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MY LIFE IN CINEMA
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AKIRA KUROSAWA, DIRECTOR
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Ready!
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Action!
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FILMS DISCUSSED
IN THIS INTERVIEW:
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SANSHIRO SUGATA, THE MEN
WHO TREAD ON THE TIGERS TAIL
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DRUNKEN ANGEL,
THE IDIOT
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THE HIDDEN FORTRESS,
MADADAYO
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SEVEN SAMURAI, DREAMS, I LIVE
IN FEAR, THE BAD SLEEP WELL
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KUROSAWA HAD DIRECTED
30 FILMS AS OF 1993.
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I've always considered you
KUROSAWA'S HOME, AUGUST 1993
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atypical of a Japanese person
in your actions and physique,
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as well as in the films
you've made.
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Do you have non-Japanese ancestors?
INTERVIEWER: NAGISA OSHIMA
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Perhaps I do. I'm not sure.
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I've noticed this change in myself,
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00:01:18,011 --> 00:01:20,878
but when people
in my family turn 80,
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their eyes turn bluish.
- Their eyes?
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It happened to my father,
and my aunts too.
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I used to wonder
why their eyes looked like that.
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It seems it happens often
among natives of Tohoku.
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00:01:39,633 --> 00:01:43,797
I guess there may have been
interbreeding with Russians.
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00:01:43,971 --> 00:01:49,410
As a child I was puzzled why
so many people had Caucasian features.
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00:01:49,576 --> 00:01:51,840
But this is all speculation.
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00:01:52,012 --> 00:01:55,209
Were you very tall even as a child?
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00:01:55,382 --> 00:01:57,612
Actually, no.
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00:01:59,586 --> 00:02:02,385
I wasn't particularly tall
in elementary school.
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00:02:02,556 --> 00:02:07,494
I had a sudden growth spurt
in the ninth grade.
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00:02:07,661 --> 00:02:10,824
I was a swimmer then,
and I suddenly grew tall and thin.
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00:02:13,000 --> 00:02:15,901
I was really lanky for a long time.
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When I'd visit foreign countries,
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00:02:18,672 --> 00:02:23,803
people often told me I was skinny
because I wasn't eating enough.
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00:02:23,977 --> 00:02:28,574
It was after I turned 40
that I gained some bulk.
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00:02:28,749 --> 00:02:32,276
- You were thin in photos of your youth.
- Wasn't I?
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Jackets from my younger days
were only about this wide.
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I was that skinny,
though I wasn't starving myself.
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00:02:42,062 --> 00:02:43,826
What sort of child were you?
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00:02:43,997 --> 00:02:49,231
I had a reputation
for being a real crybaby.
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00:02:50,370 --> 00:02:53,738
So you weren't good in sports?
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00:02:53,907 --> 00:02:59,846
No, but my father wanted
to change that.
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00:03:00,013 --> 00:03:05,247
I had really pale skin, so he'd give me
money when I acquired a tan.
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00:03:06,353 --> 00:03:13,760
And he told me to take up swimming.
My brother was a really good swimmer.
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So he'd take me along,
and I practiced swimming quite a bit,
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00:03:18,765 --> 00:03:20,631
as well as Japanese fencing.
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00:03:21,802 --> 00:03:25,705
My father was concerned
about my weak constitution.
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00:03:25,872 --> 00:03:28,603
He even told me
to change my name
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00:03:28,775 --> 00:03:30,937
because the character
had an unlucky number of strokes.
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00:03:31,111 --> 00:03:37,949
But I refused to change it,
even though he wanted me to.
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00:03:39,286 --> 00:03:42,187
I guess my being weak worried him.
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00:03:42,656 --> 00:03:46,854
But your brother, Heigo — I believe
that's the correct reading of his name?
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00:03:47,027 --> 00:03:52,727
His name is very different from yours,
now that I think about it.
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00:03:52,899 --> 00:03:58,360
That's true.
But we were very similar.
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00:03:58,972 --> 00:04:02,966
That's what Musei Tokugawa,
the silent movie narrator, told me.
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00:04:03,143 --> 00:04:07,546
My brother was also a narrator under
the professional name of Teimei Suda.
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00:04:07,714 --> 00:04:12,982
Tokugawa asked, when we met, if I was
Suda's brother, since we looked alike.
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00:04:13,153 --> 00:04:16,316
He also said that, in one sense,
we were completely different:
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My brother was like a photographic
negative and I was the positive.
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00:04:21,294 --> 00:04:26,596
So people mistook me for my brother
when I wasn't with him,
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00:04:26,767 --> 00:04:28,929
but when we were together,
we were clearly different.
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00:04:29,102 --> 00:04:32,197
We were unusual as brothers.
We had the exact same measurements.
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- He was tall too?
- Yes.
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00:04:34,441 --> 00:04:39,003
His features were
more chiseled than mine.
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00:04:40,280 --> 00:04:42,977
We were very different
in that sense.
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00:04:43,150 --> 00:04:46,450
Did the fact
that your brother was a narrator
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motivate you
to get into the film industry?
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00:04:50,190 --> 00:04:53,023
Not really.
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00:04:53,193 --> 00:04:59,792
But he would frequently point me
to films that I should see.
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00:04:59,966 --> 00:05:04,096
My father was in the military,
and it was unusual back in those days
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00:05:04,271 --> 00:05:09,402
for a military man to attend movies,
since they were deemed unrespectable.
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00:05:09,576 --> 00:05:16,039
But my father encouraged us
and took us to see movies.
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I started going to cinema quite young.
- What was the first film you saw?
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00:05:21,955 --> 00:05:25,550
The first movie I remember seeing
was something called Cuore.
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And I think there was
another one called Zigomar.
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00:05:30,063 --> 00:05:33,260
I had a vague memory of it
and described it to someone,
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00:05:33,433 --> 00:05:38,269
and I was told the film was Zigomar.
So that's how far back my memory goes.
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00:05:38,438 --> 00:05:41,373
- That would be in the early 1910s.
- Yes.
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00:05:42,509 --> 00:05:47,310
Your illustrations are now famous
all over the world.
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00:05:47,480 --> 00:05:48,914
Did you like to draw as a child?
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Did you like to draw as a child?
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00:05:49,716 --> 00:05:53,778
I planned to become a painter,
so I studied painting.
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00:05:53,954 --> 00:05:56,651
But at a certain point,
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00:05:56,823 --> 00:06:01,021
I realized I couldn't express
some things through pictures alone.
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00:06:01,194 --> 00:06:03,253
Also...
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00:06:03,430 --> 00:06:06,024
I felt I didn't have
enough talent as a painter,
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00:06:06,199 --> 00:06:09,567
and it's almost impossible
to make a living by painting.
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00:06:09,736 --> 00:06:12,501
When did you start to paint?
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00:06:12,672 --> 00:06:17,075
It must've been at the end
of the ninth grade.
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My first work was shown
at the Nika Exhibition,
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00:06:22,349 --> 00:06:26,377
and that's when I began
to doubt my talent as a painter,
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00:06:27,487 --> 00:06:29,979
because I'd complete a piece
very quickly.
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00:06:30,156 --> 00:06:33,786
Artists like Cézanne,
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00:06:33,960 --> 00:06:37,225
Ryuzaburo Umehara
and Kazumasa Nakagawa
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00:06:37,397 --> 00:06:40,264
would work
on their pieces forever.
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00:06:40,433 --> 00:06:47,362
They'd have a clear picture
of what they wanted to create,
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and it would take them a long time
to achieve their goal.
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So I thought painting
so quickly may not be good.
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00:06:54,247 --> 00:06:57,376
Did you go to art school?
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Not for long.
Although I took an entrance exam,
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I had no intention of going.
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00:07:04,591 --> 00:07:07,652
- So you're mostly self-taught?
- Yes.
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You mentioned Cézanne.
Did you paint in that style?
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00:07:12,032 --> 00:07:16,060
Yes. The late Impressionist style
was in vogue at the time,
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00:07:16,236 --> 00:07:19,900
so it must've been
the greatest influence.
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00:07:20,073 --> 00:07:23,236
Were you also influenced
by the Shirakaba school in Japan?
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I liked that style very much.
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00:07:26,179 --> 00:07:32,118
It's strange,
but when I was painting,
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I dreamt of showing my work in Paris.
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Later, though I wasn't a painter —
- You had an exhibit in Paris.
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My storyboards were shown
at an exhibit.
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The painter Umehara
complimented me on them.
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00:07:51,271 --> 00:07:56,437
The thing is, I'm not trying
to draw or paint well anymore.
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00:07:56,843 --> 00:07:58,538
I just work freely,
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00:07:58,712 --> 00:08:02,671
and as a result, I guess
my illustrations have some appeal.
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00:08:02,849 --> 00:08:07,548
The thought of drawing or painting well
doesn't enter my mind.
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00:08:07,721 --> 00:08:10,816
Rather, my illustrations are to convey
images in my mind to my crew.
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00:08:10,991 --> 00:08:13,016
And making illustrations
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helps me visualize concrete images,
which you need to direct a film.
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00:08:19,799 --> 00:08:22,632
I only draw or paint
as a means of visualizing,
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without the slightest ambition
to produce fine illustrations.
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00:08:26,139 --> 00:08:30,201
As I consider different ways
of shooting a film,
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00:08:30,377 --> 00:08:36,146
I draw images that come to me
using the tools at hand.
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00:08:36,316 --> 00:08:39,411
- But you still work quickly?
- Yes.
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00:08:39,586 --> 00:08:44,183
For example, when my crew and I
return to a hotel from scouting locations,
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00:08:44,357 --> 00:08:51,024
I take a quick shower,
because I don't like baths.
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00:08:51,197 --> 00:08:54,360
But it takes my crew
from 60 to 90 minutes
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00:08:55,735 --> 00:08:59,831
to finish bathing and come down
to the dining room.
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00:09:00,006 --> 00:09:05,001
So as I wait for them,
I sit and draw some illustrations,
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00:09:05,178 --> 00:09:09,843
and then I show them to my crew
over dinner. So I work quickly.
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00:09:10,016 --> 00:09:12,849
That puts a lot of pressure
on your crew,
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00:09:13,019 --> 00:09:15,215
since they have to recreate
what you've illustrated so quickly.
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00:09:15,388 --> 00:09:18,722
I just want them to get an idea
of what I'm looking for.
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00:09:18,892 --> 00:09:22,692
I'm not good at explaining things.
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00:09:22,862 --> 00:09:26,696
[llustrations make it easier
to convey what I want.
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00:09:27,801 --> 00:09:31,931
In the beginning, though,
I didn't draw a lot.
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00:09:32,105 --> 00:09:35,302
When you were young,
were you trying to draw well?
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00:09:35,475 --> 00:09:38,035
I must have been,
looking back on it now,
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00:09:38,211 --> 00:09:41,511
and I see now that
that mindset worked against me.
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00:09:42,415 --> 00:09:47,114
By the time you started
in the film industry,
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00:09:47,287 --> 00:09:49,847
you were relatively old,
in a sense.
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00:09:50,023 --> 00:09:52,424
Yes, I was 26, the oldest
among the assistant directors.
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00:09:52,592 --> 00:09:57,325
You hadn't worked until then,
just concentrated on painting?
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00:09:57,497 --> 00:10:02,663
Yes. Then my brother
committed suicide.
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00:10:02,836 --> 00:10:07,069
It's strange how things turn out.
According to Japan's family register,
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00:10:07,240 --> 00:10:10,210
a family line is assumed
by the eldest son.
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00:10:10,376 --> 00:10:15,746
If the oldest son dies, the second
oldest succeeds, and so on.
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00:10:15,915 --> 00:10:17,883
So I was my brother's successor.
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00:10:18,051 --> 00:10:23,148
You became the head
of the Kurosawa family.
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It just fell into my lap.
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00:10:27,193 --> 00:10:30,561
Until then, I often slept
at my brother's place,
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00:10:30,730 --> 00:10:33,290
and he was very caring
and gave me pocket money.
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00:10:33,466 --> 00:10:37,460
After my brother's death,
I felt I had to find a job.
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00:10:37,637 --> 00:10:43,098
Then, by chance, I came across
a want ad for assistant directors
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00:10:45,578 --> 00:10:48,172
posted by the studio PCL.
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00:10:48,581 --> 00:10:53,348
I'd already prepared a copy
of my family register to look for a job,
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00:10:53,520 --> 00:10:55,784
so I applied for the position.
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00:10:55,955 --> 00:10:58,754
Then I ended up working
in the industry by chance.
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00:10:58,925 --> 00:11:03,590
Was that the very first ad
for ADs that PCL placed,
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00:11:03,763 --> 00:11:05,754
or had there been
one before that?
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00:11:05,932 --> 00:11:08,128
I think it was the first.
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00:11:08,368 --> 00:11:10,735
Then shortly afterwards,
PCL and Toho merged.
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00:11:10,904 --> 00:11:13,930
Yes, in order to expand
as a studio.
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00:11:14,107 --> 00:11:16,940
It was at my interview
that I met Yama-san.
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00:11:17,110 --> 00:11:19,238
Kajiro Yamamoto?
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00:11:19,412 --> 00:11:25,442
He was the lead interviewer.
We hit it off and talked a great deal.
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00:11:25,618 --> 00:11:29,248
So it must've been fate
that we met.
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00:11:29,422 --> 00:11:33,154
- Had you heard of him before?
- No, never.
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00:11:33,326 --> 00:11:38,730
I didn't even know where PCL was.
I thought it was in Chiba.
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00:11:38,898 --> 00:11:43,597
In the picture of the studio,
there seemed to be
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palm trees growing
next to a lawn,
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00:11:46,639 --> 00:11:49,836
so I assumed
it was near a beach.
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00:11:50,009 --> 00:11:53,604
Although I was instructed to take
a train from Shinjuku,
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00:11:53,780 --> 00:11:56,306
I still thought it was in Chiba.
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00:11:56,482 --> 00:12:02,387
After the interview, Yama-san told me
to take a bus heading for Shibuya
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00:12:02,555 --> 00:12:06,219
because it'd be
quicker than a train.
175
00:12:06,392 --> 00:12:10,158
I thought it was strange
that there was such a bus
176
00:12:10,330 --> 00:12:12,355
and wondered
if I was really in Chiba.
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00:12:12,532 --> 00:12:14,899
I was that inattentive.
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00:12:15,068 --> 00:12:18,265
When I checked later,
it wasn't in Chiba at all.
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00:12:18,438 --> 00:12:21,430
So you had no idea
who Yamamoto was
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00:12:21,608 --> 00:12:25,567
or what kind of movies PCL made?
- Practically none.
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00:12:26,379 --> 00:12:30,338
Before taking the job, was there any
film that made an impression on you,
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00:12:30,516 --> 00:12:33,975
such as Zigomar mentioned earlier?
- There were many.
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00:12:34,153 --> 00:12:36,087
For example?
184
00:12:36,256 --> 00:12:41,956
The film that made the greatest impression
was La roue by Abel Gance.
185
00:12:42,128 --> 00:12:47,828
It made me think cinema was wonderful.
There were many other films as well.
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00:12:48,001 --> 00:12:51,904
But my brother told me
I should see it,
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00:12:52,071 --> 00:12:55,200
and I was excited by what it achieved.
- The Abel Gance film?
188
00:12:57,410 --> 00:12:59,504
Though many other films
come to mind,
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00:12:59,679 --> 00:13:04,981
that's the one that made me
the most fascinated with the medium.
190
00:13:05,151 --> 00:13:09,019
What fascinated you? The imagery?
It must've been a silent film.
191
00:13:09,188 --> 00:13:16,094
It was. The movie depicts
the life of a locomotive engineer,
192
00:13:16,262 --> 00:13:22,429
and you see locomotives
in key scenes,
193
00:13:22,602 --> 00:13:25,333
and I was fascinated
by the shots of wheels.
194
00:13:25,505 --> 00:13:31,171
I believe the Japanese title for La roue
was Tetsuro no Shirobara.
195
00:13:32,578 --> 00:13:36,947
And you felt it was an expressive
medium different from painting.
196
00:13:37,116 --> 00:13:39,107
Had you thought of writing novels?
197
00:13:39,285 --> 00:13:42,846
No, I never aspired to do that.
198
00:13:44,190 --> 00:13:52,359
The writer Matsutaro Kawaguchi told me
that if I'd written novels,
199
00:13:52,532 --> 00:13:54,967
I'd have become a rich man.
200
00:13:56,102 --> 00:13:59,197
Because there's no money
in writing screenplays.
201
00:13:59,372 --> 00:14:03,275
It's interesting that you met
Yamamoto on your job interview.
202
00:14:03,443 --> 00:14:10,782
That's right. When I got
my first assignment as an AD,
203
00:14:10,950 --> 00:14:14,215
it was so boring working under
that director, whom I won't name.
