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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:09,275 --> 00:00:11,795 - You know, the origin story of Yellowstone National Park 2 00:00:11,828 --> 00:00:12,905 really is the ultimate battle 3 00:00:12,929 --> 00:00:15,399 between David and Goliath, 4 00:00:17,100 --> 00:00:20,020 the regular guy against the impossibly huge behemoth 5 00:00:20,053 --> 00:00:22,073 that is the United States government. 6 00:00:24,040 --> 00:00:26,180 Ferdinand Hayden spearheaded the whole thing. 7 00:00:29,012 --> 00:00:30,156 The truth was, he'd been fighting 8 00:00:30,180 --> 00:00:32,150 against the odds his whole life. 9 00:00:35,635 --> 00:00:36,565 He grew up destitute. 10 00:00:36,603 --> 00:00:41,543 His dad was an alcoholic who died when Hayden was 10 11 00:00:42,926 --> 00:00:44,386 and his mother abandoned him. 12 00:00:45,929 --> 00:00:47,629 He went to work on his uncle's farm, 13 00:00:47,664 --> 00:00:51,994 and when he turned 18, he packed the few things he had 14 00:00:52,018 --> 00:00:55,288 and walked, I mean, actually walked, 15 00:00:55,321 --> 00:00:58,191 300 miles to Oberlin College in Ohio. 16 00:01:02,028 --> 00:01:05,028 Imagine that, he just walked to a college, 17 00:01:05,065 --> 00:01:06,492 went to the president's office and said, 18 00:01:06,516 --> 00:01:10,486 "Hey, I don't have any money, but if you enroll me, 19 00:01:12,355 --> 00:01:15,325 I intend to change the world for the better." 20 00:01:17,644 --> 00:01:18,644 And they did. 21 00:01:20,847 --> 00:01:22,667 And he did too. 22 00:01:47,924 --> 00:01:50,134 They didn't expect to see what they saw, 23 00:01:53,429 --> 00:01:58,069 and when they saw it, they could never forget it. 24 00:02:04,057 --> 00:02:05,857 Ferdinand Hayden was hired to lead a team 25 00:02:05,892 --> 00:02:07,412 into the Northwest Territories, 26 00:02:10,747 --> 00:02:12,147 and the 32 men headed west. 27 00:02:17,987 --> 00:02:20,107 They weren't here to protect Yellowstone. 28 00:02:21,207 --> 00:02:24,187 They were here to tear it to shreds in the name of progress. 29 00:02:25,879 --> 00:02:30,469 Gold interests, railroad parents, Congress. 30 00:02:32,435 --> 00:02:35,085 Powerful people wanted this land for themselves. 31 00:02:39,242 --> 00:02:42,102 But something happened during their three month journey, 32 00:02:44,380 --> 00:02:49,420 and slowly but surely, their mission changed. 33 00:02:52,005 --> 00:02:54,785 So, as we celebrate the 150th anniversary 34 00:02:54,824 --> 00:02:56,264 of Yellowstone National Park, 35 00:02:57,544 --> 00:03:01,334 we take a look back in time at the events that led 36 00:03:01,364 --> 00:03:06,404 to the preservation of this magical place. 37 00:03:34,063 --> 00:03:36,483 After nearly six months under the crushing grip 38 00:03:36,516 --> 00:03:40,436 of winter in Yellowstone, the brutal conditions ease up, 39 00:03:43,006 --> 00:03:45,206 temperatures rise, and it's finally time for 40 00:03:45,241 --> 00:03:48,981 Yellowstone's wildlife to take center stage again. 41 00:03:53,399 --> 00:03:57,149 Some are returning from long journeys away from the park, 42 00:03:57,186 --> 00:03:59,456 some have been taking refuge for the winter, 43 00:04:01,207 --> 00:04:04,087 and some are seeing spring for the very first time. 44 00:04:05,962 --> 00:04:08,512 This is an entirely new Yellowstone, 45 00:04:08,548 --> 00:04:11,598 transformed and filled with vibrant burgeoning life 46 00:04:11,634 --> 00:04:12,634 in every corner. 47 00:04:13,953 --> 00:04:15,493 Even the Hayden Expedition 48 00:04:16,356 --> 00:04:19,076 hard at work surveying the land took note 49 00:04:20,209 --> 00:04:23,179 as the newest members of each species were put on display. 50 00:04:53,343 --> 00:04:56,113 A little nicer than when we were here last time, no? 51 00:04:58,031 --> 00:05:00,981 You know, spring is definitely on its way. 52 00:05:02,518 --> 00:05:06,438 All that snow up there, that's lifeblood of Yellowstone. 