 00:49:57,828 other things we need come with their own costs to the ocean. 1019 00:49:57,861 --> 00:50:00,430 One is probably something that may surprise you. 1020 00:50:00,464 --> 00:50:03,467 It's the second-most consumed natural resource 1021 00:50:03,500 --> 00:50:04,368 on the planet. 1022 00:50:04,401 --> 00:50:06,670 Only water is used more. 1023 00:50:06,703 --> 00:50:08,005 It's sand. 1024 00:50:08,038 --> 00:50:10,140 - We are using a huge amount of sand. 1025 00:50:10,173 --> 00:50:13,443 In fact, our entire development is based on sand. 1026 00:50:13,477 --> 00:50:15,312 - [Dean] Yes, sand. 1027 00:50:15,345 --> 00:50:18,682 - We are using 50 billion tons of sand per year. 1028 00:50:18,715 --> 00:50:21,284 And that's just to give a rough idea. 1029 00:50:21,318 --> 00:50:24,054 This is the equivalent of the wall of 27 meter high, 1030 00:50:24,087 --> 00:50:27,157 27 meter wide, or around planet Earth every year. 1031 00:50:27,190 --> 00:50:28,859 That's the amount of sand we are using. 1032 00:50:28,892 --> 00:50:30,627 We need sand for construction, 1033 00:50:30,660 --> 00:50:32,396 we need sand for land reclamation, 1034 00:50:32,429 --> 00:50:33,964 we need sand for windows. 1035 00:50:33,997 --> 00:50:35,332 Glass is made of sand. 1036 00:50:35,365 --> 00:50:38,835 Even computer screen and chips are made of sand. 1037 00:50:38,869 --> 00:50:40,203 - [Dean] Now, it would seem 1038 00:50:40,237 --> 00:50:42,339 with vast deserts around the world filled with it, 1039 00:50:42,372 --> 00:50:44,741 there would be no shortage of sand. 1040 00:50:44,775 --> 00:50:48,345 The problem is that desert sand caused by wind erosion 1041 00:50:48,378 --> 00:50:50,647 is almost useless to us. 1042 00:50:50,680 --> 00:50:53,417 It's too smooth for what most sand is used for, 1043 00:50:53,450 --> 00:50:55,018 concrete production. 1044 00:50:55,052 --> 00:50:57,921 That requires sand grains eroded by water 1045 00:50:57,954 --> 00:51:00,390 with sharper edges that can lock together 1046 00:51:00,424 --> 00:51:02,359 to form stable concrete. 1047 00:51:02,392 --> 00:51:05,362 This sand is found in riverbeds and beaches. 1048 00:51:05,395 --> 00:51:07,531 But those resources have been tapped to the point 1049 00:51:07,564 --> 00:51:11,168 where fierce competition has pushed even criminal gangs 1050 00:51:11,201 --> 00:51:13,236 to traffic in sand. 1051 00:51:13,270 --> 00:51:15,172 Now some companies are looking 1052 00:51:15,205 --> 00:51:18,075 to a new area for sand extraction. 1053 00:51:18,108 --> 00:51:21,211 - One big thing that is happening now is dredging sand. 1054 00:51:21,244 --> 00:51:23,847 Imagine a giant vacuum cleaner 1055 00:51:23,880 --> 00:51:25,248 that goes at the bottom of the sea 1056 00:51:25,282 --> 00:51:26,883 and suck all the sand 1057 00:51:26,917 --> 00:51:29,186 and then all the microorganisms that live there 1058 00:51:29,219 --> 00:51:30,754 get basically destroyed. 1059 00:51:30,787 --> 00:51:33,223 And it change the turbidity of the water. 1060 00:51:33,256 --> 00:51:36,560 That has an impact on biodiversity and on fisheries. 1061 00:51:36,593 --> 00:51:37,928 - [Dean] What is the solution 1062 00:51:37,961 --> 00:51:40,430 to our growing sand problem? 1063 00:51:40,464 --> 00:51:42,199 A number of scientists are working on ways 1064 00:51:42,232 --> 00:51:45,569 to replace sand in concrete with other materials, 1065 00:51:45,602 --> 00:51:49,172 including shredded plastic, crushed palm shells, 1066 00:51:49,206 --> 00:51:50,373 and rice husks. 1067 00:51:50,407 --> 00:51:54,111 Others are trying to recycle old concrete. 1068 00:51:54,144 --> 00:51:56,880 Sand highlights the fact that almost anything we do 1069 00:51:56,913 --> 00:51:59,116 comes with a cost to the environment 1070 00:51:59,149 --> 00:52:01,384 that we need to recognize and account for. 1071 00:52:01,418 --> 00:52:04,588 Even as we address the issue of fossil fuel dependence 1072 00:52:04,621 --> 00:52:08,225 and carbon emissions by moving to electric vehicles, 1073 00:52:08,258 --> 00:52:10,193 it comes with costs to the planet 1074 00:52:10,227 --> 00:52:12,262 we must carefully consider. 1075 00:52:12,295 --> 00:52:16,099 - We need a lot more of cobalt as well as lithium 1076 00:52:16,133 --> 00:52:20,103 and other metals to make batteries for electric vehicles. 1077 00:52:20,137 --> 00:52:21,972 - [Dean] To supply the growing demand, 1078 00:52:22,005 --> 00:52:24,641 mining companies are moving to new technology 1079 00:52:24,674 --> 00:52:28,245 that is of special concern to ocean scientists. 1080 00:52:28,278 --> 00:52:30,714 - These mining companies are gearing up 1081 00:52:30,747 --> 00:52:33,783 to put huge machines on the seabed floor 1082 00:52:33,817 --> 00:52:35,585 and rip up the seabed floor. 1083 00:52:35,619 --> 00:52:37,988 - When we look at the deep sea mining, 1084 00:52:38,021 --> 00:52:40,590 the problem is we have to be extremely careful 1085 00:52:40,624 --> 00:52:43,660 when we are taking material from this environment. 1086 00:52:43,693 --> 00:52:45,662 - The stakes are so high. 1087 00:52:45,695 --> 00:52:47,164 When you've ruined the ocean, 1088 00:52:47,197 --> 00:52:49,566 you've ruined life on earth effectively. 1089 00:52:49,599 --> 00:52:51,134 We've already pushed the ocean 1090 00:52:51,168 --> 00:52:53,670 to the absolute brink through over-exploitation. 1091 00:52:53,703 --> 00:52:55,172 We're now gonna feed in 1092 00:52:55,205 --> 00:52:58,008 an industrial activity under the water 1093 00:52:58,041 --> 00:53:01,411 and it may just be the thing that pushes the ocean over. 1094 00:53:01,444 --> 00:53:04,014 It may be that straw that breaks the camel's back. 1095 00:53:04,047 --> 00:53:07,117 - So there's gonna be a ship at the sea surface. 1096 00:53:07,150 --> 00:53:11,121 That ship is going to lower a machine down onto the seabed. 1097 00:53:11,154 --> 00:53:13,190 These are huge machines 1098 00:53:13,223 --> 00:53:14,591 with traction wheels 1099 00:53:14,624 --> 00:53:16,193 that are going to move along the seabed. 1100 00:53:16,226 --> 00:53:18,495 - Basically sterilizing the bottom of the sea 1101 00:53:18,528 --> 00:53:20,263 and it's creating a plume. 1102 00:53:20,297 --> 00:53:22,265 - So there'll be a continuous, 1103 00:53:22,299 --> 00:53:25,702 non-stop plume of sediment particles 1104 00:53:25,735 --> 00:53:27,170 being released for up to, say, 1105 00:53:27,204 --> 00:53:30,140 30 years per mining operation. 1106 00:53:30,173 --> 00:53:32,509 These little particles are really destructive 1107 00:53:32,542 --> 00:53:34,277 to a lot of marine species. 1108 00:53:34,311 --> 00:53:35,979 They get into their gills, 1109 00:53:36,012 --> 00:53:38,515 get into basically what is their way of breathing. 