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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:04,037 --> 00:00:05,772 NARRATOR: A short flight from Las Vegas, 2 00:00:06,072 --> 00:00:09,609 deep in the Nevada desert, lies Area 51 3 00:00:10,143 --> 00:00:12,245 the CIA's secret. 4 00:00:12,779 --> 00:00:16,850 A giant clandestine base that remained unacknowledged 5 00:00:16,916 --> 00:00:18,918 and disavowed by the U.S. government 6 00:00:19,219 --> 00:00:21,187 for almost sixty years. 7 00:00:24,090 --> 00:00:26,292 But in August of 2013, 8 00:00:26,493 --> 00:00:29,796 the CIA finally admits this place is real, 9 00:00:31,131 --> 00:00:35,368 and today, Richard Coe, a former U.S. Air Force pilot, 10 00:00:35,668 --> 00:00:37,437 is heading straight toward it. 11 00:00:40,306 --> 00:00:41,775 RICHARD "TEX" COE: They just picked us up back on radar. 12 00:00:41,841 --> 00:00:44,177 They lost us for a little while because of the terrain. 13 00:00:44,944 --> 00:00:47,280 NARRATOR: Coe is providing a legal tour 14 00:00:47,347 --> 00:00:49,282 of the perimeter of Area 51, 15 00:00:49,949 --> 00:00:53,086 some of the most heavily restricted airspace on Earth, 16 00:00:55,255 --> 00:00:57,891 and he's being tracked by the Air Force. 17 00:00:57,957 --> 00:00:59,526 COE: They obviously want to keep an eye on us, 18 00:00:59,592 --> 00:01:03,329 because anytime civilians are operating so close to restricted airspace 19 00:01:03,396 --> 00:01:05,932 they prefer to obviously know where we are, and what our intentions are. 20 00:01:07,067 --> 00:01:08,802 NARRATOR: Located at Groom Lake, 21 00:01:08,868 --> 00:01:12,072 Area 51 is surrounded by restricted airspace, 22 00:01:12,372 --> 00:01:14,808 covering 440 square miles. 23 00:01:15,875 --> 00:01:16,976 COE: But as we get closer and closer, 24 00:01:17,043 --> 00:01:19,112 I anticipate they're gonna get more and more curious 25 00:01:19,179 --> 00:01:20,413 about what we're doing over there. 26 00:01:21,481 --> 00:01:24,784 NARRATOR: He's 12 miles out, and at 10,000 feet, 27 00:01:25,652 --> 00:01:29,122 America's heavily guarded secret base comes into view. 28 00:01:30,523 --> 00:01:32,325 TOWER (over radio): 8, 6, 2 Kilo Juliet say destination. 29 00:01:33,126 --> 00:01:34,694 Are you familiar with restricted airspace? 30 00:01:36,162 --> 00:01:38,865 NARRATOR: Entering any controlled airspace in the U.S. 31 00:01:38,932 --> 00:01:41,234 post-9/11 is high risk. 32 00:01:41,935 --> 00:01:45,905 But out here, security is tighter than almost anywhere else in the country. 33 00:01:47,841 --> 00:01:50,910 The box that surrounds America's top secret base 34 00:01:51,211 --> 00:01:54,147 is designated 4-8-0-8 north. 35 00:01:55,582 --> 00:01:59,252 And the tower now issues an explicit order 36 00:01:59,486 --> 00:02:01,454 for the pilot to change course. 37 00:02:03,089 --> 00:02:05,592 TOWER (over radio): Skyline 6 Kilo Juliet, turn North immediately, 38 00:02:05,658 --> 00:02:07,260 sir, for restricted airspace. 39 00:02:17,804 --> 00:02:20,707 NARRATOR: But it's not just the airspace around Area 51 40 00:02:20,773 --> 00:02:22,108 that's heavily guarded. 41 00:02:25,011 --> 00:02:27,046 Aerospace historian Peter Merlin 42 00:02:27,514 --> 00:02:31,117 has been researching Area 51 for the last 30 years. 43 00:02:33,486 --> 00:02:35,889 PETER MERLIN: Not just anyone can get into Area 51. 44 00:02:36,222 --> 00:02:38,791 It's surrounded by harsh desert, 45 00:02:39,025 --> 00:02:41,327 but also restricted military land. 46 00:02:41,394 --> 00:02:42,896 There is no fence. 47 00:02:42,962 --> 00:02:45,532 There are just orange posts marking the border, 48 00:02:46,199 --> 00:02:47,333 and they're hard to see. 49 00:02:49,936 --> 00:02:53,139 NARRATOR: Area 51 is obscured from the road by mountains, 50 00:02:54,741 --> 00:02:57,110 and is protected by a security cordon 51 00:02:58,178 --> 00:03:00,947 radiating at least ten miles from the hidden base. 52 00:03:02,815 --> 00:03:04,217 Even on public land, 53 00:03:04,751 --> 00:03:07,187 activity here is monitored by the military. 54 00:03:10,190 --> 00:03:11,591 MERLIN: Any vehicles driving down 55 00:03:11,658 --> 00:03:14,761 the Groom Lake road are detected by magnetic sensors. 56 00:03:17,297 --> 00:03:20,333 Each one sends an electronic signal to the guard-house, 57 00:03:20,934 --> 00:03:23,570 alerting them so that they know where you're coming from, 58 00:03:23,870 --> 00:03:26,439 and how fast you're making progress down the road. 59 00:03:27,840 --> 00:03:29,842 NARRATOR: 13 miles past this point 60 00:03:30,543 --> 00:03:32,545 is one of these security outposts. 61 00:03:35,615 --> 00:03:37,917 MERLIN: So this is the boundary of Area 51. 62 00:03:39,085 --> 00:03:41,721 We've got security guards watching us from the hilltop. 63 00:03:42,755 --> 00:03:45,358 Warning signs telling us not to go any further. 64 00:03:46,392 --> 00:03:49,629 There are orange posts that mark the boundary itself. 65 00:03:49,696 --> 00:03:54,434 No fences, no gates, and cameras watching us from the hilltops. 66 00:03:55,268 --> 00:03:56,936 We don't want to cross this line. 67 00:03:57,003 --> 00:03:58,738 If we do, we'll be arrested. 68 00:04:00,240 --> 00:04:03,943 NARRATOR: But according to one former Area 51 security guard, 69 00:04:04,310 --> 00:04:07,814 trespassers in the past faced a worse outcome. 70 00:04:09,215 --> 00:04:10,717 FRED DUNHAM: If they demonstrate 71 00:04:10,783 --> 00:04:13,353 they were going to try to penetrate, 72 00:04:14,053 --> 00:04:18,358 you know, they, they gave me the all clear to waste 'em. 73 00:04:20,593 --> 00:04:23,496 NARRATOR: But what's going on here in the Nevada desert? 74 00:04:24,364 --> 00:04:28,401 Why is the U.S. government trying so hard to keep people out? 75 00:04:31,938 --> 00:04:34,440 Finally, the truth has emerged 76 00:04:34,507 --> 00:04:38,845 in declassified documents just published in August 2013. 77 00:04:40,146 --> 00:04:42,982 According to a report released by the CIA, 78 00:04:44,484 --> 00:04:48,187 Area 51 was created in 1955 79 00:04:48,254 --> 00:04:49,856 for a single purpose: 80 00:04:50,957 --> 00:04:53,526 to test a top secret aircraft project, 81 00:04:53,893 --> 00:04:55,928 codenamed "Aquatone." 82 00:05:01,267 --> 00:05:04,837 "Aquatone" is the Cold War codename for the U-2, 83 00:05:05,505 --> 00:05:08,408 an aircraft built to spy over the Soviet Union 84 00:05:08,775 --> 00:05:11,711 at a time when Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev 85 00:05:12,111 --> 00:05:15,515 publicly boasts about his country's nuclear capability. 86 00:05:19,018 --> 00:05:20,753 TONY BEVACQUA: They were bragging about their missiles. 87 00:05:20,820 --> 00:05:22,422 They were bragging about their bombers. 88 00:05:22,488 --> 00:05:24,590 They were bragging about this and that, 89 00:05:25,391 --> 00:05:27,827 uh, that got our government's attention. 90 00:05:28,161 --> 00:05:31,497 NARRATOR: In the 1950s, U.S. reconnaissance aircraft 91 00:05:31,564 --> 00:05:35,001 are vulnerable to Soviet fighters and surface to air missiles. 92 00:05:39,906 --> 00:05:42,608 Flying spy missions behind enemy lines 93 00:05:42,675 --> 00:05:45,445 in conventional aircraft is too risky, 94 00:05:46,179 --> 00:05:48,514 so the covert "Aquatone" project 95 00:05:48,681 --> 00:05:52,852 is designed to fly outside the range of Soviet air defenses. 96 00:05:54,687 --> 00:05:57,123 Capable of flying at 70,000 feet, 97 00:05:57,190 --> 00:05:59,258 13 miles above the Earth, 98 00:06:00,293 --> 00:06:03,329 the U-2 has a range of 3,000 miles. 99 00:06:04,864 --> 00:06:07,633 More than enough to operate behind enemy lines. 