53 00:05:07,307 --> 00:05:10,157 You can see a lot of it's already melted off. 54 00:05:11,160 --> 00:05:13,380 You know, the runoff here feeds the park 55 00:05:13,413 --> 00:05:17,003 with over 60,000 gallons of fresh water every second. 56 00:05:18,017 --> 00:05:20,267 It's like the alarm clock that wakes up 57 00:05:20,303 --> 00:05:24,043 all of Yellowstone, signals of coming seasons. 58 00:05:25,558 --> 00:05:29,048 Maybe life's gonna get a little easier here for a while. 59 00:05:29,078 --> 00:05:31,098 All the animals come out to play. 60 00:05:34,017 --> 00:05:36,097 This whole place gets reborn now. 61 00:05:47,013 --> 00:05:49,103 As the days get longer and warmer, 62 00:05:54,070 --> 00:05:56,060 snow and ice melt into life 63 00:05:56,089 --> 00:05:57,989 giving water that soaks the ground 64 00:05:58,024 --> 00:06:00,044 and trickles into Yellowstone Lake. 65 00:06:16,075 --> 00:06:18,125 The water refreshes the lake, 66 00:06:23,015 --> 00:06:24,845 and the sudden overflow drains through 67 00:06:24,884 --> 00:06:26,904 to Yellowstone River at roughly 68 00:06:26,936 --> 00:06:29,966 20,000 cubic feet per second. 69 00:06:34,110 --> 00:06:36,980 The longest un-dammed river in North America, 70 00:06:37,013 --> 00:06:39,123 the Yellowstone is wild and untame. 71 00:06:43,219 --> 00:06:46,119 Nothing can stop it from doing what it wants to do. 72 00:06:49,192 --> 00:06:53,512 And as it drops in elevation, it only grows stronger 73 00:06:53,546 --> 00:06:57,026 and the power of its force goes on full display. 74 00:07:06,209 --> 00:07:09,179 The lower falls feed the Grand Canyon of Yellowstone, 75 00:07:11,030 --> 00:07:13,420 where rushing water has plowed through the earth 76 00:07:13,449 --> 00:07:15,319 for 160,000 years, 77 00:07:18,971 --> 00:07:21,961 leaving behind a ravine 4,000 feet across, 78 00:07:21,991 --> 00:07:26,061 1,200 feet deep and 24 miles long. 79 00:07:27,130 --> 00:07:29,670 It's a testament to the river's power 80 00:07:29,699 --> 00:07:31,229 and the vastness of time. 81 00:07:43,146 --> 00:07:45,646 But sometimes the river shows off its strength 82 00:07:45,681 --> 00:07:47,901 in much more destructive ways. 83 00:07:50,286 --> 00:07:55,156 In 2022, higher than expected rains in the spring combined 84 00:07:55,191 --> 00:07:58,091 with the melting snow to create an unprecedented series 85 00:07:58,127 --> 00:08:00,197 of floods that overtook the park. 86 00:08:03,015 --> 00:08:04,695 The river spilled over their banks 87 00:08:04,734 --> 00:08:06,304 to never before seen heights, 88 00:08:09,138 --> 00:08:12,088 causing some of the roads and bridges to be washed away 89 00:08:12,124 --> 00:08:15,164 and affected all of Yellowstone's residents. 90 00:08:15,194 --> 00:08:17,334 - Things were changing in the matter of minutes. 91 00:08:17,363 --> 00:08:19,883 - It's left us totally severed from the outside world 92 00:08:19,916 --> 00:08:21,376 - And it's utter devastation. 93 00:08:24,170 --> 00:08:27,160 The park had to evacuate over 10,000 visitors 94 00:08:29,091 --> 00:08:32,131 as entire sections became submerged in water. 95 00:08:35,381 --> 00:08:38,131 The damage to the manmade structures in the park 96 00:08:38,167 --> 00:08:41,197 and gateway communities will take years to replace. 97 00:08:43,222 --> 00:08:46,192 But even though this was a once every thousand years flood 98 00:08:48,094 --> 00:08:50,564 the ecosystem will fix itself. 99 00:08:52,448 --> 00:08:55,418 Flooding is just a part of the cycle of Yellowstone's life. 100 00:08:56,519 --> 00:09:00,059 Balance will be restored without any help from mankind. 101 00:09:06,345 --> 00:09:09,575 Destruction is actually needed for the park 102 00:09:09,615 --> 00:09:11,395 to maintain balance. 