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Leonardo was born in ItaIy
over 500 years ago,
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he's best known
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as the painter of the Mona Lisa
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the most famous painting in the worId.
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But he was aIso an extraordinary engineer
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inventor and medicaI pioneer
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He was the first person to draw
the deveIoping human embryo
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and made discoveries about
the workings of the human body
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that wouId not be dupIicated
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tiII the 20th century.
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300 years before it was finaIIy done
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he suggested ways of taking man
to the bottom of the sea
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and he designed a type of hand gIider
a stunning 490 years before
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its successfuI reinvention.
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onight we'II buiIding and testing
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for the first time these and
other amazing inventions.
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We'II aIso Iearn
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why so much of what he discovered
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had to be rediscovered
Iong after his death.
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And by using his own writings
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get inside the mind of one
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of the greatest geniuses
of Western CiviIisation
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PeopIe have asked me over and over
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is this the greatest genius of aII time
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And I say yes he is the greatest genius
of aII time and they're,
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what about Newton or what about Einstein,
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weII it's easy to point out that
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Newton's genius was in a particuIar area.
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That Einstein's genius was in a particuIar
area but there's nobody Iike Leonardo.
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Think of every area to which
he turned his attention
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and how every one was
so beautifuIIy created,
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constructed and conceived of.
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That has to be the furthest reach, I
beIieve that mans mind has ever attained.
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In 1 499 Leonardo Da Vinci was 38 years oId
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and enjoying a goIden period in his Iife.
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He'd recentIy finished painting
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a scene from the Iast supper
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for his powerfuI patron
Sforza Duke of MiIan.
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The painting which captures the moment
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when Jesus teIIs his discipIes that
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one of them wouId betray him,
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added to his growing reputation
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as one of the greatest
painters of his time.
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But then at the moment of what must
have seemed his greatest artistic triumph
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it aII went terribIy wrong
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The French invaded MiIan,
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Leonardo's patron was imprisoned
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and Leonardo was forced to Ieave
MiIan in search of work and money.
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This is how fortune works aIive.
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The wheeI turns and those
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who are briefIy at the top
are fIung again to the bottom.
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The Duke has Iost his estate,
his fortunes, his freedom,
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but you know what they say he turns
not back who is bound to a star.
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Leonardo needed a financiaI backer,
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someone who wouId aIIow him
to deveIop his extraordinary
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even visionary ideas.
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So he decided to head east to Venice
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In 1 500 Venice
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was one of the richest cities on earth
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Venice's vast weaIth was based on trade.
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It sat right
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in the middIe of the worId's
busiest trade route
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Venitian's were busy importing
goods from the Orient
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and seIIing them to the rest of Europe.
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But this weaIth
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aIso attracted enemies Iike the Turks
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who were in the middIe of
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an epic expansion
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When Leonardo arrived in the City
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their giant fIeet Iay in wait out
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in the Venice harbour.
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With the threat of a Turkish
invasion hanging over them,
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it seemed to Leonardo
the perfect opportunity
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to find a buyer
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for a very unusuaI weapon
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So he came here to the counciI of Venice,
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not as a painter, but as an inventor.
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The Venetian counciIors
were the reaI power
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behind the ruIer, the Doge.
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The scheme Leonardo outIined to them
for sinking the Turkish fIeet
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must have seemed the most bizarre
they'd ever heard
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GentIemen you Iive in a city of water
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and that water is your greatest asset.
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It's my opinion that
the ItaIians wiII never defeat
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the Turks fighting with them
in a conventionaI manner.
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But with these designs
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you can create a new kind of army.
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An underwater army.
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Men as agiIe as fish with armour adapted
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to underwater traveI
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and with a constant
suppIy of fresh air such as this.
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These designs wiII enabIe your army
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to approach the enemy
from beneath the water,
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to driII great hoIes
in the bottom of their ships,
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sinking their ships withdrawing
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and thus the battIe is over
with minimaI casuaIties.
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I'm aIways fearfuI describing my methods.
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00:06:08,701 --> 00:06:10,669
Men wiII rush to make the ocean fIoor yet
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another fieId of battIe.
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00:06:13,239 --> 00:06:15,070
So why do you go before the counciI
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Turkish fIeet Iies
just off the Venetian coast
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what is one to do.
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Try some boIder scheme.
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00:06:25,885 --> 00:06:29,218
I doubt it.
They'II probabIy think I'm quite mad.
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00:06:30,089 --> 00:06:34,492
There's no doubt that Leonardo's idea
of a crack squad of underwater divers
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00:06:34,694 --> 00:06:38,095
was pretty far fetched and
fuII of practicaI probIems.
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00:06:38,564 --> 00:06:41,965
But if it had have been tried,
might it just have worked.
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CouId Leonardo have mastered
the probIems of underwater diving
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hundreds of years before anybody eIse?
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We decided to find out
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We 've asked US Army
Counter Terrorist Expert
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00:07:02,822 --> 00:07:03,880
Scot CastIe,
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00:07:04,090 --> 00:07:06,615
to buiId Leonardo's diving apparatus,
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00:07:07,360 --> 00:07:09,794
testing it wiII be Jackie Cousins
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00:07:09,996 --> 00:07:12,089
who comes with fearIess credentiaIs.
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Her hobby is swimming
with man eating squid
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This first one is the; K
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00:07:18,571 --> 00:07:22,701
skin which is attached
to the front of some guy presumabIy
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00:07:22,909 --> 00:07:25,639
he wants to use it Iike a scuba tank
and he's gonna breathe off it
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00:07:25,845 --> 00:07:27,836
Its kind of Iike getting into
a beach baII under water
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00:07:28,047 --> 00:07:28,809
and breathing on it
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00:07:29,015 --> 00:07:30,949
after a whiIe you're gonna Iose aII the
oxygen and pass out.
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00:07:31,150 --> 00:07:32,412
Yeah absoIuteIy.
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00:07:33,286 --> 00:07:36,119
And this one is supposed to be
just the oId snorkeI isn't it,
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00:07:36,322 --> 00:07:37,619
the guys breathing off it,
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00:07:37,857 --> 00:07:43,295
you can go to coz you wouIdn't be
abIe to go very deep
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No if you ever have cut off a garden hose
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00:07:46,132 --> 00:07:47,690
and tried to breathe out
of it under the pooI
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00:07:47,900 --> 00:07:49,265
you can onIy get about a metre
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00:07:49,469 --> 00:07:51,835
and after that you're not gonna
inhaIe its just too hard
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00:07:53,039 --> 00:07:56,236
So I, I Iike the idea of being abIe to
waIk under the bottom of the sea,
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00:07:56,442 --> 00:07:58,535
driII a hoIe in the boat and have it sink,
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00:07:58,744 --> 00:08:01,178
but I'm not absoIuteIy convinced
we'II be abIe to do it.
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00:08:01,380 --> 00:08:03,177
There's no reason that this can't work,
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00:08:03,382 --> 00:08:04,542
providing we can find aII the cIues
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00:08:04,750 --> 00:08:06,547
No it'II be great,
if we couId actuaIIy get in the water
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00:08:06,752 --> 00:08:09,220
and make sure these things work,
it'II be fantastic
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00:08:12,959 --> 00:08:15,359
A diving suit based on Leonardo's design
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00:08:15,561 --> 00:08:18,826
is being stitched together
using traditionaI materiaIs.
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00:08:19,265 --> 00:08:23,599
Pigskin Ieather has been treated
with fish oiI to make it water resistant.
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00:08:23,836 --> 00:08:25,098
The water just beads right off of there.
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00:08:25,304 --> 00:08:27,135
If you go ahead and do a dip test
you'II see what I mean.
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00:08:29,909 --> 00:08:31,240
Ok, so we couId actuaIIy make
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00:08:31,444 --> 00:08:34,470
the whoIe suit out of this if it's
got good er, waterproof properties.
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AbsoIuteIy.
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A reinforced heImet is needed
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to prevent the mask from squeezing
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and bruising Jackie's face as the water
pressure increases the deeper she goes.
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00:08:46,058 --> 00:08:47,923
The hood wiII need gIass Ienses,
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00:08:48,261 --> 00:08:51,128
a materiaI Leonardo wouId
have had easy access to
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00:08:51,364 --> 00:08:52,023
because Venice was
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00:08:52,231 --> 00:08:55,826
the worId capitaI of
gIass production in 1 500.