100 00:06:09,569 --> 00:06:12,105 BEVACQUA: I did not know the name of the aircraft, 101 00:06:12,171 --> 00:06:15,875 or what it looked like, but I knew one thing about it. 102 00:06:16,175 --> 00:06:17,610 It's a high flyer. 103 00:06:18,111 --> 00:06:20,813 NARRATOR: Tony Bevacqua joins the secret venture 104 00:06:20,880 --> 00:06:23,082 in 1957 as a pilot. 105 00:06:23,816 --> 00:06:27,053 BEVACQUA: Well, in this locker is a lifesaver 106 00:06:27,120 --> 00:06:28,588 that we wore in the U-2 107 00:06:29,589 --> 00:06:31,290 called the partial pressure suit. 108 00:06:31,591 --> 00:06:33,993 The partial pressure suit kept you alive. 109 00:06:34,127 --> 00:06:36,028 If you lost pressurization, 110 00:06:36,195 --> 00:06:38,865 these outside hoses blow up 111 00:06:38,931 --> 00:06:41,367 and squeeze these even tighter, 112 00:06:41,467 --> 00:06:45,772 and that's what prevents the blood from boiling. 113 00:06:47,573 --> 00:06:49,509 NARRATOR: In addition to life support systems, 114 00:06:50,176 --> 00:06:51,711 the CIA's spy plane 115 00:06:52,311 --> 00:06:55,915 carries 700 pounds of the latest photo imaging equipment. 116 00:06:56,949 --> 00:07:00,787 With this technology, the U.S. can, in theory, 117 00:07:00,853 --> 00:07:04,724 get its eyes inside the Soviet Union undetected. 118 00:07:06,192 --> 00:07:08,194 But to test the new reconnaissance jet, 119 00:07:08,327 --> 00:07:10,897 the CIA working with the U.S. Air Force, 120 00:07:11,130 --> 00:07:13,399 needs a remote location. 121 00:07:13,466 --> 00:07:14,500 MERLIN: Groom Lake was selected 122 00:07:14,567 --> 00:07:18,271 because it was in a very sparsely populated area of Nevada. 123 00:07:18,337 --> 00:07:21,407 It looks very much like what you see behind us. 124 00:07:21,474 --> 00:07:25,077 It's a flat, featureless plain of hard packed clay. 125 00:07:25,144 --> 00:07:26,979 It can support the weight of any aircraft, 126 00:07:27,046 --> 00:07:29,148 so it's a perfect natural landing field. 127 00:07:30,283 --> 00:07:31,751 NARRATOR: In 1955, 128 00:07:31,818 --> 00:07:34,720 construction of America's secret base begins. 129 00:07:35,188 --> 00:07:36,589 MERLIN: The airfield that emerged 130 00:07:36,656 --> 00:07:38,324 from the primordial lake bed, 131 00:07:38,391 --> 00:07:41,127 began with a 5,000-foot-long runway. 132 00:07:41,761 --> 00:07:44,297 Then they needed hangars, so three hangars were built, 133 00:07:44,997 --> 00:07:47,066 along with a few warehouses, 134 00:07:47,300 --> 00:07:49,569 administration buildings, a chow hall, 135 00:07:49,635 --> 00:07:51,671 and rudimentary accommodations for the workers, 136 00:07:51,737 --> 00:07:53,806 consisting of, essentially, a trailer park. 137 00:07:54,707 --> 00:07:56,642 NARRATOR: Named after a simple grid reference 138 00:07:56,709 --> 00:07:58,711 on an atomic energy commission map, 139 00:07:59,412 --> 00:08:01,247 the newly created Area 51 140 00:08:01,914 --> 00:08:04,116 is seen here in a 3D rendering 141 00:08:04,183 --> 00:08:06,719 of the earliest known high-altitude photograph 142 00:08:07,286 --> 00:08:10,423 that shows the layout of the CIA's top secret base... 143 00:08:12,558 --> 00:08:17,163 the place where Tony Bevacqua arrives to work on the U-2. 144 00:08:19,565 --> 00:08:21,634 BEVACQUA: When I got off there at Groom Lake, 145 00:08:21,901 --> 00:08:24,570 I see a runway, a little tower, 146 00:08:25,238 --> 00:08:26,372 a couple hangars, 147 00:08:26,439 --> 00:08:29,108 a community center-type, uh, building. 148 00:08:29,876 --> 00:08:31,277 We slept in trailers, 149 00:08:32,011 --> 00:08:35,248 and, uh, there were two or three of us in each one. 150 00:08:36,015 --> 00:08:37,950 No TV, no radio. 151 00:08:38,818 --> 00:08:40,152 It was pretty sparse. 152 00:08:41,354 --> 00:08:43,489 NARRATOR: Given the secrecy of the CIA project, 153 00:08:44,090 --> 00:08:46,692 all of the people selected to work at Area 51 154 00:08:47,326 --> 00:08:49,262 are subject to intense scrutiny. 155 00:08:50,162 --> 00:08:52,298 BEVACQUA: Security there was absolutely 156 00:08:52,899 --> 00:08:55,167 very tight. Very tight. 157 00:08:55,601 --> 00:08:58,871 Being informed on what you can talk about or not talk about 158 00:08:59,438 --> 00:09:01,607 starts right at the very beginning. 159 00:09:01,807 --> 00:09:02,875 It's just that way. 160 00:09:02,942 --> 00:09:06,012 You don't talk about anything that's classified. 161 00:09:07,146 --> 00:09:08,481 NARRATOR: To ensure secrecy, 162 00:09:08,681 --> 00:09:11,784 and to protect the real purpose of the U-2 spy plane, 163 00:09:12,618 --> 00:09:14,554 the CIA creates a cover story. 164 00:09:16,889 --> 00:09:19,392 It announces that the high-flying U-2 165 00:09:19,458 --> 00:09:21,894 is going to be flown out of a place called 166 00:09:21,961 --> 00:09:23,763 "Watertown Strip, Nevada" 167 00:09:24,196 --> 00:09:26,399 on weather observation missions. 168 00:09:30,102 --> 00:09:33,973 But in the late 1950s, CIA documents confirm 169 00:09:34,206 --> 00:09:37,176 that U-2 operations at Area 51 170 00:09:37,843 --> 00:09:41,080 are disrupted by another top secret government program. 171 00:09:45,284 --> 00:09:47,620 On the edge of the Nevada testing range, 172 00:09:47,720 --> 00:09:50,189 the home of America's nuclear program, 173 00:09:50,823 --> 00:09:55,795 Area 51 lies downwind of radioactive fallout. 174 00:09:59,465 --> 00:10:01,867 JULES KABAT: One of the things that started bothering me 175 00:10:01,934 --> 00:10:03,269 about working up there 176 00:10:03,803 --> 00:10:06,772 is that it's directly northeast of weapons test. 177 00:10:07,707 --> 00:10:11,210 The prevailing winds in Las Vegas are from the southwest, 178 00:10:11,277 --> 00:10:14,313 and when they were doing above-ground testing, 179 00:10:14,513 --> 00:10:17,116 all this radioactive dust would fly into the air, 180 00:10:17,183 --> 00:10:19,218 and of course there was plenty to worry about 181 00:10:19,385 --> 00:10:20,586 due to fallout. 182 00:10:21,988 --> 00:10:23,756 NARRATOR: For more than two years, 183 00:10:23,823 --> 00:10:26,292 as America tests nuclear warheads, 184 00:10:26,592 --> 00:10:28,728 just 30 miles to the southwest, 185 00:10:29,462 --> 00:10:31,897 the CIA's secret airstrip in Nevada 186 00:10:31,964 --> 00:10:34,100 remains largely unoccupied, 187 00:10:34,867 --> 00:10:37,103 too dangerous due to nuclear fallout. 188 00:10:38,037 --> 00:10:40,439 But despite the interruptions at the base, 189 00:10:40,973 --> 00:10:43,175 the CIA starts a new project: 190 00:10:43,809 --> 00:10:47,580 one that will define the future of Area 51. 191 00:10:50,816 --> 00:10:53,452 NARRATOR: Today, America's stealth aircraft 192 00:10:53,519 --> 00:10:57,356 have a reputation for near invisibility to enemy radar. 193 00:10:58,724 --> 00:11:00,559 But back in the late '50s, 194 00:11:00,626 --> 00:11:02,561 the only way to achieve stealth 195 00:11:02,862 --> 00:11:05,264 is flying at extreme altitude. 196 00:11:06,432 --> 00:11:10,169 King of these birds is the CIA's U-2. 197 00:11:12,471 --> 00:11:15,174 But on May 1st, 1960, 198 00:11:15,341 --> 00:11:17,343 America's top secret spying mission 199 00:11:17,410 --> 00:11:19,245 over the Soviet Union is blown 200 00:11:19,912 --> 00:11:22,281 when a USSR surface to air missile 201 00:11:22,348 --> 00:11:24,183 downs a high-flying U-2 202 00:11:25,051 --> 00:11:27,453 piloted by Francis Gary Powers. 203 00:11:30,423 --> 00:11:34,093 We now know that the CIA predicted this might happen. 204 00:11:35,161 --> 00:11:37,096 MERLIN: The CIA knew that Soviet 205 00:11:37,163 --> 00:11:39,665 surface to air missile technology was going to catch up 206 00:11:39,732 --> 00:11:42,501 to the point where it could shoot down a high flyer like the U-2. 