103 00:09:13,469 --> 00:09:18,039 Sometimes it's in the form of water, sometimes it's fire. 104 00:09:19,158 --> 00:09:21,318 When the Hayden Expedition first approached Yellowstone 105 00:09:21,344 --> 00:09:24,934 150 years ago, they took note of multiple 106 00:09:24,964 --> 00:09:27,274 forest fires in the distance. 107 00:09:27,300 --> 00:09:30,170 They'd arrived at the beginning of fire season, 108 00:09:30,202 --> 00:09:33,072 which runs from July to late September. 109 00:09:34,040 --> 00:09:36,180 Hayden and his men were laying eyes on something 110 00:09:36,208 --> 00:09:38,278 that affected Yellowstone repeatedly 111 00:09:40,396 --> 00:09:44,276 ever since the last great glacial retreat 14,000 years ago. 112 00:09:47,286 --> 00:09:50,136 Put simply, Yellowstone had burned before 113 00:09:53,926 --> 00:09:55,236 and it would burn again. 114 00:09:57,697 --> 00:09:59,177 - In the American West, 115 00:09:59,215 --> 00:10:01,045 fires continue to crackle through thousands 116 00:10:01,083 --> 00:10:03,093 of acres of brush and timberland. 117 00:10:04,136 --> 00:10:07,066 In 1988, Yellowstone faced 118 00:10:07,106 --> 00:10:09,156 its largest fire on record. 119 00:10:11,444 --> 00:10:13,221 Firefighters say they are battling 120 00:10:13,245 --> 00:10:15,665 the worst fire conditions they've ever seen 121 00:10:15,698 --> 00:10:17,128 in Yellowstone National Park. 122 00:10:19,085 --> 00:10:20,429 A perfect storm developed 123 00:10:20,453 --> 00:10:23,363 when several smaller fires merged into a single raging 124 00:10:23,389 --> 00:10:28,279 inferno that scorched nearly 800,000 acres of park land. 125 00:10:30,896 --> 00:10:33,146 More than a third of Yellowstone. 126 00:10:42,375 --> 00:10:44,405 Firefighters are hosing down roofs 127 00:10:44,443 --> 00:10:47,153 at Mammoth Hot Springs, the Yellowstone Park's headquarters, 128 00:10:47,179 --> 00:10:49,229 directly in the path of the fires. 129 00:10:50,583 --> 00:10:53,273 It led to America's largest firefighting effort 130 00:10:53,302 --> 00:10:57,212 at the time, costing 120 million dollars 131 00:10:59,058 --> 00:11:00,428 - Army soldiers are being sent 132 00:11:00,459 --> 00:11:03,609 to the front lines to battle a very stubborn enemy: 133 00:11:03,646 --> 00:11:04,926 forest fires. 134 00:11:07,233 --> 00:11:09,353 - But despite the money and the manpower... 135 00:11:16,175 --> 00:11:18,285 it was mother nature that did what it always does; 136 00:11:26,402 --> 00:11:29,442 restoring order through massive rain and snowstorms. 137 00:11:39,532 --> 00:11:43,522 Fire is actually a necessary part of Yellowstone's balance. 138 00:11:45,571 --> 00:11:50,531 High above, the cones of lodgepole pine trees require 139 00:11:52,144 --> 00:11:53,744 the extreme heat of forest fires to open. 140 00:12:02,822 --> 00:12:04,072 They then release their seeds 141 00:12:04,106 --> 00:12:06,106 over newly charred areas... 142 00:12:13,616 --> 00:12:15,016 and replant the forest. 143 00:12:22,291 --> 00:12:25,131 The burn scars from 1988's fire will take several 144 00:12:25,161 --> 00:12:27,401 more decades to fully disappear. 145 00:12:28,864 --> 00:12:30,324 But one thing is certain; 146 00:12:32,084 --> 00:12:34,674 the forest, just like everything else in the park, 147 00:12:34,703 --> 00:12:36,473 will be reborn. 148 00:12:59,178 --> 00:13:01,028 The animals in Yellowstone also go 149 00:13:01,063 --> 00:13:02,523 through periods of transition. 150 00:13:03,716 --> 00:13:08,466 Each year in the spring, many of them began their migration 151 00:13:08,504 --> 00:13:12,094 from winter grounds back to their spring and summer homes. 152 00:13:22,368 --> 00:13:26,108 As many as 20,000 elk begin an epic migration 153 00:13:26,138 --> 00:13:28,208 to the higher plateaus of the park. 154 00:13:34,029 --> 00:13:36,329 There they'll be met by fresh green grass 155 00:13:36,365 --> 00:13:39,345 that will keep them fed for the next six months. 