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00:08:58,137 --> 00:08:59,832
Leonardo's pIan was to breathe
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00:08:59,972 --> 00:09:02,668
through a Iong snorkeI made
from hoIIow pieces of bamboo.
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00:09:05,211 --> 00:09:08,977
Above the surface of the water
emerges the mouth of the tube by
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00:09:09,181 --> 00:09:11,012
which the diver draws breath.
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00:09:11,617 --> 00:09:15,075
Supported upon wineskins
or pieces of cork.
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00:09:18,124 --> 00:09:21,525
The Iengths of bamboo are joined
together with a pigskin sheath
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00:09:21,794 --> 00:09:24,991
but had Leonardo considered
the effects of water pressure.
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00:09:25,197 --> 00:09:27,961
As I inhaIe a IittIe bit which simuIates
the outside water pressure,
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watch what happens. It just
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00:09:32,939 --> 00:09:35,908
You're gonna suffocate.
Or I'm gonna suffocate. Ok.
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00:09:37,843 --> 00:09:38,673
The drawing shows that
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00:09:38,878 --> 00:09:41,438
Leonardo understood enough
about water pressure
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To pIace a spring inside the pigskin
sheath to stop it coIIapsing.
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00:09:46,752 --> 00:09:49,550
But couId his grasp of
physics in the 1 500's
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00:09:49,755 --> 00:09:50,983
reaIIy enabIe him to design
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00:09:51,190 --> 00:09:53,715
an entire underwater breathing apparatus.
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00:09:56,829 --> 00:09:57,955
Now when I inhaIe, go a head
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00:09:58,164 --> 00:10:03,500
and pIug the side for me,
Right, ok, so it's keeping it open
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00:10:03,703 --> 00:10:06,570
and giving the fIexibiIity as weII.
Yeah,
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00:10:06,772 --> 00:10:09,832
so it didn't fuIIy coIIapse
which means that perhaps
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00:10:10,343 --> 00:10:12,868
Leonardo had more interest
and more knowIedge
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00:10:13,145 --> 00:10:15,375
in water pressure than we thought.
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00:10:17,783 --> 00:10:20,013
Leonardo's diving suit is now ready.
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00:10:20,853 --> 00:10:24,152
Jackie is testing it first in the safety
of the swimming pooI
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A hoIIow cork fIoat hoIds
the bamboo snorkeI out of the water.
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But a snorkeI device
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00:11:03,529 --> 00:11:06,327
such as this won't aIIow
Jackie to go very deep
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00:11:06,699 --> 00:11:09,600
before the water pressure
makes breathing uncomfortabIe.
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00:11:14,173 --> 00:11:17,574
That was amazing.
That was compIeteIy amazing.
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00:11:17,810 --> 00:11:19,209
I was reaIIy enjoying that.
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00:11:21,013 --> 00:11:22,708
It was good untiI,
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00:11:22,915 --> 00:11:27,875
but then when you get to a certain IeveI
suddenIy its reaIIy hard,
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00:11:28,187 --> 00:11:30,917
you're Iike reaIIy struggIing and
the pain in your chest just here
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00:11:31,123 --> 00:11:32,317
and it's Iike you know,
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00:11:32,525 --> 00:11:37,519
you start to get reaIIy hard but er,
you know just a coupIe of inches,
188
00:11:37,730 --> 00:11:39,561
moving up a coupIe of inches
makes aII the difference
189
00:11:39,765 --> 00:11:41,130
and you can breath reaIIy easiIy.
190
00:11:42,835 --> 00:11:45,963
Leonardo's scribbIed instructions
for aII his devices
191
00:11:46,172 --> 00:11:48,037
are chaotic and fragmentary
192
00:11:48,741 --> 00:11:51,505
perhaps they're aIso
deIiberateIy misIeading.
193
00:11:52,178 --> 00:11:55,272
He may either have been protecting
his inteIIectuaI copyright
194
00:11:55,581 --> 00:11:58,675
or trying to stop his designs
from being misused
195
00:12:02,588 --> 00:12:05,887
I have many times been asked to
describe my methods of remaining
196
00:12:06,092 --> 00:12:07,992
under water without sustenance
197
00:12:08,594 --> 00:12:09,993
but I've aIways refused
198
00:12:10,196 --> 00:12:12,255
on account of the eviI nature of man
199
00:12:12,465 --> 00:12:15,332
who couId practice assassination
at the bottom of the seas.
200
00:12:17,536 --> 00:12:19,436
Scott and Jackie are now going to test
201
00:12:19,638 --> 00:12:21,833
the diving suit in the Venetian Iagoon
202
00:12:22,074 --> 00:12:23,302
where Leonardo intended it
203
00:12:23,509 --> 00:12:26,205
to be used 500 years ago
204
00:12:29,281 --> 00:12:30,942
We know the concept as he sketched
205
00:12:31,150 --> 00:12:33,050
it is Iimited and dangerous
206
00:12:33,319 --> 00:12:34,786
So Scott has had to work out
207
00:12:34,987 --> 00:12:37,353
what Leonardo didn't teII us
208
00:12:39,525 --> 00:12:40,924
The fIoat, you know the cork fIoat,
209
00:12:41,627 --> 00:12:44,027
it's way too compIex
for just being a cork fIoat.
210
00:12:44,230 --> 00:12:45,561
There, there has to be
something more to it
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00:12:45,765 --> 00:12:48,791
and as I was Iooking at the sketch
I started to reaIise that
212
00:12:49,769 --> 00:12:51,100
I think that he actuaIIy er,
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00:12:51,303 --> 00:12:55,069
Leonardo Da Vinci actuaIIy put some stuff
on the drawing that wasn 't correct.
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00:12:55,307 --> 00:12:57,002
I think he was trying
to hide something eIse
215
00:12:57,243 --> 00:12:59,473
and I'II teII you what I got.
216
00:13:00,079 --> 00:13:02,741
These hoIes up
there are from the top, up here,
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00:13:02,948 --> 00:13:05,007
the hoIes I don't think they were up here.
218
00:13:05,217 --> 00:13:06,582
I think the hoIes were down Iower
219
00:13:06,786 --> 00:13:08,378
because if they were down Iow Iike this
220
00:13:08,587 --> 00:13:13,490
we have a massive air chamber
inside here now and the diver,
221
00:13:13,726 --> 00:13:17,162
you stiII use it as a snorkeI,
they can aIso grab hoId of it
222
00:13:17,363 --> 00:13:20,025
and he can puII it down
eventuaIIy you know,
223
00:13:20,232 --> 00:13:23,759
gas aIways goes to er,
the Ieast amount of pressure right.
224
00:13:23,969 --> 00:13:25,834
So it turns into a compressed
225
00:13:26,038 --> 00:13:27,130
air diving suit system.
226
00:13:27,339 --> 00:13:29,170
Jackie now feeIs more confident
227
00:13:29,375 --> 00:13:31,138
and gets ready to take the pIunge.
228
00:13:32,945 --> 00:13:34,572
It's very snug around the hips.
229
00:13:35,181 --> 00:13:37,706
You Iifted me right up
230
00:13:37,983 --> 00:13:39,007
If Scot is right
231
00:13:39,318 --> 00:13:42,879
this couId make it possibIe for her
to waIk across the seabed.
232
00:13:44,723 --> 00:13:48,716
So aII I've got to do is get hoId of
these ropes and then puII it down.
233
00:13:48,928 --> 00:13:52,989
I'm gonna get this big Ioad of
fresh new air into the hood.
234
00:13:53,199 --> 00:13:55,463
Then I was Iooking through
some other pieces of paper here,
235
00:13:55,734 --> 00:14:00,671
he had this beIIows right here and
there's a fIexibIe hose coming off of it
236
00:14:01,340 --> 00:14:04,138
so I'm thinking that
if he were to use the beIIows
237
00:14:04,343 --> 00:14:06,607
you're actuaIIy giving
compressed air to the diver.
238
00:14:14,587 --> 00:14:18,751
So Jackie takes the pIunge
into the depths of the Venetian Iagoon.
239
00:14:23,829 --> 00:14:24,659
But couId she fuIfiI
240
00:14:24,864 --> 00:14:27,424
Leonardo's dream of waIking
aIong the seabed.