207 00:11:44,303 --> 00:11:46,472 It was no longer enough to have an airplane 208 00:11:46,539 --> 00:11:49,308 that could just fly several times the height of a normal airplane. 209 00:11:50,109 --> 00:11:51,944 NARRATOR: A CIA stealth program, 210 00:11:52,144 --> 00:11:54,346 codenamed "Project Rainbow," 211 00:11:54,780 --> 00:11:57,283 is green-lit to camouflage the U-2. 212 00:11:58,918 --> 00:12:00,386 MERLIN: In an effort to make the U-2 213 00:12:00,453 --> 00:12:02,121 less vulnerable to Soviet radar, 214 00:12:02,455 --> 00:12:04,023 the test team at Area 51 215 00:12:04,490 --> 00:12:06,759 applied a layer of radar absorbent material 216 00:12:06,826 --> 00:12:09,095 to the fuselage of the U-2 prototype. 217 00:12:10,830 --> 00:12:13,799 It consisted of a conductive grid pattern 218 00:12:14,166 --> 00:12:15,735 on a flexible sheet, 219 00:12:16,702 --> 00:12:19,105 which was attached to a layer of honeycomb 220 00:12:20,039 --> 00:12:23,008 glued to the surface of the aircraft's skin. 221 00:12:23,075 --> 00:12:26,645 The grid pattern earned the material the nickname "wallpaper." 222 00:12:27,580 --> 00:12:30,950 NARRATOR: But adding "wallpaper" adds weight to the aircraft, 223 00:12:31,083 --> 00:12:33,552 and reduces its ability to fly high, 224 00:12:34,019 --> 00:12:36,756 making it more vulnerable to Soviet defenses. 225 00:12:38,691 --> 00:12:41,160 MERLIN: Because the "wallpaper" was not a huge success, 226 00:12:42,128 --> 00:12:43,929 the CIA began looking into the idea 227 00:12:43,996 --> 00:12:45,831 of a successor to the U-2. 228 00:12:45,898 --> 00:12:48,834 An airplane that would be able to fly higher and faster, 229 00:12:49,135 --> 00:12:50,770 and be less visible to radar. 230 00:12:52,204 --> 00:12:53,572 NARRATOR: Unlike the U-2, 231 00:12:53,839 --> 00:12:56,008 the CIA's next aircraft project, 232 00:12:56,242 --> 00:12:57,777 codenamed "Oxcart," 233 00:12:57,843 --> 00:13:01,580 has stealthy capabilities engineered into it from day one. 234 00:13:03,749 --> 00:13:06,685 PETER LAW: They told us that this program was so classified 235 00:13:07,153 --> 00:13:09,388 that the documents weren't even marked, 236 00:13:09,989 --> 00:13:12,324 because if somebody accidentally 237 00:13:12,758 --> 00:13:14,593 had a folder that blew out of their hands 238 00:13:14,660 --> 00:13:16,862 and the papers went blowing down the street, 239 00:13:17,163 --> 00:13:20,032 that if it said "secret" on it, everybody'd wanna know what it was. 240 00:13:20,099 --> 00:13:22,234 But if it didn't have any markings whatsoever, 241 00:13:22,601 --> 00:13:23,869 the people would just sweep it up 242 00:13:23,936 --> 00:13:25,004 and throw it into a trash can, 243 00:13:25,070 --> 00:13:27,306 and not worry about the fact that it was classified. 244 00:13:28,741 --> 00:13:32,545 NARRATOR: Details of this CIA operation were top secret for decades. 245 00:13:33,779 --> 00:13:37,116 But now, with the recent release of CIA documents, 246 00:13:37,750 --> 00:13:41,687 it's okay for men who worked on the so-called Oxcart program 247 00:13:42,054 --> 00:13:45,758 to reveal some of their experiences at Area 51. 248 00:13:47,927 --> 00:13:50,996 One of them is Thornton TD Barnes. 249 00:13:51,797 --> 00:13:54,800 THORNTON TD BARNES: It took me 3 months to be cleared for the project. 250 00:13:55,100 --> 00:13:56,535 At that particular time, 251 00:13:56,769 --> 00:13:59,672 Oxcart was the most important thing the United States was doing. 252 00:13:59,738 --> 00:14:01,507 We were developing the stealth plane, 253 00:14:01,974 --> 00:14:03,642 something no one else had been able to do. 254 00:14:04,009 --> 00:14:06,245 They told us "we do not want you to record it." 255 00:14:06,612 --> 00:14:09,148 "Do not talk about it. It doesn't exist." 256 00:14:10,783 --> 00:14:12,618 NARRATOR: Secrecy is all-important, 257 00:14:12,918 --> 00:14:15,120 because Project Oxcart's new jet, 258 00:14:15,487 --> 00:14:16,722 called the A-12, 259 00:14:16,956 --> 00:14:19,625 is equipped with state-of-the-art materials 260 00:14:19,959 --> 00:14:22,161 to reduce its visibility to radar. 261 00:14:25,531 --> 00:14:29,235 LAW: A-12 was the best aircraft ever built, 262 00:14:29,668 --> 00:14:31,937 and it was so far ahead of anything else 263 00:14:32,004 --> 00:14:33,639 that people had on the boards. 264 00:14:35,407 --> 00:14:38,277 NARRATOR: Designed to fly at 90,000 feet, 265 00:14:38,544 --> 00:14:41,180 and at speeds faster than a speeding bullet, 266 00:14:41,547 --> 00:14:43,983 the CIA's A-12 spy-plane 267 00:14:44,283 --> 00:14:46,452 is built to withstand temperatures 268 00:14:46,518 --> 00:14:48,954 hundreds of degrees greater than the U-2. 269 00:14:51,857 --> 00:14:55,327 Peter Law, a thermodynamic engineer at Lockheed, 270 00:14:55,794 --> 00:14:57,763 worked on the high-flying aircraft 271 00:14:57,830 --> 00:15:00,532 at the company's legendary Skunk Works factory 272 00:15:00,699 --> 00:15:02,268 in Burbank, California. 273 00:15:03,335 --> 00:15:05,371 LAW: When you're flying the speed of the U-2, 274 00:15:05,938 --> 00:15:07,006 everything's too cold. 275 00:15:07,072 --> 00:15:08,807 Now, when you fly the speed of the A-12, 276 00:15:09,375 --> 00:15:10,743 now it's too hot. 277 00:15:11,977 --> 00:15:14,713 NARRATOR: The only metal light enough and strong enough 278 00:15:14,780 --> 00:15:16,448 to withstand the high temperatures 279 00:15:16,515 --> 00:15:20,319 Lockheed's A-12 is exposed to is titanium-- 280 00:15:20,786 --> 00:15:23,022 in short supply in the United States. 281 00:15:24,290 --> 00:15:26,191 Ironically, back then, 282 00:15:26,525 --> 00:15:29,295 the Soviet Union is the only reliable place 283 00:15:29,361 --> 00:15:31,430 to source the titanium they need. 284 00:15:32,431 --> 00:15:35,567 So the CIA creates a series of dummy companies 285 00:15:35,668 --> 00:15:39,371 to buy the material directly from its Cold War enemy. 286 00:15:42,007 --> 00:15:43,709 LAW: Russia supplied the titanium 287 00:15:44,009 --> 00:15:45,411 that made the A-12s. 288 00:15:45,477 --> 00:15:47,012 Of course, they didn't know that. 289 00:15:47,079 --> 00:15:49,815 That was another amazing thing for us as engineers. Wow. 290 00:15:50,349 --> 00:15:52,718 We're making something out of their material 291 00:15:52,785 --> 00:15:54,987 to go take pictures over their country, 292 00:15:55,220 --> 00:15:57,289 and, uh, they probably wouldn't have been 293 00:15:57,356 --> 00:16:01,093 too eager to sell us that titanium if they knew where it was going. 294 00:16:02,628 --> 00:16:04,863 NARRATOR: Lockheed engineers design the A-12 295 00:16:04,930 --> 00:16:06,966 to be difficult to spot on radar, 296 00:16:07,599 --> 00:16:11,870 but to test it out, they need to evaluate its radar cross section. 297 00:16:14,940 --> 00:16:17,509 MERLIN: Radar cross section is the key to stealth. 298 00:16:17,676 --> 00:16:21,347 An airplane presents a certain signature to the radar, 299 00:16:21,680 --> 00:16:23,782 depending on how reflective it is. 300 00:16:24,183 --> 00:16:25,584 You could have a small aircraft 301 00:16:25,651 --> 00:16:28,320 that's extremely reflective, and looks large on radar, 302 00:16:28,387 --> 00:16:31,523 or a large aircraft that's not particularly reflective, 303 00:16:31,590 --> 00:16:33,659 that looks relatively small on radar. 304 00:16:33,726 --> 00:16:36,328 The key to stealth is making the radar signature 305 00:16:36,395 --> 00:16:37,963 as small as possible. 306 00:16:39,031 --> 00:16:42,701 NARRATOR: At Area 51, the radar signature of an aircraft 307 00:16:42,768 --> 00:16:44,470 is evaluated on a pylon, 308 00:16:45,104 --> 00:16:47,373 affectionately called "the pole," 309 00:16:48,640 --> 00:16:50,409 a covert facility situated 310 00:16:50,476 --> 00:16:53,379 at the northeast end of the Area 51 complex. 