1110 00:53:38,548 --> 00:53:43,119 These plumes get suspended into the water column 1111 00:53:43,153 --> 00:53:45,021 and there are currents in the water column 1112 00:53:45,055 --> 00:53:46,856 which will take these plumes, 1113 00:53:46,890 --> 00:53:49,459 they're thinking up to a hundred kilometers out. 1114 00:53:49,492 --> 00:53:50,961 - [Dean] Deep sea mining companies 1115 00:53:50,994 --> 00:53:53,964 have often proclaimed themselves to be eco-warriors 1116 00:53:53,997 --> 00:53:56,166 because the materials they plan to mine 1117 00:53:56,199 --> 00:53:58,668 can be used in electric vehicle batteries. 1118 00:53:58,702 --> 00:54:00,203 But this type of mining 1119 00:54:00,237 --> 00:54:03,373 could actually be catastrophic for the climate. 1120 00:54:03,406 --> 00:54:07,377 The largest active carbon sink on Earth is the deep sea. 1121 00:54:07,410 --> 00:54:10,413 Carbon will be released back into the environment 1122 00:54:10,447 --> 00:54:13,850 if the sediment on the ocean floor is stirred up. 1123 00:54:13,883 --> 00:54:16,519 The deep ocean's ability to sequester carbon 1124 00:54:16,553 --> 00:54:18,255 could be severely damaged 1125 00:54:18,288 --> 00:54:22,158 and cause seawater to become even more acidic. 1126 00:54:22,192 --> 00:54:24,194 Yes, we need electric vehicles, 1127 00:54:24,227 --> 00:54:26,396 but to build them we must avoid using 1128 00:54:26,429 --> 00:54:29,733 what might be the easiest or most profitable technology 1129 00:54:29,766 --> 00:54:32,902 in favor of what's best for the planet. 1130 00:54:32,936 --> 00:54:35,939 Unfortunately, a closer look at the land-based sources 1131 00:54:35,972 --> 00:54:40,277 for one metal needed for clean vehicle batteries, cobalt, 1132 00:54:40,310 --> 00:54:42,212 exposes a dirty secret. 1133 00:54:42,245 --> 00:54:45,181 Most of it comes from the Democratic Republic of the 1134 00:54:45,215 --> 00:54:47,384 Congo, where mines have been linked 1135 00:54:47,417 --> 00:54:49,853 to a long list of environmental damage, 1136 00:54:49,886 --> 00:54:52,422 safety issues, and human rights abuses 1137 00:54:52,455 --> 00:54:56,559 involving child laborers as young as six years old. 1138 00:54:56,593 --> 00:54:58,461 The good news is that some companies 1139 00:54:58,495 --> 00:55:01,698 have vowed to stop using cobalt-based batteries, 1140 00:55:01,731 --> 00:55:03,133 sending manufacturers 1141 00:55:03,166 --> 00:55:06,236 racing to develop cleaner alternatives. 1142 00:55:06,269 --> 00:55:10,707 Batteries using manganese, iron, and boron hold promise. 1143 00:55:10,740 --> 00:55:13,376 But most recently, in September 2022, 1144 00:55:13,410 --> 00:55:17,414 an even more sustainable and biodegradable battery component 1145 00:55:17,447 --> 00:55:18,615 was unveiled. 1146 00:55:18,648 --> 00:55:23,219 And it comes from a surprising source, shellfish. 1147 00:55:23,253 --> 00:55:26,089 Yes, as outlined in the journal Matter, 1148 00:55:26,122 --> 00:55:29,492 a University of Maryland scientist created a battery 1149 00:55:29,526 --> 00:55:33,330 using chitosan, a derivative of chiton, 1150 00:55:33,363 --> 00:55:34,731 as the electrolyte. 1151 00:55:34,764 --> 00:55:37,334 The most abundant source of chiton? 1152 00:55:37,367 --> 00:55:39,569 The exoskeletons of crustaceans, 1153 00:55:39,602 --> 00:55:42,739 including crabs, shrimps, and lobsters, 1154 00:55:42,772 --> 00:55:45,842 which can easily be obtained from seafood waste. 1155 00:55:45,875 --> 00:55:49,446 Yes, once again, a solution for a human problem 1156 00:55:49,479 --> 00:55:51,815 comes from the ocean. 1157 00:55:51,848 --> 00:55:53,416 Undoubtedly, the future holds 1158 00:55:53,450 --> 00:55:55,985 even better and cleaner battery advancements. 1159 00:55:56,019 --> 00:55:57,354 But right now, 1160 00:55:57,387 --> 00:56:01,091 many ocean scientists say we need to stop deep sea mining 1161 00:56:01,124 --> 00:56:03,326 in its tracks before it's too late. 1162 00:56:03,360 --> 00:56:06,529 - If there was ever a future problem that we can stop now, 1163 00:56:06,563 --> 00:56:07,764 it's this. 1164 00:56:07,797 --> 00:56:09,432 We don't need to deep-sea mine. 1165 00:56:09,466 --> 00:56:10,834 We shouldn't be doing it. 1166 00:56:10,867 --> 00:56:13,336 Let's stop it before it happens. 1167 00:56:13,370 --> 00:56:17,374 That would be, that would be a genuine win for humanity. 1168 00:56:17,407 --> 00:56:20,910 It would be a win on a par with saving the Amazon. 1169 00:56:22,712 --> 00:56:26,049 (instrumental fanfare) 1170 00:56:28,485 --> 00:56:31,688 (instrumental fanfare) 1171 00:56:31,721 --> 00:56:33,490 - How many people in the world depend on fish 1172 00:56:33,523 --> 00:56:35,291 as a food source? 1173 00:56:35,325 --> 00:56:38,695 For 2.6 billion people, a major part 1174 00:56:38,728 --> 00:56:40,997 of the protein in their diet comes from fish. 1175 00:56:43,366 --> 00:56:45,668 - Today, overfishing and illegal fishing 1176 00:56:45,702 --> 00:56:48,238 are threatening the world's food supply. 1177 00:56:48,271 --> 00:56:50,173 By disrupting the delicate balance 1178 00:56:50,206 --> 00:56:51,708 of its fragile ecosystems, 1179 00:56:51,741 --> 00:56:53,843 they also threaten the ocean itself. 1180 00:56:53,877 --> 00:56:56,346 - [Narrator] Since the beginning of our time on the planet, 1181 00:56:56,379 --> 00:56:59,416 fish have been a major food source for humans. 1182 00:56:59,449 --> 00:57:02,252 But now with our exploding global population 1183 00:57:02,285 --> 00:57:04,521 approaching eight billion people, we are 1184 00:57:04,554 --> 00:57:07,223 in danger of depleting that important resource 1185 00:57:07,257 --> 00:57:09,526 beyond the point of recovery. 1186 00:57:09,559 --> 00:57:12,395 - So, over-fishing is when you are taking more fishes 1187 00:57:12,429 --> 00:57:13,897 than they can reproduce themselves. 1188 00:57:13,930 --> 00:57:16,533 Once your population start to decrease, 1189 00:57:16,566 --> 00:57:19,235 the entire supply of fish is going to go down. 1190 00:57:19,269 --> 00:57:21,337 So at one stage, if the entire fishes collapse, 1191 00:57:21,371 --> 00:57:24,541 and we saw that happening in several places already, 1192 00:57:24,574 --> 00:57:25,575 you have no more fishes. 1193 00:57:25,608 --> 00:57:27,076 - [Narrator] All across the earth, 1194 00:57:27,110 --> 00:57:30,180 fish populations are threatened by not only overfishing 1195 00:57:30,213 --> 00:57:33,550 but also what's called IUU fishing, 1196 00:57:33,583 --> 00:57:36,753 illegal, unreported and unregulated. 1197 00:57:36,786 --> 00:57:39,589 Of the world's 17 main fisheries, 1198 00:57:39,622 --> 00:57:42,292 13 are facing serious decline. 1199 00:57:42,325 --> 00:57:45,862 The Mediterranean, the North Sea, the Grand Banks, 1200 00:57:45,895 --> 00:57:48,731 the Baltic, the ocean around Australia, 1201 00:57:48,765 --> 00:57:52,602 the Gulf of Thailand, and the waters of Southeast Asia 1202 00:57:52,635 --> 00:57:54,537 are all in a critical state. 1203 00:57:54,571 --> 00:57:56,773 If fishing is not effectively regulated, 1204 00:57:56,806 --> 00:57:59,409 scientists warn that many fish populations 1205 00:57:59,442 --> 00:58:01,778 may never recover. 