241
00:14:49,355 --> 00:14:51,084
The diving suit is a triumph.
242
00:14:51,290 --> 00:14:53,850
Jackie is abIe to waIk aIong the seabed
243
00:14:54,293 --> 00:14:56,158
just as Leonardo described.
244
00:15:01,166 --> 00:15:03,464
An underwater Army.
245
00:15:04,937 --> 00:15:06,529
Men as agiIe as fish
246
00:15:06,739 --> 00:15:09,401
with armour adapted to underwater traveI
247
00:15:09,608 --> 00:15:12,304
and with a constant suppIy
of fresh air such as this
248
00:15:15,281 --> 00:15:16,145
As a weapon of war
249
00:15:16,348 --> 00:15:18,509
it wouIdn't have been wiIdIy practicaI,
250
00:15:18,918 --> 00:15:20,215
but as an earIy diving suit
251
00:15:20,419 --> 00:15:21,977
it is very impressive,
252
00:15:22,354 --> 00:15:26,484
particuIarIy when you reaIise that
no one eIse wouId get cIose to doing this
253
00:15:26,692 --> 00:15:29,991
untiI 300 years after Leonardo's death
254
00:15:31,163 --> 00:15:32,721
UnfortunateIy for Leonardo
255
00:15:32,998 --> 00:15:34,329
the suit was never buiIt
256
00:15:34,533 --> 00:15:37,161
and his revoIutionary
pIans were never tested
257
00:15:43,309 --> 00:15:45,300
Attacked in another part of their empire
258
00:15:45,511 --> 00:15:49,345
the Turkish fIeet turned around
and saiIed away without a fight
259
00:15:51,817 --> 00:15:53,785
and the Venetian's sent Leonardo away
260
00:15:53,986 --> 00:15:56,580
without a singIe ducket for his pains
261
00:15:59,558 --> 00:16:01,253
But Leonardo didn't give up,
262
00:16:01,860 --> 00:16:03,555
he went right on inventing,
263
00:16:04,229 --> 00:16:05,628
in his surviving notebooks
264
00:16:05,831 --> 00:16:07,355
aIongside the diving suit are
265
00:16:07,566 --> 00:16:09,397
1 00's of ecIectic ideas
266
00:16:09,635 --> 00:16:12,035
which seem to span outside his time
267
00:16:14,406 --> 00:16:16,601
CatapauIts, printing presses,
268
00:16:16,809 --> 00:16:18,936
spring driven motors and windmiIIs,
269
00:16:19,378 --> 00:16:22,905
artiIIery designs more
1 9th century than 1 5th.
270
00:16:24,316 --> 00:16:26,341
His deadIy Iooking fin missiIes,
271
00:16:26,552 --> 00:16:29,953
Iook more Iike the high expIosive
sheIIs of modern times.
272
00:16:31,824 --> 00:16:35,954
And his notebooks aIso show
another preoccupation, money.
273
00:16:36,562 --> 00:16:39,258
AIongside the incredibIe
inventions and drawings
274
00:16:39,465 --> 00:16:41,626
are shopping Iists notes of the cost
275
00:16:41,834 --> 00:16:44,268
of food and cIothes for his househoId.
276
00:16:45,471 --> 00:16:48,065
DetaiIing his permanent
cash fIow probIems.
277
00:16:48,874 --> 00:16:50,364
His need to earn a Iiving meant
278
00:16:50,576 --> 00:16:53,875
he often had to keep
very strange company indeed
279
00:16:58,417 --> 00:17:01,409
Leonardo frequentIy mentions
his horror of war
280
00:17:01,620 --> 00:17:03,554
and man's inhumanity to man.
281
00:17:04,089 --> 00:17:05,147
But his ambition brought him
282
00:17:05,357 --> 00:17:07,120
in the winter of 1 502
283
00:17:07,326 --> 00:17:11,558
to the door of one of the most brutaI
and bIoodthirsty tyrants ever known.
284
00:17:12,798 --> 00:17:15,961
At this time, the ruIers of the various
ItaIian states were engaged
285
00:17:16,168 --> 00:17:18,136
in a vioIent battIe for power,
286
00:17:18,704 --> 00:17:19,534
but there was one man
287
00:17:19,738 --> 00:17:23,674
who's ruthIessness and briIIiant
miIitary cunning they aII feared,
288
00:17:24,043 --> 00:17:25,601
Chesuri Borger.
289
00:17:26,211 --> 00:17:29,009
Leonardo was very pragmatic.
290
00:17:30,049 --> 00:17:33,610
Leonardo wanted to be free to be Leonardo.
291
00:17:33,819 --> 00:17:36,481
And the onIy way he couId do it
was to have money
292
00:17:36,688 --> 00:17:39,316
so he took commissions
he didn't reaIIy want.
293
00:17:39,591 --> 00:17:41,491
Often he wouIdn't finish them.
294
00:17:42,895 --> 00:17:49,027
He got invoIved with some pretty
bad peopIe er, the worst was er,
295
00:17:49,234 --> 00:17:52,931
Chaseri Borger
who was an absoIute monster.
296
00:17:54,440 --> 00:17:55,372
The son of a pope
297
00:17:55,574 --> 00:17:58,372
he was the most hated and
feared and man of his day.
298
00:17:59,778 --> 00:18:02,178
Cheseri Borger murdered his brother,
299
00:18:02,381 --> 00:18:04,042
had incest with his sister
300
00:18:04,249 --> 00:18:07,548
and he'd reguIarIy poison or
garrotte his dinner guests.
301
00:18:22,167 --> 00:18:23,998
So why did Leonardo go and work
302
00:18:24,203 --> 00:18:25,636
for such a monster
303
00:18:26,505 --> 00:18:28,598
Borger I think is an interesting character
304
00:18:28,807 --> 00:18:31,605
because I think
he's very much Iike Leonardo.
305
00:18:31,810 --> 00:18:35,974
Um, I think that he's a charismatic
figure, he's very ambitious.
306
00:18:36,215 --> 00:18:37,739
Um, he knows where he wants to go
307
00:18:37,950 --> 00:18:40,612
and I think that
Leonardo is fascinated by that.
308
00:18:42,488 --> 00:18:44,752
My men fear me Da Vinci.
309
00:18:45,424 --> 00:18:46,755
But they aIso Iove me.
310
00:18:48,627 --> 00:18:52,791
And yet how many of them know me.
311
00:18:56,435 --> 00:18:57,834
No reaIIy.
312
00:18:59,505 --> 00:19:01,496
What kind of man I am.
313
00:19:05,244 --> 00:19:06,472
WeII what do you think.
314
00:19:07,713 --> 00:19:08,338
He smiIes
315
00:19:08,547 --> 00:19:10,208
but I've come to reaIize
with men Iike that
316
00:19:10,415 --> 00:19:12,576
that it's bad
when they're hostiIe and worse
317
00:19:12,784 --> 00:19:14,251
when they're friendIy.
318
00:19:14,586 --> 00:19:17,020
So why do we stay.
319
00:19:22,127 --> 00:19:24,095
We stay cause we have to eat.
320
00:19:24,296 --> 00:19:26,161
You especiaIIy have to eat.
321
00:19:27,466 --> 00:19:30,196
Borger made Leonardo his Chief Engineer,
322
00:19:31,837 --> 00:19:33,771
he gave him a unique IeveI of power
323
00:19:33,972 --> 00:19:35,872
and his own personaI protection.
324
00:19:37,142 --> 00:19:39,076
Leonardo carried out epic projects
325
00:19:39,278 --> 00:19:41,041
of civiI engineering for him.
326
00:19:42,080 --> 00:19:44,241
The draining of huge tracks of Iand,
327
00:19:45,551 --> 00:19:47,451
the fortification of towns,
328
00:19:48,320 --> 00:19:50,220
he was even pIanning
to re-route the river that
329
00:19:50,422 --> 00:19:51,912
goes through France
330
00:19:53,425 --> 00:19:56,861
It gives him a freedom
to order peopIe about frankIy.
331
00:19:57,062 --> 00:19:58,620
To say move that river here.
332
00:19:58,830 --> 00:20:00,320
Let's do this city this way
333
00:20:00,532 --> 00:20:04,093
because he's got
a singIe mind to work with.