311 00:16:56,181 --> 00:16:58,417 On the top of this sixty-foot structure, 312 00:16:58,717 --> 00:17:01,220 a full-scale model of the A-12 313 00:17:01,553 --> 00:17:04,590 is subjected to 18 months of testing. 314 00:17:08,293 --> 00:17:09,728 BARNES: We had all these radar... 315 00:17:10,162 --> 00:17:12,097 Every radar known to man at the time 316 00:17:12,531 --> 00:17:14,867 looking at the object we had on the pole, 317 00:17:14,933 --> 00:17:17,870 and we would could record the returns 318 00:17:18,203 --> 00:17:20,005 of the pattern or the signature. 319 00:17:20,406 --> 00:17:22,608 We'd get the reflections off of that object, 320 00:17:23,075 --> 00:17:25,010 and we could rotate it. We could tilt it, 321 00:17:25,577 --> 00:17:27,713 and that's what we were doing to develop stealth. 322 00:17:29,281 --> 00:17:32,284 NARRATOR: Even for those cleared to work on the A-12 project, 323 00:17:32,818 --> 00:17:35,687 access to the radar facilities at Area 51 324 00:17:36,355 --> 00:17:38,624 is strictly on a need-to-know basis. 325 00:17:40,292 --> 00:17:42,661 BARNES: People were not allowed in my building 326 00:17:42,728 --> 00:17:46,331 because we were doing things there that they had no need to know. 327 00:17:47,566 --> 00:17:50,903 LAW: I didn't have the level of clearance 328 00:17:50,969 --> 00:17:54,973 that the people needed to be able to deal with signatures. 329 00:17:55,040 --> 00:17:56,842 That was the highest level of security, 330 00:17:57,476 --> 00:17:59,478 and they didn't ask me about the thermal part of it. 331 00:17:59,545 --> 00:18:01,180 Even though they needed to know an answer, 332 00:18:01,246 --> 00:18:03,215 I didn't have a need to know that they existed. 333 00:18:03,449 --> 00:18:05,417 That's how compartmented things were. 334 00:18:05,818 --> 00:18:07,786 BARNES: It was a culture, and we thought nothing of it. 335 00:18:07,853 --> 00:18:08,987 You just didn't ask. 336 00:18:10,155 --> 00:18:13,525 NARRATOR: To support the CIA's top secret Oxcart project, 337 00:18:13,592 --> 00:18:16,128 the development of its A-12 spy-plane, 338 00:18:16,662 --> 00:18:19,364 Area 51 needs some major changes. 339 00:18:21,133 --> 00:18:23,702 MERLIN: The CIA decided to invest a great deal of money 340 00:18:23,769 --> 00:18:25,204 to build up the base. 341 00:18:25,571 --> 00:18:28,474 That included adding a brand new runway, 342 00:18:28,674 --> 00:18:31,143 8,500 feet long, made of concrete, 343 00:18:31,577 --> 00:18:34,546 with a 6,000 foot extension onto the lake bed. 344 00:18:35,080 --> 00:18:37,549 NARRATOR: In addition, three new hangars are built 345 00:18:37,616 --> 00:18:39,218 on the north side of the base. 346 00:18:41,420 --> 00:18:45,257 These are designated hangar 4, 5 and 6. 347 00:18:45,324 --> 00:18:47,526 MERLIN: The A-12, Project Oxcart, 348 00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:51,430 turned Area 51, which was essentially a temporary facility, 349 00:18:51,497 --> 00:18:53,232 into a permanent one. 350 00:18:54,166 --> 00:18:56,268 NARRATOR: By February 1962, 351 00:18:56,835 --> 00:18:59,037 Area 51 is now equipped to deal with 352 00:18:59,104 --> 00:19:01,073 a working prototype of the A-12, 353 00:19:01,840 --> 00:19:05,043 but first, the secret plane has to get there. 354 00:19:07,179 --> 00:19:11,150 The aircraft can't fly until it's been tested at Area 51, 355 00:19:11,850 --> 00:19:14,786 so Lockheed and the CIA have to figure out 356 00:19:14,853 --> 00:19:17,256 how to move it over 300 miles 357 00:19:17,556 --> 00:19:19,625 from the factory in Burbank, California 358 00:19:20,225 --> 00:19:22,494 to Area 51 in Nevada. 359 00:19:25,063 --> 00:19:28,800 And they have to keep it a secret. 360 00:19:30,869 --> 00:19:33,138 TOM STANKS: They put it in what they call a box. 361 00:19:33,238 --> 00:19:37,809 105 feet long and 35 feet wide. 362 00:19:38,143 --> 00:19:40,712 And they had the aircraft inside of it. 363 00:19:41,580 --> 00:19:44,616 NARRATOR: Area 51 security guard Tom Stanks 364 00:19:44,683 --> 00:19:47,920 joins the convoy of California Highway Patrol 365 00:19:47,986 --> 00:19:49,688 and CIA operatives 366 00:19:49,755 --> 00:19:51,456 who accompany the aircraft, 367 00:19:51,757 --> 00:19:54,259 as these remarkable photographs show, 368 00:19:54,526 --> 00:19:57,629 widening the road, cutting down trees, 369 00:19:57,696 --> 00:20:01,900 and removing signposts, so the enormous truck can pass. 370 00:20:04,002 --> 00:20:06,271 STANKS: We always parked in an area that was remote 371 00:20:06,338 --> 00:20:07,573 on the sides of the roads. 372 00:20:07,639 --> 00:20:10,075 The times that we stopped overnight 373 00:20:10,142 --> 00:20:12,044 is when the questions would be asked. 374 00:20:12,211 --> 00:20:15,180 I know at one time we had two children on bikes, 375 00:20:15,547 --> 00:20:16,748 and they said, "What have you got in that thing?" 376 00:20:16,815 --> 00:20:19,451 I said, "Flying saucer." (laughs) 377 00:20:19,518 --> 00:20:21,253 They said, "Yeah?" I said, "Yeah, that's right. 378 00:20:21,320 --> 00:20:23,121 Flying saucer." And, "I don't believe you." 379 00:20:23,188 --> 00:20:26,758 I said, "Well, maybe it's not." (laughs) 380 00:20:28,794 --> 00:20:31,763 NARRATOR: In total, eighteen convoys are needed 381 00:20:31,830 --> 00:20:35,400 to deliver the CIA's A-12s to the test site. 382 00:20:38,403 --> 00:20:42,608 Tom Stanks is no longer cleared for access to Area 51, 383 00:20:43,175 --> 00:20:46,445 so today, this is as far as he can take us. 384 00:20:46,778 --> 00:20:48,146 STANKS: Well, here we are. 385 00:20:48,780 --> 00:20:50,215 We made it three days 386 00:20:50,582 --> 00:20:52,584 from Burbank, California to here. 387 00:20:52,784 --> 00:20:54,987 This is where the Nevada test site is, 388 00:20:55,287 --> 00:20:56,989 and not too far down the road 389 00:20:57,155 --> 00:21:00,092 is where the Nevada Highway Patrol leaves us, 390 00:21:00,559 --> 00:21:03,028 and the Mercury patrol catches us, 391 00:21:03,328 --> 00:21:05,631 and they take us to the Area 51 test site. 392 00:21:06,231 --> 00:21:08,000 NARRATOR: 60 years ago, 393 00:21:08,066 --> 00:21:10,435 57 miles down this road, 394 00:21:11,470 --> 00:21:15,674 the CIA's top secret aircraft arrives at Area 51, 395 00:21:17,109 --> 00:21:19,411 and so begins a new chapter 396 00:21:19,478 --> 00:21:21,680 in the development of stealth. 397 00:21:23,415 --> 00:21:25,617 NARRATOR: By early 1960, 398 00:21:25,684 --> 00:21:28,420 America is playing technological catch-up 399 00:21:28,487 --> 00:21:30,922 with its archenemy, the Soviet Union. 400 00:21:33,191 --> 00:21:36,962 Intelligence gathering is the new battleground of the Cold War, 401 00:21:38,363 --> 00:21:40,198 and over 50 years later, 402 00:21:41,266 --> 00:21:42,634 documents now reveal 403 00:21:42,701 --> 00:21:46,371 that the Central Intelligence Agency at Area 51 404 00:21:47,139 --> 00:21:51,376 goes to extreme lengths to keep its A-12 airplane project, 405 00:21:51,443 --> 00:21:54,212 codenamed "Oxcart," under wraps. 406 00:21:57,649 --> 00:22:00,986 In 1962, Las Vegas resident Tom Stanks 407 00:22:01,286 --> 00:22:03,689 works as a security guard at the test site. 408 00:22:06,024 --> 00:22:10,095 His job: to make sure that only those with the right credentials 409 00:22:10,228 --> 00:22:11,963 get access to the base. 410 00:22:13,365 --> 00:22:14,833 STANKS: They had the planes coming in 411 00:22:14,900 --> 00:22:17,202 in the morning and leaving in the afternoon. 412 00:22:17,502 --> 00:22:20,772 And just like any airport or airline, 413 00:22:21,173 --> 00:22:22,607 everyone had a badge. 