204
00:14:14,387 --> 00:14:18,620
I wanted to quit,
but my friends persuaded me not to,
205
00:14:18,791 --> 00:14:22,386
saying not all directors
were like that one.
206
00:14:22,562 --> 00:14:24,428
My next assignment
was under Yamamoto,
207
00:14:24,597 --> 00:14:26,895
and I stuck with him after that.
208
00:14:27,066 --> 00:14:29,364
I rarely worked
under other directors.
209
00:14:29,535 --> 00:14:34,371
I worked once for Mikio Naruse,
and also once for Eisuke Takizawa.
210
00:14:34,540 --> 00:14:37,032
How many ADs —
211
00:14:37,210 --> 00:14:40,669
those that started at PCL
and then at Toho — were there then?
212
00:14:40,847 --> 00:14:43,077
Let me see.
213
00:14:45,952 --> 00:14:49,946
I don't remember exactly,
but perhaps about 30.
214
00:14:50,123 --> 00:14:55,186
And you were relatively free
to work with certain people,
215
00:14:55,361 --> 00:14:59,229
say, if you wanted to work
with Yamamoto, and vice versa?
216
00:14:59,399 --> 00:15:02,892
When I first started,
the studio was a start-up.
217
00:15:03,069 --> 00:15:07,097
PCL stood for
Photo Chemical Laboratory,
218
00:15:07,273 --> 00:15:10,766
which originally processed talkies
for other studios.
219
00:15:10,943 --> 00:15:16,712
Then they started making movies,
like the Tadano Bonji series.
220
00:15:16,883 --> 00:15:20,911
So from the time they started
making movies regularly
221
00:15:21,087 --> 00:15:22,851
until they merged with Toho,
222
00:15:23,022 --> 00:15:31,589
they borrowed ADs
from other studios.
223
00:15:31,764 --> 00:15:36,930
But they recognized the need
to train enough of their own,
224
00:15:37,103 --> 00:15:40,232
so they set up
a system to interview applicants.
225
00:15:40,406 --> 00:15:45,572
With this history,
the studio treated ADs very well.
226
00:15:45,745 --> 00:15:52,708
They were placed in a sort of
cadet system, like at military schools.
227
00:15:52,885 --> 00:15:57,345
There were other trainees
in various departments too.
228
00:15:57,523 --> 00:16:03,155
If it were the navy, for example,
there'd be gunnery trainees.
229
00:16:03,329 --> 00:16:05,491
Like trainees
in a photography department?
230
00:16:05,665 --> 00:16:11,229
But training for future officers
in military schools is different,
231
00:16:11,404 --> 00:16:16,638
and the studio adopted
that kind of system for its ADs,
232
00:16:16,809 --> 00:16:24,079
so we had to train in every department,
even film printing.
233
00:16:24,250 --> 00:16:31,680
We rotated through
a series of departments while training.
234
00:16:32,024 --> 00:16:35,619
So they really trained us well.
235
00:16:35,795 --> 00:16:39,163
How long was the assignment
in each department? Six months?
236
00:16:39,332 --> 00:16:42,700
- A few months.
- Did you carry cameras?
237
00:16:42,869 --> 00:16:45,566
I didn't work
with cameras that much,
238
00:16:45,738 --> 00:16:50,904
but I worked in departments
such as props and costumes.
239
00:16:51,377 --> 00:16:53,709
I carried a hammer
slung from my belt at one time,
240
00:16:53,880 --> 00:16:56,349
and I worked
in the print department.
241
00:16:56,983 --> 00:17:00,817
When you starting working,
you began as an AD,
242
00:17:00,987 --> 00:17:04,048
but you always aspired to be a director?
- Of course.
243
00:17:04,223 --> 00:17:08,785
All the ADs had the same aspiration,
and that sort of caused a problem.
244
00:17:08,961 --> 00:17:15,924
There were first ADs
who'd been working there before us.
245
00:17:16,402 --> 00:17:23,468
These old-timers and us newcomers,
with Satsuo Yamamoto as our leader,
246
00:17:23,643 --> 00:17:27,045
had a difference of opinion.
247
00:17:27,213 --> 00:17:31,480
The studio came up
with an interesting offer at one point.
248
00:17:31,651 --> 00:17:35,781
Studio executives had traveled
to America to study Hollywood studios.
249
00:17:35,955 --> 00:17:39,585
First ADs work really hard
in Hollywood studios.
250
00:17:39,759 --> 00:17:43,320
On a set,
you might not notice the director,
251
00:17:43,496 --> 00:17:47,433
but you notice the first AD right away,
because he's the busiest one.
252
00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:52,538
So, impressed by how hard
first ADs worked in Hollywood,
253
00:17:52,705 --> 00:17:57,700
the executives returned
convinced that was how it should be.
254
00:17:59,879 --> 00:18:03,873
They work as career ADs there.
- In Hollywood.
255
00:18:04,050 --> 00:18:08,749
The executives asked if any of us
wanted to become a career AD.
256
00:18:08,921 --> 00:18:14,223
If anyone chose to devote himself
to work in that capacity...
257
00:18:15,995 --> 00:18:19,124
then there'd be a raise.
258
00:18:19,298 --> 00:18:21,892
That was the studio's offer.
259
00:18:22,068 --> 00:18:29,099
We newcomers thought we should
take the offer if it meant a raise.
260
00:18:29,275 --> 00:18:34,145
Eventually the studio would have
to make us directors anyway,
261
00:18:34,313 --> 00:18:37,647
so it'd be smart to take the raise.
262
00:18:37,817 --> 00:18:41,253
But the old-timers disagreed.
263
00:18:41,420 --> 00:18:44,082
They wanted to be promoted
based on seniority.
264
00:18:44,256 --> 00:18:47,783
So we split into two groups
and argued quite a bit.
265
00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:53,865
In the end, the old-timers...
266
00:18:55,568 --> 00:18:59,471
the ADs who'd been there before us,
left the studio.
267
00:19:01,140 --> 00:19:03,370
It became uncomfortable for them.
268
00:19:03,542 --> 00:19:11,142
So we newcomers became
sort of like a new party in power.
269
00:19:11,317 --> 00:19:14,912
The old-timers all ended up leaving,
270
00:19:15,087 --> 00:19:18,580
but they hadn't been
a promising bunch.
271
00:19:18,758 --> 00:19:21,728
They weren't attractive material
for the studio either.
272
00:19:21,894 --> 00:19:24,420
Satsuo Yamamoto was the first
among us to become a director,
273
00:19:24,597 --> 00:19:26,725
followed by Tadashi Imai.
274
00:19:26,899 --> 00:19:29,596
As these promotions occurred,
275
00:19:29,769 --> 00:19:36,903
I guess the old-timers felt
unwelcome and left the studio.
276
00:19:37,076 --> 00:19:39,807
There was that kind of history.
277
00:19:40,012 --> 00:19:47,976
Interestingly, there used to be
a huge sign by a Toho soundstage
278
00:19:48,154 --> 00:19:52,887
that said that the first AD's command
was equal to that of the president's.
279
00:19:53,325 --> 00:19:55,453
There used to be a sign like that,
280
00:19:55,628 --> 00:20:01,465
and other crew members
resented that.
281
00:20:01,634 --> 00:20:04,934
It wasn't easy to overcome
their disgruntlement.
282
00:20:05,104 --> 00:20:08,802
But that's how well the studio
treated its ADs.
283
00:20:08,974 --> 00:20:12,808
The studio was liberal in one sense
and trained its ADs very well.
284
00:20:12,978 --> 00:20:18,917
Very much so. In return,
we had to do all kinds of things.
285
00:20:19,085 --> 00:20:22,521
- Were you made a first AD fairly quickly?
- Yes.
286
00:20:22,688 --> 00:20:26,625
How many years did it take?
287
00:20:31,297 --> 00:20:33,857
Three years, I think.
288
00:20:35,134 --> 00:20:39,002
- Was it on Horse?
- No, it was before that.
289
00:20:40,439 --> 00:20:43,670
And I had to do
all kinds of tasks.
290
00:20:43,843 --> 00:20:46,904
When shooting on location,
291
00:20:47,079 --> 00:20:51,243
I was like a location manager
and had to oversee bills.
292
00:20:53,452 --> 00:20:58,288
Unless you had learned
every aspect of filmmaking,
293
00:20:58,457 --> 00:21:01,188
you couldn't become a first AD.
294
00:21:02,161 --> 00:21:06,098
So a first AD was well-informed.
- Budget, scheduling, etc.?
295
00:21:06,265 --> 00:21:11,965
Yes. For example, how the costume
department operated, and so on.
296
00:21:12,138 --> 00:21:14,266
People were appreciative,
297
00:21:14,440 --> 00:21:18,877
because I knew the inner workings
of every department.
298
00:21:19,945 --> 00:21:23,347
So that's how
I was trained at the studio.
299
00:21:23,516 --> 00:21:26,611
And Yama-san told me
300
00:21:27,086 --> 00:21:29,919
that you couldn't become a director
301
00:21:30,089 --> 00:21:32,353
unless you could
write scripts and edit.
302
00:21:32,525 --> 00:21:35,517
So he had me write scripts,
303
00:21:36,495 --> 00:21:40,056
and he gave me editing assignments
right away on all his films.
304
00:21:42,067 --> 00:21:46,470
And he'd bring me
305
00:21:46,639 --> 00:21:50,200
some writing assignments.
306
00:21:50,376 --> 00:21:53,141
Even if they were for movies
in the “narrative ballad” style,
307
00:21:54,180 --> 00:22:00,745
I made good money
writing scripts for them.
308
00:22:02,888 --> 00:22:08,486
Around the time of Horse, in fact,
I was writing a script for a Daiei film.
309
00:22:09,428 --> 00:22:15,834
It was when Kan Kikuchi
was at Daiei
310
00:22:16,402 --> 00:22:19,736
and wanted to hire me
as a screenwriter.
311
00:22:19,905 --> 00:22:23,671
Daiei's executives had to disclose
to him that I was a Toho employee.
312
00:22:25,377 --> 00:22:28,642
But I made good money, for that time,
with these screenwriting jobs.
313
00:22:29,448 --> 00:22:33,180
Guess what my starting salary was.
- I have no idea.
314
00:22:33,352 --> 00:22:37,880
- Twenty-eight yen.
- Was that low compared to other jobs?
315
00:22:38,057 --> 00:22:41,550
It was definitely low.
316
00:22:41,727 --> 00:22:44,924
Because an AD could really earn
a high salary,
317
00:22:45,097 --> 00:22:48,294
depending on how hard
he trained and applied himself.
318
00:22:48,467 --> 00:22:53,530
In comparison, people working in
the studio offices got better starting pay,
319
00:22:53,706 --> 00:22:58,041
because their salaries
could only go up so high.
320
00:22:58,210 --> 00:23:04,616
Office workers were better paid,
but ADs had the potential to earn big.
321
00:23:07,086 --> 00:23:12,490
Even so, we were paid very little.
But I don't recall feeling the pinch.
322
00:23:12,658 --> 00:23:16,094
Everything at the studio
was handled via vouchers.
323
00:23:16,262 --> 00:23:21,029
We used vouchers
at the cafeteria as well.
324
00:23:22,101 --> 00:23:26,663
So we ate as much
as we wanted.
325
00:23:26,839 --> 00:23:33,336
Then, when payday came,
there was no money in the envelope.
326
00:23:33,512 --> 00:23:36,812
I'd only find used vouchers.
- Deducted from your pay.
327
00:23:36,982 --> 00:23:42,318
So I'd go
to the studio head's office
328
00:23:42,488 --> 00:23:44,923
and ask him to issue
“temporary vouchers.”
329
00:23:45,090 --> 00:23:49,584
These were vouchers
for the following month.
330
00:23:49,762 --> 00:23:53,096
Since I was broke
even as I received my pay,
331
00:23:53,265 --> 00:23:57,793
I'd get by on vouchers
issued in advance.
332
00:23:58,404 --> 00:24:01,806
Although I began
at the studio after the war,
333
00:24:01,974 --> 00:24:07,208
I rarely went home, sleeping instead
at the studio or in a nearby hotel,
334
00:24:07,379 --> 00:24:11,111
and it really felt
like I was working 24 hours a day.
335
00:24:11,283 --> 00:24:14,446
So it was the same
back then too.
336
00:24:14,620 --> 00:24:17,817
My overtime pay was greater
than my salary of 28 yen.
337
00:24:17,990 --> 00:24:23,360
I was paid an additional 30 yen
for overtime and location pay.
338
00:24:23,529 --> 00:24:31,698
So in the end,
I'd generally receive about 50 yen.
339
00:24:32,071 --> 00:24:34,938
But working that much,
340
00:24:35,107 --> 00:24:37,974
it's amazing you still
had time to write scripts.
341
00:24:38,143 --> 00:24:42,307
Well, I tell this to my crew often,
342
00:24:42,481 --> 00:24:45,940
but even if you think
you're too busy to write,
343
00:24:46,118 --> 00:24:49,088
you can write one page a day.
344
00:24:51,190 --> 00:24:57,562
At that rate
you'll have 365 pages in a year.
345
00:24:57,730 --> 00:24:59,994
It can be done,
if you have the will.
346
00:25:00,165 --> 00:25:06,229
So although I was busy
on the production of Horse,
347
00:25:06,405 --> 00:25:10,501
I'd work on scripts after dinner,
in the futon storage room.
348
00:25:11,543 --> 00:25:15,776
I was mostly writing scripts
for other studios, to make extra money.
349
00:25:16,548 --> 00:25:18,744
That's how I worked back then.
350
00:25:18,917 --> 00:25:23,718
Did you receive requests
from other studios to write scripts?
351
00:25:24,857 --> 00:25:27,485
You published some
in film magazines.
352
00:25:27,659 --> 00:25:32,995
Yes, Darumayji-dera no Doitsu-jin,
Shizuka nari and Yuki, for example.
353
00:25:33,165 --> 00:25:35,497
Since they were published,
354
00:25:35,667 --> 00:25:38,637
I was asked to write scripts
toward the end of my AD years.
355
00:25:38,804 --> 00:25:44,834
Before that, when Yama-san
was asked to write but didn't want to,
356
00:25:45,010 --> 00:25:52,007
he'd ask if I wanted to write
for some extra money.
357
00:25:52,184 --> 00:25:56,678
I even wrote for some films
starring Torazo Hirosawa.
358
00:25:56,855 --> 00:25:58,653
I didn't know that.
359
00:25:58,824 --> 00:26:02,522
Just recently I was asked
by a German producer
360
00:26:02,694 --> 00:26:06,130
about possibly making
Darumaji-dera no Doitsu-jin into a film.
361
00:26:06,298 --> 00:26:09,563
So I read the script
and thought it was very good.
362
00:26:09,735 --> 00:26:12,136
But it was written
at that moment in time
363
00:26:12,304 --> 00:26:16,138
when Japan, Germany,
and Italy were allies.
364
00:26:16,308 --> 00:26:19,437
But the script doesn't glorify
militarism at all.
365
00:26:19,611 --> 00:26:22,945
No, but I feel
its time has passed.
366
00:26:23,115 --> 00:26:27,814
I understand, but it's very —
- It's a funny thing.
367
00:26:28,153 --> 00:26:32,590
A script that doesn't get made
in its time doesn't get made.
368
00:26:32,758 --> 00:26:37,696
It seems like it missed its time
to get made.
369
00:26:37,863 --> 00:26:39,854
Once that happens, that's it.
370
00:26:40,032 --> 00:26:42,399
It would've been made
if conditions had been favorable.
371
00:26:42,568 --> 00:26:45,003
For example, Advance Patrol
was written
372
00:26:45,270 --> 00:26:51,209
when the captain
of the Tatekawa reconnaissance unit
373
00:26:51,376 --> 00:26:54,812
was an ambassador to Russia.
He was a lieutenant general in the army.
374
00:26:54,980 --> 00:26:57,312
He said he'd cooperate
with us completely.
375
00:26:57,483 --> 00:27:00,612
Back then, many White Army soldiers
were stationed in Harbin.
376
00:27:00,786 --> 00:27:03,585
There were Cossacks too,
and military uniforms were available,
377
00:27:03,856 --> 00:27:07,053
so it all worked out favorably
for the movie.
378
00:27:07,226 --> 00:27:09,593
I remember the name Tatekawa.
379
00:27:09,761 --> 00:27:13,994
He was an ambassador to Russia
at the time the movie was made.
380
00:27:14,967 --> 00:27:20,462
He offered to cooperate with us fully,
SO it was a great opportunity.
381
00:27:20,639 --> 00:27:25,008
The producer Morita,
who nurtured me —
382
00:27:25,177 --> 00:27:27,908
Nobuyoshi Morita?
383
00:27:28,080 --> 00:27:30,014
Shortly before he passed on,
he said,
384
00:27:30,182 --> 00:27:35,279
“I made the greatest mistake of my life
385
00:27:36,288 --> 00:27:42,352
when I didn't let you make
Advance Patrol.