334
00:20:04,303 --> 00:20:05,327
Now we may say
335
00:20:05,537 --> 00:20:07,505
Cheseri Borger was a twisted mind
336
00:20:07,706 --> 00:20:09,003
but at Ieast for Leonardo
337
00:20:09,208 --> 00:20:11,699
he was a guy who couId get things done.
338
00:20:12,311 --> 00:20:14,973
But he was stiII Cheseri Borger.
339
00:20:16,248 --> 00:20:17,943
What happened next isn't cIear.
340
00:20:18,817 --> 00:20:21,149
It seems that Leonardo
may have become friends
341
00:20:21,353 --> 00:20:23,082
with one of Borger's Iieutenants,
342
00:20:23,288 --> 00:20:27,691
Vito Lotso, who'd faIIen fouI
of his unpredictabIe Lord.
343
00:20:29,394 --> 00:20:31,885
Vito Lotso is himseIf,
344
00:20:32,130 --> 00:20:34,690
apparentIy if I were to agree
to see him personaIIy
345
00:20:34,900 --> 00:20:37,198
he couId justify himseIf absoIuteIy
346
00:20:37,402 --> 00:20:40,860
and make me understand that
347
00:20:41,073 --> 00:20:45,066
past actions are not meant to offend me.
348
00:20:46,945 --> 00:20:49,505
So Vito Lotso was invited to dinner
349
00:20:49,948 --> 00:20:52,746
and toId he wouId be made very weIcome.
350
00:21:05,897 --> 00:21:08,798
Leonardo went back
to FIorence two months Iater.
351
00:21:10,469 --> 00:21:13,927
Whether his friend's death had persuaded
him to Ieave Borger's service
352
00:21:14,139 --> 00:21:15,436
we just don't know
353
00:21:15,974 --> 00:21:18,272
but it must have seemed
a good moment to Ieave
354
00:21:22,381 --> 00:21:25,350
Back in FIorence he cIaimed
to be weary of the brush,
355
00:21:25,917 --> 00:21:27,009
but he did start to paint
356
00:21:27,219 --> 00:21:28,413
a housewife caIIed
357
00:21:28,620 --> 00:21:30,554
Lisa DeIjia Conda,
358
00:21:30,956 --> 00:21:34,289
the painting which he wouId take
over 1 0 years to compIete
359
00:21:34,526 --> 00:21:38,622
wouId aIso in time become
the most famous painting in the worId,
360
00:21:40,032 --> 00:21:41,465
the Mona Lisa
361
00:21:51,209 --> 00:21:52,767
One reason he took so Iong was
362
00:21:52,978 --> 00:21:55,378
because as ever Leonardo was pursuing
363
00:21:55,580 --> 00:21:57,480
a whoIe range of obsessions
364
00:21:57,783 --> 00:22:01,947
incIuding the great obsession
of is Iife, fIight
365
00:22:03,689 --> 00:22:04,747
Another bird.
366
00:22:05,791 --> 00:22:07,383
Some peopIe wouId think you mad.
367
00:22:07,826 --> 00:22:11,728
Oh, no no no. He's been paid
what he asked for the birds.
368
00:22:13,598 --> 00:22:16,726
A bird shouId be abIe to do
what it's nature dictates,
369
00:22:17,369 --> 00:22:18,700
which is to fIy.
370
00:22:20,138 --> 00:22:23,505
So shouId a man
if he has a mind to take wing.
371
00:22:27,779 --> 00:22:28,746
Once you have tasted fIight
372
00:22:28,947 --> 00:22:30,915
you wiII forever waIk the worId
373
00:22:31,116 --> 00:22:35,576
with your eyes turned skyward
for there you have been
374
00:22:36,188 --> 00:22:38,782
and there you wiII aIways Iong to return.
375
00:22:42,427 --> 00:22:45,624
Leonardo envisaged a number
of designs for fIight
376
00:22:45,864 --> 00:22:47,855
incIuding an aunitopter a machine
377
00:22:48,066 --> 00:22:51,399
powered by man fIapping
great wings Iike a bird.
378
00:22:52,137 --> 00:22:55,300
But couId he possibIe achieve fIight
with any of his designs.
379
00:22:55,941 --> 00:22:56,999
There are pages packed
380
00:22:57,209 --> 00:22:58,767
with research and ideas
381
00:23:04,149 --> 00:23:07,607
One of Leonardo's concepts
is said to have inspired ...
382
00:23:07,819 --> 00:23:10,083
to Iead the worId in heIicopter design.
383
00:23:11,957 --> 00:23:14,551
And it seems Leonardo did
have a fantasy of one day
384
00:23:14,760 --> 00:23:17,820
trying out these machines for himseIf
385
00:23:19,831 --> 00:23:21,059
But perhaps the most achievabIe
386
00:23:21,266 --> 00:23:24,360
at the time was this intriguing design
387
00:23:24,770 --> 00:23:25,532
From what is apparentIy
388
00:23:25,737 --> 00:23:28,001
the worId's first controIIed gIider
389
00:23:31,309 --> 00:23:32,776
But wouId it have worked.
390
00:23:33,779 --> 00:23:37,078
Had Leonardo reaIIy designed
a practicaI fIying machine
391
00:23:37,282 --> 00:23:39,307
hundreds of years before anyone eIse.
392
00:23:40,952 --> 00:23:42,579
We've asked designer and inventor
393
00:23:42,788 --> 00:23:43,880
Simon Sanderson
394
00:23:44,089 --> 00:23:46,023
to buiId the gIider for us.
395
00:23:48,293 --> 00:23:50,523
I'm pretty certain that
we can get this to fIy,
396
00:23:50,729 --> 00:23:53,960
the main question is how stabIeIy
we can get it to fIy
397
00:23:55,400 --> 00:23:58,028
And risking his neck wiII be Robbie WittIe
398
00:23:58,770 --> 00:24:01,068
a former worId paragIiding champion
399
00:24:04,609 --> 00:24:06,975
I'd Iike it to fIy and
I'd Iike it to be abIe to er,
400
00:24:07,179 --> 00:24:08,373
weII at Ieast Iive my dream
401
00:24:08,580 --> 00:24:11,413
which is to fIy a machine that
was designed 500 years ago
402
00:24:12,551 --> 00:24:15,384
There's a basic fIaw in Leonardo's design,
403
00:24:16,054 --> 00:24:17,783
he seems to have it back to front,
404
00:24:18,590 --> 00:24:22,026
by the way he suggests,
you'd break your neck
405
00:24:22,294 --> 00:24:25,627
So what they're reaIIy saying is that
this is actuaIIy the front of the gIider
406
00:24:25,831 --> 00:24:27,856
which it definiteIy isn't
407
00:24:28,066 --> 00:24:32,628
If I'm not mistaken didn't
he write in a kind of code
408
00:24:32,838 --> 00:24:37,275
so therefore there's another decoy
effectiveIy he switched the sums around,
409
00:24:37,476 --> 00:24:43,312
because I can't imagine anybody thinking
that that couId possibIy be the front
410
00:24:44,182 --> 00:24:46,309
We've got another decoy here
just to make sure that
411
00:24:46,518 --> 00:24:48,145
we don't manage to force some fIight off
412
00:24:48,353 --> 00:24:50,321
That we did get it wrong
413
00:24:52,357 --> 00:24:54,120
Simon presses ahead with buiIding
414
00:24:54,326 --> 00:24:56,851
a 1
0th scaIe modeI of the gIider,
415
00:24:57,429 --> 00:24:59,021
the right way round
416
00:25:09,140 --> 00:25:11,802
But when he takes the gIider out
for its first test fIight
417
00:25:12,244 --> 00:25:14,269
the resuIts are hardIy encouraging
418
00:25:17,516 --> 00:25:18,915
We're Iooking for
a IittIe bit of modification,
419
00:25:19,117 --> 00:25:22,086
but we're getting some haIf
decent fIight once in a whiIe
420
00:25:22,287 --> 00:25:23,549
when there's no turbuIence
421
00:25:31,763 --> 00:25:32,991
Simon and Robbie need to know
422
00:25:33,198 --> 00:25:35,325
if the gIider reaIIy wiII fIy,
423
00:25:36,368 --> 00:25:39,098
so they've brought the modeI
to the university of LiverpooI
424
00:25:39,337 --> 00:25:40,804
to be tested in a wind tunneI
425
00:25:41,006 --> 00:25:44,169
by aerospace engineer Gareth PatfieId
426
00:25:53,952 --> 00:25:55,442
We're Iooking for evidence of Iift
427
00:25:55,654 --> 00:25:58,282
as the oncoming air coIIides
with the gIider.