156 00:13:42,671 --> 00:13:44,311 But as the waters dash downhill 157 00:13:48,110 --> 00:13:51,280 and thousands of bison embark on a journey uphill... 158 00:13:56,185 --> 00:13:59,045 it's only a matter of time before there's a conflict. 159 00:14:03,576 --> 00:14:06,996 This bison herd has been on the move for several days. 160 00:14:08,063 --> 00:14:10,223 This calf was born in April 161 00:14:10,249 --> 00:14:12,999 and she's about to face her first big test. 162 00:14:14,854 --> 00:14:16,714 She finds herself on the banks 163 00:14:16,739 --> 00:14:18,669 of the raging Yellowstone River 164 00:14:18,707 --> 00:14:20,237 cutting clear across her path. 165 00:14:22,461 --> 00:14:26,171 The entire herd must cross it to get to greener pastures. 166 00:14:30,252 --> 00:14:33,062 Bison are the largest mammal in North America, 167 00:14:35,691 --> 00:14:36,961 but even the adults struggle 168 00:14:36,992 --> 00:14:39,062 against the power of the spring runoff. 169 00:14:45,918 --> 00:14:48,098 For the young, it's trial by fire. 170 00:14:50,706 --> 00:14:52,466 Or in this case, water. 171 00:14:55,511 --> 00:14:58,451 The calf is especially susceptible to the rushing current. 172 00:15:09,041 --> 00:15:11,831 Mom thinks fast, using her massive body 173 00:15:11,860 --> 00:15:13,260 to break up the current, 174 00:15:28,978 --> 00:15:31,048 Other members of the herd are less lucky 175 00:15:34,950 --> 00:15:37,050 and a fully grown cow is taken under. 176 00:15:44,059 --> 00:15:46,399 The calf survives her first test in Yellowstone. 177 00:15:52,952 --> 00:15:54,472 There will be another test tomorrow. 178 00:16:13,505 --> 00:16:16,455 In spring, all of Yellowstone's animals are on the move 179 00:16:18,193 --> 00:16:21,563 as they spread across the park's 2.2 million acres. 180 00:16:25,517 --> 00:16:27,937 But the rocky mountainous terrain makes traveling 181 00:16:27,970 --> 00:16:30,760 a slow and treacherous process. 182 00:16:44,386 --> 00:16:47,156 The bald eagle doesn't have to worry about the terrain, 183 00:16:51,110 --> 00:16:54,130 gliding effortlessly over the massive canyons, 184 00:16:55,114 --> 00:16:56,984 building nests atop the mighty forest 185 00:16:57,016 --> 00:16:59,296 of ferns and cypress trees 186 00:17:03,722 --> 00:17:05,642 and resting comfortably near the top 187 00:17:05,674 --> 00:17:07,044 of Yellowstone's food chain. 188 00:17:11,113 --> 00:17:13,853 Every inch of the park is their kingdom. 189 00:17:18,404 --> 00:17:21,124 Bad news for the ground squirrels that dot the valley. 190 00:17:31,433 --> 00:17:34,343 But the bald eagles aren't the only guns in town. 191 00:17:37,489 --> 00:17:41,589 Yellowstone is also home to an ever growing population 192 00:17:41,627 --> 00:17:43,677 of golden eagles. 193 00:17:48,867 --> 00:17:51,467 With a young hatchling in her nest, 194 00:17:51,503 --> 00:17:55,023 this female golden eagle will be hunting for two this spring 195 00:17:56,458 --> 00:17:59,388 which means the bald eagle will face stiff competition. 196 00:18:16,962 --> 00:18:20,682 With dive speeds of 150 miles per hour, 197 00:18:20,716 --> 00:18:22,046 there's no land animal on earth 198 00:18:22,084 --> 00:18:24,054 that can outrun the golden eagle. 199 00:18:25,904 --> 00:18:28,364 And she swoops in for the kill. 200 00:18:33,479 --> 00:18:36,399 But the bald eagle won't give up his meal so easily. 201 00:18:49,328 --> 00:18:51,458 This chase is costing the bald eagle 202 00:18:51,497 --> 00:18:55,077 valuable calories that he could be using to hunt other prey. 203 00:18:58,871 --> 00:19:00,111 So he relents. 204 00:19:07,212 --> 00:19:12,172 And the golden eagle brings the kill back to the nest. 205 00:19:47,603 --> 00:19:50,823 While many species rely on seasonal migration to escape 206 00:19:50,856 --> 00:19:52,136 the effects of winter, 207 00:19:53,091 --> 00:19:55,531 some endure the months of brutal cold 208 00:19:55,561 --> 00:19:59,081 by hunkering down into states of suspended slumber. 