414 00:22:23,108 --> 00:22:25,010 KABAT: They took the badge away from you 415 00:22:25,277 --> 00:22:26,912 so it couldn't be tampered with, 416 00:22:27,279 --> 00:22:28,814 and when you came back the next day, 417 00:22:28,880 --> 00:22:31,083 they would match the badge to your face. 418 00:22:31,850 --> 00:22:34,386 I remember guards being very fussy about 419 00:22:34,686 --> 00:22:36,688 taking it away from you before you left, 420 00:22:37,022 --> 00:22:40,359 giving it back to you, comparing it every time. 421 00:22:41,927 --> 00:22:44,029 NARRATOR: Jules Kabat is just 22 422 00:22:44,096 --> 00:22:46,865 when he is recruited to work at Area 51. 423 00:22:48,066 --> 00:22:51,470 Like everyone employed to work on special projects at the base, 424 00:22:51,937 --> 00:22:53,905 he needs to be cleared for access, 425 00:22:54,306 --> 00:22:56,842 a process that takes months to complete. 426 00:22:57,209 --> 00:23:00,078 KABAT: Because they didn't have much in the way of computers back then, 427 00:23:00,379 --> 00:23:02,848 they had to do it the old fashioned way, with legwork. 428 00:23:03,348 --> 00:23:06,017 So, I remember neighbors, 429 00:23:06,785 --> 00:23:10,055 friends saying they were visited by the FBI, 430 00:23:10,122 --> 00:23:11,523 or some other agency, 431 00:23:11,590 --> 00:23:15,160 to see whether or not I was a foreign agent. 432 00:23:17,028 --> 00:23:19,131 NARRATOR: The need for this intense security 433 00:23:19,197 --> 00:23:21,299 is driven by one factor. 434 00:23:23,735 --> 00:23:26,671 Declassified documents released by the CIA 435 00:23:27,305 --> 00:23:29,441 show that in the early 1960s, 436 00:23:29,741 --> 00:23:34,846 Area 51 is focused on getting its A-12 stealth plane project, 437 00:23:34,913 --> 00:23:36,648 codenamed "Oxcart," 438 00:23:36,715 --> 00:23:39,818 out of development and into operation... 439 00:23:40,719 --> 00:23:45,490 a project so sensitive that even the aircraft have code names. 440 00:23:48,760 --> 00:23:51,296 BARNES: We didn't call the planes "planes." 441 00:23:51,363 --> 00:23:52,397 We called them "articles." 442 00:23:52,497 --> 00:23:54,900 That was the terminology that we used for 'em. 443 00:23:55,300 --> 00:23:57,002 Each had a different article number. 444 00:23:57,636 --> 00:23:59,504 The first one was article 121. 445 00:23:59,805 --> 00:24:02,774 ,We had article 127, 131. Different article numbers. 446 00:24:03,675 --> 00:24:06,011 NARRATOR: At every level, the A-12 program 447 00:24:06,077 --> 00:24:09,047 is protected by acronyms and misinformation. 448 00:24:10,749 --> 00:24:13,185 Even the identity of the A-12 pilots. 449 00:24:13,385 --> 00:24:15,487 BARNES: They had pseudo names entirely. 450 00:24:15,554 --> 00:24:17,222 They did not use their real names. 451 00:24:17,289 --> 00:24:20,425 The CIA got the names off of gravestones in Europe, 452 00:24:20,959 --> 00:24:22,494 and assigned them to the pilots. 453 00:24:23,995 --> 00:24:26,364 NARRATOR: But Oxcart's need to know security 454 00:24:26,698 --> 00:24:29,668 means even the "drivers" as the pilots are called, 455 00:24:30,268 --> 00:24:32,103 are not cleared to know everything. 456 00:24:32,637 --> 00:24:35,140 BARNES: The pilot did not even know what his mission was. 457 00:24:35,207 --> 00:24:38,076 All he knew is at a certain point 458 00:24:38,143 --> 00:24:41,313 along this flight, he has flipped this switch, 459 00:24:41,379 --> 00:24:43,315 make this turn to this angle, 460 00:24:44,182 --> 00:24:46,685 go so long, turn here, turn here, 461 00:24:47,252 --> 00:24:49,654 come home, and not say anything about it. 462 00:24:50,555 --> 00:24:52,324 NARRATOR: These precautions are necessary. 463 00:24:52,824 --> 00:24:56,761 By the 1960s, the Soviet Union has leapfrogged the U.S. 464 00:24:56,828 --> 00:25:00,265 in the Cold War battle for military espionage. 465 00:25:03,101 --> 00:25:04,569 In 1957, 466 00:25:04,836 --> 00:25:07,572 the Soviet Union launches Sputnik One, 467 00:25:07,839 --> 00:25:10,008 becoming the first nation on Earth 468 00:25:10,075 --> 00:25:12,744 to put a man-made object in space. 469 00:25:13,945 --> 00:25:14,980 (beeping) 470 00:25:15,046 --> 00:25:16,214 ANNOUNCER: Until two days ago, 471 00:25:16,281 --> 00:25:18,783 that sound had never been heard on this Earth. 472 00:25:19,084 --> 00:25:21,920 Suddenly, it has become as much a part of 20th century life 473 00:25:21,987 --> 00:25:24,222 as the whir of your vacuum cleaner. 474 00:25:24,890 --> 00:25:27,392 NARRATOR: The world's first artificial satellite 475 00:25:27,726 --> 00:25:31,229 is an aluminum sphere about the size of a beach ball. 476 00:25:31,897 --> 00:25:35,166 Inside, a battery pack and basic radio 477 00:25:35,233 --> 00:25:37,302 sends out a repeating pulse. 478 00:25:38,904 --> 00:25:41,473 But although it doesn't actually do very much, 479 00:25:41,640 --> 00:25:43,808 it catches the world's attention, 480 00:25:43,875 --> 00:25:46,278 and America, off-guard. 481 00:25:46,778 --> 00:25:48,480 BARNES: When Sputnik launched, 482 00:25:48,813 --> 00:25:50,582 we heard that little satellite going over. 483 00:25:50,649 --> 00:25:52,083 "Beep, beep, beep, beep." 484 00:25:52,150 --> 00:25:55,153 We realized we've got a problem. They're ahead of us. 485 00:25:55,520 --> 00:25:57,088 We didn't know how far ahead. 486 00:25:57,856 --> 00:25:59,624 NARRATOR: In the years that follow, 487 00:25:59,691 --> 00:26:03,261 the Soviets launch more and more sophisticated satellites, 488 00:26:04,229 --> 00:26:06,731 many of them flying over the United States, 489 00:26:06,898 --> 00:26:09,935 and worryingly for those on the Oxcart program, 490 00:26:10,435 --> 00:26:12,637 photographing Area 51. 491 00:26:15,774 --> 00:26:19,044 BARNES: We had the A-12 prototype on the pole for 18 months. 492 00:26:19,644 --> 00:26:21,179 But every time a satellite would come over, 493 00:26:21,246 --> 00:26:23,014 we knew that morning 494 00:26:23,081 --> 00:26:25,483 what time it would be coming over the horizon. 495 00:26:25,650 --> 00:26:27,485 Our intelligence was that good, 496 00:26:27,886 --> 00:26:29,854 and we would have to take it off the pole 497 00:26:30,121 --> 00:26:32,958 and run it into a building until the satellite passed. 498 00:26:33,592 --> 00:26:36,728 NARRATOR: But even these precautions have their limitations. 499 00:26:38,330 --> 00:26:41,499 BARNES: Ironically, we learned many, many years later 500 00:26:41,900 --> 00:26:44,836 that they had gotten the shape of the A-12 501 00:26:44,903 --> 00:26:47,973 from the shadow, because the ground was cooler 502 00:26:48,306 --> 00:26:49,674 underneath it. 503 00:26:49,741 --> 00:26:52,110 We'd moved the plane; it was gone, 504 00:26:52,177 --> 00:26:54,879 but they could tell that it had been sitting there 505 00:26:54,946 --> 00:26:56,848 because of the difference in the heat. 506 00:26:57,816 --> 00:26:59,918 NARRATOR: By the late 1960's, 507 00:26:59,985 --> 00:27:02,721 Soviet satellites aren't the only things 508 00:27:02,787 --> 00:27:07,025 adding new impetus to technology development at Area 51. 509 00:27:09,628 --> 00:27:11,997 The Vietnam War is in full swing, 510 00:27:12,197 --> 00:27:14,332 and for American fighters, 511 00:27:14,399 --> 00:27:16,568 the Soviet-built MiG aircraft 512 00:27:16,768 --> 00:27:18,570 is proving to be a real handful. 513 00:27:21,006 --> 00:27:23,408 BARNES: We knew the Russians had come up with something 514 00:27:23,842 --> 00:27:25,176 that was great. 515 00:27:25,243 --> 00:27:26,978 It's, it's whacking us. This-- 516 00:27:27,045 --> 00:27:28,480 It's knocking our pilots out of the sky. 517 00:27:28,546 --> 00:27:30,048 We thought it was a super plane. 