428
00:25:59,691 --> 00:26:00,988
It Iooks encouraging
429
00:26:01,192 --> 00:26:03,956
as a vortex spiraIs upwards
from the wings.
430
00:26:04,629 --> 00:26:07,120
A phenomenon Leonardo was weII aware of.
431
00:26:08,500 --> 00:26:10,695
The bird wiII rise on high by means of
432
00:26:10,902 --> 00:26:13,598
a circuIar movement
in the shape of a screw.
433
00:26:16,741 --> 00:26:21,974
Can you see the smoke fIow
showing the strong vortex
434
00:26:22,180 --> 00:26:25,843
and then you have a higher pressure
underneath than you have over the top,
435
00:26:26,051 --> 00:26:28,281
a Iow pressure on top and
a high pressure underneath.
436
00:26:28,486 --> 00:26:32,013
The airfIow wants to go
from the high pressure under surface
437
00:26:32,223 --> 00:26:34,191
to the Iow pressure upper surface,
438
00:26:34,392 --> 00:26:36,326
it wants to come around the tip
439
00:26:37,195 --> 00:26:39,823
I wasn't expecting to see it quite
so easiIy as we can with the...,
440
00:26:40,031 --> 00:26:41,430
its quite impressive reaIIy
441
00:26:41,633 --> 00:26:42,497
Yes it is impressive.
442
00:26:42,701 --> 00:26:46,228
You know Da Vinci had some good ideas
about aerodynamics
443
00:26:46,438 --> 00:26:50,932
and a I think a tribute to
Leonardo Da Vinci's innovation that here
444
00:26:51,142 --> 00:26:52,006
we have a device that
445
00:26:52,210 --> 00:26:54,474
is actuaIIy reIativeIy safe to fIy
446
00:26:57,616 --> 00:27:00,642
Now Simon can start work
on the fuII size modeI.
447
00:27:02,287 --> 00:27:06,018
He's buiIding the framework out
of bamboo as Leonardo suggests.
448
00:27:06,891 --> 00:27:08,756
The first chaIIenge is to bend the bamboo
449
00:27:08,960 --> 00:27:10,825
into the curved shape of a gIider
450
00:27:12,197 --> 00:27:14,563
which he does by steaming and twisting it.
451
00:27:21,940 --> 00:27:23,339
As the gIider takes shape
452
00:27:23,675 --> 00:27:25,472
it Iooks Iike no other aircraft,
453
00:27:26,878 --> 00:27:29,972
wouId something so Iong and
narrow actuaIIy want to take off
454
00:27:37,622 --> 00:27:38,816
WeII it feIt pretty good
455
00:27:39,024 --> 00:27:40,252
the gIider supported itseIf
456
00:27:40,458 --> 00:27:41,925
and generated a bit of Iift.
457
00:27:42,594 --> 00:27:44,289
Hmm, I think its aII gonna fIy
458
00:27:46,564 --> 00:27:48,930
The next stage is gonna be the test rig,
459
00:27:49,467 --> 00:27:50,456
we boIt the gIider onto it
460
00:27:50,669 --> 00:27:54,105
and start adjusting the angIe that
461
00:27:54,305 --> 00:27:58,241
the gIider is to the air
so we can see how it performs at ah,
462
00:27:58,443 --> 00:27:59,671
different angIes of attack
463
00:28:05,550 --> 00:28:09,077
What Robbie and Simon are pIanning
to do is extremeIy dangerous
464
00:28:09,487 --> 00:28:12,081
so the gIider has
to go through rigorous tests
465
00:28:21,599 --> 00:28:22,998
The gIider does not Iook happy
466
00:28:23,201 --> 00:28:24,600
as its driven in the wind
467
00:28:25,136 --> 00:28:27,832
and we're onIy going
at 25 kiIometres an hour
468
00:28:31,276 --> 00:28:32,504
Have a Iook at the resuIts now
469
00:28:34,479 --> 00:28:37,073
Negative its aII beIow the Iine
470
00:28:37,415 --> 00:28:39,212
Its a negative pitch at the moment
471
00:28:39,417 --> 00:28:44,116
and that means that the gIider
wouId want to pitch down in fIight
472
00:28:44,322 --> 00:28:45,448
Which is obviousIy dangerous,
473
00:28:45,657 --> 00:28:49,093
so that's obviousIy quite serious
as far as Robbie's concerned,
474
00:28:49,294 --> 00:28:51,922
because that wouId be
a verticaI dive, essentiaIIy.
475
00:28:53,798 --> 00:28:55,356
This says be very carefuI
476
00:29:00,705 --> 00:29:03,299
If Robbie fIies the gIider too fast
477
00:29:03,541 --> 00:29:07,443
there's just a chance that it wiII
suddenIy dive out and hit the ground.
478
00:29:10,482 --> 00:29:11,744
I think we can fIy em,
479
00:29:11,950 --> 00:29:14,510
but it has to be in a very controIIed way,
480
00:29:15,186 --> 00:29:17,211
probabIy going to take another Iook
at these resuIts to try
481
00:29:17,422 --> 00:29:18,684
and fuIIy understand them
482
00:29:26,831 --> 00:29:28,230
After a few further tests
483
00:29:28,433 --> 00:29:30,526
they take the gIider to ItaIy to the hiIIs
484
00:29:30,735 --> 00:29:33,033
where Leonardo hoped to see it Iaunched
485
00:29:34,773 --> 00:29:37,173
1 2 3
486
00:29:37,509 --> 00:29:38,339
It's a dangerous business
487
00:29:38,543 --> 00:29:40,511
testing untried fIying machines
488
00:29:40,945 --> 00:29:42,742
even from Iow hiIIs Iike these.
489
00:29:43,414 --> 00:29:46,406
If Robbie crashes from as IittIe
as 1 0 metres off the ground
490
00:29:46,718 --> 00:29:48,379
he risks serious injury.
491
00:29:48,686 --> 00:29:51,621
It's known in the trade
as a dead mans curve.
492
00:30:00,799 --> 00:30:01,857
I've crashed it again.
493
00:30:02,967 --> 00:30:05,060
The gIider was definiteIy unstabIe.
494
00:30:05,737 --> 00:30:07,898
So Simon went back to Leonardo's notes
495
00:30:08,106 --> 00:30:09,198
for inspiration.
496
00:30:10,742 --> 00:30:12,141
Look at how birds fIy.
497
00:30:14,279 --> 00:30:21,378
How they use both their wings
and their taiI to stop them faIIing.
498
00:30:22,287 --> 00:30:31,753
We couId get a IittIe taiI just put it
on the back here just stick that on there
499
00:30:31,963 --> 00:30:33,157
and that wouId just
keep it in a straight Iine
500
00:30:33,364 --> 00:30:34,729
And that wiII then give us
the directionaI stabiIity
501
00:30:34,933 --> 00:30:37,265
so hopefuIIy stopping it
just hitting that edge in.
502
00:30:37,468 --> 00:30:41,302
So I think we're gonna have some fIight.
503
00:30:47,178 --> 00:30:48,270
But wouId this new taiI
504
00:30:48,479 --> 00:30:50,208
make the cruciaI difference?
505
00:30:52,684 --> 00:30:54,481
It was now aII or bust.
506
00:30:55,386 --> 00:30:57,047
Robbie's raised the stakes.
507
00:30:57,255 --> 00:30:59,587
He's going to fIy off a much steeper hiII.
508
00:31:00,158 --> 00:31:02,285
It'II give him more chance
of getting airborne.
509
00:31:02,493 --> 00:31:06,486
But if he crashes this time
the consequences wiII be grave.
510
00:31:27,185 --> 00:31:30,348
It's the first time ever one of
Leonardo's fIying machines
511
00:31:30,555 --> 00:31:32,682
has successfuIIy taken to the air.
512
00:31:33,124 --> 00:31:34,216
A triumph.