209 00:20:01,466 --> 00:20:05,066 The Boreal chorus frogs freeze into balls of ice. 210 00:20:06,238 --> 00:20:10,128 Their hearts stop beating and they shut down their lungs. 211 00:20:14,346 --> 00:20:17,166 But when the spring thaw brings them back from the dead 212 00:20:18,016 --> 00:20:19,986 their bass-filled guttural croon 213 00:20:20,018 --> 00:20:21,938 is the soundtrack of Yellowstone. 214 00:20:35,217 --> 00:20:38,217 Grizzly bears also emerged from their winter long slumber. 215 00:20:40,222 --> 00:20:43,112 This adult male has been living off body fat 216 00:20:43,141 --> 00:20:46,251 for five months and hasn't had anything to eat 217 00:20:46,278 --> 00:20:49,078 or drink since entering his den for the winter. 218 00:20:51,199 --> 00:20:53,269 It's a misconception that grizzlies wake 219 00:20:53,302 --> 00:20:56,172 up from hibernation ravenous with hunger. 220 00:20:57,539 --> 00:21:00,239 While they do immediately begin searching for food, 221 00:21:01,994 --> 00:21:04,204 they're lethargic for the first two weeks. 222 00:21:07,215 --> 00:21:09,465 It's like a state of walking hibernation 223 00:21:09,501 --> 00:21:12,151 while they wait for their metabolism to restart. 224 00:21:22,948 --> 00:21:24,218 Fortunately, for this bear, 225 00:21:24,249 --> 00:21:26,469 he doesn't have to hunt for a meal today. 226 00:21:44,052 --> 00:21:46,472 This elk carcass is what's known as winter kill, 227 00:21:47,389 --> 00:21:49,959 the end result of the incredibly harsh winter. 228 00:21:53,095 --> 00:21:55,545 The meat stays fresh, preserved by the snow. 229 00:21:57,049 --> 00:21:59,789 As the snow retreats, the easy feasts 230 00:21:59,818 --> 00:22:01,138 are first come first serve. 231 00:22:07,192 --> 00:22:10,282 The bear eats his fill, but he's not alone. 232 00:22:11,396 --> 00:22:14,446 The scent of the decaying flesh has attracted a lone wolf. 233 00:22:16,218 --> 00:22:18,598 He'll wait for the grizzly to fill up, 234 00:22:39,891 --> 00:22:42,061 When the wolf is done, 235 00:22:43,161 --> 00:22:46,081 a pack of coyotes will enjoy the leftovers. 236 00:22:50,986 --> 00:22:53,156 And later, birds will pick the bones clean. 237 00:22:54,106 --> 00:22:56,856 One dead elk taken by the winner 238 00:22:56,892 --> 00:22:58,292 has given life to several. 239 00:23:02,247 --> 00:23:04,927 Thanks to Ferdinand Hayden and his men, 240 00:23:04,966 --> 00:23:08,016 the food chain is still perfectly intact, 241 00:23:08,053 --> 00:23:11,573 just like it was 150 years ago when they fought 242 00:23:11,606 --> 00:23:13,056 to protect Yellowstone. 243 00:23:14,593 --> 00:23:18,063 Many of the sites they saw are the same ones we see today. 244 00:23:20,148 --> 00:23:23,068 But still, I wonder what it would've been 245 00:23:23,101 --> 00:23:25,351 like laying eyes on this land for the first time. 246 00:23:45,323 --> 00:23:48,043 You know, sometimes I wish I could jump 247 00:23:48,076 --> 00:23:49,726 into a time machine and go back 248 00:23:49,761 --> 00:23:55,051 and join Hayden in his Expedition just to see what they saw. 249 00:23:56,034 --> 00:23:58,124 Times like now when I'm starving, 250 00:23:59,221 --> 00:24:02,141 I'm just happy to follow the journals. 251 00:24:02,174 --> 00:24:06,964 But these guys, Congress sent 'em back here to figure 252 00:24:06,995 --> 00:24:08,905 out how to mine, how to exploit this land. 253 00:24:08,947 --> 00:24:10,147 So a lot of the men 254 00:24:10,182 --> 00:24:15,172 on the expedition were scientists, academics. 