386
00:27:42,995 --> 00:27:47,228
You wanted to make
your directorial debut with it,
387
00:27:47,399 --> 00:27:51,427
but I couldn't let a first-time director
tackle such a big project.
388
00:27:51,603 --> 00:27:56,234
It was a prudent decision but also
the greatest mistake of my life.”
389
00:27:56,408 --> 00:27:58,570
I think that movie
could've only been made then.
390
00:27:58,744 --> 00:28:04,513
You wrote the script with the idea
of making it your directorial debut?
391
00:28:04,683 --> 00:28:07,050
I expressed my wish to direct it.
392
00:28:07,219 --> 00:28:09,950
So even from the beginning,
you were confident that —
393
00:28:10,122 --> 00:28:13,490
No, it wasn't like that.
I just wrote the script.
394
00:28:14,059 --> 00:28:19,896
I have notebooks from my AD days,
and I looked at one the other day.
395
00:28:20,065 --> 00:28:27,199
I found a note saying that Japanese
cinema needed to be more dynamic.
396
00:28:27,372 --> 00:28:31,934
Japanese films back then
tended to be rather static.
397
00:28:32,244 --> 00:28:36,147
So I guess I wrote the note
as a reminder
398
00:28:36,315 --> 00:28:41,617
that we needed to find ways
to get more action into them.
399
00:28:42,387 --> 00:28:45,618
I must've written it
for that reason.
400
00:28:47,492 --> 00:28:51,258
There was an overall pattern
evident in movies made back then,
401
00:28:51,430 --> 00:28:53,899
even by Shochiku.
402
00:28:54,066 --> 00:29:00,199
For example, many films
would begin with a scene
403
00:29:00,372 --> 00:29:07,677
where a messenger comes up a slope
and enters a gate as he says hello.
404
00:29:07,846 --> 00:29:11,373
There were no scripts
that would open a story with a bang,
405
00:29:11,550 --> 00:29:15,544
right in the middle
of something exciting.
406
00:29:15,721 --> 00:29:21,285
But what if a movie opened
with a character shouting a response
407
00:29:21,460 --> 00:29:25,328
in an action scene?
- Making it more dynamic.
408
00:29:25,497 --> 00:29:29,434
I was thinking about
something along that line.
409
00:29:30,435 --> 00:29:32,597
What inspired that idea?
410
00:29:32,771 --> 00:29:37,538
Well, when I compared
foreign films with Japanese films,
411
00:29:37,709 --> 00:29:40,701
Japanese films
were extremely tame.
412
00:29:40,879 --> 00:29:43,314
They do open rather statically.
413
00:29:43,482 --> 00:29:48,648
Yes, that was the overall trend.
And everyone followed it.
414
00:29:49,988 --> 00:29:53,583
Though Sadao Yamanaka
was an exception.
415
00:29:54,493 --> 00:29:57,554
So as you worked
as an AD at Toho,
416
00:29:57,729 --> 00:30:03,725
you had this sense of dissatisfaction,
a desire to make something different.
417
00:30:03,902 --> 00:30:06,997
I guess those feelings
gradually built up inside me.
418
00:30:08,006 --> 00:30:12,341
But it's interesting
how Toho changed after the war.
419
00:30:12,511 --> 00:30:15,139
At Shochiku's Ofuna studio then,
I had to do all kinds of tasks,
420
00:30:15,314 --> 00:30:17,408
just as you related earlier,
421
00:30:17,582 --> 00:30:22,019
from being a location manager
to overseeing bills.
422
00:30:22,187 --> 00:30:25,919
And when I'd see a Toho AD
of that time, such as Hideo Onchi,
423
00:30:26,091 --> 00:30:30,050
I'd get the impression Toho's ADs
only had to do certain tasks.
424
00:30:30,228 --> 00:30:33,630
But when you were an AD,
you truly had to do all kinds of tasks.
425
00:30:33,799 --> 00:30:35,995
I tell people
that's the right way.
426
00:30:36,168 --> 00:30:41,163
It seems they've become specialized
in the kinds of tasks they do.
427
00:30:41,340 --> 00:30:44,207
But that's not good.
428
00:30:44,376 --> 00:30:46,401
So Toho changed its system
after the war?
429
00:30:46,578 --> 00:30:49,639
Yes, it did around that time.
430
00:30:49,815 --> 00:30:53,342
Every department was put
under tighter supervision?
431
00:30:54,453 --> 00:30:59,084
From around that time
after the war...
432
00:31:00,158 --> 00:31:04,391
the studio changed its course
from one of developing ADs
433
00:31:04,563 --> 00:31:06,497
to a more profit-oriented
434
00:31:06,665 --> 00:31:09,999
and business-minded course.
- That must've been a big shift.
435
00:31:10,168 --> 00:31:15,299
In order to successfully run
a movie studio these days,
436
00:31:15,474 --> 00:31:19,433
you must nurture ADs
as directors of the future.
437
00:31:19,611 --> 00:31:23,844
I feel that I myself benefited
from the cadet system,
438
00:31:24,015 --> 00:31:26,074
so I strongly agree with you.
439
00:31:26,251 --> 00:31:30,210
ADs in my current crew
440
00:31:31,323 --> 00:31:36,261
are submissive for the most part,
and they don't voice their opinions.
441
00:31:37,295 --> 00:31:40,959
They just do their jobs mechanically.
I tell them to get more involved,
442
00:31:41,133 --> 00:31:45,434
but it seems to be an overall trend
nowadays to hold back.
443
00:31:45,604 --> 00:31:49,268
We used to speak our minds
freely to directors.
444
00:31:50,409 --> 00:31:54,073
Senkichi Taniguchi was merciless.
One day he said, “Yama-san,
445
00:31:54,246 --> 00:32:00,379
you're a first-rate screenwriter
but a second-rate director.”
446
00:32:01,553 --> 00:32:04,113
I thought that was rude.
447
00:32:04,289 --> 00:32:07,259
Then he continued,
“So you should listen to our opinions.”
448
00:32:07,426 --> 00:32:12,296
Yama-san just laughed,
but he valued our opinions.
449
00:32:13,465 --> 00:32:17,333
In that regard,
the way things are now makes me worry
450
00:32:17,502 --> 00:32:20,301
for the future generation
of directors.
451
00:32:21,039 --> 00:32:24,134
Was there a consensus at Toho
452
00:32:24,309 --> 00:32:28,246
that you would become
a full-fledged director?
453
00:32:28,747 --> 00:32:31,079
Yes.
454
00:32:32,083 --> 00:32:35,178
You mentioned
Advance Patrol earlier,
455
00:32:35,353 --> 00:32:38,323
but did you suggest Sanshiro Sugata
456
00:32:38,490 --> 00:32:42,085
as a film to make
your directorial debut?
457
00:32:44,095 --> 00:32:50,159
I had three other scripts rejected
by the Interior Department's censors.
458
00:32:50,402 --> 00:32:52,700
Maybe more than three.
459
00:32:54,539 --> 00:32:59,602
You had to have your script
approved by censors first.
460
00:32:59,778 --> 00:33:02,679
As you were trying to direct
your first film,
461
00:33:02,848 --> 00:33:06,785
what were the scripts
that were rejected?
462
00:33:06,952 --> 00:33:13,153
One was called Mori no Sen-Ichiya,
among several others.
463
00:33:13,325 --> 00:33:16,226
But they were all rejected.
- All were your original scripts?
464
00:33:16,394 --> 00:33:20,353
Yes, so I bore a deep grudge
against the censors.
465
00:33:20,732 --> 00:33:25,363
Censors were
such a formidable presence,
466
00:33:25,537 --> 00:33:27,835
taking advantage
of their borrowed authority.
467
00:33:29,140 --> 00:33:35,375
I wrote about this in my book,
but for Sanshiro Sugata's review —
468
00:33:35,547 --> 00:33:39,484
The Internal Department
used to interview directors.
469
00:33:40,051 --> 00:33:43,954
Yama-san couldn't come with me
due to other business,
470
00:33:44,122 --> 00:33:47,956
but he said not to worry
because he'd asked Ozu to help.
471
00:33:48,126 --> 00:33:50,356
At the censors' office,
Tomotaka Tasaka said
472
00:33:50,529 --> 00:33:52,395
that the way characters
addressed each other,
473
00:33:52,564 --> 00:33:57,593
or a kissing scene on a staircase,
suggested Western influence.
474
00:33:57,769 --> 00:34:01,034
Meanwhile,
sitting behind the table facing me
475
00:34:01,206 --> 00:34:05,302
were censors, and even
office boys, drinking coffee.
476
00:34:05,477 --> 00:34:10,278
I sat all by myself,
like a criminal in court.
477
00:34:10,448 --> 00:34:15,887
As all these objectionable parts
were read aloud,
478
00:34:17,255 --> 00:34:22,352
I reached my tipping point
and was about to storm out.
479
00:34:22,527 --> 00:34:27,226
Then Ozu stood up and said,
“Congratulations.
480
00:34:27,399 --> 00:34:34,772
Your movie is worth
120 out of 100 points.”
481
00:34:34,940 --> 00:34:38,899
Thanks to Ozu,
the movie was approved.
482
00:34:39,778 --> 00:34:43,908
- Was it the movie itself or the script?
- The movie.
483
00:34:44,082 --> 00:34:50,886
They made me wait five hours
and didn't even offer a cup of tea.
484
00:34:51,990 --> 00:34:57,827
And it was obvious the office boys
had been allowed to watch the film
485
00:34:57,996 --> 00:35:01,330
because they were playing
in the corridor, shouting a line from it.
486
00:35:02,233 --> 00:35:06,101
It was such a despicable place.
487
00:35:06,271 --> 00:35:10,299
You had to go through that process
every time you made a film?
488
00:35:10,875 --> 00:35:17,474
Luckily, when Japan lost the war,
that changed overnight.
489
00:35:17,649 --> 00:35:21,017
The first thing the Americans did
was get rid of the censors.
490
00:35:21,186 --> 00:35:25,817
I was impressed by that.
491
00:35:27,292 --> 00:35:31,786
- You had to constantly fight before.
- Yes.
492
00:35:31,963 --> 00:35:38,335
It's scary when bureaucrats
like those censors
493
00:35:38,503 --> 00:35:43,942
gain authority
through a greater power behind them.
494
00:35:47,045 --> 00:35:51,642
They become this dreadful presence
495
00:35:51,816 --> 00:35:54,842
making unreasonable demands.
496
00:35:57,689 --> 00:36:01,489
They were more keen
to display their power
497
00:36:01,660 --> 00:36:04,129
than to actually review
the content of a film?
498
00:36:04,295 --> 00:36:07,458
I guess they came
to feel that way.
499
00:36:09,034 --> 00:36:14,438
When I made
The Men Who Tread on the Tiger's Tall,
500
00:36:16,041 --> 00:36:20,342
by then the Japanese censors
had been fired,
501
00:36:21,513 --> 00:36:23,242
but I got summoned.
502
00:36:23,415 --> 00:36:26,180
I used to get into fights
everywhere I went...
503
00:36:28,086 --> 00:36:35,618
so lwao Mori, the studio head,
usually advised me to control myself.
504
00:36:35,794 --> 00:36:38,161
But when the summons came,
505
00:36:38,329 --> 00:36:42,493
he got angry and said the censors
no longer had authority
506
00:36:42,667 --> 00:36:46,433
and encouraged me
to pick a fight with them.
507
00:36:46,604 --> 00:36:49,665
So I presented myself
to the censors.
508
00:36:49,841 --> 00:36:52,811
They said,
“What's this script?
509
00:36:55,213 --> 00:36:58,444
It's defiling
a Kabuki play called Kanyjincho,
510
00:36:58,616 --> 00:37:02,575
thereby tarnishing Japan's
classical performing art itself.”
511
00:37:03,321 --> 00:37:08,418
I responded, “Kabuki's Kanjincho
is a reworking of the Noh play Afaka.
512
00:37:08,593 --> 00:37:10,687
Don't you know that?
513
00:37:10,862 --> 00:37:16,494
In my view, the Kabuki version
is an adaptation of the Noh play.
514
00:37:18,136 --> 00:37:24,599
It's odd to suggest that my script
has greatly altered Kanyincho,
515
00:37:24,776 --> 00:37:32,581
when, in fact, my script is closer
in spirit to the original Noh version.”
516
00:37:32,751 --> 00:37:35,243
Then this young censor said,
517
00:37:36,354 --> 00:37:42,054
“In any case, this is worthless.”
518
00:37:45,029 --> 00:37:48,363
I retaliated, “If a worthless guy
calls it worthless,
519
00:37:48,533 --> 00:37:50,831
it must be a good script.”
520
00:37:51,002 --> 00:37:54,097
After that, the guy kept quiet.
521
00:37:55,406 --> 00:38:00,105
But they didn't report the script
to General Headquarters,
522
00:38:00,278 --> 00:38:02,872
SO we were shooting
without proper approval.
523
00:38:03,047 --> 00:38:10,955
And Conde, the GHQ censor,
decided against allowing its release.
524
00:38:12,624 --> 00:38:16,583
Mori said that Toho was partly
at fault for the mix-up,
525
00:38:17,362 --> 00:38:19,694
and he felt sorry for me.
526
00:38:19,864 --> 00:38:22,492
We were already shooting
when we found out.
527
00:38:22,667 --> 00:38:26,626
But Mori allowed me to complete
the film the way I wanted to.
528
00:38:26,805 --> 00:38:29,399
He felt really sorry for me.
529
00:38:29,574 --> 00:38:32,805
Even though the film was completed,
we obviously couldn't release it.
530
00:38:32,977 --> 00:38:35,173
Then Gercke replaced Conde.
531
00:38:35,346 --> 00:38:39,977
He saw the film,
found nothing objectionable,
532
00:38:40,151 --> 00:38:42,882
and gave us his blessing
to release it at last.
533
00:38:44,055 --> 00:38:47,184
It seems Conde
was a very peculiar man.
534
00:38:47,358 --> 00:38:51,295
Well, he was a leftist.
535
00:38:53,131 --> 00:38:56,829
So as a young man,
you were quick to get into a fight.
536
00:38:57,001 --> 00:38:59,732
Did you fight with the studio a lot?
- I did indeed.
537
00:38:59,904 --> 00:39:04,273
Who was the studio head
back in those days?
538
00:39:04,442 --> 00:39:08,379
It was Mori at first, followed
by a number of different people.
539
00:39:08,546 --> 00:39:13,108
But you were mostly able to work
on the projects you wanted to.
540
00:39:13,284 --> 00:39:15,776
You pitched your projects, right?
541
00:39:15,954 --> 00:39:23,224
Yes, I foresaw that there could be
a problem in the future,
542
00:39:23,394 --> 00:39:26,796
since the ownership of a film's
copyright was rather hazy,
543
00:39:26,965 --> 00:39:29,366
as it is even today.
544
00:39:30,034 --> 00:39:33,868
So I decided that there
shouldn't be any dispute
545
00:39:34,038 --> 00:39:36,564
if I pitched the project,
wrote the script,
546
00:39:36,741 --> 00:39:39,574
and directed and edited
all by myself.
547
00:39:39,744 --> 00:39:43,772
I've stuck to that principle
on all my films.
548
00:39:43,948 --> 00:39:49,182
How many scripts did you write
before becoming a director?
549
00:39:49,354 --> 00:39:51,345
They must really add up.
550
00:39:51,522 --> 00:39:53,889
I've written lots.
551
00:39:55,326 --> 00:39:58,227
I said this earlier,
but it's amazing you had time to write.
552
00:39:58,396 --> 00:40:01,422
You must've liked drinking sake
back then too, right?
553
00:40:01,599 --> 00:40:06,730
I did. So it was like
when I ran out of pocket money,
554
00:40:06,905 --> 00:40:10,603
I'd write a script.
555
00:40:10,775 --> 00:40:15,838
After I'd been first AD
for Yama-san for about two years,
556
00:40:16,014 --> 00:40:20,975
he said I didn't have to come
to the set every day.
557
00:40:21,152 --> 00:40:23,587
I only had to help
when a second unit was shooting.
558
00:40:23,755 --> 00:40:28,283
He said I could help him edit,
but I didn't have be on the set.
559
00:40:29,027 --> 00:40:32,019
So I had extra time
on my hands.
560
00:40:32,697 --> 00:40:38,158
When I wrote a script, I'd be paid —
It wasn't a lot of money even then,
561
00:40:38,336 --> 00:40:42,534
but Daiei, for instance,
paid me about 300 yen.
562
00:40:42,707 --> 00:40:46,166
With that
I'd take my friends out to drink.
563
00:40:46,344 --> 00:40:49,075
- You spent it on drinks?
- Yes.
564
00:40:49,247 --> 00:40:53,184
Then, when I ran out of money,
I'd write another script.