1206 00:58:01,811 --> 00:58:05,615 Seychelles is well known as a place to enjoy the sun, 1207 00:58:05,648 --> 00:58:09,319 crystal clear turquoise waters, and beautiful beaches, 1208 00:58:09,352 --> 00:58:11,321 but there's something else going on here. 1209 00:58:11,354 --> 00:58:14,123 It's a battle between David and Goliath. 1210 00:58:16,359 --> 00:58:18,428 These huge industrial fishing vessels 1211 00:58:18,461 --> 00:58:23,166 can hold 280 tons of tuna at one time. 1212 00:58:23,199 --> 00:58:24,501 - We used to go fishing for a day 1213 00:58:24,534 --> 00:58:27,770 and we'd catch enough fish to sell at the market. 1214 00:58:27,804 --> 00:58:31,741 But nowadays, we're lucky if we can bring in one or two. 1215 00:58:31,774 --> 00:58:33,109 How can I call myself a fisherman 1216 00:58:33,142 --> 00:58:34,377 if there's no fish to catch? 1217 00:58:35,879 --> 00:58:39,616 You know, it's clear that the stock is depleting 1218 00:58:39,649 --> 00:58:42,485 and it's mainly because of these vessels, 1219 00:58:42,519 --> 00:58:47,023 these industrial vessels that you see around me. 1220 00:58:47,056 --> 00:58:49,092 - [Narrator] They are constantly unloading 1221 00:58:49,125 --> 00:58:53,696 and can haul in 2,000 tons of the fish in a year. 1222 00:58:53,730 --> 00:58:56,833 From here, the tuna goes to Seychelles' cannery. 1223 00:58:56,866 --> 00:58:58,868 It's one of the biggest in the world, 1224 00:58:58,902 --> 00:59:02,872 producing 1.5 million cans of tuna per day. 1225 00:59:04,040 --> 00:59:06,109 The global demand for tuna has now risen 1226 00:59:06,142 --> 00:59:08,945 to over $40 billion per year. 1227 00:59:08,978 --> 00:59:11,014 Most of the tuna caught around the world 1228 00:59:11,047 --> 00:59:13,383 is eaten far away from its source, 1229 00:59:13,416 --> 00:59:17,086 with the European Union, the USA and Japan 1230 00:59:17,120 --> 00:59:18,888 the biggest importers. 1231 00:59:18,922 --> 00:59:21,758 Thousands of miles away from Seychelles 1232 00:59:21,791 --> 00:59:23,793 is General Santos City, 1233 00:59:23,826 --> 00:59:27,130 known as the tuna capital of the Philippines. 1234 00:59:27,163 --> 00:59:30,233 Here, local fishermen are also seeing a decline 1235 00:59:30,266 --> 00:59:32,035 in tuna catches. 1236 00:59:32,068 --> 00:59:34,103 The fish are getting harder to catch 1237 00:59:34,137 --> 00:59:36,439 and everyone here is affected by it. 1238 00:59:36,472 --> 00:59:37,807 - There's a nice fish. 1239 00:59:37,840 --> 00:59:40,910 This will be good enough to ship directly 1240 00:59:40,944 --> 00:59:43,146 to the United States today. 1241 00:59:43,179 --> 00:59:44,547 - [Narrator] In less than 48 hours, 1242 00:59:44,581 --> 00:59:47,717 this tuna will be in a fashionable sushi restaurant 1243 00:59:47,750 --> 00:59:49,152 in the USA. 1244 00:59:49,185 --> 00:59:51,120 John has noticed a concerning trend. 1245 00:59:51,154 --> 00:59:53,756 It is apparent that the fish just can't 1246 00:59:53,790 --> 00:59:56,893 reproduce fast enough to keep up with the demand. 1247 00:59:56,926 --> 00:59:58,962 Scientists say that in our lifetime, 1248 00:59:58,995 --> 01:00:02,165 some tuna populations are in danger of extinction. 1249 01:00:02,198 --> 01:00:05,168 John puts the problem in perspective, simply. 1250 01:00:05,201 --> 01:00:08,504 - Too many people, too many boats catching the fish. 1251 01:00:08,538 --> 01:00:11,341 - [Narrator] General Santos City is located 1252 01:00:11,374 --> 01:00:13,109 in a part of the world where the ocean 1253 01:00:13,142 --> 01:00:15,979 is especially rich in marine life. 1254 01:00:16,012 --> 01:00:19,015 It lies in what is known as the Coral Triangle, 1255 01:00:19,048 --> 01:00:21,918 located between the Pacific and Indian Oceans 1256 01:00:21,951 --> 01:00:25,822 and spanning a 2.3 million square mile area 1257 01:00:25,855 --> 01:00:28,458 from Indonesia to the Solomon Islands. 1258 01:00:28,491 --> 01:00:31,294 This is the most diverse marine region on earth, 1259 01:00:31,327 --> 01:00:34,998 home to 75% of the world's coral species 1260 01:00:35,031 --> 01:00:37,800 and some 3,000 species of fish. 1261 01:00:37,834 --> 01:00:41,204 Across the Coral Triangle, fish populations are under threat 1262 01:00:41,237 --> 01:00:43,473 and not just because of their value 1263 01:00:43,506 --> 01:00:46,109 when packed in ice and shipped. 1264 01:00:46,142 --> 01:00:48,211 Fish bring a price many times higher 1265 01:00:48,244 --> 01:00:50,713 per pound when they're sold live. 1266 01:00:50,747 --> 01:00:54,117 This started 40 years ago as a new demand emerged 1267 01:00:54,150 --> 01:00:57,854 providing live reef fish to restaurants in Singapore, 1268 01:00:57,887 --> 01:01:01,391 Hong Kong and more recently, mainland China. 1269 01:01:01,424 --> 01:01:04,727 Driven by the high prices and unending demand, 1270 01:01:04,761 --> 01:01:08,164 poor fishermen have not abided by any laws or quotas. 1271 01:01:08,197 --> 01:01:13,169 Their tool of choice: usually, cyanide. 1272 01:01:13,202 --> 01:01:16,039 It can take all day to catch a fish or two 1273 01:01:16,072 --> 01:01:19,075 with a hook and line, but by crushing a cyanide tablet 1274 01:01:19,108 --> 01:01:21,644 in a squeeze bottle and squirting it at the fish, 1275 01:01:21,678 --> 01:01:26,082 you can capture dozens of the stunned but still live fish 1276 01:01:26,115 --> 01:01:27,383 in a few hours. 1277 01:01:27,417 --> 01:01:30,086 - Normally, if you export fish from Indonesia, 1278 01:01:30,119 --> 01:01:31,888 you should report how much you take out, 1279 01:01:31,921 --> 01:01:35,858 where you're taking it to, and also where it's come from. 1280 01:01:35,892 --> 01:01:37,326 So there's these Hong Kong boats, 1281 01:01:37,360 --> 01:01:40,997 they come here every month and they come into this place, 1282 01:01:41,030 --> 01:01:43,166 take all the fish and leave from here. 1283 01:01:43,199 --> 01:01:44,500 And that's illegal. 1284 01:01:45,902 --> 01:01:48,671 So if you look at this fish, 1285 01:01:48,705 --> 01:01:50,606 you actually see a lot of the evidence 1286 01:01:50,640 --> 01:01:53,042 that this was caught with cyanide. 1287 01:01:53,076 --> 01:01:55,011 Start with the eye. 1288 01:01:55,044 --> 01:01:57,213 It's completely damaged. 1289 01:01:57,246 --> 01:01:58,681 It is, this is a milky eye. 1290 01:01:58,715 --> 01:02:01,017 You can't see anything with that anymore. 1291 01:02:01,050 --> 01:02:03,186 And then if you look real carefully, 1292 01:02:03,219 --> 01:02:07,790 you see that the skin is sort of scarred like it was burned. 1293 01:02:07,824 --> 01:02:11,260 For every fish that makes it to Hong Kong, 1294 01:02:11,294 --> 01:02:15,198 there's a lot of dead fish and reefs. 1295 01:02:15,231 --> 01:02:17,734 You know, corals are are dead from the cyanides 1296 01:02:17,767 --> 01:02:19,135 that stay behind. 