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Hi, I am jordan greenbaum and I would like to speak today about online child sexual abuse
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and exploitation from a child's perspective.
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And I'm hoping at the end of this presentation, you'll recall the risk factors for online sexual victimization
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and be familiar with some potential indicators of exploitation.
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And that you recall the health impact of both physical and mental health associated
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with online exploitation, and be able to describe the trauma-informed approach
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to interact with children who've been traumatized in this way.
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Let's begin with some examples of online child sexual exploitation
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starting with online solicitation, which is, you know, occurs when somebody identifies
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or grooms a child online with the intent to exploit them sexually,
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either online or offline or both.
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Delily, a 13-year-old female explores the Internet. To find out more about chatrooms.
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She finds one and meets a 25-year-old man who singles her out and wants to make friends.
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She tells him her parents fight all the time and she's bullied at school.
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He listens and encourages her to confide in him.
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The relationship gets closer and eventually, he asks her for a picture of her breasts.
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She's embarrassed, but she doesn't want him to be hurt. She says no, so she sends the photo.
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He loves the photo. He encourages more friends.
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And she replies.
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Eventually, he suggests that they meet in person.
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He picked her up from her house and takes her to a motel where they have sex.
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Now let's look at an example of the production of online child sexual exploitation materials
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or what used to be called child pornography.
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Four-year-old Andrew is sexually abused by a man who works with his mother.
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The man spends time at the child's home and offers to watch him
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when the mother is busy while at the man's home.
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He plays sexual games with the boy and takes photographs of the child without its clothes on.
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He video records the child masturbating and shares the photographs and videos of other sex offenders online.
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And finally, the third type of online exploitation
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involves live online child sexual exploitation or sometimes called webcam child sex tourism.
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Here's an example.
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Fizaha,An eight-year-old female told by her mother that she needs to help the family earn money.
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The mother tells her to sit on the bed in front of the computer's webcam and do what the man tells you.
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The child does this. She sees a man she doesn't know.
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She hears him tell her to take off her shirt and her skirt.
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She looks at her mother who says, Come on, it's only for 10 minutes.
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Well, what are the risk factors for online child sexual exploitation?
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It appears as children who are more vulnerable to sexual abuse offline are also more vulnerable to exploitation online.
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And there are several behaviors online that have been associated with an increased risk of exploitation
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particularly if you have three or more risky behaviors
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such as talking about sex online with strangers
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such as what you're really doing intentionally embarrassing others online frequently.
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Having multiple strangers on a buddy list who you've only met online and intentionally
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visiting X-rated websites.
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We don't know what to believe about these online behaviors
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Other than that she's talking to a stranger about sex.
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There are also risk factors associated with child sexual abuse in general
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that are associated with the child victim and with the interpersonal relationships that the child may have.
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So you can see that at the individual level being female
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being out of school, living on the street, or in a marginalized group
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all render a child vulnerable to exploitation
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as do relationships within a family or with peers that involve an absent or unavailable parent.
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Like Delily has.
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Her parents are fighting all the time. They're not available to her.
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Poverty in the family, bullying from others. These are all risk factors.
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Well, how would you suspect a child is being exploited online?
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There are no definitive signs, and many of these possible signs of online abuse are wrong.
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They may be seen with a lot of other different circumstances that have nothing to do with exploitation.
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On the other hand, children who have been exploited may or may not have any of these signs of abuse.
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But think about these and think about the children you work with.
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So you might find that a child who's being exploited starts to use their computer
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or use their phone much more frequently at night and becomes very anxious about being online.
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They may be secretive about having their online adult friend
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but you can never overlook their shoulder to see who they're talking to.
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They may be angry or withdrawn when online and their academic performance in school may decline.
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They may start pulling away from friends or family.
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Again, these are nonspecific signs.
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You may also be made to be concerned about potential online abuse
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by finding signs of traumatic stress in a child.