565
00:40:53,351 --> 00:40:55,718
It was like I was writing scripts
to earn drinking money.
566
00:40:55,887 --> 00:40:59,414
- Where did you write?
- At home or anywhere.
567
00:41:00,725 --> 00:41:05,185
For Yuki, though,
I received 2,000 yen.
568
00:41:05,363 --> 00:41:09,425
2,000 yen was big money back then.
It lasted a long time.
569
00:41:09,600 --> 00:41:13,901
- Yuki won some kind of a competition.
- Yes, the Information Agency's.
570
00:41:14,505 --> 00:41:19,875
I earned 300 yen for Shizuka nar.
571
00:41:20,845 --> 00:41:26,545
Toho rarely paid me
300 yen for a script.
572
00:41:27,085 --> 00:41:31,283
Having written numerous scripts,
how did you feel
573
00:41:31,456 --> 00:41:34,983
directing your first film,
Sanshiro Sugata?
574
00:41:35,159 --> 00:41:37,526
When you were shooting it,
575
00:41:37,695 --> 00:41:43,134
did you feel writing and directing
were two different things?
576
00:41:47,538 --> 00:41:50,997
In my case
they're not different,
577
00:41:51,175 --> 00:41:54,076
as long as I'm working
from my own script.
578
00:41:54,245 --> 00:41:57,476
But when I'd write a script
for someone else to direct,
579
00:41:57,648 --> 00:42:02,051
unexpected things
sometimes happened,
580
00:42:02,820 --> 00:42:05,312
because the director
would misinterpret the script.
581
00:42:05,490 --> 00:42:07,356
You've written many scripts
since becoming a director,
582
00:42:07,525 --> 00:42:09,516
like The Portrait for Kinoshita.
583
00:42:09,694 --> 00:42:16,623
Sometimes I'd find a crucial scene
had been cut from a film.
584
00:42:16,801 --> 00:42:20,704
It may have been Kinoshita whom
I asked, “Why did you cut this scene?”
585
00:42:20,872 --> 00:42:25,332
He said, “It was unnecessary.”
So I explained its significance.
586
00:42:25,510 --> 00:42:30,641
“Oh, I'm sorry,” he said.
So that kind of thing happened.
587
00:42:30,815 --> 00:42:36,754
When you hand over your script
to someone else,
588
00:42:36,921 --> 00:42:42,121
it seems a gap exists
between the writer and the director
589
00:42:42,293 --> 00:42:45,126
in understanding
the script's true intention.
590
00:42:45,296 --> 00:42:49,665
I guess that kind of
misinterpretation can occur
591
00:42:49,834 --> 00:42:53,293
when you're not involved
in the writing.
592
00:42:53,471 --> 00:43:00,002
Why do you think a script
gets misinterpreted like that?
593
00:43:00,178 --> 00:43:06,379
Well, it must be
people's different ways of thinking
594
00:43:06,551 --> 00:43:08,610
that cause things
like that to happen.
595
00:43:08,786 --> 00:43:13,849
I've seen some inconceivable
interpretations of my scripts.
596
00:43:16,994 --> 00:43:22,398
You've also made films with scripts
written by other screenwriters.
597
00:43:22,567 --> 00:43:26,526
In those cases, do you rewrite
the script before shooting it?
598
00:43:26,704 --> 00:43:29,833
Yes. I wrote scripts
with other writers,
599
00:43:30,007 --> 00:43:35,343
because when I wrote by myself,
my biases tended to show strongly.
600
00:43:35,513 --> 00:43:37,743
As a group, everyone
would write the same scene,
601
00:43:37,915 --> 00:43:40,885
and we'd gather what we wrote
at the end of the day.
602
00:43:41,052 --> 00:43:45,455
Then we'd select
the usable parts.
603
00:43:45,623 --> 00:43:51,027
So in the end, I was rearranging
those parts into one whole script.
604
00:43:52,497 --> 00:43:54,488
I reminisce
about this sometimes,
605
00:43:54,665 --> 00:43:59,831
but at one time, there were all these
A-list directors working at Toho.
606
00:44:00,004 --> 00:44:04,441
They used to sit on the studio's
front lawn and chat.
607
00:44:04,609 --> 00:44:10,571
There were people like Mizoguchi,
Naruse, Yamanaka, and Itami.
608
00:44:10,815 --> 00:44:14,080
These great directors
were all working there,
609
00:44:14,252 --> 00:44:18,155
each busy on a soundstage.
Yasuijiro Shimazu was there too.
610
00:44:19,223 --> 00:44:25,390
When I was done for the day,
I'd generally visit
611
00:44:25,563 --> 00:44:30,399
one of the soundstages
where these directors were working.
612
00:44:31,569 --> 00:44:36,530
Shimazu once said to me,
“Kuro-chan,
613
00:44:36,707 --> 00:44:39,142
you'll be a director soon,
614
00:44:39,310 --> 00:44:42,473
but don't make yourself
pull all-nighters.
615
00:44:42,647 --> 00:44:46,083
You may feel
you've worked hard,
616
00:44:46,250 --> 00:44:49,049
but you won't get good results.”
617
00:44:49,220 --> 00:44:51,985
He gave me various tips like that.
618
00:44:55,560 --> 00:44:57,654
It was really —
619
00:44:57,828 --> 00:45:01,958
But many directors
who came from Kyoto
620
00:45:02,133 --> 00:45:05,125
would only work in the evening.
621
00:45:05,303 --> 00:45:09,069
It was hard on the crew.
622
00:45:09,240 --> 00:45:13,336
But those directors for some reason
couldn't function during the day.
623
00:45:13,511 --> 00:45:15,639
Many of them had that habit.
624
00:45:15,813 --> 00:45:21,047
A studio was a good place to work,
with soundstages and space,
625
00:45:21,219 --> 00:45:25,019
people bustling about,
projects being born.
626
00:45:25,189 --> 00:45:28,318
Fights erupted,
and love bloomed as well.
627
00:45:28,492 --> 00:45:32,053
Most of us were moving at a run
when off the set,
628
00:45:32,230 --> 00:45:34,665
because we were so busy.
629
00:45:34,832 --> 00:45:38,427
Toei's employees were known for
always running, and similarly at Toho.
630
00:45:38,603 --> 00:45:41,800
Yes, we were always
on the run.
631
00:45:43,007 --> 00:45:45,806
Did you serve in the war?
632
00:45:45,977 --> 00:45:50,414
I wrote about this in my book
Something Like an Autobiography.
633
00:45:50,581 --> 00:45:55,781
My father was
an army instructor.
634
00:45:55,953 --> 00:45:59,981
At the physical examination
for draftees,
635
00:46:00,157 --> 00:46:03,127
when I stood
in front of this inspector,
636
00:46:03,694 --> 00:46:06,425
he asked,
“Are you Isamu Kurosawa's son?”
637
00:46:06,597 --> 00:46:08,656
I said I was.
638
00:46:08,866 --> 00:46:10,925
Then he asked,
“Is your father well?”
639
00:46:11,102 --> 00:46:12,900
I replied, “Yes.”
640
00:46:13,237 --> 00:46:17,868
“Well, you look frail,” he continued,
641
00:46:18,042 --> 00:46:20,340
and he advised me to do
certain exercises.
642
00:46:20,511 --> 00:46:25,915
Then he said military service
wasn't the only way to serve the nation.
643
00:46:26,083 --> 00:46:29,485
My brother had been injured
in the cavalry unit.
644
00:46:29,654 --> 00:46:33,022
The man said, “I'm sorry
about your brother's injury.
645
00:46:33,190 --> 00:46:37,184
I want you to serve the nation
646
00:46:37,361 --> 00:46:40,490
in other ways
than being in the military.”
647
00:46:40,665 --> 00:46:43,396
Then, when I reached
the last clerk, he said,
648
00:46:43,567 --> 00:46:46,161
“You're exempted
from military service.”
649
00:46:46,337 --> 00:46:48,999
The first man had arranged
the exemption for me.
650
00:46:49,173 --> 00:46:52,700
So I didn't serve
in the war at all.
651
00:46:54,011 --> 00:46:57,379
There wasn't even
a roll call at the end.
652
00:46:57,548 --> 00:47:01,815
Near the end of the war,
after the air raid over Tokyo,
653
00:47:02,153 --> 00:47:07,523
it was the day of the Yokohama air raid
that I was summoned to a roll call.
654
00:47:09,160 --> 00:47:12,994
When I responded
to the summons,
655
00:47:13,164 --> 00:47:15,895
I found myself
among all these handicapped people.
656
00:47:16,067 --> 00:47:18,764
The man must've classified me
into that group.
657
00:47:21,405 --> 00:47:25,171
I was placed
in this special classification
658
00:47:25,343 --> 00:47:28,540
with the seriously ill
and handicapped.
659
00:47:29,380 --> 00:47:32,008
So I was spared
military service.
660
00:47:32,350 --> 00:47:36,810
But my friends joked that
I was rejected due to my height.
661
00:47:36,987 --> 00:47:42,482
- There wasn't a uniform in your size.
- Right. They teased me like that.
662
00:47:42,660 --> 00:47:45,027
So I didn't serve in the war.
663
00:47:45,196 --> 00:47:48,655
If you had, there might have been
different kinds of Kurosawa films.
664
00:47:48,833 --> 00:47:51,325
Right. When I reflect on it,
665
00:47:51,502 --> 00:47:55,461
I don't feel confident enough
to make a war movie.
666
00:47:55,639 --> 00:47:58,301
Having Ishiro Honda,
who served in the war, as a friend...
667
00:48:01,245 --> 00:48:04,613
it feels rather —
668
00:48:04,782 --> 00:48:08,343
I'd feel odd
making a war movie.
669
00:48:08,519 --> 00:48:10,544
I don't know
the reality of battle.
670
00:48:10,721 --> 00:48:14,055
But some have made
war movies without the experience.
671
00:48:14,225 --> 00:48:18,958
Did your house burn
during the Tokyo air raid?
672
00:48:19,130 --> 00:48:21,462
Yes, it did.
673
00:48:21,632 --> 00:48:28,698
I was living in Ebisu at the time,
674
00:48:29,640 --> 00:48:34,168
and studio people told me to move,
because Ebisu might get attacked.
675
00:48:34,345 --> 00:48:36,712
The studio lent me
a truck to move
676
00:48:36,881 --> 00:48:42,615
to my father's house in Horikawa,
because it was to become vacant.
677
00:48:42,787 --> 00:48:46,417
So I moved there in a hurry.
678
00:48:46,590 --> 00:48:50,584
Then, the following night,
Ebisu burned.
679
00:48:54,365 --> 00:48:58,563
Areas of Tokyo near here,
like Soshigaya and Seijo, were spared.
680
00:49:01,172 --> 00:49:05,370
Did you think
Japan would lose the war?
681
00:49:05,543 --> 00:49:12,313
I did. And Honda and I agreed
it would be a disaster if Japan won.
682
00:49:12,550 --> 00:49:16,680
If the incompetents in the military
stayed in power —
683
00:49:16,854 --> 00:49:21,724
Honda said this too,
but what we'd most hate
684
00:49:21,892 --> 00:49:25,055
was to see those military guys
have their own way if we won the war
685
00:49:25,229 --> 00:49:29,223
and drive the country
into a deeper mess.
686
00:49:31,368 --> 00:49:35,566
So when you heard
the announcement of Japan's defeat,
687
00:49:35,739 --> 00:49:38,936
you were relieved
and felt a certain joy?
688
00:49:39,109 --> 00:49:41,976
Where were you living at the time?
- Soshigaya.
689
00:49:42,146 --> 00:49:44,342
On the day
of the announcement...
690
00:49:46,250 --> 00:49:48,947
the studio told us to —
691
00:49:49,119 --> 00:49:53,078
We knew Japan had lost the war,
because the studio had informed us
692
00:49:53,257 --> 00:49:58,957
that atomic bombs had been dropped
on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
693
00:49:59,129 --> 00:50:01,621
The government called them
“special bombs.”
694
00:50:01,799 --> 00:50:05,997
On the day
of the emperor's announcement,
695
00:50:06,170 --> 00:50:12,473
we were told to come to the studio
to hear the declaration.
696
00:50:14,111 --> 00:50:18,708
As I walked towards the studio
along the Soshigaya highway,
697
00:50:18,883 --> 00:50:21,147
I noticed certain tradesmen,
like fish dealers and grocers,
698
00:50:21,318 --> 00:50:25,551
staring
at their unsheathed swords.
699
00:50:25,956 --> 00:50:32,589
They had this maniacal look,
and I feared what they might do.
700
00:50:33,697 --> 00:50:38,259
They might get violent,
even if the emperor announced defeat.
701
00:50:38,435 --> 00:50:41,166
Then, when I saw them
on the way home,
702
00:50:41,338 --> 00:50:44,069
the same guys were smiling
and sweeping their storefronts.
703
00:50:44,241 --> 00:50:49,372
I thought then that the Japanese
have great flexibility for coping.
704
00:50:49,547 --> 00:50:54,144
But if the emperor had ordered them
to fight, they would have.
705
00:50:55,019 --> 00:50:59,855
When the war was over, what changes
did you think would happen?
706
00:51:00,024 --> 00:51:05,986
It was more a matter
of witnessing how hard
707
00:51:06,163 --> 00:51:09,133
the GHQ
was trying to rebuild Japan.
708
00:51:10,401 --> 00:51:17,364
We couldn't go back
to making movies right away,
709
00:51:17,541 --> 00:51:23,241
so I wrote a one-act play
for Kawaguchi's troupe.
710
00:51:23,414 --> 00:51:27,078
During the war, the Japanese
couldn't speak their minds,
711
00:51:27,251 --> 00:51:32,018
and the play is about everyone
suddenly speaking freely.
712
00:51:32,189 --> 00:51:34,556
It takes place
at a fish dealer's house.
713
00:51:34,725 --> 00:51:39,720
He was a staunch
Tojo worshipper,
714
00:51:39,897 --> 00:51:41,991
and he'd been a family tyrant.
715
00:51:42,166 --> 00:51:46,831
But now the war is over,
his family can finally confront him,
716
00:51:47,004 --> 00:51:52,443
and they shower him
with all their pent-up grievances.
717
00:51:52,610 --> 00:51:56,877
Well, the GHQ summoned me
because of the play.
718
00:51:57,047 --> 00:52:00,039
An American theater professional
at the GHQ liked the play
719
00:52:00,217 --> 00:52:03,448
and wanted to know
how each scene would be played.
720
00:52:03,621 --> 00:52:08,991
In ways like this, the GHQ made
a great effort to rebuild Japan.
721
00:52:09,159 --> 00:52:11,821
- Quite different from Japanese censors.
- Completely.
722
00:52:11,996 --> 00:52:18,993
I was summoned
for The Quiet Duel as well.
723
00:52:19,169 --> 00:52:23,902
I thought they opposed it
because it was about syphilis,
724
00:52:24,074 --> 00:52:27,237
but that wasn't the case.
725
00:52:27,411 --> 00:52:32,349
They said that the Japanese view
syphilis as a frightening disease,
726
00:52:32,516 --> 00:52:36,316
and, if diagnosed with it,
tend to give up on their lives,
727
00:52:36,487 --> 00:52:42,688
but it can be cured when combated
with proper medical treatment.
728
00:52:42,860 --> 00:52:45,852
They wanted me to put
that message in the film.
729
00:52:46,030 --> 00:52:48,795
And they told me
I should consult
730
00:52:48,966 --> 00:52:51,958
with a certain doctor
specializing in the treatment
731
00:52:52,136 --> 00:52:54,901
and where I could find him.
732
00:52:55,072 --> 00:52:57,006
An American doctor?
733
00:52:57,174 --> 00:53:01,202
And this doctor helped me
wholeheartedly.
734
00:53:01,378 --> 00:53:04,211
They weren't like
the Japanese censors at all.
735
00:53:06,784 --> 00:53:09,185
Their attitude was so different.
736
00:53:09,353 --> 00:53:14,689
They respected cinema
and film professionals.
737
00:53:14,858 --> 00:53:16,826
It's still the same.
738
00:53:16,994 --> 00:53:21,522
We're treated like VIPs overseas,
but in Japan we're seen as tramps.
739
00:53:21,699 --> 00:53:25,533
That's an exaggeration,
but actually I feel the same way.
740
00:53:25,703 --> 00:53:28,468
I feel respected
when I visit foreign countries.
741
00:53:28,639 --> 00:53:34,635
It's because the general public there
respects filmmakers.
742
00:53:34,812 --> 00:53:37,247
After the war,
743
00:53:37,414 --> 00:53:42,352
seeing America's power,
and the world changing around you,
744
00:53:42,519 --> 00:53:47,685
did you feel
that your style of film
745
00:53:47,858 --> 00:53:52,921
fit in well with the new world?