255 00:24:16,087 --> 00:24:19,137 They weren't necessarily burly mountain men. 256 00:24:19,174 --> 00:24:22,284 And so after a long day of traversing 257 00:24:22,310 --> 00:24:25,030 they still had to find something to eat. 258 00:24:25,063 --> 00:24:26,953 They didn't hunt, they didn't eat, 259 00:24:26,982 --> 00:24:28,982 and they weren't used to that. 260 00:24:29,017 --> 00:24:31,087 Judging by the journals, 261 00:24:32,120 --> 00:24:34,310 they spent a lot of time thinking about food. 262 00:24:38,343 --> 00:24:40,383 When they did get the occasional deer 263 00:24:41,329 --> 00:24:47,049 or elk or even a black bear, times were good. 264 00:24:49,471 --> 00:24:54,411 But other times, 32 men were sharing a couple of grouse. 265 00:24:57,028 --> 00:24:58,439 I'm sure it was times like that when they all 266 00:24:58,463 --> 00:25:01,933 questioned the monumental task that was in front of them. 267 00:25:04,052 --> 00:25:05,422 You know, it's a lot easier 268 00:25:05,453 --> 00:25:10,063 for David to defeat Goliath when David's well fed. 269 00:25:15,213 --> 00:25:16,213 Hot. 270 00:25:25,323 --> 00:25:28,293 Much like the men on the Hayden Expedition, 271 00:25:28,326 --> 00:25:30,226 every living thing in Yellowstone is 272 00:25:30,262 --> 00:25:32,412 in constant search for its next meal. 273 00:25:41,256 --> 00:25:44,226 As the park's newest arrivals enjoy their first spring 274 00:25:44,259 --> 00:25:47,209 they grow bigger and require more food. 275 00:25:48,964 --> 00:25:51,734 This means learning new skills. 276 00:25:53,385 --> 00:25:56,195 These grizzly cubs were born in February, 277 00:25:57,222 --> 00:25:59,022 After two months of nursing and sleeping, 278 00:25:59,057 --> 00:26:01,237 it's time to leave the den so 279 00:26:01,276 --> 00:26:04,076 that their mother can teach them the ways of the world. 280 00:26:06,147 --> 00:26:08,317 They'll need me to sustain their body weight, 281 00:26:12,787 --> 00:26:14,287 and that means learning how to hunt. 282 00:26:18,443 --> 00:26:21,233 It may look like they're playing because they are, 283 00:26:23,148 --> 00:26:25,128 but that's not all they're doing. 284 00:26:26,651 --> 00:26:28,141 It's called play fighting, 285 00:26:31,273 --> 00:26:33,513 and it's how the young cubs learn to use 286 00:26:33,541 --> 00:26:34,981 their teeth and claws. 287 00:26:47,155 --> 00:26:49,735 These young mountain lions do the same. 288 00:27:00,135 --> 00:27:02,335 Harmlessly chasing and pouncing on each other 289 00:27:05,273 --> 00:27:08,033 as they practice the art of survival in the wild. 290 00:27:27,445 --> 00:27:30,745 Wolves also play fight to keep their hunting skills sharp. 291 00:27:51,920 --> 00:27:54,360 Wolves are a native species in Yellowstone 292 00:27:54,389 --> 00:27:56,659 and were abundant when the Hayden Expedition 293 00:27:56,691 --> 00:27:59,311 came through in 1871. 294 00:27:59,344 --> 00:28:01,854 But shortly after the park was established, 295 00:28:01,880 --> 00:28:03,480 they were hunted nearly to extinction. 296 00:28:04,616 --> 00:28:09,436 There were no wolves in the park for a century, but in 1995, 297 00:28:10,288 --> 00:28:13,738 they were reintroduced in Yellowstone. 298 00:28:17,779 --> 00:28:19,649 The revival in the park exceeded 299 00:28:19,681 --> 00:28:21,451 conservationists' expectations. 300 00:28:23,284 --> 00:28:25,754 Exploding elk populations were brought back 301 00:28:25,787 --> 00:28:27,767 to sustainable level. 302 00:28:27,806 --> 00:28:29,836 In turn, plants that the elk fed 303 00:28:29,874 --> 00:28:32,314 on once again began to thrive, 304 00:28:32,343 --> 00:28:35,353 allowing eroding riverbeds to return to their true form. 305 00:28:37,265 --> 00:28:39,375 Some scientists believe that the wolves 306 00:28:39,417 --> 00:28:42,237 have helped rebalance the entire ecosystem. 307 00:28:47,192 --> 00:28:50,312 Now, on Yellowstone's 150th anniversary, 308 00:28:51,429 --> 00:28:53,779 the springtime here looks and feels every bit 309 00:28:53,815 --> 00:28:55,165 as it did when Ferdinand Hayden 310 00:28:55,200 --> 00:28:58,850 and his team first arrived in the 1870s. 311 00:29:04,843 --> 00:29:06,963 As serene as the verdant valleys are, 312 00:29:09,214 --> 00:29:11,404 as playful the parade of youth may be, 313 00:29:13,985 --> 00:29:16,665 along with it comes a dangerous undercurrent. 