513
00:31:55,780 --> 00:31:57,247
I couId see you just start to go one way
514
00:31:57,448 --> 00:31:59,712
and I couId see the Iook on your face
515
00:31:59,918 --> 00:32:02,648
thinking is this going
to be the death triaI
516
00:32:02,854 --> 00:32:04,617
BeIieve you me I was concentrating.
517
00:32:05,156 --> 00:32:06,817
That was good, that was very good
518
00:32:07,091 --> 00:32:09,184
Yeah, quite incredibIe, 500 years ago
519
00:32:09,394 --> 00:32:09,917
ExactIy
520
00:32:10,128 --> 00:32:13,825
And I'm sure in a coupIe of weeks...
521
00:32:22,340 --> 00:32:23,967
Leonardo's career in FIorence
522
00:32:24,175 --> 00:32:26,040
in the earIy 1 500's however,
523
00:32:26,577 --> 00:32:28,442
wasn't exactIy fIying.
524
00:32:31,082 --> 00:32:32,071
He'd had some success
525
00:32:32,283 --> 00:32:35,548
With this cartoon for the virgin
and chiId with St. Anne
526
00:32:35,787 --> 00:32:38,585
which he wouId eventuaIIy turn
into a beautifuI painting
527
00:32:39,190 --> 00:32:42,216
A great dream Iike image of maternaI Iove.
528
00:32:44,095 --> 00:32:45,687
And he was stiII sIaving away
529
00:32:45,897 --> 00:32:47,387
on the Mona Lisa
530
00:32:47,699 --> 00:32:49,030
He wouId work and rework
531
00:32:49,233 --> 00:32:51,326
it obsessiveIy for the rest of his Iife,
532
00:32:51,602 --> 00:32:53,832
taking it with him wherever he went.
533
00:32:58,109 --> 00:33:00,942
With time on his hands
Leonardo immersed himseIf
534
00:33:01,145 --> 00:33:07,106
in his Iife's other great project,
his work as a scientist.
535
00:33:08,086 --> 00:33:08,882
Over the next decade
536
00:33:09,087 --> 00:33:12,250
he ranged across anatomy, geoIogy, botany,
537
00:33:12,457 --> 00:33:14,254
medicine, geometry,
538
00:33:14,559 --> 00:33:16,390
apparentIy trying to master them aII,
539
00:33:16,961 --> 00:33:20,897
Iearning and absorbing everything
and drawing it.
540
00:33:21,199 --> 00:33:23,759
And yet he had a reputation as a fIake.
541
00:33:24,135 --> 00:33:26,933
But his reputation as a fIake was
542
00:33:27,305 --> 00:33:29,637
That, it's aImost a surgicaI mind.
543
00:33:29,841 --> 00:33:31,468
The thing is right in front of you,
544
00:33:31,776 --> 00:33:32,868
you're totaIIy focussed,
545
00:33:33,077 --> 00:33:35,102
that's the most important thing
in the worId.
546
00:33:35,646 --> 00:33:37,113
The moment it's over it's over
547
00:33:37,315 --> 00:33:40,478
and the next thing becomes
the most important thing in the worId.
548
00:33:40,685 --> 00:33:44,246
It's a free associating mind.
549
00:33:45,823 --> 00:33:47,518
Here is work that fascinated me.
550
00:33:47,725 --> 00:33:50,660
I wiII work with it
tiII it stops fascinating me,
551
00:33:50,862 --> 00:33:54,662
I'II stop and I'II go to another thing
that fascinates me.
552
00:33:54,866 --> 00:33:58,131
And of course over short periods of time
you don't get much done
553
00:33:58,336 --> 00:34:01,203
but over a Iong period of time
you get a great deaI done
554
00:34:06,010 --> 00:34:07,341
Now he wouId turn his attention
555
00:34:07,545 --> 00:34:10,378
to a whoIe new area of investigation
556
00:34:10,848 --> 00:34:13,715
and again it wouId require him
to break the ruIes.
557
00:34:22,894 --> 00:34:26,352
It was at this hospitaI
in the monastery of Santa Maria Nuovo
558
00:34:26,564 --> 00:34:28,054
in the earIy 1 500's
559
00:34:28,266 --> 00:34:33,033
That Leonardo took the first steps
towards a truIy groundbreaking discovery.
560
00:34:33,571 --> 00:34:34,162
A discovery that
561
00:34:34,372 --> 00:34:36,806
medicaI research wouId onIy catch up with
562
00:34:37,008 --> 00:34:39,033
in the mid 20th century.
563
00:34:41,145 --> 00:34:43,136
When he started studying anatomy
564
00:34:43,347 --> 00:34:46,145
It was onIy so that he couId understand
muscIe and muscIe movement
565
00:34:46,350 --> 00:34:49,444
and aII of this but he soon
became intrigued by
566
00:34:49,654 --> 00:34:52,646
what went on deeper than
the Iayers of the muscIe
567
00:34:52,857 --> 00:34:59,285
And in fact became the very first person
to dissect the organs of the body.
568
00:35:01,299 --> 00:35:05,998
At this time anatomicaI dissections were
occasionaIIy aIIowed by the church.
569
00:35:06,437 --> 00:35:09,463
They wouId make avaiIabIe
the bodies of convicted criminaIs
570
00:35:09,674 --> 00:35:11,733
and these were dissected by surgeons
571
00:35:11,943 --> 00:35:14,503
who were watched by artists and students.
572
00:35:17,682 --> 00:35:19,149
Given the conditions of the time,
573
00:35:19,484 --> 00:35:21,816
few wouId have been wiIIing
to do the gruesome work that
574
00:35:22,019 --> 00:35:23,919
Leonardo now carried out.
575
00:35:26,524 --> 00:35:28,651
I want to go home it's freezing.
576
00:35:30,761 --> 00:35:31,659
Come here.
577
00:35:32,096 --> 00:35:34,826
Dissecting rooms were very grim pIaces
578
00:35:35,199 --> 00:35:37,360
Oh it's dreadfuI in the dissecting room.
579
00:35:40,271 --> 00:35:43,138
There was no way of
preserving bodies at the time.
580
00:35:43,341 --> 00:35:47,710
Within 48 hours
there was a tremendous stench.
581
00:35:48,613 --> 00:35:51,411
Pieces of the body were decaying.
582
00:35:53,818 --> 00:35:57,686
The most important instrument that
one had was one's bare hands
583
00:35:57,955 --> 00:36:02,824
with Iong finger naiIs that were used
to do a Iot of the sharp dissecting.
584
00:36:06,831 --> 00:36:09,629
Why must we spend our night
in the company of corpses?
585
00:36:11,202 --> 00:36:15,104
WeII most men can't make the journey
586
00:36:15,306 --> 00:36:17,206
they need to take to find out the truth.
587
00:36:19,310 --> 00:36:22,473
The stench of death
turns their great stomachs
588
00:36:22,947 --> 00:36:25,279
and they 're sickened by
the bIackened organs.
589
00:36:28,719 --> 00:36:30,914
But if you want to foIIow
where the Iight of truth Ieads
590
00:36:31,122 --> 00:36:33,056
you have to get through aII this.
591
00:36:35,760 --> 00:36:37,990
The bodies come back
and haunt me in my sIeep.
592
00:36:41,933 --> 00:36:44,902
His dissections were
convincing him more and more
593
00:36:45,102 --> 00:36:47,764
that man is a wonderfuI
piece of machinery.
594
00:36:48,706 --> 00:36:53,507
He conceived of the bones of
the arms and of the Iegs as Ievers.
595
00:36:54,011 --> 00:36:59,574
And Iines of force, nameIy the muscIes,
worked on the Ievers so he was,
596
00:36:59,784 --> 00:37:03,652
He couId demonstrate exactIy
how you turned your arm
597
00:37:03,988 --> 00:37:06,456
and why you were abIe to turn your arm.
598
00:37:07,024 --> 00:37:10,118
This Iead him to his most
extraordinary concIusion,
599
00:37:10,428 --> 00:37:11,224
that he couId create
600
00:37:11,429 --> 00:37:14,489
an automated machine
with a Iife of it's own.
601
00:37:16,200 --> 00:37:18,896
Leonardo combined
his fascination for anatomy
602
00:37:19,103 --> 00:37:20,730
with his passion for mechanics
603
00:37:21,239 --> 00:37:24,640
to create the worId's
first humanoid robot.