518 00:27:32,417 --> 00:27:34,719 NARRATOR: Now, the CIA dossier 519 00:27:34,786 --> 00:27:36,655 published in August 2013, 520 00:27:37,222 --> 00:27:40,458 lifts the lid on an Area 51 project 521 00:27:40,692 --> 00:27:44,129 that's been hidden from the public for the last fifty years. 522 00:27:45,897 --> 00:27:48,133 NARRATOR: Declassified CIA documents 523 00:27:48,633 --> 00:27:50,835 contain a previously censored history 524 00:27:50,902 --> 00:27:53,905 of why and how Area 51 525 00:27:54,572 --> 00:27:56,541 grew out of the Nevada desert, 526 00:27:56,808 --> 00:27:59,611 and reveal a revolving picture of the nature of the work 527 00:27:59,678 --> 00:28:00,879 carried out there. 528 00:28:00,945 --> 00:28:03,481 BARNES: Area 51 is not really an airbase. 529 00:28:03,548 --> 00:28:06,184 It's a laboratory. It's a technological laboratory. 530 00:28:07,152 --> 00:28:10,355 It's where we were exploiting enemy technology, 531 00:28:10,989 --> 00:28:13,925 and analyzing the capabilities of Soviet Union. 532 00:28:15,493 --> 00:28:17,062 NARRATOR: In 1968, 533 00:28:17,128 --> 00:28:20,799 this "laboratory" becomes America's base of operations 534 00:28:20,865 --> 00:28:22,834 for a major new initiative: 535 00:28:23,268 --> 00:28:26,471 to test and evaluate its enemies' jet fighters, 536 00:28:27,739 --> 00:28:30,208 a program that grows out of U.S. losses 537 00:28:30,275 --> 00:28:32,510 in the early years of the Vietnam War. 538 00:28:35,046 --> 00:28:37,382 For every Russian-built MiG-21 539 00:28:37,449 --> 00:28:39,784 American pilots shoot down in the conflict, 540 00:28:40,485 --> 00:28:44,222 nine U.S.-built F-4 fighters are being destroyed. 541 00:28:47,692 --> 00:28:52,130 In 1968, the U.S. acquires a MiG-21 542 00:28:52,530 --> 00:28:56,234 that has been flown to Israel by an Iraqi defector. 543 00:28:56,735 --> 00:28:59,971 The CIA secretly ships it to Area 51 544 00:29:00,105 --> 00:29:02,006 for evaluation testing 545 00:29:02,073 --> 00:29:05,043 under the codename "Have Doughnut." 546 00:29:05,944 --> 00:29:08,546 BARNES: The first time I saw this baby was in 1968. 547 00:29:08,613 --> 00:29:11,249 One just like this, Groom Lake, Area 51. 548 00:29:11,382 --> 00:29:13,785 We pretty well tore it down and looked at everything. 549 00:29:13,852 --> 00:29:15,553 The radios, the hydraulics, 550 00:29:15,920 --> 00:29:17,489 uh, the engines. 551 00:29:17,555 --> 00:29:19,891 Everything about this plane, we examined it. 552 00:29:22,060 --> 00:29:24,262 NARRATOR: The results of the MiG-21 evaluation 553 00:29:24,329 --> 00:29:26,498 at Area 51 are clear. 554 00:29:29,300 --> 00:29:31,669 It isn't the aircraft that's the problem. 555 00:29:32,871 --> 00:29:35,607 BARNES: We realized it wasn't necessarily the planes. 556 00:29:35,840 --> 00:29:37,909 It was our people did not know how to fight. 557 00:29:38,476 --> 00:29:39,511 Simple as that. 558 00:29:40,678 --> 00:29:43,681 NARRATOR: Now, Area 51 becomes the birthplace 559 00:29:43,748 --> 00:29:45,817 of a new top secret initiative: 560 00:29:46,551 --> 00:29:48,486 training American fighter pilots 561 00:29:48,753 --> 00:29:51,723 how to defeat Soviet MiGs in a dogfight. 562 00:29:53,191 --> 00:29:56,127 BARNES: We realized that it took ten missions in the war zone 563 00:29:56,461 --> 00:30:00,265 for a pilot to become experienced enough that he might survive the war. 564 00:30:00,365 --> 00:30:04,135 So we decided with what we learned at Area 51, 565 00:30:04,502 --> 00:30:06,971 let's give these pilots those ten missions 566 00:30:07,038 --> 00:30:09,941 in Nevada before we send them to the war zone. 567 00:30:10,308 --> 00:30:11,776 NARRATOR: To support this new program, 568 00:30:11,843 --> 00:30:15,413 Area 51 undergoes a new construction phase. 569 00:30:17,282 --> 00:30:19,350 For the third time in its short life, 570 00:30:19,517 --> 00:30:20,985 more facilities are added. 571 00:30:22,887 --> 00:30:26,791 Five more hangars are constructed at the south end of the test site. 572 00:30:28,560 --> 00:30:31,362 And to prevent any sightings of the top secret 573 00:30:31,429 --> 00:30:33,431 U.S.-flown MiGs out at Groom, 574 00:30:34,299 --> 00:30:37,302 the airspace directly above the range is closed... 575 00:30:38,203 --> 00:30:39,370 permanently. 576 00:30:42,340 --> 00:30:46,444 But despite extensive measures to ensure the secrecy of the MiG training 577 00:30:46,511 --> 00:30:49,013 and combat operations at Area 51, 578 00:30:50,815 --> 00:30:53,952 its cover is almost blown in 1974... 579 00:30:55,887 --> 00:31:01,125 when Skylab astronauts unwittingly photograph the base from space. 580 00:31:07,632 --> 00:31:09,167 The Skylab incident 581 00:31:09,234 --> 00:31:13,204 marks a watershed moment in the life of Area 51. 582 00:31:14,839 --> 00:31:16,641 By the mid-1970s, 583 00:31:16,708 --> 00:31:19,744 the agency's U-2 and A-12 projects 584 00:31:20,044 --> 00:31:22,280 are winding down at the test site. 585 00:31:23,014 --> 00:31:25,049 Advances in satellite technology 586 00:31:25,116 --> 00:31:27,719 make high-flying spy planes redundant. 587 00:31:29,654 --> 00:31:32,724 Now, the U.S. Air Force takes control of the base. 588 00:31:35,026 --> 00:31:37,795 MERLIN: That was a huge moment in the history of Area 51. 589 00:31:38,863 --> 00:31:42,333 We're transitioning from use by the intelligence community 590 00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:44,168 to the Department of Defense, 591 00:31:44,235 --> 00:31:47,472 ushering in one of the most significant advancements 592 00:31:47,538 --> 00:31:50,508 in military technology: the stealth revolution. 593 00:31:51,142 --> 00:31:52,210 NARRATOR: When the U.S. Air Force 594 00:31:52,277 --> 00:31:55,680 takes control of Area 51 in 1978, 595 00:31:56,047 --> 00:31:59,183 it's in the middle of the most highly classified project 596 00:31:59,250 --> 00:32:01,786 ever to have been through the test site. 597 00:32:02,253 --> 00:32:03,955 BARNES: The most exciting plane 598 00:32:04,022 --> 00:32:06,891 that I worked on at Area 51 was the Have Blue. 599 00:32:06,958 --> 00:32:09,427 The prototypes when they brought that thing in, 600 00:32:10,094 --> 00:32:13,164 it looked like something we'd never seen before in our lives. 601 00:32:13,932 --> 00:32:17,001 NARRATOR: The flat-faceted fuselage of the Have Blue 602 00:32:17,568 --> 00:32:19,404 is a revolutionary design. 603 00:32:20,672 --> 00:32:21,806 And it needs to be. 604 00:32:22,774 --> 00:32:26,144 The experimental jet is designed with one goal in mind: 605 00:32:26,811 --> 00:32:28,112 stealth. 606 00:32:30,281 --> 00:32:33,718 Unlike the A-12, which can be seen on radar 607 00:32:33,918 --> 00:32:36,487 but compensates by flying in the stratosphere 608 00:32:36,554 --> 00:32:38,056 at supersonic speeds, 609 00:32:39,190 --> 00:32:41,826 the Have Blue, a sub-sonic jet, 610 00:32:42,260 --> 00:32:45,496 is designed to be virtually invisible to radar. 611 00:32:45,964 --> 00:32:47,665 LAW: When it took its radar tests, 612 00:32:47,732 --> 00:32:49,534 the people that were inside that weren't cleared 613 00:32:49,600 --> 00:32:51,302 were looking at the radar and said, 614 00:32:51,803 --> 00:32:55,273 "Well, your, your model must have fallen off the, uh, 615 00:32:55,873 --> 00:32:57,241 off that, uh, pole out there, 616 00:32:57,308 --> 00:32:59,043 because there's nothing up there anymore." 617 00:33:00,078 --> 00:33:02,780 NARRATOR: Not bad for an aircraft 38 feet long, 618 00:33:03,014 --> 00:33:05,116 and with a wingspan of 22. 619 00:33:06,684 --> 00:33:09,087 This success sees the U.S. Air Force 620 00:33:09,153 --> 00:33:12,623 green-light production of an operational aircraft, 621 00:33:12,957 --> 00:33:15,793 designated the F-117. 