1297 01:02:19,168 --> 01:02:23,539 So the impact of this industry is actually really large. 1298 01:02:23,573 --> 01:02:25,208 - [Narrator] The live fish market has grown 1299 01:02:25,241 --> 01:02:27,143 to billions of dollars worldwide. 1300 01:02:27,176 --> 01:02:29,278 Although Asian restaurants demand most 1301 01:02:29,312 --> 01:02:32,415 of the edible live fish, the largest percent 1302 01:02:32,448 --> 01:02:37,420 of ornamental fish go to U.S. aquariums. 1303 01:02:37,453 --> 01:02:39,555 In a warehouse, Lida is shocked 1304 01:02:39,589 --> 01:02:40,456 by the magnitude of the trade. 1305 01:02:40,490 --> 01:02:42,325 - Wow, that's a lot of fish. 1306 01:02:42,358 --> 01:02:43,593 I hadn't seen that before. 1307 01:02:44,994 --> 01:02:47,230 So, many of these bags have just one fish 1308 01:02:47,263 --> 01:02:51,601 but some of the bigger bags have at least 10. 1309 01:02:51,634 --> 01:02:52,935 You can see them from here. 1310 01:02:52,969 --> 01:02:56,005 I see so many fish that are going out here tomorrow. 1311 01:02:56,038 --> 01:02:58,975 Probably many more from the companies next door. 1312 01:02:59,008 --> 01:03:00,610 Sure looks like a lot of fish. 1313 01:03:02,211 --> 01:03:04,647 - [Narrator] Our understanding of the ocean's ecosystems 1314 01:03:04,680 --> 01:03:07,984 makes clear the potential for great harm that can come 1315 01:03:08,017 --> 01:03:11,020 from overfishing and illegal fishing, 1316 01:03:11,053 --> 01:03:12,989 but there is one marine ecosystem 1317 01:03:13,022 --> 01:03:15,291 we know almost nothing about 1318 01:03:15,324 --> 01:03:18,161 and that may make it even more urgent to protect it 1319 01:03:18,194 --> 01:03:20,863 before it's too late. 1320 01:03:20,897 --> 01:03:23,166 It is called the midwater layer 1321 01:03:23,199 --> 01:03:26,435 and also known as the twilight zone, 1322 01:03:26,469 --> 01:03:29,205 the ocean's last frontier. 1323 01:03:29,238 --> 01:03:32,542 It is an entire layer that starts 200 meters 1324 01:03:32,575 --> 01:03:36,145 below the surface down to 1,000 meters. 1325 01:03:36,179 --> 01:03:39,182 Only recently have researchers been able to explore 1326 01:03:39,215 --> 01:03:41,017 this deep in the ocean. 1327 01:03:41,050 --> 01:03:42,485 - You're in the pitch black 1328 01:03:42,518 --> 01:03:44,387 in the middle of the ocean twilight zone. 1329 01:03:44,420 --> 01:03:47,123 The sub lights come on and what you see 1330 01:03:47,156 --> 01:03:49,826 looks like a blizzard of snow. 1331 01:03:49,859 --> 01:03:52,361 When you look even closer, you can see there are 1332 01:03:52,395 --> 01:03:54,664 tiny microscopic plankton jumping 1333 01:03:54,697 --> 01:03:56,866 from one particle to another. 1334 01:03:56,899 --> 01:04:00,536 - [Narrator] Here, animals have adapted in amazing ways 1335 01:04:00,570 --> 01:04:04,473 such as huge eyes to capture scarce light 1336 01:04:04,507 --> 01:04:07,410 and bioluminescence to attract prey. 1337 01:04:07,443 --> 01:04:09,679 This ocean layer actually holds the largest 1338 01:04:09,712 --> 01:04:13,549 and least understood ecosystem on the entire planet, 1339 01:04:14,750 --> 01:04:18,020 with more species and biomass than anywhere on earth. 1340 01:04:18,054 --> 01:04:20,590 In fact, it might contain more fish 1341 01:04:20,623 --> 01:04:22,558 than the rest of the ocean combined. 1342 01:04:22,592 --> 01:04:25,561 Also, we are now beginning to understand that the animals 1343 01:04:25,595 --> 01:04:28,731 of the midwater twilight zone play an important role 1344 01:04:28,764 --> 01:04:30,766 in the ocean's ability to pull carbon 1345 01:04:30,800 --> 01:04:35,705 out of our atmosphere by eating carbon-filled phytoplankton. 1346 01:04:35,738 --> 01:04:38,174 Eventually, when the animals die, 1347 01:04:38,207 --> 01:04:41,544 they sink to the bottom and safely store the carbon there 1348 01:04:41,577 --> 01:04:44,080 where it cannot contribute to global warming. 1349 01:04:46,616 --> 01:04:49,051 But a serious threat looms that has scientists 1350 01:04:49,085 --> 01:04:51,053 racing against time. 1351 01:04:51,087 --> 01:04:53,256 - The more we learn about the ocean twilight zone, 1352 01:04:53,289 --> 01:04:56,025 the more important we are finding it seems to be 1353 01:04:56,058 --> 01:04:58,427 for the whole ocean ecosystem. 1354 01:04:58,461 --> 01:05:00,096 - The animals that live in the twilight zone 1355 01:05:00,129 --> 01:05:02,732 almost certainly play a major role 1356 01:05:02,765 --> 01:05:04,734 in regulating our planet's climate. 1357 01:05:04,767 --> 01:05:07,370 - And if we took all of the marine life 1358 01:05:07,403 --> 01:05:09,972 out of the twilight zone, that would have huge impacts 1359 01:05:10,006 --> 01:05:12,642 on the ocean's ability to sequester carbon. 1360 01:05:12,675 --> 01:05:15,945 - It will be a critical piece of how humans 1361 01:05:15,978 --> 01:05:20,149 both sustain and hopefully thrive in the following century. 1362 01:05:22,351 --> 01:05:25,688 (instrumental fanfare) 1363 01:05:27,823 --> 01:05:31,093 (instrumental fanfare) 1364 01:05:31,127 --> 01:05:33,763 - Is there life in the deepest parts of the ocean? 1365 01:05:33,796 --> 01:05:35,631 Yes, it's amazing. 1366 01:05:35,665 --> 01:05:37,133 Even though the pressures down there can be 1367 01:05:37,166 --> 01:05:40,303 up to 15,000 pounds per square inch, 1368 01:05:40,336 --> 01:05:42,071 scientists have found small organisms 1369 01:05:42,104 --> 01:05:44,674 in the mud at the very bottom of the ocean. 1370 01:05:47,777 --> 01:05:50,746 - So far, scientists have identified over 240,000 1371 01:05:50,780 --> 01:05:53,616 different species of plants and animals in the ocean. 1372 01:05:53,649 --> 01:05:57,453 (dramatic instrumental music) 1373 01:06:00,790 --> 01:06:02,758 - [Narrator] And while that is a huge number, 1374 01:06:02,792 --> 01:06:07,797 it may only be 10% of those that actually exist 1375 01:06:08,798 --> 01:06:09,999 since there is so much of the ocean 1376 01:06:10,032 --> 01:06:11,534 we have not yet been able to explore. 1377 01:06:15,671 --> 01:06:18,307 Of the incredible array of diverse plants and animals 1378 01:06:18,341 --> 01:06:20,843 found in the ocean, there are certain ones 1379 01:06:20,876 --> 01:06:22,878 that have been singled out by scientists 1380 01:06:22,912 --> 01:06:26,782 as keystone species, organisms that are essential 1381 01:06:26,816 --> 01:06:30,353 to the health of the entire marine ecosystem. 1382 01:06:31,187 --> 01:06:33,856 (water burbling) 1383 01:06:38,160 --> 01:06:40,162 - Sharks, by feeding themselves, 1384 01:06:40,196 --> 01:06:41,697 they are feeding on big fishes 1385 01:06:41,731 --> 01:06:45,368 that are themselves fishing other small fishes. 1386 01:06:45,401 --> 01:06:48,337 And so by maintaining that population of predators, 1387 01:06:48,371 --> 01:06:51,040 they can maintain a bigger population of the fishes. 