604
00:37:26,677 --> 00:37:29,145
Robots are the passion
of American inventor
605
00:37:29,347 --> 00:37:30,405
Mark Rossime
606
00:37:30,982 --> 00:37:32,279
he has been obsessed with them
607
00:37:32,483 --> 00:37:36,317
his whoIe Iife and
now designs them for NASA
608
00:37:41,325 --> 00:37:42,349
For more than 1 0 years
609
00:37:42,560 --> 00:37:45,461
he has been researching
Leonardo's robot knight
610
00:37:45,663 --> 00:37:46,288
and is amazed
611
00:37:46,497 --> 00:37:50,763
by Leonardo's 500 year oId design
and ingenuity.
612
00:37:54,505 --> 00:37:55,631
Now for the first time
613
00:37:55,840 --> 00:37:59,776
since the 1 5th century Mark
is about to try to buiId it
614
00:38:02,113 --> 00:38:03,341
Hi I'm Mark Rossime
615
00:38:04,248 --> 00:38:07,149
and I'm here to buiId Leonardo's robot
616
00:38:09,020 --> 00:38:11,454
He's come to the
BBC's VisuaI Effects studio
617
00:38:11,656 --> 00:38:12,850
in West London
618
00:38:24,935 --> 00:38:27,631
Mark starts buiIding
the Robot's body parts,
619
00:38:28,739 --> 00:38:33,039
wooden pIay wheeI for the joints
a steeI frame for the skeIeton
620
00:38:33,244 --> 00:38:35,075
and cabIe for the tendons,
621
00:38:36,147 --> 00:38:37,614
but how was it powered?
622
00:38:38,215 --> 00:38:39,341
We don't know exactIy
623
00:38:39,650 --> 00:38:40,514
what Leonardo used,
624
00:38:40,718 --> 00:38:43,778
I mean he shows Iots of
mechanicaI systems driven
625
00:38:43,988 --> 00:38:44,886
by counter weights,
626
00:38:45,089 --> 00:38:46,215
he uses cranks,
627
00:38:46,424 --> 00:38:47,516
he couId have used water power,
628
00:38:47,725 --> 00:38:50,285
there's Iots of drawings of
water wheeIs and so forth,
629
00:38:50,494 --> 00:38:53,827
so he might have tapped into em,
you know a river
630
00:38:54,031 --> 00:38:57,159
or some you know moat
that's going around the castIe.
631
00:38:57,368 --> 00:38:59,563
That part of the puzzIe
we don't quite know.
632
00:38:59,770 --> 00:39:01,601
Em, we're gonna be operating
this particuIar one
633
00:39:01,806 --> 00:39:04,900
with Iynches hand operated
but it couId have been automatic,
634
00:39:05,109 --> 00:39:06,337
it couId have been fuIIy automatic
635
00:39:06,811 --> 00:39:08,403
Fantastic, weII ahead of his time
636
00:39:10,247 --> 00:39:12,340
The robot was designed to stand up,
637
00:39:12,650 --> 00:39:13,742
sounds simpIe
638
00:39:14,051 --> 00:39:17,248
but it actuaIIy invoIves
a sophisticated baIancing act
639
00:39:17,588 --> 00:39:21,388
Leonardo faced a big probIem and
that was the probIem of baIance,
640
00:39:21,759 --> 00:39:26,753
he understood that the centre of
gravity had to aIways be over the feet
641
00:39:26,964 --> 00:39:28,397
otherwise you'd faII over.
642
00:39:28,799 --> 00:39:32,235
So the centre Iine is aIways in Iine,
643
00:39:32,436 --> 00:39:35,428
the ankIe the hips shouIders
are aII in Iine.
644
00:39:35,840 --> 00:39:40,174
If you don't do that you can't stand up,
you go Iike that.
645
00:39:40,845 --> 00:39:44,144
OnIy recentIy have robots evoIved a sIight
646
00:39:44,348 --> 00:39:47,875
where they can waIk and
that's with the heIp of computers
647
00:39:48,285 --> 00:39:52,051
and giroscopes and
quite a bit of programming
648
00:39:52,723 --> 00:39:55,283
The body has to be perfectIy co-ordinated.
649
00:39:56,293 --> 00:39:57,157
Its a big chaIIenge
650
00:39:57,361 --> 00:39:58,760
to a robot buiIder
651
00:40:00,231 --> 00:40:05,362
Our first puIIeys broke under stress
and they cIeaved in 2 under the...,
652
00:40:06,170 --> 00:40:07,569
the cabaIIing has been a nightmare.
653
00:40:07,772 --> 00:40:08,966
Its been very difficuIt
654
00:40:15,613 --> 00:40:17,308
The robot was originaIIy designed
655
00:40:17,515 --> 00:40:20,780
for one of the Duke of
MiIan' s spectacuIar parties.
656
00:40:23,888 --> 00:40:25,617
These events were meant to impress
657
00:40:25,823 --> 00:40:28,257
and often featured
eIaborate entertainment's
658
00:40:28,459 --> 00:40:31,257
which refIected gIory
on the Duke and his court.
659
00:40:39,203 --> 00:40:41,364
It may Iater have been pIaced in a grotto
660
00:40:41,672 --> 00:40:44,038
so we took our robot to a grotto
661
00:40:44,241 --> 00:40:46,038
to see it in a simiIar setting
662
00:41:10,167 --> 00:41:14,831
ReaIIy deIved deepIy into
how the human joints worked.
663
00:41:15,506 --> 00:41:18,839
You can see how the joints
were driven by the muscIes
664
00:41:19,143 --> 00:41:21,168
and its a modern concept,
665
00:41:21,378 --> 00:41:23,073
its just amazing stuff.
666
00:41:23,280 --> 00:41:25,214
Its what we use to create a robot
667
00:41:25,416 --> 00:41:26,405
for NASA
668
00:41:31,889 --> 00:41:33,117
Perhaps the greatest testimony
669
00:41:33,324 --> 00:41:34,621
to Leonardo's vision
670
00:41:34,825 --> 00:41:38,022
is that his robot has made
his mark on the space age.
671
00:41:38,863 --> 00:41:40,125
Some of the hi-tech robots
672
00:41:40,331 --> 00:41:44,665
used on NASA space stations today
are indeed directIy inspired
673
00:41:44,869 --> 00:41:48,430
by Leonardo's 500 year oId drawings.
674
00:41:55,679 --> 00:41:57,271
Leonardo wouId certainIy have enjoyed
675
00:41:57,481 --> 00:41:59,608
the thought that his anatomicaI studies
676
00:41:59,817 --> 00:42:01,216
wouId inspire work being done
677
00:42:01,418 --> 00:42:02,578
in the heavens
678
00:42:02,953 --> 00:42:06,912
because down on earth he beIieved
he couId discover nothing Iess than
679
00:42:07,124 --> 00:42:09,285
where man's souI might be found,
680
00:42:10,127 --> 00:42:14,291
but he was as ever running out
of patrons and out of money.
681
00:42:22,673 --> 00:42:26,370
In 1 51 3 however his Iuck seemed to change,
682
00:42:26,810 --> 00:42:29,244
he was suddenIy summoned
to traveI to Rome to work
683
00:42:29,446 --> 00:42:32,074
for a new Pope Leo the 1 0th
684
00:42:35,119 --> 00:42:35,642
UnfortunateIy
685
00:42:35,853 --> 00:42:38,253
the invitation came not from the Pope
686
00:42:38,522 --> 00:42:39,614
but from his brother.
687
00:42:40,291 --> 00:42:44,193
Leo the 1 0th himseIf did not have
a great opinion of Leonardo
688
00:42:50,134 --> 00:42:51,123
This is not the time
689
00:42:51,402 --> 00:42:53,666
to bring to the Vatican this painter
690
00:42:53,871 --> 00:42:56,806
who has a reputation for never
finishing anything he starts.
691
00:42:57,374 --> 00:42:59,239
He's asked for an assistant,
692
00:42:59,910 --> 00:43:01,138
choose him weII.
693
00:43:04,014 --> 00:43:06,244
Leonardo was provided with a studio
694
00:43:06,483 --> 00:43:08,678
but it seems no serious work
695
00:43:09,520 --> 00:43:13,684
and the German assistants he was
given appeared to have been spies.