314 00:29:22,944 --> 00:29:25,004 Spring is the first time when the newest member 315 00:29:25,029 --> 00:29:27,549 of each species learns the ways of the world. 316 00:29:30,235 --> 00:29:33,115 Yesterday, this bison calf learned a dangerous lesson 317 00:29:33,154 --> 00:29:35,194 about crossing the Yellowstone River. 318 00:29:37,258 --> 00:29:40,148 Unfortunately, she'll learn another today. 319 00:29:45,934 --> 00:29:47,044 While winter kill leaves plenty 320 00:29:47,068 --> 00:29:49,038 of easy meals for the wolves, 321 00:29:51,990 --> 00:29:53,370 eventually, those run out 322 00:29:56,227 --> 00:29:59,407 and bison calves are the next in line. 323 00:30:19,484 --> 00:30:22,274 The bison know exactly why the wolves are here. 324 00:30:33,832 --> 00:30:35,302 The wolves use a wide range 325 00:30:35,333 --> 00:30:38,603 of vocalizations to communicate their strategy. 326 00:30:43,308 --> 00:30:46,238 And that strategy is to cut off the bison's path. 327 00:30:48,880 --> 00:30:50,400 The bison can't escape, 328 00:30:53,535 --> 00:30:56,335 so the females form a tight circle around the young 329 00:30:56,371 --> 00:31:01,381 in the middle and the males form the perimeter 330 00:31:02,544 --> 00:31:03,864 circling the females. 331 00:31:05,947 --> 00:31:07,727 These bulls are not giving up 332 00:31:07,765 --> 00:31:10,015 their offspring without a fight. 333 00:31:38,363 --> 00:31:40,533 The bison have won the standoff today. 334 00:31:44,903 --> 00:31:46,403 There will be another tomorrow. 335 00:32:45,913 --> 00:32:47,573 The Hayden Expedition was dazzled 336 00:32:47,598 --> 00:32:51,118 by the confluence of wolves and bison and grizzly bears. 337 00:32:52,337 --> 00:32:54,457 They wrote about it in their journals often. 338 00:32:55,373 --> 00:32:57,743 But there's another creature that they wrote 339 00:32:57,775 --> 00:33:00,695 about even more, one that emerges 340 00:33:00,728 --> 00:33:02,658 from hibernation each spring. 341 00:33:03,948 --> 00:33:07,038 This beast so terrified the pioneers 342 00:33:07,068 --> 00:33:09,718 that they had to find a defense against it 343 00:33:09,754 --> 00:33:11,344 or risk their entire mission. 344 00:33:14,926 --> 00:33:16,486 When the snow melts, it runs 345 00:33:16,527 --> 00:33:20,107 to the lower elevation and fuels the rivers and streams. 346 00:33:21,816 --> 00:33:24,086 But it also creates stagnant pools, 347 00:33:25,153 --> 00:33:28,163 giving mosquitoes the perfect opportunity to lay eggs. 348 00:33:29,490 --> 00:33:32,330 Their onslaught is a theme in their journal entries. 349 00:33:40,385 --> 00:33:42,795 One of the geologists even considered leaving 350 00:33:42,837 --> 00:33:44,307 to protect his sanity. 351 00:33:47,308 --> 00:33:50,378 That was all until they came across some ancient knowledge. 352 00:33:55,733 --> 00:33:56,733 Here's a good one. 353 00:34:00,405 --> 00:34:02,785 Indigenous Americans have been burning bison dung 354 00:34:02,824 --> 00:34:04,934 for thousands of years. 355 00:34:04,959 --> 00:34:07,849 It's actually a great replacement 356 00:34:07,879 --> 00:34:10,029 for wood if you need to start a fire. 357 00:34:10,064 --> 00:34:12,134 And for some reason, mosquitoes just, 358 00:34:12,917 --> 00:34:14,367 well, they just hate it. 359 00:34:15,219 --> 00:34:17,759 So about halfway through the expedition 360 00:34:17,789 --> 00:34:19,109 they started smudging. 361 00:34:19,874 --> 00:34:21,514 That's what they called it. 362 00:34:21,542 --> 00:34:26,012 And after that, no more journal entries about mosquitoes. 363 00:34:27,432 --> 00:34:30,122 You know, if there's something I like less than picking 364 00:34:30,151 --> 00:34:34,091 up bison patties, it's being eaten alive by mosquitoes. 