1388 01:06:51,073 --> 01:06:53,042 If you remove the shark, if there are no more 1389 01:06:53,075 --> 01:06:56,312 sharks the one, the level just below 1390 01:06:56,345 --> 01:06:59,015 will multiply and they will eat more fishes 1391 01:06:59,048 --> 01:07:01,384 and they will, could potentially come to 1392 01:07:01,417 --> 01:07:03,252 a collapse of the fish population. 1393 01:07:03,285 --> 01:07:07,590 So the shark has been hunted a lot for their fins. 1394 01:07:07,623 --> 01:07:09,725 Traditional food that is taking fins 1395 01:07:09,759 --> 01:07:13,229 and makes fin soup, and it's very popular. 1396 01:07:13,262 --> 01:07:17,900 They basically cut it off and just leave the shark dying. 1397 01:07:17,933 --> 01:07:20,102 The shark population is also declining 1398 01:07:20,136 --> 01:07:22,004 because we are taking more fishes 1399 01:07:22,038 --> 01:07:24,540 than they can reproduce themselves. 1400 01:07:24,573 --> 01:07:26,175 We tend to be afraid of shark, 1401 01:07:26,208 --> 01:07:29,278 but sharks are very important in the ecosystem. 1402 01:07:29,311 --> 01:07:31,881 - [Narrator] Montel Williams hosted a groundbreaking event 1403 01:07:31,914 --> 01:07:34,784 in the Bahamas to educate a special envoy 1404 01:07:34,817 --> 01:07:36,886 of United Nations representatives 1405 01:07:36,919 --> 01:07:38,921 about this essential ocean animal. 1406 01:07:38,954 --> 01:07:40,723 - Jaws came out. 1407 01:07:40,756 --> 01:07:44,126 We take the top of the food chain, vilify it 1408 01:07:44,160 --> 01:07:46,395 and then think that the rest of the food chain 1409 01:07:46,429 --> 01:07:47,763 will sustain itself. 1410 01:07:47,797 --> 01:07:49,231 And we want you to have an experience 1411 01:07:49,265 --> 01:07:51,434 over the next couple days that's gonna blow you away 1412 01:07:51,467 --> 01:07:53,569 and make you go back to the halls of the UN 1413 01:07:53,602 --> 01:07:56,872 and say, you know, they're doing something here, guys. 1414 01:07:56,906 --> 01:07:58,741 In 2011, The Bahamas became 1415 01:07:58,774 --> 01:08:00,743 only the fourth country in the world 1416 01:08:00,776 --> 01:08:02,311 to establish a shark sanctuary 1417 01:08:02,344 --> 01:08:04,947 prohibiting the commercial fishing of sharks, 1418 01:08:04,980 --> 01:08:07,416 thus protecting the more than 40 species 1419 01:08:07,450 --> 01:08:09,785 of the animal found in its waters. 1420 01:08:09,819 --> 01:08:12,888 A much needed measure since sharks face extinction 1421 01:08:12,922 --> 01:08:16,358 primarily due to overfishing and illegal shark finning. 1422 01:08:18,260 --> 01:08:20,096 But sharks know no boundaries 1423 01:08:20,129 --> 01:08:21,964 and the need to protect them 1424 01:08:21,997 --> 01:08:24,900 goes far beyond Bahamian waters. 1425 01:08:24,934 --> 01:08:28,003 So throughout the week, the UN delegates learned firsthand 1426 01:08:28,037 --> 01:08:30,306 about the importance of shark preservation, 1427 01:08:30,339 --> 01:08:31,774 a win for the sharks 1428 01:08:31,807 --> 01:08:34,310 and for the countries that protect them. 1429 01:08:34,343 --> 01:08:37,947 - A shark life can bring a huge, huge income 1430 01:08:37,980 --> 01:08:39,815 for the economy of a country. 1431 01:08:39,849 --> 01:08:42,918 - In The Bahamas alone, shark tourism 1432 01:08:42,952 --> 01:08:47,957 and research adds some $80 million U.S. dollars annually 1433 01:08:48,858 --> 01:08:52,128 to the national economy. 1434 01:08:52,161 --> 01:08:54,130 - [Montel] Led by Bahamas ambassador to the UN 1435 01:08:54,163 --> 01:08:55,531 and chair of the Shark Coalition, 1436 01:08:55,564 --> 01:08:58,167 Dr. Elliston Rahming, delegates listened 1437 01:08:58,200 --> 01:09:01,504 as experts at the Island School in Cape Eleuthera 1438 01:09:01,537 --> 01:09:04,173 debunked myths of the misunderstood shark, 1439 01:09:04,206 --> 01:09:07,343 including the notion that sharks hunt humans. 1440 01:09:07,376 --> 01:09:10,946 - You've been diving for certain number of years? 1441 01:09:10,980 --> 01:09:12,214 - [Woman] Yes, I have. 1442 01:09:12,248 --> 01:09:13,315 - And sharks have been all around you 1443 01:09:13,349 --> 01:09:14,950 and you've never had an incident. 1444 01:09:14,984 --> 01:09:17,520 - They're just curious more than anything else, 1445 01:09:17,553 --> 01:09:18,888 so they might bump you. 1446 01:09:18,921 --> 01:09:21,724 - [Montel] The truth is, shark attacks are extremely rare, 1447 01:09:21,757 --> 01:09:24,126 yet the role the shark plays in the ocean is vital, 1448 01:09:24,160 --> 01:09:26,362 from controlling fish populations 1449 01:09:26,395 --> 01:09:28,497 to maintaining healthy reefs, 1450 01:09:28,531 --> 01:09:30,900 a lesson ambassadors took to heart. 1451 01:09:30,933 --> 01:09:34,170 - Preserving the shark preserves the ocean. 1452 01:09:35,704 --> 01:09:39,675 So the same care we take, you know, for our land, 1453 01:09:39,708 --> 01:09:41,810 we have to become aware 1454 01:09:41,844 --> 01:09:44,380 that we must do likewise for our seas. 1455 01:09:44,413 --> 01:09:48,017 - Protection of oceans is one of the most important subject 1456 01:09:48,050 --> 01:09:49,518 United Nations is debating. 1457 01:09:49,552 --> 01:09:51,086 It's extremely important for us 1458 01:09:51,120 --> 01:09:52,721 actually to be well-educated. 1459 01:09:52,755 --> 01:09:54,356 - [Montel] And for these delegates, the education 1460 01:09:54,390 --> 01:09:56,959 goes beyond the classroom and into the ocean. 1461 01:10:00,029 --> 01:10:02,231 Next, delegates were able to enrich their knowledge 1462 01:10:02,264 --> 01:10:04,600 by diving or snorkeling and observing 1463 01:10:04,633 --> 01:10:07,870 the magnificent creature in the deep water. 1464 01:10:07,903 --> 01:10:09,872 - [Woman] How was it looking at the sharks? 1465 01:10:09,905 --> 01:10:11,440 - Really extraordinary. 1466 01:10:13,375 --> 01:10:15,778 Oh, it's wonderful, you get addicted to it. 1467 01:10:15,811 --> 01:10:16,912 I didn't wanna come out. 1468 01:10:16,946 --> 01:10:18,113 - Great experience. 1469 01:10:18,147 --> 01:10:20,049 I did it. I jumped in the water. 1470 01:10:20,082 --> 01:10:22,017 - I went down there with the sharks 1471 01:10:22,051 --> 01:10:25,087 because I want my country to protect them. 1472 01:10:25,120 --> 01:10:26,455 - While there is much to learn 1473 01:10:26,488 --> 01:10:29,225 as we work to understand the bewildering shark species, 1474 01:10:29,258 --> 01:10:32,628 what is clear is that we must move beyond our fears 1475 01:10:32,661 --> 01:10:35,431 and learn to coexist with this incredible creature 1476 01:10:35,464 --> 01:10:37,766 to ensure the future of our oceans. 1477 01:10:39,668 --> 01:10:43,005 (instrumental fanfare) 1478 01:10:45,007 --> 01:10:48,978 (instrumental fanfare) 1479 01:10:49,011 --> 01:10:51,146 How fast is the ocean rising? 