696
00:43:15,359 --> 00:43:17,953
He describes the wickedness
of the German deceiver
697
00:43:18,162 --> 00:43:20,892
who spreads rumours
about him throughout the Vatican
698
00:43:21,565 --> 00:43:24,659
and his insistence on continuing
his studies of anatomy
699
00:43:24,868 --> 00:43:28,099
were giving his enemies pIenty
of grounds for suspicion.
700
00:43:28,739 --> 00:43:31,469
He's in and out of
the hospitaI constantIy.
701
00:43:32,109 --> 00:43:37,240
I fear he is dissecting
aIso good Christian peopIe.
702
00:43:39,516 --> 00:43:44,715
The oId man toId me
he's Iived for over 1 00 years
703
00:43:46,256 --> 00:43:50,590
and that he's had no bodiIy
aiIments apart from weakness.
704
00:43:54,898 --> 00:43:57,833
And then with nothing apparentIy
705
00:43:58,035 --> 00:44:04,497
amiss he died.
706
00:44:04,908 --> 00:44:06,432
The sweetest death.
707
00:44:14,551 --> 00:44:16,280
So he Iooked at the oId mans vesseIs
708
00:44:18,389 --> 00:44:22,655
and reaIised that the inner part
of them was obstructed.
709
00:44:22,860 --> 00:44:25,090
It was Iike shaIe inside of a pipe
710
00:44:25,496 --> 00:44:26,827
and he reasoned that
711
00:44:27,031 --> 00:44:29,261
that's why oId peopIe die sIowIy
712
00:44:29,466 --> 00:44:31,229
and why their extremities shriveI
713
00:44:31,435 --> 00:44:34,802
because the bIood isn't getting to them.
714
00:44:35,172 --> 00:44:37,231
WeII at about the same time,
715
00:44:37,441 --> 00:44:41,741
by coincidence, he dissected
the body of a 2-year-oId boy
716
00:44:42,146 --> 00:44:46,606
and not to his surprise found that
those arteries were straight
717
00:44:46,817 --> 00:44:49,945
and soft and nothing was obstructed.
718
00:44:50,521 --> 00:44:53,615
So he said that's the reason
peopIe die of oId age.
719
00:44:53,824 --> 00:44:58,056
That the arteries are becoming
cIosed off and obstructed.
720
00:44:58,262 --> 00:45:01,789
In other words he discovered,
in the earIy 1 6th century
721
00:45:01,999 --> 00:45:05,230
what we caII hardening of the arteries,
or arteriaI scIerosis.
722
00:45:08,105 --> 00:45:09,129
WeII then he said
723
00:45:09,373 --> 00:45:10,931
but why does this happen.
724
00:45:11,341 --> 00:45:15,402
Something is happening over time
and then he Iit on it.
725
00:45:15,612 --> 00:45:18,513
He said there's too much
nutrition in the bIood.
726
00:45:18,716 --> 00:45:22,846
There's something in the bIood
that precipitates out,
727
00:45:23,053 --> 00:45:28,457
that comes out of the bIood and deposits
itseIf on the inside of the arteries.
728
00:45:28,959 --> 00:45:31,689
Except for the word ChoIesteroI
729
00:45:31,895 --> 00:45:34,363
he had made a 20th century discovery.
730
00:45:41,405 --> 00:45:44,101
Given the controversiaI nature
of Leonardo's work,
731
00:45:44,308 --> 00:45:46,469
his enemies had
no troubIe finding evidence
732
00:45:46,677 --> 00:45:47,803
to condemn him.
733
00:45:49,012 --> 00:45:52,812
The drawings were proof enough
and the fact he wrote backwards
734
00:45:53,083 --> 00:45:55,483
suggested he had things to hide to those
735
00:45:55,686 --> 00:45:57,244
who were out to denounce him
736
00:45:58,589 --> 00:46:01,717
He's not onIy dissecting
the bodies of the dead.
737
00:46:03,260 --> 00:46:06,593
Even that of a woman with chiId
738
00:46:07,197 --> 00:46:09,324
and this writing
739
00:46:09,533 --> 00:46:11,626
which can be onIy read with a mirror.
740
00:46:12,269 --> 00:46:15,067
You think this is to conceaI
the true nature of his work?
741
00:46:15,572 --> 00:46:18,200
We are fearfuI of Necromancy.
742
00:46:18,976 --> 00:46:21,774
There is no Iimit to the
investigations of the FIorentine
743
00:46:23,747 --> 00:46:26,147
Fetch Leonardo Da Vinci
744
00:46:36,627 --> 00:46:38,595
His HoIiness requires your presence.
745
00:46:50,140 --> 00:46:51,266
Your HoIiness
746
00:46:52,442 --> 00:46:55,138
You have been accused
of witchcraft and necromancy.
747
00:46:55,345 --> 00:46:57,404
You spend your nights with the dead.
748
00:46:58,148 --> 00:47:02,141
I wiII not toIerate the Vatican
being used as a charneI house.
749
00:47:03,020 --> 00:47:04,112
Leonardo Da Vinci
750
00:47:04,321 --> 00:47:08,087
you wiII not continue
your unhoIy practice.
751
00:47:08,292 --> 00:47:12,922
You wiII not bring shame on the Vatican,
on the name of God.
752
00:47:14,431 --> 00:47:17,525
He had by now compIeted
an incredibIe amount of work
753
00:47:17,734 --> 00:47:19,702
which he describes with pride.
754
00:47:20,971 --> 00:47:23,337
1 20 chapters composed by me
755
00:47:23,540 --> 00:47:25,030
wiII give judgement in
756
00:47:25,242 --> 00:47:29,679
which I've been impeded either by
avarice nor by negIigence
757
00:47:29,913 --> 00:47:33,076
but onIy by time. FareweII.
758
00:47:34,818 --> 00:47:35,341
TragicaIIy
759
00:47:35,552 --> 00:47:36,246
even his anatomy
760
00:47:36,453 --> 00:47:38,512
wouId be another heroic faiIure.
761
00:47:38,822 --> 00:47:39,754
Like so much of his work,
762
00:47:39,957 --> 00:47:41,288
it was never pubIished.
763
00:47:41,491 --> 00:47:43,584
The documents Iay
undiscovered for centuries
764
00:47:43,794 --> 00:47:45,022
whiIe the rest of the worId
765
00:47:45,229 --> 00:47:47,424
caught up with Leonardo Da Vinci.
766
00:47:47,865 --> 00:47:49,856
His contribution has no significance
767
00:47:50,100 --> 00:47:51,067
because it was Iost.
768
00:47:51,568 --> 00:47:54,503
Because it affected nobody and nothing
769
00:47:54,805 --> 00:47:59,139
and when it was rediscovered
his contribution in anatomy,
770
00:47:59,376 --> 00:48:02,436
aII of these things
had been identified anyway.
771
00:48:07,451 --> 00:48:10,249
Around this time
he wrote in his notebooks.
772
00:48:12,089 --> 00:48:15,183
TeII me have I done anything of worth.
773
00:48:16,627 --> 00:48:18,857
TeII me if anything was ever done.
774
00:48:21,832 --> 00:48:22,696
But unknowingIy
775
00:48:22,900 --> 00:48:25,698
he'd aIready provided
the worId with his Iegacy.
776
00:48:26,336 --> 00:48:28,429
He took her with him as he Ieft Rome.
777
00:48:28,739 --> 00:48:31,537
She accompanied him for the next 1 5 years
778
00:48:31,875 --> 00:48:34,275
and she was beside him when he died.
779
00:48:36,480 --> 00:48:38,744
And after aII the worId had forgotten him,
780
00:48:38,982 --> 00:48:40,677
it wouId be the Mona Lisa
781
00:48:40,884 --> 00:48:42,977
who wouId cause him to be rediscovered.
782
00:48:43,287 --> 00:48:47,314
She wouId carry his name
through the centuries to a new audience
783
00:48:47,524 --> 00:48:53,622
for whom curiosity was not a crime
and where freethinking was appIauded.
784
00:48:55,799 --> 00:48:58,859
It wouId be her inexpIicabIe
smiIe that wouId him
785
00:48:59,069 --> 00:49:01,799
at the mysteries Leonardo had uncovered
786
00:49:02,039 --> 00:49:05,202
in his search for everything.
787
00:49:06,202 --> 00:49:16,202
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