365 00:34:36,824 --> 00:34:39,164 You know, the funny thing is 366 00:34:39,193 --> 00:34:40,554 there's so many things that could have derailed Hayden 367 00:34:40,578 --> 00:34:44,328 and his men from finishing their mission out here, 368 00:34:46,417 --> 00:34:49,097 but it wasn't the wolves, it wasn't the grizzlies, 369 00:34:49,754 --> 00:34:51,064 it wasn't even the US Congress 370 00:34:51,089 --> 00:34:53,069 that almost knocked 'em off course, 371 00:34:56,911 --> 00:34:58,351 it was the damn mosquitoes. 372 00:35:04,969 --> 00:35:07,109 Just don't throw the bison crap 373 00:35:07,138 --> 00:35:09,338 into the fire until after you've eaten. 374 00:35:14,011 --> 00:35:15,931 Hayden and his men found a cure 375 00:35:15,963 --> 00:35:18,133 for the scourge of biting insects, 376 00:35:19,267 --> 00:35:23,117 but one man's wildly annoying pest is the main attraction 377 00:35:23,154 --> 00:35:25,914 for some of Yellowstone's more colorful visitors. 378 00:35:33,748 --> 00:35:36,448 Over 150 species of birds migrate 379 00:35:36,484 --> 00:35:41,694 to Yellowstone each spring to feast on the ample insects. 380 00:35:57,572 --> 00:36:00,342 For many of these birds, where there's mosquitoes, 381 00:36:01,859 --> 00:36:03,139 there's a full belly. 382 00:36:07,448 --> 00:36:08,448 But that's not all. 383 00:36:10,034 --> 00:36:12,674 The abundance of insects lured fish to the surface 384 00:36:12,703 --> 00:36:14,293 of lakes and rivers. 385 00:36:21,045 --> 00:36:23,055 Those fish are a handsome catch for Yellowstone's 386 00:36:23,097 --> 00:36:28,167 birds of prey, including the mighty osprey. 387 00:36:36,277 --> 00:36:40,157 When these raptors hunt, it's a sight to behold. 388 00:36:44,235 --> 00:36:46,735 They use their excellent vision to spot fish 389 00:36:46,771 --> 00:36:48,411 in the river below 390 00:36:48,439 --> 00:36:51,889 and dive talons first to latch onto their meal. 391 00:37:18,486 --> 00:37:21,156 The birds, the insects, 392 00:37:22,723 --> 00:37:25,433 the fish, the trees, 393 00:37:27,211 --> 00:37:31,401 even the rivers, they're all part of the cycle of life 394 00:37:33,968 --> 00:37:36,118 in a land that is reborn each spring. 395 00:37:43,294 --> 00:37:47,154 It's an incredible time to see Yellowstone National Park 396 00:37:47,932 --> 00:37:50,382 so full of life and color. 397 00:37:53,170 --> 00:37:56,120 The vibrance is exactly what Ferdinand Hayden 398 00:37:56,157 --> 00:37:58,287 and the men who joined him wanted to preserve. 399 00:37:59,894 --> 00:38:01,121 It's exactly what they were talking 400 00:38:01,145 --> 00:38:04,325 about when they pleaded with the US Congress, 401 00:38:04,365 --> 00:38:07,165 promising that the American people would benefit more 402 00:38:07,201 --> 00:38:10,121 by just seeing this place than they would 403 00:38:10,154 --> 00:38:13,214 from any railroad or any gold pulled from the ground. 404 00:38:16,027 --> 00:38:17,927 He believed that Yellowstone would be a place 405 00:38:17,962 --> 00:38:20,152 where anyone could come and visit, 406 00:38:20,181 --> 00:38:23,071 come and be inspired by the sight and sounds, 407 00:38:27,438 --> 00:38:28,808 and he was right. 408 00:38:35,379 --> 00:38:38,299 There's something about staring out at the landscape here, 409 00:38:41,352 --> 00:38:44,312 taking in the natural world just as it was intended to be, 410 00:38:47,908 --> 00:38:50,008 just gives you a little reset. 411 00:38:54,248 --> 00:38:59,148 Even if it only lasts a day or only an hour, it's priceless. 412 00:39:09,280 --> 00:39:11,200 You know, sometimes I think what I might say 413 00:39:11,232 --> 00:39:13,352 if I ever got a chance to talk to people who lived 414 00:39:13,384 --> 00:39:14,384 in the past, 415 00:39:16,087 --> 00:39:17,957 I think if I met Ferdinand Hayden, 416 00:39:17,988 --> 00:39:22,438 it'd probably be, probably be just two words. 417 00:39:24,395 --> 00:39:25,395 Thank you. 33630

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