746
00:53:53,363 --> 00:53:56,822
Well, I didn't know why,
747
00:53:57,067 --> 00:54:01,095
but people responded to my films.
748
00:54:02,072 --> 00:54:05,804
I found it puzzling.
In the case of Madadayo, for example,
749
00:54:06,276 --> 00:54:09,109
I thought people overseas
wouldn't understand it,
750
00:54:09,279 --> 00:54:12,738
but it got a great response.
751
00:54:12,916 --> 00:54:16,580
Yes, I went to Montreal recently
and heard stories about it.
752
00:54:18,455 --> 00:54:23,120
They understand some parts of it
better than the Japanese audience.
753
00:54:23,293 --> 00:54:29,460
For instance, they thought
the professor's wife was wonderful
754
00:54:30,367 --> 00:54:32,699
because she truly cared
for her husband.
755
00:54:32,870 --> 00:54:35,567
The teacher-student
relationship in Japan
756
00:54:35,739 --> 00:54:38,106
seems to have elicited great interest.
757
00:54:38,275 --> 00:54:40,937
And the wife.
758
00:54:41,111 --> 00:54:45,014
Women were especially touched
by the character.
759
00:54:45,182 --> 00:54:50,416
They said they really understood
how much she loved her husband.
760
00:54:50,587 --> 00:54:52,783
The response surprised me.
761
00:54:52,956 --> 00:54:57,757
I went to Montreal thinking people
overseas wouldn't understand it,
762
00:54:57,928 --> 00:55:00,158
but I was wrong.
763
00:55:00,330 --> 00:55:04,597
I received a letter
from Montreal yesterday
764
00:55:04,768 --> 00:55:08,830
that called Madadayo
one of my masterpieces.
765
00:55:09,006 --> 00:55:12,499
A response like that
takes me by surprise.
766
00:55:13,177 --> 00:55:19,844
I don't know why people
respond to my films.
767
00:55:20,017 --> 00:55:23,954
But I think what appeals most
to the foreign audience
768
00:55:24,121 --> 00:55:27,523
is the fact I'm not seeking
to please them.
769
00:55:29,760 --> 00:55:32,457
You can sense
that kind of movie right away.
770
00:55:33,230 --> 00:55:36,791
If you try to add appeal
771
00:55:37,401 --> 00:55:40,530
by playing up Japanese qualities
772
00:55:40,704 --> 00:55:44,163
and depict a story
that Westerners will find exotic,
773
00:55:44,341 --> 00:55:48,608
they react very negatively.
774
00:55:50,147 --> 00:55:54,277
But if you, as a Japanese person,
just tell a story
775
00:55:54,451 --> 00:55:56,977
about the concerns
of Japanese people,
776
00:55:57,154 --> 00:56:01,352
it will appeal to people worldwide,
as every country has similar concerns.
777
00:56:01,525 --> 00:56:05,257
I guess that's what people find
most appealing about my films.
778
00:56:06,163 --> 00:56:09,463
It's no good to try to cater
to the overseas market.
779
00:56:09,633 --> 00:56:12,830
I've been asked if I make
special concessions
780
00:56:13,003 --> 00:56:16,064
to appeal to foreign audiences.
781
00:56:16,240 --> 00:56:20,473
It's precisely because I do nothing
of the sort that they appeal to them.
782
00:56:20,644 --> 00:56:23,341
I've never entertained
the thought, in fact.
783
00:56:23,747 --> 00:56:25,841
As I said at the start
of this interview,
784
00:56:26,016 --> 00:56:31,011
you are somewhat
atypical of Japanese people.
785
00:56:31,188 --> 00:56:36,092
What you've just said proves that.
But you've always been that way.
786
00:56:36,260 --> 00:56:38,888
You've never emphasized
the Japanese aspect of things,
787
00:56:39,062 --> 00:56:42,293
nor have you tried to cater
to overseas audiences.
788
00:56:42,466 --> 00:56:45,834
Even the movies
you made soon after the war
789
00:56:46,003 --> 00:56:48,802
were very different
from typical Japanese films.
790
00:56:48,972 --> 00:56:51,669
I recall seeing them as a child.
791
00:56:51,842 --> 00:56:55,301
I don't see my films
as being different.
792
00:56:56,280 --> 00:57:04,085
In the case of Sanshiro Sugata,
I was forced to insert a certain line.
793
00:57:04,254 --> 00:57:10,193
I had to insert the line, “Loyalty
and filial piety are the ways of man.”
794
00:57:10,360 --> 00:57:13,694
I didn't have any choice.
- You had to comply.
795
00:57:16,099 --> 00:57:19,296
I think most directors
go through this experience,
796
00:57:19,469 --> 00:57:22,769
but in the beginning, you're just
caught up in making movies.
797
00:57:23,006 --> 00:57:26,874
Then at some point,
you become aware
798
00:57:27,044 --> 00:57:29,911
that you're
a certain kind of director.
799
00:57:30,080 --> 00:57:33,778
That is, there comes a time
when you discover
800
00:57:33,951 --> 00:57:36,886
that you want to make
a particular kind of movie.
801
00:57:37,054 --> 00:57:41,048
Which of the films
you made after the war
802
00:57:41,224 --> 00:57:45,593
did you feel was the kind
of direction you wanted to take?
803
00:57:46,797 --> 00:57:50,927
In my earlier films,
it felt like I was putting in
804
00:57:52,135 --> 00:57:57,369
everything I'd learned.
805
00:57:57,541 --> 00:58:04,311
But with Drunken Angel,
I suddenly felt sort of liberated.
806
00:58:06,583 --> 00:58:09,518
It felt like I got bolder.
807
00:58:09,686 --> 00:58:13,179
I didn't hold myself back
even when writing it.
808
00:58:13,357 --> 00:58:16,292
That was the film
where I began to feel that.
809
00:58:16,460 --> 00:58:21,523
Other than that, I've never thought
about discovering my direction.
810
00:58:21,698 --> 00:58:27,637
What concerns me most
is being natural.
811
00:58:27,804 --> 00:58:33,607
I always remain natural
and follow my instincts when I work.
812
00:58:33,777 --> 00:58:39,477
I don't do things
in any particularly strategic way.
813
00:58:41,585 --> 00:58:46,648
That's how I approach
characters in my films.
814
00:58:46,823 --> 00:58:48,757
Even with human relationships —
815
00:58:48,925 --> 00:58:51,053
When you read Dostoyevsky's
novels, for example,
816
00:58:51,228 --> 00:58:54,823
it's mind-boggling how thoroughly
he depicts human relationships.
817
00:58:54,998 --> 00:58:57,524
I read quite a few
of his novels when I was young,
818
00:58:57,768 --> 00:59:00,066
and it must be
filtering out into my films,
819
00:59:00,237 --> 00:59:03,332
though I haven't come close
to Dostoyevsky's heights.
820
00:59:03,507 --> 00:59:09,105
Only through literature
can you tackle something on that scale.
821
00:59:13,483 --> 00:59:16,942
I made 7he Idiot and it wasn't
at all a successful adaptation.
822
00:59:17,120 --> 00:59:21,114
Still, having taken on
the challenge of a work like that,
823
00:59:21,291 --> 00:59:26,058
I think I learned a lot
from the experience.
824
00:59:26,229 --> 00:59:28,288
Once I began working on it,
825
00:59:28,465 --> 00:59:31,457
the immensity of the project
dawned on me.
826
00:59:31,635 --> 00:59:36,505
I thought to myself,
“What was I thinking?”
827
00:59:38,041 --> 00:59:42,706
I felt the weight of Dostoyevsky
on my shoulders.
828
00:59:42,879 --> 00:59:46,179
There's one scene...
829
00:59:47,551 --> 00:59:54,321
where the idiot, played by Masayuki Mori,
comes to Setsuko Hara's party...
830
00:59:57,394 --> 01:00:02,696
and says,
“You are a nice person by nature.
831
01:00:02,866 --> 01:00:04,857
You really are a nice person.”
832
01:00:05,035 --> 01:00:11,304
Hara asked me,
“What expression should I use?”
833
01:00:11,475 --> 01:00:13,637
I was sort of taken aback.
834
01:00:13,810 --> 01:00:16,802
I asked Nomura, my first AD,
to get a copy of the novel.
835
01:00:16,980 --> 01:00:22,783
I looked up the scene, and it said
that Nastasia smiled “crookedly.”
836
01:00:25,288 --> 01:00:29,919
She must've smiled that way
because the idiot was right.
837
01:00:30,093 --> 01:00:33,063
But I hadn't really read
the passage that closely.
838
01:00:33,230 --> 01:00:35,324
It was only because Hara asked
839
01:00:35,499 --> 01:00:38,332
that I noticed the description
of Nastasia's smile.
840
01:00:38,502 --> 01:00:41,130
So I said to Hara,
“Smile crookedly.”
841
01:00:41,304 --> 01:00:44,899
When we did a test shot,
with her smiling crookedly,
842
01:00:45,075 --> 01:00:52,505
Mori reacted with amazement and
exclaimed, “That was great direction!”
843
01:00:52,682 --> 01:00:55,344
I said, “It wasn't me.
It's what Dostoyevsky wrote.”
844
01:00:55,519 --> 01:01:00,389
So when you tackle
a great work of literature,
845
01:01:00,557 --> 01:01:03,390
you make
some amazing discoveries.
846
01:01:04,261 --> 01:01:08,858
I love War and Peace
and have read it countless times,
847
01:01:09,032 --> 01:01:14,232
but every time, I find something
I hadn't noticed before.
848
01:01:14,404 --> 01:01:17,704
It's fascinating
each time I read it.
849
01:01:19,075 --> 01:01:25,674
A simple line in a piece
of literature can be brilliant,
850
01:01:25,849 --> 01:01:29,183
but a lot of times,
you read on without noticing it.
851
01:01:29,819 --> 01:01:34,256
What it expresses
is just superb.
852
01:01:34,424 --> 01:01:40,420
You've mentioned how thoroughly
literature can depict human beings.
853
01:01:40,597 --> 01:01:45,057
In Dostoyevsky's novels, it's as though
he's experimenting in a laboratory,
854
01:01:46,369 --> 01:01:51,933
having one “human atom”
clashing with another.
855
01:01:52,108 --> 01:01:55,373
I've been reading novels like that
since childhood.
856
01:01:55,545 --> 01:02:00,346
When you come up with an idea
for a script or theme,
857
01:02:00,517 --> 01:02:05,421
do you first imagine characters?
858
01:02:05,589 --> 01:02:07,819
Well...
859
01:02:10,160 --> 01:02:13,095
Do characters come to you first,
before the story?
860
01:02:13,263 --> 01:02:16,665
It's more like I run with an idea
that I find it interesting.
861
01:02:16,833 --> 01:02:19,530
That's the most important thing,
of course.
862
01:02:19,703 --> 01:02:22,900
Critics may read
whatever they like into my films,
863
01:02:23,073 --> 01:02:26,532
but I don't make movies
as deliberately as they think.
864
01:02:28,645 --> 01:02:32,582
Whatever they see in my films is there
as a part of what I found interesting.
865
01:02:32,749 --> 01:02:37,414
If I'd tried to depict
those things critics see,
866
01:02:37,687 --> 01:02:42,523
don't you think it'd be
tiresome to watch?
867
01:02:42,692 --> 01:02:47,289
I make films about things
that I really find fascinating.
868
01:02:47,464 --> 01:02:51,731
In doing so, I may end up
examining human nature.
869
01:02:51,901 --> 01:02:57,305
But if you try to present
some kind of theory in your film,
870
01:02:57,741 --> 01:03:00,176
you'll fail to depict anything.
871
01:03:00,343 --> 01:03:03,870
It's very difficult to find
the right balance.
872
01:03:04,914 --> 01:03:09,408
So a study of human nature results
from depicting what you find interesting.
873
01:03:09,586 --> 01:03:11,076
I think so.
874
01:03:11,254 --> 01:03:13,985
What I really find interesting —
875
01:03:14,157 --> 01:03:19,493
As I depict what fascinates me,
a human portrait unfolds.
876
01:03:19,663 --> 01:03:25,693
What's interesting
varies from person to person.
877
01:03:25,869 --> 01:03:28,998
It's based on individual taste.
- That's right.
878
01:03:29,172 --> 01:03:33,905
Among those things that interest you,
it seems you always incorporate
879
01:03:34,077 --> 01:03:36,205
a portrayal of human beings
pushed to the limit.
880
01:03:36,379 --> 01:03:39,041
I believe so.
881
01:03:39,215 --> 01:03:43,652
I'm not sure how that happens.
I don't have the brain to work that out.
882
01:03:43,820 --> 01:03:47,779
- You're being modest.
- No, really.
883
01:03:49,225 --> 01:03:53,662
I can deal with things
in a concrete way.
884
01:03:53,830 --> 01:03:58,131
But when something
is described in abstractions,
885
01:03:58,301 --> 01:04:02,863
I have no idea
how to depict it.
886
01:04:03,039 --> 01:04:07,476
If the way a character smiled
or an action he took
887
01:04:08,178 --> 01:04:12,479
is described in concrete terms,
I can deal with that.
888
01:04:12,649 --> 01:04:15,675
Like Nastasia's crooked smile
that you described earlier.
889
01:04:16,286 --> 01:04:20,689
At one point, you often wrote
scripts with other writers.
890
01:04:20,857 --> 01:04:24,225
When working that way,
did you read what others wrote,
891
01:04:24,394 --> 01:04:27,125
sort out the inferior writing
and have them rewrite it?
892
01:04:27,297 --> 01:04:29,766
We'd write around a table
until 5:00 p.m.
893
01:04:29,933 --> 01:04:33,028
Then we'd collect
what we wrote into a pile.
894
01:04:34,704 --> 01:04:38,504
I'd sort out what was no good.
Only the usable parts would be left.
895
01:04:38,675 --> 01:04:44,273
We'd all write the same scene.
Then I'd weed out any subpar writing.
896
01:04:44,447 --> 01:04:46,973
I heard that when you wrote
with Taniguchi,
897
01:04:47,150 --> 01:04:50,245
you tore up his pages
right in front of him.
898
01:04:50,420 --> 01:04:53,390
Well, I felt guilty doing that sometimes.
899
01:04:53,556 --> 01:04:56,150
Everyone wrote
diligently until dusk,
900
01:04:56,326 --> 01:04:59,296
and then I'd tear up pages
that were unacceptable.
901
01:05:01,664 --> 01:05:04,759
- You'd rip them up, just like that?
- Yes.
902
01:05:04,934 --> 01:05:06,925
But you didn't mean
to hurt their feelings.
903
01:05:07,103 --> 01:05:09,663
No, and my writing partners
were used to it,
904
01:05:09,839 --> 01:05:12,069
though it must've
angered them at first.
905
01:05:12,242 --> 01:05:15,803
And after tearing up their writing,
you'd have dinner together?
906
01:05:15,979 --> 01:05:21,008
Yes. One time, though,
I tore up pages that I needed.
907
01:05:21,184 --> 01:05:25,417
I was gathering all the selected pages
and noticed two pages missing.
908
01:05:25,588 --> 01:05:30,287
Just then, the proprietress of the inn
came to inquire about our dinner.
909
01:05:30,460 --> 01:05:33,691
“Not now!” I yelled at her,
irritated over the missing pages.
910
01:05:34,898 --> 01:05:39,460
All of us searched the room and
found them among the ripped-up pages.
911
01:05:41,938 --> 01:05:45,135
I mended the two ripped-up pages
and had them copied,
912
01:05:45,308 --> 01:05:47,538
and finally that day's work
was done.
913
01:05:48,711 --> 01:05:51,203
Then I opened the door
to call the proprietress
914
01:05:51,381 --> 01:05:53,611
and found her sitting
on the floor outside our room.
915
01:05:53,783 --> 01:05:56,445
She'd been waiting there
the whole time.
916
01:05:56,619 --> 01:06:01,113
I felt bad.
I'd completely forgotten about her.
917
01:06:01,291 --> 01:06:03,658
So there was that kind of blunder.
918
01:06:04,127 --> 01:06:07,688
Depending on the writer —
919
01:06:07,864 --> 01:06:10,390
Oguni is one
of the more interesting writers.
920
01:06:12,268 --> 01:06:16,899
He's really good at Japanese chess.
- Hideo Oguni?
921
01:06:17,674 --> 01:06:24,512
Oguni once played two of us
blindfolded and still won.
922
01:06:25,648 --> 01:06:30,279
He's extremely insightful.
923
01:06:31,521 --> 01:06:35,253
When we'd get stuck
on a particularly difficult passage,
924
01:06:35,425 --> 01:06:37,860
he'd often come up
with a solution.
925
01:06:38,027 --> 01:06:40,724
I once read somewhere
how you described Oguni.
926
01:06:40,897 --> 01:06:45,391
You stated that people think you value
Oguni for his technical skills,
927
01:06:45,568 --> 01:06:51,268
but that he actually provides
a spiritual backbone for your writing team.