1480 01:10:51,180 --> 01:10:52,982 It's hard to know for sure because the 1481 01:10:53,015 --> 01:10:54,149 rate is accelerating, 1482 01:10:54,183 --> 01:10:56,819 but current estimates are, by 2050, 1483 01:10:56,852 --> 01:10:59,421 sea levels will rise from three feet to six feet. 1484 01:11:02,157 --> 01:11:03,959 - There are many potentially devastating effects 1485 01:11:03,993 --> 01:11:05,794 of rising sea levels. 1486 01:11:05,828 --> 01:11:09,064 To put it in perspective, according to a recent study, 1487 01:11:09,098 --> 01:11:11,100 a two meter or six foot sea level rise 1488 01:11:11,133 --> 01:11:14,403 could displace over 187 million people 1489 01:11:14,436 --> 01:11:16,972 and destroy more than half a million square miles 1490 01:11:17,006 --> 01:11:18,941 of essential farmland. 1491 01:11:18,974 --> 01:11:21,277 - [Narrator] In the tiny island nation of Kiribas, 1492 01:11:21,310 --> 01:11:23,579 the residents are facing rising sea levels 1493 01:11:23,612 --> 01:11:26,148 never experienced by their ancestors. 1494 01:11:26,181 --> 01:11:28,284 - My first house is in the water. 1495 01:11:28,317 --> 01:11:32,321 My second house is also in the water. 1496 01:11:32,354 --> 01:11:37,359 And then my last house was here, just on the beach here. 1497 01:11:39,995 --> 01:11:41,530 - [Man] Where do you live now? 1498 01:11:41,563 --> 01:11:46,568 - Now I live inland, 1499 01:11:47,803 --> 01:11:49,171 just to move away from the ocean side. 1500 01:11:52,574 --> 01:11:53,876 - I'm afraid. 1501 01:11:53,909 --> 01:11:56,145 What about our future, even our children? 1502 01:11:56,178 --> 01:12:00,516 What is the future of our children, our grandchildren? 1503 01:12:01,717 --> 01:12:02,551 So sad. 1504 01:12:04,186 --> 01:12:07,156 - [Narrator] Why is Kiribas being swallowed up by the ocean? 1505 01:12:07,189 --> 01:12:09,491 Again, it's all because of global warming 1506 01:12:09,525 --> 01:12:12,061 caused by the burning of fossil fuels. 1507 01:12:12,094 --> 01:12:15,331 As the ocean's temperature goes up, the warmer water expands 1508 01:12:15,364 --> 01:12:18,567 and takes up more space, and the polar ice is melting, 1509 01:12:18,600 --> 01:12:20,436 adding more water to the ocean. 1510 01:12:22,004 --> 01:12:26,408 This is Antarctica, containing over 90% of the world's ice, 1511 01:12:26,442 --> 01:12:30,045 but the ice has gotten thinner over the last 25 years 1512 01:12:30,079 --> 01:12:33,148 and all that added water has brought up sea levels, 1513 01:12:33,182 --> 01:12:35,084 and the melting is accelerating 1514 01:12:35,117 --> 01:12:37,019 and could become even faster. 1515 01:12:37,052 --> 01:12:39,054 One of the most important tipping points 1516 01:12:39,088 --> 01:12:41,990 is the leading edge of the Thwaites Glacier, 1517 01:12:42,024 --> 01:12:44,993 a giant ice formation with a frightening nickname, 1518 01:12:45,027 --> 01:12:46,628 the Doomsday Glacier 1519 01:12:48,130 --> 01:12:51,900 - Thwaites is called the Doomsday Glacier because 1520 01:12:51,934 --> 01:12:55,170 if this glacier completely retreats, 1521 01:12:55,204 --> 01:12:59,375 the world's oceans go up by 60 centimeters at least. 1522 01:12:59,408 --> 01:13:03,045 But if this system really does collapse, 1523 01:13:03,078 --> 01:13:06,115 we're more likely gonna look at a couple of meters 1524 01:13:06,148 --> 01:13:09,385 of sea level rise, and that's scary. 1525 01:13:11,420 --> 01:13:13,055 - [Narrator] While that specific scenario 1526 01:13:13,088 --> 01:13:14,423 sounds frightening enough, 1527 01:13:14,456 --> 01:13:17,426 what seems to concern many scientists the most 1528 01:13:17,459 --> 01:13:19,628 is three degrees. 1529 01:13:19,661 --> 01:13:22,398 Now that might sound insignificant, but it's not. 1530 01:13:22,431 --> 01:13:24,400 It is the three degrees Celsius 1531 01:13:24,433 --> 01:13:26,201 average global temperature rise 1532 01:13:26,235 --> 01:13:30,038 we're on track to hit unless we do something fast. 1533 01:13:30,072 --> 01:13:32,875 - If you have three degrees more 1534 01:13:32,908 --> 01:13:34,943 as compared to preindustrial level, 1535 01:13:34,977 --> 01:13:37,079 we are heading to, that's where we are heading to 1536 01:13:37,112 --> 01:13:39,081 if we don't make more efforts. 1537 01:13:39,114 --> 01:13:41,250 Then, we are talking about seven meters more. 1538 01:13:41,283 --> 01:13:44,853 Imagine New York, imagine Miami. 1539 01:13:46,188 --> 01:13:48,557 Imagine all the small islands states 1540 01:13:48,590 --> 01:13:52,161 where some of the point is at 1.4 meters above sea level. 1541 01:13:52,194 --> 01:13:53,495 That's all gone. 1542 01:13:53,529 --> 01:13:55,097 - [Narrator] It's not just the ice in AntArctica 1543 01:13:55,130 --> 01:13:56,165 that we have to worry about. 1544 01:13:56,198 --> 01:13:57,399 On the other side of the earth, 1545 01:13:57,433 --> 01:14:00,235 the Arctic is also in a critical state. 1546 01:14:00,269 --> 01:14:03,472 Monaco's Prince Albert II has been sounding the alarm 1547 01:14:03,505 --> 01:14:04,773 for years. 1548 01:14:04,807 --> 01:14:07,676 Back in 2005, he led an expedition to document 1549 01:14:07,709 --> 01:14:09,611 the rapid loss of Arctic ice. 1550 01:14:09,645 --> 01:14:12,247 He returned to the exact spot where his grandfather 1551 01:14:12,281 --> 01:14:15,017 had stood 100 years before. 1552 01:14:15,050 --> 01:14:17,286 Using a photo taken on his grandfather's visit, 1553 01:14:17,319 --> 01:14:18,987 the scientists were shocked 1554 01:14:19,021 --> 01:14:22,257 by the graphic proof they saw with their own eyes. 1555 01:14:22,291 --> 01:14:24,159 - Exactly. And right now, it looks like 1556 01:14:24,193 --> 01:14:26,195 it's more like 30, 40 meters height. 1557 01:14:26,228 --> 01:14:27,029 - Yeah. 1558 01:14:29,164 --> 01:14:32,167 - So that is significant there. 1559 01:14:32,201 --> 01:14:34,670 - The glacier has receded, you know, 1560 01:14:34,703 --> 01:14:39,308 anywhere from three to six kilometers. 1561 01:14:39,341 --> 01:14:41,977 It's just mind boggling. 1562 01:14:42,010 --> 01:14:44,179 And the picture from a hundred years ago 1563 01:14:44,213 --> 01:14:48,383 is extremely clear and some specialists 1564 01:14:48,417 --> 01:14:50,886 even here in Norway had never seen that picture. 1565 01:14:50,919 --> 01:14:55,524 And to be able to use that, first of all, 1566 01:14:55,557 --> 01:14:56,692 makes me very proud. 1567 01:14:57,860 --> 01:14:59,328 - [Narrator] Since then, the loss of ice 1568 01:14:59,361 --> 01:15:01,230 has even accelerated. 1569 01:15:01,263 --> 01:15:04,633 This NASA graphic shows the shrinking Arctic ice 1570 01:15:04,666 --> 01:15:08,403 over from 1984 to 2018. 1571 01:15:08,437 --> 01:15:10,339 The difference is striking. 1572 01:15:10,372 --> 01:15:14,409 By 2050, Arctic sea ice may disappear altogether 1573 01:15:14,443 --> 01:15:16,044 during the summer months. 