622 00:33:16,527 --> 00:33:18,596 But creating the world's first aircraft 623 00:33:18,663 --> 00:33:20,665 virtually invisible to radar 624 00:33:21,132 --> 00:33:24,302 has an impact on those who work at Area 51. 625 00:33:25,269 --> 00:33:26,838 Some employees claim 626 00:33:27,205 --> 00:33:29,774 the disposal of anti-radar coatings 627 00:33:29,841 --> 00:33:32,844 used on the jet harms their health, 628 00:33:33,578 --> 00:33:38,316 an allegation that forces the president of the United States to take action. 629 00:33:40,251 --> 00:33:41,753 NARRATOR: Area 51. 630 00:33:42,553 --> 00:33:45,056 Since its creation in 1955, 631 00:33:45,490 --> 00:33:48,760 the exotic nature of the CIA aircraft tested here 632 00:33:48,993 --> 00:33:50,895 break aviation records, 633 00:33:52,063 --> 00:33:55,466 flying higher and faster than any aircraft before. 634 00:33:59,003 --> 00:34:00,505 During the Cold War, 635 00:34:00,772 --> 00:34:02,473 these clandestine jets 636 00:34:02,774 --> 00:34:04,675 flying from the secretive base 637 00:34:05,143 --> 00:34:07,378 fuel a raft of UFO sightings, 638 00:34:08,479 --> 00:34:10,815 firing the imagination of Americans 639 00:34:10,882 --> 00:34:13,785 already steeped in '50s UFO culture. 640 00:34:15,520 --> 00:34:16,888 MILITARY OFFICER: The recent sightings 641 00:34:16,954 --> 00:34:18,956 are in no way connected 642 00:34:19,023 --> 00:34:21,192 with any secret developments 643 00:34:21,259 --> 00:34:23,594 by any agency of the Unites States. 644 00:34:24,762 --> 00:34:26,964 NARRATOR: But denials that Area 51 645 00:34:27,432 --> 00:34:29,934 is at the heart of a UFO conspiracy 646 00:34:30,101 --> 00:34:31,235 fuels speculation, 647 00:34:32,036 --> 00:34:33,337 and in the 1980s, 648 00:34:33,604 --> 00:34:36,741 it reaches fever pitch with the extraordinary claims 649 00:34:37,408 --> 00:34:38,576 of this man. 650 00:34:39,110 --> 00:34:40,344 BOB LAZAR: Hi. I'm Bob Lazar. 651 00:34:41,012 --> 00:34:43,147 During late 1988 and early '89, 652 00:34:43,748 --> 00:34:46,751 I worked on the propulsions systems of extra-terrestrial vehicles 653 00:34:46,818 --> 00:34:48,252 for the United States government. 654 00:34:48,986 --> 00:34:51,355 NARRATOR: Lazar's claims about Area 51 655 00:34:51,989 --> 00:34:54,992 makes the base one of the most talked about locations 656 00:34:55,059 --> 00:34:56,127 in the world. 657 00:34:57,428 --> 00:35:00,698 But the unwanted attention can't come at a worse time 658 00:35:00,765 --> 00:35:01,966 for the U.S. Air Force. 659 00:35:03,668 --> 00:35:05,870 Area 51 is right at the heart 660 00:35:05,937 --> 00:35:08,739 of its most highly classified project yet: 661 00:35:09,640 --> 00:35:10,942 stealth. 662 00:35:11,809 --> 00:35:13,911 MERLIN: The level of secrecy surrounding stealth 663 00:35:13,978 --> 00:35:16,781 is considered to be comparable to or exceeding 664 00:35:16,848 --> 00:35:19,851 that of the Manhattan Project: development of the atomic bomb. 665 00:35:20,651 --> 00:35:22,420 Stealth was absolutely vital 666 00:35:22,487 --> 00:35:24,622 to the future of military technology. 667 00:35:25,723 --> 00:35:29,494 NARRATOR: The creation of what becomes the F-117 stealth bomber 668 00:35:29,927 --> 00:35:34,365 takes Area 51 into new era of stealth technology. 669 00:35:34,999 --> 00:35:38,970 In particular, the development of radar absorbing materials, 670 00:35:39,036 --> 00:35:40,605 or RAM. 671 00:35:41,272 --> 00:35:44,108 MERLIN: The concept of RAM is not classified, 672 00:35:44,308 --> 00:35:45,643 but its composition 673 00:35:46,077 --> 00:35:48,579 was one of the hottest secrets at all of the era. 674 00:35:49,413 --> 00:35:50,515 To this day, 675 00:35:50,615 --> 00:35:53,951 the Defense Department considers RAM to be top secret. 676 00:35:54,619 --> 00:35:56,320 NARRATOR: Radar absorbing material, 677 00:35:56,387 --> 00:35:57,989 as the name suggests, 678 00:35:58,055 --> 00:36:01,159 is a class of materials used to disguise a vehicle, 679 00:36:01,225 --> 00:36:02,793 or structure, from radar. 680 00:36:04,095 --> 00:36:07,098 Experts surmise that the F-117's RAM 681 00:36:07,465 --> 00:36:10,434 is made up of sheets about the thickness of linoleum, 682 00:36:10,568 --> 00:36:14,672 and a paint containing tiny spheres coated with iron ferrite, 683 00:36:15,072 --> 00:36:17,875 which vibrate when hit by radar waves. 684 00:36:20,444 --> 00:36:23,414 The exact make-up of this radar absorbent material 685 00:36:23,481 --> 00:36:24,782 is still top secret, 686 00:36:25,383 --> 00:36:26,684 but according to this man, 687 00:36:27,351 --> 00:36:29,820 RAM is the reason he's dying. 688 00:36:30,555 --> 00:36:35,693 DUNHAM: Well, these pills here are, uh, vitamin D-3 pills, 689 00:36:35,760 --> 00:36:37,895 which are supposed to be very good for 690 00:36:38,563 --> 00:36:43,334 stimulating, uh, cell growth in the, the lungs and things like that. 691 00:36:43,534 --> 00:36:47,538 The doctors told me that I might live to be 64. 692 00:36:48,272 --> 00:36:50,408 That means I only have a year left. 693 00:36:51,976 --> 00:36:55,613 NARRATOR: Fred Dunham, a former Area 51 security guard, 694 00:36:55,680 --> 00:36:58,683 suffers from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 695 00:36:59,350 --> 00:37:01,285 a condition he says he developed 696 00:37:01,352 --> 00:37:03,921 overseeing the disposal of barrels of RAM 697 00:37:04,121 --> 00:37:07,925 in burn pits at Area 51 in the 1980s. 698 00:37:09,760 --> 00:37:13,998 DUNHAM: The drums contained carbon fiber resin, 699 00:37:15,399 --> 00:37:18,302 and sealants for making the wings, 700 00:37:18,369 --> 00:37:21,072 uh, and different parts of the aircraft, 701 00:37:21,372 --> 00:37:24,141 that were very hazardous when they were burned. 702 00:37:25,643 --> 00:37:28,212 NARRATOR: No satellite images of Area 51 703 00:37:28,279 --> 00:37:30,881 that show these burn pits are known to exist, 704 00:37:31,716 --> 00:37:33,651 but according to Dunham's description, 705 00:37:33,951 --> 00:37:37,321 it is possible to plot them onto a map of the base. 706 00:37:37,588 --> 00:37:43,461 DUNHAM: They were just west of the south gate control point. 707 00:37:44,095 --> 00:37:47,365 There was at least six, maybe seven burn pits 708 00:37:47,431 --> 00:37:50,735 that were right within 300 yards 709 00:37:50,801 --> 00:37:53,471 of the base population. 710 00:37:54,472 --> 00:37:58,209 NARRATOR: According to Dunham, each burn lasts 24 hours, 711 00:37:58,276 --> 00:37:59,844 and happens twice a week 712 00:38:00,111 --> 00:38:02,813 for a three-year period through the mid-'80s, 713 00:38:03,314 --> 00:38:06,450 exposing him to clouds of toxic fumes. 714 00:38:09,520 --> 00:38:10,955 DUNHAM: It was like someone had burned 715 00:38:11,622 --> 00:38:14,158 a bunch of rubber tires. 716 00:38:14,225 --> 00:38:18,729 Uh, the soot that was in the air was unbelievable. 717 00:38:20,097 --> 00:38:22,266 NARRATOR: Dunham believes his breathing problems 718 00:38:22,333 --> 00:38:24,568 come from the soot and the fumes. 719 00:38:25,603 --> 00:38:26,904 DUNHAM, I'm a non-smoker, 720 00:38:27,872 --> 00:38:30,941 and the doctor told me that my lungs look like 721 00:38:31,409 --> 00:38:34,011 the lungs of an 80-year-old man 722 00:38:34,078 --> 00:38:38,449 who had smoked four packs of cigarettes every day. 723 00:38:39,483 --> 00:38:40,651 NARRATOR: In the '90s, 724 00:38:40,718 --> 00:38:43,054 the former security guard, along with others, 725 00:38:43,321 --> 00:38:46,757 brings a case against the state for medical compensation. 726 00:38:47,692 --> 00:38:52,129 But the case is rejected when President Clinton signs a determination 727 00:38:52,196 --> 00:38:55,666 which excludes Groom Lake from any investigation, 728 00:38:55,733 --> 00:38:58,235 on the grounds of national security. 