928
01:06:51,441 --> 01:06:56,003
I was very impressed
by that statement.
929
01:06:56,179 --> 01:07:01,174
He studied under
Saneatsu Mushanokoji, the novelist.
930
01:07:01,351 --> 01:07:03,649
That's his background.
931
01:07:04,921 --> 01:07:08,323
So he provides a consistent view
of morals and human beings?
932
01:07:08,491 --> 01:07:12,985
Yes, and he's also very perceptive.
933
01:07:13,162 --> 01:07:16,132
Say he leaves on an assignment
while we work on a script.
934
01:07:16,299 --> 01:07:18,791
He returns, reads what
we've written in his absence,
935
01:07:18,968 --> 01:07:24,498
and says, “The story's
veering off in the wrong direction.”
936
01:07:27,777 --> 01:07:30,576
He shows us that it won't do
to take the easy way out.
937
01:07:30,747 --> 01:07:35,184
You shouldn't steer the story in
the direction you're comfortable with.
938
01:07:35,351 --> 01:07:40,312
“The story should go this way,
but it's veering off like this,” he says.
939
01:07:40,490 --> 01:07:46,588
He has that knack for accurately
assessing the problem.
940
01:07:46,763 --> 01:07:50,097
I always valued
that ability of his.
941
01:07:50,700 --> 01:07:55,831
There's a scene where the protagonists
need to pass through a checkpoint.
942
01:07:56,506 --> 01:07:58,497
That was —
943
01:07:58,675 --> 01:08:01,440
I heard that one team of writers
wrote from the protagonists' POV,
944
01:08:01,611 --> 01:08:03,705
and another
from that of the guards.
945
01:08:08,017 --> 01:08:10,679
We struggled over that scene
for about a week.
946
01:08:10,853 --> 01:08:14,687
One of us would suggest crossing
the river, and I'd turn that idea down.
947
01:08:14,857 --> 01:08:17,019
Then other ideas were rejected
one after another.
948
01:08:17,193 --> 01:08:19,321
One writer said,
“There's no way to get through.”
949
01:08:19,495 --> 01:08:21,224
I said, “There's gotta be a way!”
950
01:08:21,464 --> 01:08:23,592
Oguni sat quietly like this
the whole time.
951
01:08:26,336 --> 01:08:28,361
Day after day,
he just sat like this.
952
01:08:28,538 --> 01:08:32,133
Then at last he said,
“I've got an idea!”
953
01:08:32,308 --> 01:08:39,146
It was to have one of the protagonists
intentionally report to the guards
954
01:08:39,315 --> 01:08:42,512
that he'd found a piece of firewood
with gold concealed inside.
955
01:08:43,586 --> 01:08:46,055
Normally you'd want
to conceal that.
956
01:08:46,222 --> 01:08:51,717
By reporting it, he causes
a commotion among the guards.
957
01:08:51,894 --> 01:08:56,889
Then, when he asks them
to return it to him,
958
01:08:57,066 --> 01:08:59,694
they ignore him
and tell him to get lost.
959
01:08:59,969 --> 01:09:02,097
Oguni came up with that idea.
960
01:09:02,271 --> 01:09:05,070
I's not easy
to hit upon an idea like that.
961
01:09:05,241 --> 01:09:10,680
But Oguni would come through
with an inspired solution,
962
01:09:10,847 --> 01:09:12,872
something unexpected.
963
01:09:13,049 --> 01:09:16,041
You wouldn't think
of something like that,
964
01:09:16,219 --> 01:09:18,950
to reveal the very thing
that should be hidden.
965
01:09:19,122 --> 01:09:20,988
To do the complete opposite.
966
01:09:21,157 --> 01:09:24,183
I's easy to say it,
but you don't hit upon it so easily.
967
01:09:24,360 --> 01:09:28,888
In hindsight, it's a simple idea
to do the reverse of the normal.
968
01:09:29,065 --> 01:09:33,127
But it's not easy to think of it.
We tend to see things in a certain way.
969
01:09:33,936 --> 01:09:37,429
So you're quite insistent
that your writers and crews
970
01:09:37,607 --> 01:09:40,804
come up with solutions?
- Yes, I am.
971
01:09:40,810 --> 01:09:41,902
come up with solutions?
- Yes, I am.
972
01:09:42,478 --> 01:09:48,747
I work really quickly, though everyone
seems to think otherwise.
973
01:09:48,918 --> 01:09:54,880
The thing is, I take plenty of time
for thorough preparation.
974
01:09:56,926 --> 01:10:01,124
I'm sure you've made
difficult demands on your whole crew,
975
01:10:01,297 --> 01:10:03,493
but who's had
to bear them the most?
976
01:10:03,666 --> 01:10:06,931
My crew members
are all used to my demands,
977
01:10:07,103 --> 01:10:10,073
and they don't seem
to find them particularly difficult.
978
01:10:10,707 --> 01:10:16,146
You mentioned you spend
the most time on preparation.
979
01:10:16,312 --> 01:10:19,839
When you prepare thoroughly,
980
01:10:20,616 --> 01:10:22,880
you don't waste time on the set.
981
01:10:23,052 --> 01:10:29,617
So a day of shooting starts
at 9:00 a.m. and ends at 3:00 p.m.
982
01:10:29,792 --> 01:10:35,026
I usually have two or three cameras
rolling at the same time.
983
01:10:36,065 --> 01:10:40,468
For shooting the scene
of the Maadha kai,
984
01:10:41,704 --> 01:10:45,971
that is, the first gathering
of the Maadha kai, in Madadayo,
985
01:10:46,142 --> 01:10:52,411
the production team and ADs
estimated it would take one month.
986
01:10:52,582 --> 01:10:56,450
To shoot that one very long scene
of the Maadha kai.
987
01:10:56,619 --> 01:11:00,351
But I shot it in six days,
and everyone was amazed.
988
01:11:01,224 --> 01:11:06,890
It was because I shot
the entire scene in a single take.
989
01:11:07,063 --> 01:11:12,126
For instance, the scene where they sing
“One-two, Mr. Pharmacist”
990
01:11:12,301 --> 01:11:16,135
was shot in a rectangular room.
991
01:11:18,274 --> 01:11:23,769
First I'd shoot the scene
from this side using three cameras.
992
01:11:23,946 --> 01:11:28,144
I'd shoot the entire sequence
that way once.
993
01:11:28,317 --> 01:11:33,187
Then I'd shoot again with lenses
and camera positions changed a little.
994
01:11:33,356 --> 01:11:38,021
I did that three times from each
of the four sides of the room,
995
01:11:38,194 --> 01:11:40,128
so there was a total of —
996
01:11:43,900 --> 01:11:46,267
- Twelve different shots.
- No.
997
01:11:48,237 --> 01:11:54,074
Three cameras were rolling,
so there were nine shots per angle.
998
01:11:55,211 --> 01:11:58,112
So four times nine
makes 36 shots.
999
01:12:00,850 --> 01:12:06,084
- You're right.
- That's a lot of footage.
1000
01:12:06,255 --> 01:12:09,714
Everyone said it'd be
an ordeal to edit,
1001
01:12:10,626 --> 01:12:13,493
but I started at 9:00 a.m.
and was done by 3:00 p.m.
1002
01:12:13,663 --> 01:12:18,794
I threw out whatever didn't look
interesting, one piece at a time.
1003
01:12:18,968 --> 01:12:24,270
I weeded out parts I didn't want,
so I'd only have the footage I needed.
1004
01:12:24,440 --> 01:12:27,466
Then I simply had
to piece together the good parts.
1005
01:12:28,044 --> 01:12:30,479
So I work quickly
with that kind of task.
1006
01:12:30,646 --> 01:12:33,172
Before the camera starts rolling,
1007
01:12:33,916 --> 01:12:38,319
do you spend
a great deal of time on rehearsal?
1008
01:12:38,487 --> 01:12:40,683
Well...
1009
01:12:42,592 --> 01:12:46,688
I don't spend
a particularly long time.
1010
01:12:46,863 --> 01:12:53,200
Before rehearsing, though,
I give instructions on what I want.
1011
01:12:53,369 --> 01:12:58,637
So you direct where to position
the cameras before entering the set.
1012
01:12:58,808 --> 01:13:01,641
No, actually,
I give instructions to the actors.
1013
01:13:01,811 --> 01:13:04,542
I emphasize what kind of acting
I want from them.
1014
01:13:04,714 --> 01:13:07,308
Camera positions
are not their concern.
1015
01:13:07,483 --> 01:13:09,178
I see.
1016
01:13:09,352 --> 01:13:14,722
On my set, actors don't know
which camera is trained on them,
1017
01:13:14,891 --> 01:13:18,987
so they have to act naturally
and not play to a camera.
1018
01:13:20,463 --> 01:13:25,162
Say there were three cameras
shooting a scene.
1019
01:13:25,334 --> 01:13:29,271
Camera A would usually shoot
the establishing shot,
1020
01:13:30,673 --> 01:13:34,974
focusing on the center of the action
and panning a little.
1021
01:13:35,144 --> 01:13:37,408
Another would shoot close-ups.
1022
01:13:37,580 --> 01:13:43,041
That camera would be
the furthest from the actors.
1023
01:13:43,219 --> 01:13:47,247
That way, there's no way
for actors to play just to the camera.
1024
01:13:47,423 --> 01:13:49,949
They have to give
a fully rounded performance
1025
01:13:50,126 --> 01:13:54,359
and forget about
performing to the camera.
1026
01:13:54,530 --> 01:13:58,467
The best thing I gained
from setting up the cameras that way
1027
01:13:58,634 --> 01:14:00,966
is that actors stopped
playing to them.
1028
01:14:01,137 --> 01:14:03,435
They have to perform
from every angle,
1029
01:14:03,606 --> 01:14:07,543
because they have no idea
which camera is shooting them or how.
1030
01:14:08,477 --> 01:14:12,107
Your use of multiple camera setup
has become legendary.
1031
01:14:12,281 --> 01:14:14,477
I believe you first used it
on Seven Samurar.
1032
01:14:14,650 --> 01:14:19,315
We had to because of the rain scene,
with the horrendously muddy ground.
1033
01:14:19,488 --> 01:14:24,654
Otherwise, we couldn't make
the action look continuous,
1034
01:14:25,561 --> 01:14:28,030
even if we tried.
1035
01:14:28,197 --> 01:14:30,666
So we resorted
to shooting the scene
1036
01:14:30,833 --> 01:14:33,996
with all three cameras rolling
at the same time.
1037
01:14:34,170 --> 01:14:36,195
The result was very interesting.
1038
01:14:36,605 --> 01:14:38,630
That's how it came about.
1039
01:14:38,808 --> 01:14:41,778
You've employed it since
for interior shots as well.
1040
01:14:43,212 --> 01:14:49,982
Earlier you talked about capturing
the depths of human nature.
1041
01:14:50,152 --> 01:14:55,090
By drawing out naturalistic acting
from actors through the camera setup,
1042
01:14:55,257 --> 01:14:58,921
are you aiming for realism
rather than make-believe?
1043
01:15:01,230 --> 01:15:03,631
It's more like —
1044
01:15:03,799 --> 01:15:07,827
What the camera reveals most
is an actor's self-consciousness,
1045
01:15:08,004 --> 01:15:09,938
which would turn the viewers off.
1046
01:15:10,106 --> 01:15:15,237
To eliminate that self-consciousness is
the most difficult task for the director,
1047
01:15:15,411 --> 01:15:17,470
as well as for the actors.
1048
01:15:17,646 --> 01:15:20,707
But the multiple camera setup
1049
01:15:20,883 --> 01:15:23,944
automatically eliminates
the actors' self-consciousness.
1050
01:15:25,788 --> 01:15:31,352
The longest shot I've filmed
is the tunnel segment in Dreams.
1051
01:15:31,527 --> 01:15:34,553
It's 16 minutes long,
which wouldn't fit on one reel.
1052
01:15:34,730 --> 01:15:38,724
So we made use of the part
where the actors do an about-face.
1053
01:15:39,902 --> 01:15:42,872
On each actor's backpack
was a lightbulb
1054
01:15:43,039 --> 01:15:46,100
to light the face
of the person behind.
1055
01:15:46,275 --> 01:15:50,712
Since we couldn't use regular
lighting equipment for that shot,
1056
01:15:50,880 --> 01:15:56,046
the lightbulb on each backpack
lit the face of the next actor.
1057
01:15:56,218 --> 01:16:00,348
But as the actors did an about-face,
the lightbulbs would be revealed.
1058
01:16:00,523 --> 01:16:03,117
So we needed to intercut
just before that happened.
1059
01:16:03,292 --> 01:16:06,091
I gave the following instructions:
1060
01:16:06,262 --> 01:16:10,096
“The lighting crew will remove
the lightbulbs as soon as I say ‘stop.'
1061
01:16:10,266 --> 01:16:14,260
Meanwhile, the camera crew
will change magazines.
1062
01:16:14,437 --> 01:16:18,874
Then, when I say ‘action!'
we'll resume shooting.”
1063
01:16:19,041 --> 01:16:22,067
All that time, the actors
were to stay perfectly still.
1064
01:16:22,244 --> 01:16:25,043
As a result,
we got that 16-minute scene.
1065
01:16:26,482 --> 01:16:30,783
We rehearsed on the set,
and it was initially 20 minutes long.
1066
01:16:33,055 --> 01:16:35,752
Then, as we rehearsed
further on the set
1067
01:16:35,925 --> 01:16:41,864
and on the actual location,
everything became condensed.
1068
01:16:42,031 --> 01:16:48,596
The scene improved greatly because
it gained this condensed energy.
1069
01:16:48,771 --> 01:16:51,741
And it made the scene shorter.
1070
01:16:52,441 --> 01:16:58,403
When you employ a cutback shot
like that, it generally slackens the scene.
1071
01:16:58,581 --> 01:17:04,247
But with tightly controlled shooting,
the scene's energy intensifies.
1072
01:17:04,420 --> 01:17:07,048
I think Mizoguchi's films
have that kind of energy.
1073
01:17:07,223 --> 01:17:10,215
It makes the film
more powerful too.
1074
01:17:11,627 --> 01:17:14,426
It definitely shortens a scene.
1075
01:17:16,232 --> 01:17:18,200
And it improves the scene.
1076
01:17:18,367 --> 01:17:22,964
So condensing like that
shortens shooting time?
1077
01:17:23,139 --> 01:17:29,636
Yes. Generally one scene
will be shot in a single take.
1078
01:17:29,812 --> 01:17:32,008
This hasn't changed even today,
1079
01:17:32,181 --> 01:17:34,479
but when Japanese cinema
was at its peak,
1080
01:17:34,650 --> 01:17:40,987
you had the cream of the crop
of Japanese actors in your films.
1081
01:17:41,157 --> 01:17:47,255
Did you always keep
a sharp eye out for the right actors?
1082
01:17:47,429 --> 01:17:49,454
Yes, of course.
1083
01:17:49,632 --> 01:17:51,862
That's why I've made shrewd use
of Shochiku actors
1084
01:17:52,034 --> 01:17:55,299
such as Reikichi Kawamura
and Shinichi Himori.
1085
01:17:55,471 --> 01:18:00,841
When you like a certain actor's work,
it stays in your mind.
1086
01:18:01,010 --> 01:18:04,674
So I watch television quite a bit
1087
01:18:04,847 --> 01:18:09,580
to find actors who interest me,
as was the case with Joji Tokoro.
1088
01:18:09,752 --> 01:18:13,484
I watch television fairly often
for that purpose.
1089
01:18:13,656 --> 01:18:16,523
The other day, I read an interview
in which you said
1090
01:18:16,692 --> 01:18:19,662
that Japanese people
look different today,
1091
01:18:19,828 --> 01:18:23,196
and modern actors don't have
the right faces for period roles.
1092
01:18:23,365 --> 01:18:28,030
I feel that way when it comes
to actors in period dramas.
1093
01:18:28,871 --> 01:18:32,774
In olden times, a 20-year old
used to be a real adult.
1094
01:18:32,942 --> 01:18:40,281
In the Meiji era —
What was his name? Kogoro Katsura?
1095
01:18:42,952 --> 01:18:45,319
He later changed his name
to Takayoshi Kido.
1096
01:18:46,355 --> 01:18:49,552
The movers behind
the Meiji restoration were in their 20s.
1097
01:18:49,725 --> 01:18:55,129
Many government ministers
of that era were in their 20s.
1098
01:18:55,297 --> 01:18:57,561
Today it's a different story.
1099
01:18:57,733 --> 01:19:02,227
Nobunaga Oda and Shingen Takeda
did amazing things while still young.
1100
01:19:02,404 --> 01:19:06,807
But young actors today don't have
the right look to play those roles.
1101
01:19:06,976 --> 01:19:10,742
The men of olden times managed
impressive feats at a young age.