1574 01:15:16,078 --> 01:15:18,847 Many animals depend directly on sea ice. 1575 01:15:18,881 --> 01:15:21,750 Polar bears for instance, hunt seals from the ice 1576 01:15:21,783 --> 01:15:24,186 and gain most of their weight in winter, 1577 01:15:24,219 --> 01:15:26,889 but with the ice declining and breaking up earlier, 1578 01:15:26,922 --> 01:15:28,657 bears have less time to hunt. 1579 01:15:28,690 --> 01:15:30,325 Because their habitat is melting, 1580 01:15:30,359 --> 01:15:32,227 polar bears and other Arctic life 1581 01:15:32,261 --> 01:15:35,230 are in danger of extinction in the near future. 1582 01:15:35,264 --> 01:15:40,269 The melting of the Arctic ice also adds to sea level rise. 1583 01:15:40,302 --> 01:15:42,704 - The iceberg and the floating sea ice 1584 01:15:42,738 --> 01:15:46,408 is not contributing directly to the increase 1585 01:15:46,441 --> 01:15:50,178 of sea level rise, but indirectly it is so 1586 01:15:50,212 --> 01:15:53,448 because the whiteness of the Arctic sea ice 1587 01:15:53,482 --> 01:15:55,684 is reflecting the sunrise. 1588 01:15:55,717 --> 01:15:57,786 When you remove the Arctic sea ice, 1589 01:15:57,819 --> 01:16:00,355 the water is absorbing the heat. 1590 01:16:00,389 --> 01:16:02,090 And then through thermal expansion, 1591 01:16:02,124 --> 01:16:03,759 you are back to this thermal expansion, 1592 01:16:03,792 --> 01:16:06,061 so indirectly, it is still contributing. 1593 01:16:06,094 --> 01:16:07,696 - [Narrator] The Arctic is actually warming 1594 01:16:07,729 --> 01:16:10,566 four times as fast as the rest of the planet. 1595 01:16:10,599 --> 01:16:12,034 On the other end of the earth, 1596 01:16:12,067 --> 01:16:15,771 Antarctica is also experiencing accelerating warming. 1597 01:16:15,804 --> 01:16:18,874 The higher temperatures at the poles and in the polar oceans 1598 01:16:18,907 --> 01:16:21,610 spell big problems for the rest of the planet, 1599 01:16:21,643 --> 01:16:24,780 and not only because they are raising sea levels. 1600 01:16:24,813 --> 01:16:27,616 - The ocean is probably the most important element 1601 01:16:27,649 --> 01:16:29,117 of the climate system. 1602 01:16:29,151 --> 01:16:32,654 In fact, the ocean is basically the planet's thermostat. 1603 01:16:32,688 --> 01:16:34,823 - [Narrator] The ocean can perform this essential role 1604 01:16:34,856 --> 01:16:38,126 because rather than being a still body of water, 1605 01:16:38,160 --> 01:16:40,762 it is a constantly moving system. 1606 01:16:40,796 --> 01:16:42,798 In much the same way that heat is transferred 1607 01:16:42,831 --> 01:16:45,434 around your home through pipes or ducts, 1608 01:16:45,467 --> 01:16:46,935 the ocean moves heat around 1609 01:16:46,969 --> 01:16:49,338 using a system of ocean currents. 1610 01:16:49,371 --> 01:16:52,441 It's known as the ocean conveyor. 1611 01:16:52,474 --> 01:16:53,642 In a home heating system, 1612 01:16:53,675 --> 01:16:56,778 the circulation is accomplished by a fan or a pump. 1613 01:16:56,812 --> 01:16:59,081 Ocean currents are driven by two things: 1614 01:16:59,114 --> 01:17:01,450 temperature and salinity. 1615 01:17:01,483 --> 01:17:02,951 The concept is simple. 1616 01:17:02,985 --> 01:17:05,120 Denser water sinks. 1617 01:17:05,153 --> 01:17:07,789 The colder the water is and the saltier it is, 1618 01:17:07,823 --> 01:17:09,992 the more dense it becomes. 1619 01:17:10,025 --> 01:17:12,361 Denser waters from the polar oceans sink 1620 01:17:12,394 --> 01:17:15,364 and flow southward toward the equator. 1621 01:17:15,397 --> 01:17:18,600 Warm surface waters from the tropics are drawn northward 1622 01:17:18,634 --> 01:17:20,969 and keep the conveyor moving. 1623 01:17:22,170 --> 01:17:24,373 The problem is that now at the poles, 1624 01:17:24,406 --> 01:17:27,442 the seawater is warming and the polar ice 1625 01:17:27,476 --> 01:17:31,146 made of freshwater is melting and mixing into the ocean, 1626 01:17:31,179 --> 01:17:33,382 causing it to be less salty. 1627 01:17:33,415 --> 01:17:36,351 These two things are reducing the ability of the conveyor 1628 01:17:36,385 --> 01:17:38,787 to drive the ocean currents. 1629 01:17:38,820 --> 01:17:42,457 One well-known current within the ocean conveyor 1630 01:17:42,491 --> 01:17:44,826 is called the Gulf Stream. 1631 01:17:44,860 --> 01:17:47,629 - The Gulf Stream, it starts in the Gulf of Mexico 1632 01:17:47,663 --> 01:17:49,831 and there's a place where we've got lots of heat, 1633 01:17:49,865 --> 01:17:54,803 and that current is migrating north eastward 1634 01:17:54,836 --> 01:17:58,373 up to England and way higher. 1635 01:17:58,407 --> 01:18:02,711 And then the water is going down because it's getting colder 1636 01:18:02,744 --> 01:18:05,313 close to the Greenland and then sinking. 1637 01:18:05,347 --> 01:18:07,883 And that sinking is enabling that circulation. 1638 01:18:07,916 --> 01:18:12,254 - Which actually explains why this northernmost part 1639 01:18:12,287 --> 01:18:15,924 of Europe remains ice free even in the middle of the winter. 1640 01:18:15,957 --> 01:18:17,826 - [Narrator] Now as the Arctic is warming, 1641 01:18:17,859 --> 01:18:20,362 the Earth's temperature differential becomes less. 1642 01:18:20,395 --> 01:18:22,531 - Because the poles have become warmer 1643 01:18:22,564 --> 01:18:24,866 and even moreso than the tropics. 1644 01:18:24,900 --> 01:18:27,569 So you need to transfer less heat 1645 01:18:27,602 --> 01:18:29,504 to balance these two systems. 1646 01:18:29,538 --> 01:18:32,007 And of course, this means that ultimately, 1647 01:18:32,040 --> 01:18:33,375 the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic 1648 01:18:33,408 --> 01:18:37,446 and the other ocean currents can start slowing down. 1649 01:18:37,479 --> 01:18:40,382 - It means that it will be warmer in the United States 1650 01:18:40,415 --> 01:18:43,118 and cooler in Europe, but way cooler. 1651 01:18:43,151 --> 01:18:45,353 - [Narrator] The Gulf Stream is part of what is called 1652 01:18:45,387 --> 01:18:49,858 the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, AMOC. 1653 01:18:49,891 --> 01:18:53,528 And we now believe it may be approaching a tipping point. 1654 01:18:53,562 --> 01:18:56,465 - I mean, there's this, I guess by now famous saying 1655 01:18:56,498 --> 01:19:00,402 that climate has always changed for the earth 1656 01:19:00,435 --> 01:19:02,404 or on Earth, and that is true. 1657 01:19:02,437 --> 01:19:06,708 But the AMOC has been stable for a very, very long time. 1658 01:19:06,742 --> 01:19:09,711 And in that sense, we humans are adapted to it 1659 01:19:09,745 --> 01:19:13,448 but not what just we humans, like the whole marine ecosystem 1660 01:19:13,482 --> 01:19:17,619 of the Atlantic is adapted to the current being there. 1661 01:19:17,652 --> 01:19:20,088 We know if it gets weaker, 1662 01:19:20,122 --> 01:19:23,091 this could enhance the sea level rise 1663 01:19:23,125 --> 01:19:27,262 at U.S. East Coast cities like New York or Boston. 1664 01:19:27,295 --> 01:19:30,398 A weaker AMOC is linked to enhanced storminess 1665 01:19:30,432 --> 01:19:31,733 over the North Atlantic, 1666 01:19:31,767 --> 01:19:36,004 so this could worsen winter storms for Northwestern Europe. 