729 00:39:02,173 --> 00:39:03,641 NARRATOR: For nearly 60 years, 730 00:39:03,708 --> 00:39:07,278 the true story of Area 51 was hidden from the public. 731 00:39:08,746 --> 00:39:11,849 But the release of CIA documents in 2013 732 00:39:12,516 --> 00:39:13,851 helps change that. 733 00:39:15,019 --> 00:39:17,888 MERLIN: These documents from various government agencies, 734 00:39:18,022 --> 00:39:19,457 finally declassified, 735 00:39:19,990 --> 00:39:23,627 confirm the existence of Area 51 as an official entity, 736 00:39:23,828 --> 00:39:26,630 and we can at last begin to unravel its secrets. 737 00:39:26,997 --> 00:39:29,767 NARRATOR: Those documents, along with satellite imagery, 738 00:39:30,167 --> 00:39:31,435 are now helping to map 739 00:39:31,502 --> 00:39:34,238 how top secret programs at Area 51 740 00:39:34,638 --> 00:39:36,006 have changed the base, 741 00:39:36,340 --> 00:39:38,976 a place we now know continuously evolves 742 00:39:39,043 --> 00:39:40,978 in line with national priorities, 743 00:39:41,612 --> 00:39:44,115 and with each program that comes along. 744 00:39:44,815 --> 00:39:45,883 MERLIN: If you looked at the aerial 745 00:39:45,950 --> 00:39:48,085 and satellite photographs taken over the years, 746 00:39:48,352 --> 00:39:49,553 you can see the changes. 747 00:39:50,221 --> 00:39:53,657 New runways. New hangars. More infrastructure. 748 00:39:54,325 --> 00:39:56,927 It's constantly growing and changing and building. 749 00:39:57,962 --> 00:39:59,730 This is not a static facility. 750 00:39:59,830 --> 00:40:01,232 It's extremely dynamic. 751 00:40:02,299 --> 00:40:04,335 NARRATOR: As Area 51 has changed, 752 00:40:04,969 --> 00:40:06,704 so, too, has its role. 753 00:40:07,405 --> 00:40:11,041 BARNES: Area 51 is not really in the common sense, an airbase. 754 00:40:11,175 --> 00:40:13,110 Area 51 is the proving ground. 755 00:40:13,177 --> 00:40:15,713 That's where we can say it works, or it doesn't work. 756 00:40:17,615 --> 00:40:19,784 You know, a lot of the missions will not touch down there. 757 00:40:20,151 --> 00:40:22,019 They will just fly over the base, 758 00:40:22,353 --> 00:40:24,622 and we can evaluate what they have come up with. 759 00:40:25,089 --> 00:40:27,491 It's a proof of concept facility. 760 00:40:27,558 --> 00:40:30,261 It's where we prove this will work or this will not work. 761 00:40:30,995 --> 00:40:33,531 NARRATOR: Created in the '50s to test the U-2, 762 00:40:34,165 --> 00:40:37,134 the CIA's secret base has given the U.S. 763 00:40:37,201 --> 00:40:38,936 the edge over its enemies 764 00:40:39,236 --> 00:40:40,638 for more than half a century. 765 00:40:43,507 --> 00:40:44,942 MERLIN: Area 51 is the place 766 00:40:45,009 --> 00:40:47,878 where we have developed all of our stealth technologies, 767 00:40:48,112 --> 00:40:51,882 from the early advances of the A-12 through the modern era. 768 00:40:52,149 --> 00:40:53,651 Every U.S. stealth aircraft 769 00:40:54,351 --> 00:40:56,987 has been tested at Area 51 in one way or another. 770 00:40:57,655 --> 00:40:59,023 NARRATOR: These programs include 771 00:40:59,089 --> 00:41:02,293 the B-2, advanced cruise missile systems, 772 00:41:03,127 --> 00:41:06,030 the Air Force's latest operational strike aircraft, 773 00:41:06,263 --> 00:41:08,499 the Raptor, and drones, 774 00:41:08,566 --> 00:41:11,769 now commonplace in combat zones across the world. 775 00:41:15,706 --> 00:41:18,442 The Raptor, unlike the F-117, 776 00:41:18,909 --> 00:41:20,911 is still an operational aircraft. 777 00:41:21,512 --> 00:41:24,949 But it, like all of the U.S. Air Force stealth programs 778 00:41:25,015 --> 00:41:28,519 carried out at Groom Lake in the 1980s and 1990s, 779 00:41:29,820 --> 00:41:31,722 remains highly classified. 780 00:41:32,690 --> 00:41:35,159 MERLIN: Today we know about the programs like the U-2, 781 00:41:36,026 --> 00:41:38,229 Oxcart, the stealth fighter, 782 00:41:39,163 --> 00:41:42,766 and other demonstrators have come since then. Tacit Blue. The Bird of Prey. 783 00:41:43,434 --> 00:41:46,170 But there are so many other projects, both manned and unmanned, 784 00:41:46,637 --> 00:41:48,405 that we may not hear about for decades. 785 00:41:49,306 --> 00:41:51,842 BARNES: Area 51 is light years ahead. 786 00:41:52,076 --> 00:41:54,845 There's no one even coming close to the technology 787 00:41:54,912 --> 00:41:56,213 we have developed out there. 788 00:41:56,480 --> 00:41:58,549 And it will continue, but that's the only way 789 00:41:59,416 --> 00:42:02,186 that we can remain free, safe, 790 00:42:02,753 --> 00:42:05,956 and be superior, is Area 51. 791 00:42:07,024 --> 00:42:10,528 NARRATOR: It's clear that the CIA story of Area 51 792 00:42:11,028 --> 00:42:14,498 has played a key role in keeping America safe from its enemies. 793 00:42:16,033 --> 00:42:18,802 Beginning with the U-2 and A-12 projects, 794 00:42:19,470 --> 00:42:22,706 America's secret base saved lives in Vietnam. 795 00:42:23,807 --> 00:42:25,442 BARNES: The "Have Doughnut" program 796 00:42:25,743 --> 00:42:28,178 completely turned around the kill ratio in Vietnam 797 00:42:28,646 --> 00:42:30,514 from 9 to 1 against us. 798 00:42:30,814 --> 00:42:33,984 We'd lost over 8,000 helicopters alone, 799 00:42:34,418 --> 00:42:35,653 knocked down by the MiGs, 800 00:42:36,253 --> 00:42:38,289 and we completely turned that around 801 00:42:38,822 --> 00:42:40,991 to the point today we hadn't lost a plane to 802 00:42:41,625 --> 00:42:45,963 air to air combat in several wars. Not years, but wars. 803 00:42:46,363 --> 00:42:49,800 NARRATOR: And it's a trend that continues with the F-117, 804 00:42:50,668 --> 00:42:53,270 an aircraft that fought successfully in not one, 805 00:42:53,737 --> 00:42:55,239 but two wars in Iraq, 806 00:42:55,773 --> 00:42:57,007 with no losses. 807 00:42:57,942 --> 00:42:59,977 LAW: When you start off with an experimental program, 808 00:43:00,411 --> 00:43:02,880 you have to cross your fingers that everybody knows what they're doing, 809 00:43:02,947 --> 00:43:04,381 and it's gonna work out right. 810 00:43:04,448 --> 00:43:06,517 And of course, we were amazed 811 00:43:06,784 --> 00:43:10,220 that it could do so well with bullets flying through the air, 812 00:43:10,287 --> 00:43:11,922 and missiles and everything coming up. 813 00:43:11,989 --> 00:43:13,324 We were all wondering, "Oh, my God. 814 00:43:13,390 --> 00:43:16,327 How can anything survive all that stuff in the air?" 815 00:43:17,761 --> 00:43:21,165 NARRATOR: Now, nearly 60 years after its creation, 816 00:43:21,765 --> 00:43:26,503 Area 51 is still at the forefront of military technology development. 817 00:43:27,571 --> 00:43:30,541 We may not know what projects are being developed there, 818 00:43:31,208 --> 00:43:33,544 but for those who have played a part in its story, 819 00:43:34,378 --> 00:43:38,749 the need for these secret projects is still as great as ever. 820 00:43:39,483 --> 00:43:41,919 LAW: I'm sure that there's something else going on out there. 821 00:43:42,252 --> 00:43:46,690 I'm glad that we're doing it, and I don't have a need to know about it, 822 00:43:46,757 --> 00:43:48,993 but I'm glad somebody's going to the next step. 823 00:43:49,393 --> 00:43:50,427 We did our best. 824 00:43:50,494 --> 00:43:53,030 Now somebody else has the project that's gonna be 825 00:43:53,664 --> 00:43:54,965 doing something in the future, 826 00:43:55,032 --> 00:43:58,369 and I'm glad this country is doing things that we don't know about. 827 00:43:58,435 --> 00:44:00,938 Just like we were doing things that they didn't know about. 828 00:44:01,005 --> 00:44:02,006 Captioned by Point.360 63153

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