1102
01:19:12,982 --> 01:19:18,443
Only one piece of Yoshitsune's
writing remains today.
1103
01:19:19,321 --> 01:19:23,224
Done in his 20s...
1104
01:19:24,893 --> 01:19:29,956
it exudes a maturity
beyond his age.
1105
01:19:31,000 --> 01:19:34,561
So you can't cast an actor
to play Yoshitsune
1106
01:19:34,737 --> 01:19:39,937
just because he's the same age
as Yoshitsune was.
1107
01:19:40,109 --> 01:19:44,979
He'll have to undergo
proper training to play the character.
1108
01:19:45,147 --> 01:19:48,606
I don't think it's possible anymore
for an actor in the right age category
1109
01:19:48,784 --> 01:19:51,219
to play a historical figure.
1110
01:19:52,321 --> 01:19:56,918
This is a serious challenge
in making period dramas today.
1111
01:19:57,293 --> 01:20:00,661
At one point you made
a lot of period films,
1112
01:20:00,829 --> 01:20:04,561
such as Throne of Blood
and Seven Samurai.
1113
01:20:04,733 --> 01:20:08,897
Had you seen many Japanese
period films in the past?
1114
01:20:09,071 --> 01:20:10,596
Yes.
1115
01:20:10,773 --> 01:20:13,401
But you aspired to make
a different kind of period film.
1116
01:20:15,177 --> 01:20:17,407
One of my first assignments as an AD
1117
01:20:17,579 --> 01:20:20,310
was on Takizawa's film,
Saga of the Vagabonds.
1118
01:20:20,482 --> 01:20:22,883
I was 26 at the time.
1119
01:20:23,986 --> 01:20:29,481
Takizawa was directing —
1120
01:20:29,658 --> 01:20:34,960
Back then, there were lots of horses
in Gotenba, in peasants' stables.
1121
01:20:35,130 --> 01:20:37,895
We had armor
and other equipment for the film
1122
01:20:38,067 --> 01:20:41,128
stored in the homes
of peasants working as extras.
1123
01:20:41,303 --> 01:20:46,264
In the morning, as the film crew
drove up Mount Fuji,
1124
01:20:46,442 --> 01:20:52,848
the doors of the peasants'
stables would open,
1125
01:20:53,015 --> 01:20:56,178
and out would come the armor-clad
peasants, leading their horses.
1126
01:20:56,352 --> 01:20:58,343
It was very picturesque.
1127
01:20:58,520 --> 01:21:03,219
As our cars advanced,
they'd follow us at a trot.
1128
01:21:03,559 --> 01:21:05,926
When we'd arrive on the set,
1129
01:21:06,095 --> 01:21:09,190
they'd have bonfires going, just like
bandits might, among the cedars.
1130
01:21:09,365 --> 01:21:13,427
But Takizawa didn't shoot
any of those images.
1131
01:21:13,602 --> 01:21:18,096
He'd just stick to the status quo.
- In the conventional style of the time.
1132
01:21:18,273 --> 01:21:20,742
When a northerly wind blew,
1133
01:21:20,909 --> 01:21:24,675
these peasant-bandits would turn
the horses' rumps toward the wind,
1134
01:21:24,847 --> 01:21:27,077
and the horses would
hang their heads down
1135
01:21:27,249 --> 01:21:29,308
as the clouds swept by above them.
1136
01:21:29,485 --> 01:21:33,752
It was all so beautiful...
1137
01:21:35,257 --> 01:21:37,282
and evocative of a song lyric
from the film:
1138
01:21:37,459 --> 01:21:40,121
“Far away is the homeland,
and one's heart yearns for it.”
1139
01:21:40,295 --> 01:21:43,754
But Takizawa didn't bother
to capture those images.
1140
01:21:43,932 --> 01:21:48,426
So I hoped one day to make
a film capturing those things.
1141
01:21:49,304 --> 01:21:52,205
They were making stock
period films back in those days,
1142
01:21:52,374 --> 01:21:57,676
and I wondered why they didn't make
good use of those beautiful images.
1143
01:21:59,415 --> 01:22:03,648
Period dramas were made
in a certain established mode back then.
1144
01:22:03,819 --> 01:22:07,722
Yes, but it wasn't
a realistic rendering.
1145
01:22:07,890 --> 01:22:11,349
If that were the case,
those films would've looked different.
1146
01:22:11,527 --> 01:22:16,192
Period dramas were stuck in a mold
invented by the film industry.
1147
01:22:16,365 --> 01:22:19,357
That's why
they weren't inspiring.
1148
01:22:19,535 --> 01:22:23,403
If you try to recreate how things
really were in a certain era,
1149
01:22:23,572 --> 01:22:26,473
it's a very challenging task.
1150
01:22:26,642 --> 01:22:33,241
In the case of Seven Samurai,
even the peasants' wigs were different.
1151
01:22:33,415 --> 01:22:36,544
Usually, the top hairline comes up
to here, but ours came much lower,
1152
01:22:36,718 --> 01:22:39,653
so a special lining was used
for the top part of the wigs.
1153
01:22:39,822 --> 01:22:43,816
- So you prepared all new wigs?
- Yes, we did.
1154
01:22:43,992 --> 01:22:46,017
Someone drew sketches of them?
1155
01:22:46,195 --> 01:22:50,154
No, the hair stylist, Yamada,
who has since passed away,
1156
01:22:50,332 --> 01:22:54,360
was passionate about his work
and wanted to do them that way.
1157
01:22:54,536 --> 01:22:58,302
But it was Seison Maeda
who first said —
1158
01:22:59,374 --> 01:23:01,274
The painter?
1159
01:23:01,443 --> 01:23:04,140
He said the topknot hairstyle
seen in films looked odd,
1160
01:23:04,313 --> 01:23:07,112
because the top of the head
is shaved only down to here,
1161
01:23:07,282 --> 01:23:10,912
while where the hair ends is set
like a bar of solid seaweed jelly.
1162
01:23:11,653 --> 01:23:14,623
He drew a sketch
to show how it should look,
1163
01:23:14,790 --> 01:23:18,317
explaining how far the top is shaved
and the position of the topknot.
1164
01:23:18,494 --> 01:23:23,955
Yamada listened intently and worked
hard to recreate what he'd heard.
1165
01:23:26,001 --> 01:23:29,062
Unless you put in
that kind of effort,
1166
01:23:29,238 --> 01:23:32,208
you can't break away from convention
1167
01:23:32,374 --> 01:23:34,468
and create something new.
1168
01:23:34,643 --> 01:23:40,047
On that film, Maeda advised us
on kimonos and everything else,
1169
01:23:40,215 --> 01:23:42,513
and his apprentice
provided us with sketches.
1170
01:23:44,853 --> 01:23:50,758
And you've been constantly trying
new things like that in your films.
1171
01:23:50,926 --> 01:23:57,127
A helmet worn by one of the bandits
was actually a national treasure,
1172
01:23:57,299 --> 01:23:59,290
and Maeda chided me for it.
1173
01:23:59,468 --> 01:24:02,597
“Don't you know
that's a national treasure?”
1174
01:24:03,872 --> 01:24:06,637
I think what you did was okay.
1175
01:24:08,477 --> 01:24:10,502
Moving on to a different subject,
1176
01:24:10,679 --> 01:24:13,944
I've heard you're very picky
about your film music,
1177
01:24:14,116 --> 01:24:17,086
that you have a very clear idea
of what you want,
1178
01:24:17,252 --> 01:24:19,482
and that you ask the composer
for scores conveying that.
1179
01:24:19,655 --> 01:24:21,919
Was that the case
from the beginning?
1180
01:24:22,891 --> 01:24:24,859
I don't think I'm especially picky.
1181
01:24:25,027 --> 01:24:27,018
But Fumio Hayasaka understood
1182
01:24:27,195 --> 01:24:30,688
that film music is different
from regular music.
1183
01:24:30,866 --> 01:24:35,326
He firmly believed that film music
is in a special category by itself.
1184
01:24:35,504 --> 01:24:37,836
That's why our collaboration
was so successful.
1185
01:24:38,006 --> 01:24:41,943
But his life was cut short
prematurely.
1186
01:24:42,110 --> 01:24:44,306
It was a great loss.
1187
01:24:44,479 --> 01:24:46,811
We would've collaborated
On many more projects.
1188
01:24:47,115 --> 01:24:53,817
Musicians demand that a piece
of music be able to stand on its own.
1189
01:24:53,989 --> 01:24:57,687
But it's different with film music.
Even if something is lacking,
1190
01:24:57,859 --> 01:25:03,320
it works together with images
on the screen to form an expression.
1191
01:25:03,498 --> 01:25:05,626
But musicians have difficulty
grasping that.
1192
01:25:05,801 --> 01:25:11,865
They insist that a piece of music —
- Stand in its own right.
1193
01:25:12,040 --> 01:25:14,372
I understand where
they're coming from as musicians,
1194
01:25:14,543 --> 01:25:16,602
but Hayasaka was different.
1195
01:25:17,613 --> 01:25:21,413
When music accompanies
an image on the screen,
1196
01:25:21,583 --> 01:25:24,883
it may work better
if it's lacking a certain something.
1197
01:25:25,053 --> 01:25:27,044
It may be more effective that way.
1198
01:25:27,222 --> 01:25:29,623
But it's hard for musicians
to get that.
1199
01:25:29,791 --> 01:25:32,817
- Yet Hayasaka did from the beginning?
- Yes.
1200
01:25:32,995 --> 01:25:35,862
How did you first meet him?
1201
01:25:36,031 --> 01:25:41,435
He was at Toho from the beginning,
but he was stubborn, and so was I,
1202
01:25:41,603 --> 01:25:46,040
so the studio didn't pair us at first,
fearing there'd be trouble.
1203
01:25:46,208 --> 01:25:48,643
But when they did,
we worked great together.
1204
01:25:48,810 --> 01:25:52,678
- What project was that on?
- We first collaborated on...
1205
01:25:56,118 --> 01:25:59,713
Drunken Angel, I think it was.
1206
01:25:59,888 --> 01:26:03,654
The music for that film
was very memorable.
1207
01:26:05,460 --> 01:26:09,260
Your collaboration continued
up through / Live in Fear.
1208
01:26:09,431 --> 01:26:13,334
So you didn't work together
for very long, actually,
1209
01:26:13,502 --> 01:26:16,096
but he contributed
greatly to your films.
1210
01:26:16,271 --> 01:26:19,366
You wrote a piece on the film
for a laserdisc edition.
1211
01:26:19,541 --> 01:26:23,739
I was moved
by what you wrote.
1212
01:26:23,912 --> 01:26:27,871
He was really
a very close friend. Irreplaceable.
1213
01:26:28,050 --> 01:26:30,246
We were in a crazed state
as we shot the film,
1214
01:26:30,419 --> 01:26:32,285
especially the fire scene.
1215
01:26:32,554 --> 01:26:38,425
We shot it after Hayasaka's funeral,
and my crew was very shaken,
1216
01:26:38,593 --> 01:26:40,994
because they all loved him too.
1217
01:26:41,163 --> 01:26:45,191
I guess our state of mind infused
that scene with a sort of eerie energy.
1218
01:26:45,367 --> 01:26:50,862
The theme of the film
was actually inspired by Hayasaka.
1219
01:26:51,039 --> 01:26:54,009
He visited me one day
and said he couldn't work.
1220
01:26:54,609 --> 01:26:57,044
I asked him why,
1221
01:26:57,212 --> 01:27:01,979
and he said he couldn't work
when he thought
1222
01:27:02,150 --> 01:27:05,347
about hydrogen bombs
and where the world was headed.
1223
01:27:05,520 --> 01:27:10,981
“Let's make a film about that,” I said,
and I began writing the script.
1224
01:27:11,927 --> 01:27:15,295
But Hayasaka died
during production...
1225
01:27:17,232 --> 01:27:21,533
and I think as a result the film
is charged with a particular energy.
1226
01:27:24,506 --> 01:27:27,806
We were in a strange state
when we shot.
1227
01:27:30,345 --> 01:27:36,512
When asked to write about it,
I found myself in a very difficult spot,
1228
01:27:36,685 --> 01:27:42,055
but somehow I came up
with some insights for the piece.
1229
01:27:42,224 --> 01:27:46,183
The film really shows,
probably more than any other,
1230
01:27:46,361 --> 01:27:52,596
that cinema stands on images
above all, not on story alone.
1231
01:27:52,768 --> 01:27:56,033
And I couldn't help feeling
that your recent films
1232
01:27:56,204 --> 01:27:59,196
show some similarities
with / Live in Fear.
1233
01:27:59,374 --> 01:28:03,242
Well, Kashiko Kawakita said
1234
01:28:03,411 --> 01:28:08,941
she wanted to reintroduce that film
to the whole world.
1235
01:28:09,117 --> 01:28:14,886
She said that my films
were ahead of their time.
1236
01:28:16,258 --> 01:28:20,752
When the film was released —
1237
01:28:23,131 --> 01:28:26,192
It's the only film of mine
that lost money.
1238
01:28:27,235 --> 01:28:32,298
The Japanese audience didn't care for it.
They didn't want to look at reality.
1239
01:28:34,209 --> 01:28:36,200
At the premiere...
1240
01:28:37,813 --> 01:28:41,772
Umekichi Nakamura, who later
became education minister, said,
1241
01:28:41,950 --> 01:28:47,855
“It's stupid to make a big fuss
over atomic bombs.”
1242
01:28:48,023 --> 01:28:51,084
I wanted Toho to get his comment
printed in the papers,
1243
01:28:52,260 --> 01:28:54,854
but they didn't.
1244
01:28:55,030 --> 01:28:59,263
This is a studio that wouldn't even sue
the guy who slashed its movie screen.
1245
01:28:59,434 --> 01:29:03,632
I guess Toho is suing after all, though.
- Yes, it seems so.
1246
01:29:03,805 --> 01:29:06,831
It's really embarrassing
how Toho handled that.
1247
01:29:08,810 --> 01:29:12,838
I wanted to experiment more
with Hayasaka.
1248
01:29:13,682 --> 01:29:16,845
He really understood film music.
1249
01:29:18,453 --> 01:29:23,323
He'd turn other jobs down
when he was working on a film.
1250
01:29:23,491 --> 01:29:26,017
He'd devote himself
to a project.
1251
01:29:29,598 --> 01:29:35,469
When you worked with him,
did you tell him what you wanted,
1252
01:29:35,637 --> 01:29:37,662
and did he bring his own input to it?
1253
01:29:37,839 --> 01:29:41,275
Most of the time
he'd score a film at the piano.
1254
01:29:41,443 --> 01:29:43,844
For Seven Samurai,
1255
01:29:44,012 --> 01:29:46,709
there were musical themes
for the samurai, the bandits,
1256
01:29:46,882 --> 01:29:50,910
Kikuchiyo and Shino,
to name the main ones.
1257
01:29:53,188 --> 01:29:57,648
When he told me he'd written
some possible themes for the samurai,
1258
01:29:57,826 --> 01:30:01,228
it was a stack this high.
- He prepared a lot.
1259
01:30:01,396 --> 01:30:04,263
He played them one by one,
1260
01:30:04,432 --> 01:30:06,958
and I said no
to every one of them.
1261
01:30:08,503 --> 01:30:13,805
He hung his head like this.
Then he said he had one more.
1262
01:30:15,176 --> 01:30:17,235
It was in a wastebasket.
1263
01:30:17,412 --> 01:30:23,146
It had been torn up,
so he taped it together and played it.
1264
01:30:28,657 --> 01:30:30,751
“That's it!” I said.
1265
01:30:30,926 --> 01:30:33,327
The scrapped piece
was the good one.
1266
01:30:34,195 --> 01:30:39,429
So that's how we'd start
working on a project.
1267
01:30:39,601 --> 01:30:45,904
He'd compose diligently
as filming progressed.
1268
01:30:47,976 --> 01:30:50,308
That way...
1269
01:30:50,912 --> 01:30:53,609
You'd have music more or less
to your satisfaction.
1270
01:30:53,782 --> 01:30:56,581
Yes, by the time the music
was ready to lay down.
1271
01:30:57,285 --> 01:30:58,548
Lately you've used existing music
for some scenes in your films,
1272
01:30:58,553 --> 01:31:03,855
Lately you've used existing music
for some scenes in your films,
1273
01:31:04,826 --> 01:31:07,090
such as ‘Heidenréslein”
in Rhapsody in August.
1274
01:31:07,262 --> 01:31:12,564
Yes, a member of my crew
actually suggested that.
1275
01:31:13,401 --> 01:31:16,268
There's all kinds of music
in the world.
1276
01:31:16,438 --> 01:31:22,673
I'd pick what went with certain scenes
and have it recorded on CD.