1667 01:19:36,037 --> 01:19:39,141 There also seem to be links to the AMOC 1668 01:19:39,174 --> 01:19:41,443 and the position of weather patterns 1669 01:19:41,476 --> 01:19:43,111 in the northern hemisphere. 1670 01:19:43,145 --> 01:19:45,080 Once we cross this tipping point, 1671 01:19:45,113 --> 01:19:48,583 there is no going back for a very, very long time. 1672 01:19:48,617 --> 01:19:51,953 (instrumental fanfare) 1673 01:19:54,389 --> 01:19:57,459 (instrumental fanfare) 1674 01:19:58,693 --> 01:20:00,962 - How is the ocean able to produce 1675 01:20:00,996 --> 01:20:04,633 over half of the oxygen we breathe? 1676 01:20:04,666 --> 01:20:07,936 Well, the answer lies in marine photosynthesis. 1677 01:20:07,969 --> 01:20:11,940 From long kelp strands down to microscopic algae 1678 01:20:11,973 --> 01:20:15,277 and even some bacteria that can photosynthesize, 1679 01:20:15,310 --> 01:20:20,215 the ocean is full of life that creates life giving oxygen. 1680 01:20:20,248 --> 01:20:23,418 So with every breath you take, thank the ocean. 1681 01:20:26,488 --> 01:20:28,690 - As I said at the beginning of this program, 1682 01:20:28,723 --> 01:20:29,958 the greatest threat to the ocean 1683 01:20:29,991 --> 01:20:32,627 is the lack of awareness of its vital importance. 1684 01:20:32,661 --> 01:20:36,164 The only way we can fight that is through education. 1685 01:20:37,699 --> 01:20:40,068 - People here, they have a big gap of information. 1686 01:20:40,101 --> 01:20:42,070 They don't know much about climate change. 1687 01:20:42,103 --> 01:20:45,874 - The question now is, who believe in climate change? 1688 01:20:45,907 --> 01:20:47,576 Hands up, high, high, high. 1689 01:20:47,609 --> 01:20:49,511 Hands up, hands up. 1690 01:20:49,544 --> 01:20:53,081 - If you try to explain to someone here who's, you know, 1691 01:20:53,114 --> 01:20:55,317 like, lived in this environment their whole life 1692 01:20:55,350 --> 01:20:59,221 that giant icebergs are melting, 1693 01:20:59,254 --> 01:21:01,756 it's not something they can really picture 1694 01:21:01,790 --> 01:21:04,526 because, you know, it's an iceberg. 1695 01:21:04,559 --> 01:21:05,861 There's no icebergs here 1696 01:21:05,894 --> 01:21:08,396 and it's hard to imagine the magnitude of an iceberg 1697 01:21:08,430 --> 01:21:10,899 when you're on an island that's so small. 1698 01:21:10,932 --> 01:21:12,701 - [Narrator] First of all, we must realize 1699 01:21:12,734 --> 01:21:14,336 that every one of us on the planet 1700 01:21:14,369 --> 01:21:16,771 will suffer the consequences of this problem. 1701 01:21:19,474 --> 01:21:21,276 - I think what the world has got to understand 1702 01:21:21,309 --> 01:21:23,678 is we would be the first of the people 1703 01:21:23,712 --> 01:21:26,081 who would be dislocated as a result 1704 01:21:26,114 --> 01:21:28,049 of what is happening on climate change. 1705 01:21:28,083 --> 01:21:30,685 But I can guarantee you, we will not be the last. 1706 01:21:30,719 --> 01:21:34,589 - Then we must recognize that it will take every one of us 1707 01:21:34,623 --> 01:21:35,590 to solve it. 1708 01:21:36,558 --> 01:21:39,761 Like Mary, Boyan, Ben, Crystal 1709 01:21:39,794 --> 01:21:41,897 and so many others in this program, 1710 01:21:41,930 --> 01:21:44,432 we should do what we can on our own 1711 01:21:44,466 --> 01:21:47,068 and let our words, actions and energy 1712 01:21:47,102 --> 01:21:49,704 build the momentum for change we need 1713 01:21:49,738 --> 01:21:52,440 throughout our communities and governments, 1714 01:21:52,474 --> 01:21:55,710 in our own country and throughout the world. 1715 01:21:55,744 --> 01:21:57,145 - We know the solutions. 1716 01:21:57,178 --> 01:21:59,214 We have a set of solutions that are there. 1717 01:21:59,247 --> 01:22:02,617 It's not that we are going to go back in caveman time. 1718 01:22:02,651 --> 01:22:06,788 It just takes a transformation of our industry. 1719 01:22:06,821 --> 01:22:07,923 We should, for example, 1720 01:22:07,956 --> 01:22:10,659 stop subsidizing the fishing industry 1721 01:22:10,692 --> 01:22:13,762 so that the fleet will be reduced. 1722 01:22:13,795 --> 01:22:16,765 We should, of course, reduce our consumption of fishes 1723 01:22:16,798 --> 01:22:20,268 and get more protein from vegetables. 1724 01:22:20,302 --> 01:22:23,738 We should move into renewable energies. 1725 01:22:23,772 --> 01:22:26,341 Business could take on those solutions 1726 01:22:26,374 --> 01:22:28,476 and make a profitable economy. 1727 01:22:28,510 --> 01:22:31,646 But what is needed is this transition from this old economy 1728 01:22:31,680 --> 01:22:35,150 that has invested so much on fossil fuel 1729 01:22:35,183 --> 01:22:36,584 and do not want to change, 1730 01:22:36,618 --> 01:22:39,354 into this new era of renewable energy. 1731 01:22:39,387 --> 01:22:41,356 - [Narrator] Education will be the driving force 1732 01:22:41,389 --> 01:22:43,858 that moves the world to that new economy 1733 01:22:43,892 --> 01:22:46,661 and the new paradigm of protecting the ocean 1734 01:22:46,695 --> 01:22:48,797 instead of just taking from it. 1735 01:22:48,830 --> 01:22:52,767 And the facts are clear. We must do it now. 1736 01:22:52,801 --> 01:22:56,171 It was the uniquely human capability for problem solving 1737 01:22:56,204 --> 01:22:59,507 that brought us from cave dwellers to where we are today, 1738 01:22:59,541 --> 01:23:02,310 and that is what we must rely on to solve 1739 01:23:02,344 --> 01:23:05,814 the massive environmental challenges that we now face. 1740 01:23:05,847 --> 01:23:07,682 - The solution is in our hands, right? 1741 01:23:07,716 --> 01:23:09,985 We need to change our habit on land. 1742 01:23:10,018 --> 01:23:11,786 We need to change our behavior 1743 01:23:11,820 --> 01:23:15,890 because that impacts directly the state of the ocean. 1744 01:23:15,924 --> 01:23:20,061 - I remain optimistic because of the success 1745 01:23:20,095 --> 01:23:25,100 of our efforts and because of all the wonderful people 1746 01:23:26,701 --> 01:23:30,672 and the joy that they get by being part of this solution. 1747 01:23:31,740 --> 01:23:32,807 - [Boyan] Now, we can do this. 1748 01:23:32,841 --> 01:23:34,175 We have the technologies to solve it. 1749 01:23:34,209 --> 01:23:36,277 I'm pretty sure that it's going to happen. 1750 01:23:41,349 --> 01:23:43,752 - As human beings, we are fortunate to have inherited 1751 01:23:43,785 --> 01:23:46,688 this amazing planet with its wondrous ocean. 1752 01:23:46,721 --> 01:23:49,157 We must act now before it is too late 1753 01:23:49,190 --> 01:23:51,726 and put all our energy and creativity 1754 01:23:51,760 --> 01:23:54,763 toward preserving it for ourselves and our future. 1755 01:23:55,897 --> 01:23:57,232 Thank you for joining us. 1756 01:23:58,733 --> 01:24:02,537 (dramatic instrumental music) 133598

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