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When a child receives any sort of trauma
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they may react in a number of different ways by becoming depressed and withdrawn
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having anxiety attacks or panic attacks
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becoming numb or seeming to dissociate, becoming aggressive, bullying others, for example
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or as we see so often with kids, that they stop being able to pay attention in school.
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They're very hyperactive.
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They can't pay attention or are sometimes diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
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because they're internally so anxious they just can't pay attention or sit still.
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So these potential signs, behavior, and emotional changes may be a clue
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to online sexual exploitation or some other source of traumatic stress.
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Well, what are the physical and mental health effects of
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online child sexual exploitation?
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In many cases, as we see in two of our examples,
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the exploitation involves contact, sexual abuse as well as online sexual abuse.
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And when that happens, you get all the physical and mental health effects
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associated with contact sexual abuse, specifically physical or sexual violence and injuries
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sexually transmitted infections, HIV AIDS
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which is particularly worrisome in countries where the baseline rates of HIV, they're very high.
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Girls, have unwanted pregnancies and complications associated with those pregnancies.
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In many cases, abused and exploited children will turn to drugs and alcohol
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as a way of self-medicating to treat their extreme anxiety and stress.
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And that can lead to substance misuse and dependence
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and assorted complications related to that over and above the physical effects
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associated with contact sexual abuse.
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The whole idea of this online sexual
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component
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introduces a whole other layer of adversity that I think is very important.
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Think about it.
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When children have images or videos put online that are sexual in nature
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those images can never be guaranteed to be completely removed from the Internet
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even if something like Facebook or some other organization pulls down those images.
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People who have saved those images or videos in their personal computer
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can upload them again at anytime
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so we can never be sure they're completely eliminated.
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Nor can we be sure when someone may be viewing those photos or videos.
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It can occur in thousands of places around the world at any time of day or night.
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Knowing this, the child will feel that their exploitation never stops.
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It's ongoing, it never ends. And that's tremendously stressful.
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It's hard to heal when something is ongoing.
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Many children fear that their images will become apparent
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to people who have power over them
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people who may decide whether they are accepted at school or university
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whether they get a job or not.
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So having those images seen by others can be very frightening
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and cause a lot of anxiety even in the distant future.
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Some children report being afraid that people will stop them after they've seen the photos on the Internet.
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They will decide they want to meet the child and try to pursue them
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and stop them, which is extremely anxiety-producing.
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And then there's the shame and humiliation.
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All of these things can have a tremendous impact on one's mental health.
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There's relatively little research about exactly what adverse effects
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emotionally and psychologically, the online component of exploitation has on children.
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But there are a couple of studies that are really important
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I think, in our early study of this. One of these took place in Turkey
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where they examined cases of child sexual abuse with children who had or had not experienced
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an online component to their sexual exploitation.
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So some of them had contact with sexual abuse.
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Some of them had contact with sexual abuse with an online exploitation component.
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And they compared the two groups and found that those who had been exploited online
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were at higher risk for any sort of psychopathology
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and at higher risk specifically for depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Another study was done in the Philippines, and this was done with adolescents
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who lived in a dangerous neighborhood.
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Many of the adolescents engaged
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in transactional sex
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exchanging sex for things that they needed.
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A certain proportion of those adolescents also engaged in webcam Livestream sexual exploitation
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so they were subjected to that while other children were not.
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And again, they compared the two groups and they found that the children
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who had not only a high-risk neighborhood and potentially transactional sex
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but also had the exploitation online were at greater risk for having post-traumatic stress symptoms.
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Sexualized behavior and self-destructive behaviors such as running away using drugs or alcohol.
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And they had lower self-esteem.
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Another study of webcam sex tourism involved children reporting how they felt about their experiences.
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The children reported shame, feeling, quote, dirty.
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They felt guilt.
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They feel fear. Fear of what? Being discovered by others
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having others judge them and shame their family or harm their own reputation
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or be exposed on the internet to someone they knew who saw those photos or videos.
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One child said I'm fine on the outside, but inside I'm dirty.
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Another child said
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I try to think that it's just for a while and he's not here, not around.
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He's not touching my body.
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