1277
01:31:22,844 --> 01:31:27,805
Then I'd play it in synch to the scenes
as I showed my crew the rushes,
1278
01:31:27,983 --> 01:31:30,145
and I'd get a great response.
1279
01:31:30,318 --> 01:31:33,686
If I were to have original scores made —
This may make musicians angry.
1280
01:31:33,855 --> 01:31:36,256
You wouldn't get as good a score
by trying to emulate the original.
1281
01:31:36,424 --> 01:31:37,949
No, you wouldn't.
1282
01:31:38,126 --> 01:31:43,621
My crew tells me original scores
aren't as moving, and it's true.
1283
01:31:43,798 --> 01:31:47,564
But it's also true that new scores
work beautifully for some scenes.
1284
01:31:47,736 --> 01:31:49,966
A director like Tarkovsky
1285
01:31:50,138 --> 01:31:55,633
shows the name of the composer
whose music he's using.
1286
01:31:55,810 --> 01:31:59,440
If it was Bach, he'd indicate
which Bach piece he was using.
1287
01:31:59,614 --> 01:32:03,380
That's one way of doing it.
1288
01:32:05,520 --> 01:32:09,718
I once asked John Gillett,
the well-known British film critic,
1289
01:32:09,891 --> 01:32:15,625
about using famous music for
a sound track the way Tarkovsky does.
1290
01:32:16,598 --> 01:32:22,696
He said there's a certain problem
that goes along with that.
1291
01:32:22,871 --> 01:32:24,635
John Gillett said that?
1292
01:32:24,806 --> 01:32:27,605
For example, if you hear Mahler
in a certain scene,
1293
01:32:27,776 --> 01:32:30,575
you're very aware
that it's Mahler,
1294
01:32:30,745 --> 01:32:33,771
and that works against the scene.
1295
01:32:33,948 --> 01:32:36,349
He does have a point.
1296
01:32:39,621 --> 01:32:44,491
I used a piece by Vivaldi in Madaadayo,
but Vivaldi wrote so many pieces
1297
01:32:44,659 --> 01:32:47,287
that most people
wouldn't notice it.
1298
01:32:47,462 --> 01:32:51,797
With that kind of piece,
you wouldn't be distracted
1299
01:32:51,966 --> 01:32:54,401
by noticing that it was
a Vivaldi piece.
1300
01:32:55,403 --> 01:32:59,840
Another way of using famous music
is to do what Tarkovsky does,
1301
01:33:00,008 --> 01:33:03,501
to indicate it clearly
at the beginning.
1302
01:33:06,047 --> 01:33:08,516
To plainly show that you're using
certain music
1303
01:33:08,683 --> 01:33:11,277
is one way of dealing with it.
1304
01:33:13,321 --> 01:33:15,415
I have reservations
1305
01:33:15,590 --> 01:33:20,619
about having the entire sound track
newly scored by a musician,
1306
01:33:20,795 --> 01:33:24,493
though you do need new music
for some scenes, of course.
1307
01:33:28,470 --> 01:33:33,237
I think there are different approaches
you can take for film music.
1308
01:33:34,109 --> 01:33:37,374
Whether it's selecting music
for your films,
1309
01:33:38,480 --> 01:33:42,883
or selecting a literary work
such as Shakespeare to adapt,
1310
01:33:43,051 --> 01:33:46,988
you always seem to be aiming
1311
01:33:47,155 --> 01:33:50,785
to take on
1312
01:33:50,959 --> 01:33:57,262
the top of the lot, the very best.
1313
01:33:57,499 --> 01:34:03,563
I don't do it intentionally.
I don't consciously set out to do that.
1314
01:34:03,738 --> 01:34:05,729
But you gravitate toward the best.
1315
01:34:05,907 --> 01:34:09,707
It's puzzling to me too.
Hayasaka was often befuddled.
1316
01:34:10,912 --> 01:34:15,679
You hear the “Cuckoo Waltz” in the scene
where Mifune is walking dejectedly.
1317
01:34:15,850 --> 01:34:17,909
I said that the “Cuckoo Waltz”
would work for the scene.
1318
01:34:22,290 --> 01:34:25,954
So we recorded the piece
1319
01:34:26,961 --> 01:34:31,364
and paired it with the edited footage,
and they matched perfectly in length.
1320
01:34:31,533 --> 01:34:36,664
I somehow knew
they'd be the same length.
1321
01:34:36,838 --> 01:34:42,504
I have an uncanny ability to do that,
which amazed even Hattori.
1322
01:34:43,811 --> 01:34:50,683
Both cinema and music
are art forms involving time,
1323
01:34:50,852 --> 01:34:55,449
so they could be perfectly
matched in length.
1324
01:34:56,624 --> 01:35:03,189
The “Stabat Mater” in
Rhapsody in August, for instance,
1325
01:35:05,166 --> 01:35:07,464
was a piece I heard somewhere,
1326
01:35:07,635 --> 01:35:12,072
and I felt it was absolutely
necessary for the film.
1327
01:35:12,240 --> 01:35:16,268
And when I actually used it,
it was a perfect match.
1328
01:35:17,879 --> 01:35:20,644
And that piece...
1329
01:35:24,686 --> 01:35:27,519
as well as the Vivaldi piece,
1330
01:35:27,689 --> 01:35:30,818
were played by the uncle
of an Italian AD named Vittorio
1331
01:35:30,992 --> 01:35:35,327
who was working
as part of my crew.
1332
01:35:35,496 --> 01:35:39,933
His uncle had been saying
that he wanted to work on my film,
1333
01:35:40,101 --> 01:35:43,935
so when I contacted him,
he was happy to oblige.
1334
01:35:47,342 --> 01:35:51,438
You seem to connect
with people worldwide
1335
01:35:51,613 --> 01:35:54,548
because you're on
the same wavelength with them.
1336
01:35:54,716 --> 01:35:58,846
I don't know about that.
I'm just being myself.
1337
01:35:59,020 --> 01:36:04,151
It's puzzling, though,
that I have this instinct for music.
1338
01:36:04,325 --> 01:36:08,592
A piece I choose fits perfectly
in length with a given piece of footage.
1339
01:36:08,763 --> 01:36:12,222
I must be measuring it
on some unconscious level.
1340
01:36:13,568 --> 01:36:19,530
Moving on to the next subject,
you've been working as director
1341
01:36:19,707 --> 01:36:24,611
as well as screenwriter
and producer of your films.
1342
01:36:24,779 --> 01:36:29,239
You must've had difficulties
in dealing with producers or studios.
1343
01:36:29,417 --> 01:36:32,352
Could you share
your experience in that regard?
1344
01:36:32,520 --> 01:36:34,852
Well, let's see.
1345
01:36:35,023 --> 01:36:39,688
I formed my own production
company as a result
1346
01:36:39,861 --> 01:36:43,525
of unexpectedly going over schedule
on The Hidden Fortress.
1347
01:36:45,066 --> 01:36:49,560
The shooting went well
until close to the end.
1348
01:36:49,737 --> 01:36:53,833
We only had a location shoot
on Mount Fuji left to do.
1349
01:36:54,776 --> 01:36:59,009
It was to take a week or ten days,
but it took 100 days instead.
1350
01:36:59,180 --> 01:37:04,550
Three typhoon attacks plagued us,
and even if it was sunny in Gotenba,
1351
01:37:04,719 --> 01:37:08,656
it would be raining
where we set up our location set.
1352
01:37:08,823 --> 01:37:11,485
We were just stuck there.
1353
01:37:11,659 --> 01:37:15,721
The studio was angry,
because it was sunny in Tokyo,
1354
01:37:15,897 --> 01:37:19,197
and when Fujimoto the producer came
to Gotenba, the sun was out there too.
1355
01:37:19,367 --> 01:37:21,461
He said, “What's going on?”
1356
01:37:21,636 --> 01:37:25,300
So I drove him up to the set,
where the weather was just awful.
1357
01:37:28,276 --> 01:37:32,645
But even after that,
the studio remained unconvinced
1358
01:37:32,814 --> 01:37:36,648
and was sure the delay
was due to my ego.
1359
01:37:36,818 --> 01:37:42,313
Naruse often used to say,
“The studio thinks delays are our fault,
1360
01:37:42,490 --> 01:37:47,860
but it's the director who'd most wish
to wrap up the shooting quickly.”
1361
01:37:48,029 --> 01:37:51,795
He was right. When shooting
doesn't progress as it should,
1362
01:37:51,966 --> 01:37:54,196
there's a reason for it.
1363
01:37:54,369 --> 01:37:56,929
But the studio
doesn't understand that.
1364
01:37:57,105 --> 01:38:02,271
So after that incident, Toho told me
to start my own production company.
1365
01:38:02,443 --> 01:38:08,075
They thought when I had to deal
with getting money to produce films,
1366
01:38:08,249 --> 01:38:12,652
I would compromise
and stop pushing so hard.
1367
01:38:12,820 --> 01:38:16,120
My production company's first film
was The Bad Sleep Well.
1368
01:38:16,290 --> 01:38:19,555
- Did it cost a lot?
- It did.
1369
01:38:21,028 --> 01:38:23,827
But I didn't want to disgrace myself
by turning stingy
1370
01:38:23,998 --> 01:38:27,059
just because I'd set up
my own production company.
1371
01:38:27,235 --> 01:38:31,672
Instead, I decided to make a film
that posed the greatest challenge.
1372
01:38:32,907 --> 01:38:38,437
Having your own production company
and claiming the rights to your films
1373
01:38:38,613 --> 01:38:44,382
are necessary in dealing with
Japanese as well as foreign studios.
1374
01:38:44,552 --> 01:38:48,716
I's important
to do those things.
1375
01:38:48,890 --> 01:38:53,088
The Japanese film industry's
worst custom has been
1376
01:38:53,261 --> 01:38:55,696
that directors worked for the studios
1377
01:38:55,863 --> 01:38:58,560
and therefore had this feeling
1378
01:38:58,733 --> 01:39:02,033
of being at the mercy
of the studios to make films.
1379
01:39:02,937 --> 01:39:06,271
That belief is wrong, since studios
made money off their films.
1380
01:39:06,441 --> 01:39:09,138
But directors felt indebted
to the studios
1381
01:39:09,310 --> 01:39:15,079
and didn't even bother drawing up
contracts for their services.
1382
01:39:15,249 --> 01:39:17,775
The problem...
1383
01:39:18,920 --> 01:39:23,482
is that they've been working
with this studio-employee mentality.
1384
01:39:23,658 --> 01:39:26,093
And that has continued until today.
1385
01:39:26,260 --> 01:39:29,161
The studios still don't
understand the problem,
1386
01:39:29,330 --> 01:39:31,662
so their employees don't either.
1387
01:39:31,833 --> 01:39:34,996
When David Putnam
set up a new movie studio,
1388
01:39:35,169 --> 01:39:37,638
the first thing that Japanese
filmmakers needed to learn
1389
01:39:37,805 --> 01:39:40,035
was the meaning
of the word “contract.”
1390
01:39:40,875 --> 01:39:46,439
Japanese filmmakers
had to learn such a basic thing.
1391
01:39:48,483 --> 01:39:53,216
For Japanese cinema
to really grow from now on,
1392
01:39:53,754 --> 01:40:00,717
it's important to establish clearly
the rights and claims of directors.
1393
01:40:01,429 --> 01:40:04,831
In that regard, I've been asking
Jun Norisugi, the lawyer,
1394
01:40:04,999 --> 01:40:07,559
to focus his practice
on copyright law,
1395
01:40:07,735 --> 01:40:10,602
because there are
no copyright lawyers in Japan.
1396
01:40:10,771 --> 01:40:13,832
In America
there are all kinds of lawyers.
1397
01:40:14,008 --> 01:40:16,534
Norisugi helped me with my film
Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence,
1398
01:40:16,711 --> 01:40:19,237
but his services
didn't come cheap.
1399
01:40:19,413 --> 01:40:24,476
No, lawyers' fees are high,
especially with American lawyers.
1400
01:40:24,652 --> 01:40:28,111
Thirty minutes of time can cost —
- An arm and a leg,
1401
01:40:28,289 --> 01:40:30,849
because they charge by the hour
- That's right.
1402
01:40:31,025 --> 01:40:33,323
They're worth it, though.
1403
01:40:35,663 --> 01:40:38,189
They do a thorough job.
1404
01:40:39,166 --> 01:40:43,194
Besides, they make their money
by earning profit for their client.
1405
01:40:43,371 --> 01:40:45,931
So with Seven Samurai,
for instance,
1406
01:40:46,107 --> 01:40:49,543
you secured the copyright for yourself
as well as the other screenwriters?
1407
01:40:49,710 --> 01:40:51,804
- Of course.
- You represented the others?
1408
01:40:51,979 --> 01:40:54,607
Yes, and I pass on to each one
his share.
1409
01:40:54,782 --> 01:40:57,080
Oguni is living off royalties
from one such instance.
1410
01:40:58,185 --> 01:41:00,847
So when I get an offer
to remake my films,
1411
01:41:01,022 --> 01:41:03,787
I try to be
as accommodating as possible
1412
01:41:03,958 --> 01:41:09,192
to help those among us
who aren't doing so well these days.
1413
01:41:09,363 --> 01:41:15,769
If a remake is made, I can pass on
their share of the royalties.
1414
01:41:17,705 --> 01:41:21,903
Your recent film, for example,
Madadayo,
1415
01:41:22,076 --> 01:41:26,638
was a coproduction between Daiei
and your production company,
1416
01:41:26,814 --> 01:41:28,942
and when the film
is distributed overseas,
1417
01:41:29,116 --> 01:41:31,210
your company makes money
from that, of course?
1418
01:41:31,385 --> 01:41:33,979
My son Hisao
oversees that closely.
1419
01:41:34,155 --> 01:41:37,648
He works hard to raise money
from various sources.
1420
01:41:37,825 --> 01:41:40,658
He has a difficult job
as president of the company.
1421
01:41:40,828 --> 01:41:44,389
- That's for sure.
- He's told me about his worries.
1422
01:41:44,565 --> 01:41:48,900
He says it'd be best
if I stopped working,
1423
01:41:49,070 --> 01:41:52,836
because it's hell when I work.
1424
01:41:54,475 --> 01:42:00,107
I say this all the time,
but cinema is like a public square.
1425
01:42:00,281 --> 01:42:02,978
Up on the screen,
1426
01:42:03,150 --> 01:42:07,212
you see lives of people
living in different countries.
1427
01:42:07,388 --> 01:42:09,686
As you watch,
1428
01:42:09,857 --> 01:42:13,384
you cry, you laugh, you get angry,
becoming one with those people,
1429
01:42:13,561 --> 01:42:16,792
and you come to understand them.
1430
01:42:16,964 --> 01:42:23,734
It's a truly valuable means
of connecting people,
1431
01:42:23,904 --> 01:42:27,101
including in a political sense.
1432
01:42:27,341 --> 01:42:30,777
In order for Japanese cinema
1433
01:42:30,945 --> 01:42:37,009
to genuinely rebuild itself
to what it was at its height,
1434
01:42:37,184 --> 01:42:39,414
the government needs
to support it more.
1435
01:42:39,587 --> 01:42:43,455
The French government does that,
though French cinema is still struggling.
1436
01:42:43,624 --> 01:42:45,752
That government
is relatively supportive.
1437
01:42:45,926 --> 01:42:50,454
In foreign countries, politicians
take a great interest in cinema,
1438
01:42:50,631 --> 01:42:52,929
and they see
quite a lot of movies.
1439
01:42:53,467 --> 01:42:59,133
What needs to be done
about Japanese cinema?
1440
01:42:59,306 --> 01:43:01,604
If you have any advice
for Japanese filmmakers,
1441
01:43:01,776 --> 01:43:04,040
I'd be very interested
in hearing it.
1442
01:43:11,652 --> 01:43:18,354
First of all, Japanese filmmakers
need to have confidence in their work.
1443
01:43:19,226 --> 01:43:23,254
And they need to stand up
for their rights.
1444
01:43:23,431 --> 01:43:26,833
These missing elements aren't helping
gain support for Japanese cinema.
1445
01:43:28,536 --> 01:43:33,633
They should make films
they really care about.
1446
01:43:33,808 --> 01:43:41,078
John Gillett said this to me,
and I may have related it before,
1447
01:43:41,248 --> 01:43:44,445
but at one point in time,
1448
01:43:44,618 --> 01:43:49,385
Japan produced a continuous stream
of superb directors and brilliant films.
1449
01:43:49,557 --> 01:43:53,016
This phenomenon has never
been seen anywhere else.
1450
01:43:53,194 --> 01:43:59,395
He wanted to know how that occurred,
or what made it possible.
1451
01:43:59,567 --> 01:44:05,700
He said he wanted
to interview me on that subject
1452
01:44:05,873 --> 01:44:09,468
before an audience
at the Royal National Theatre.
1453
01:44:09,643 --> 01:44:13,409
I agreed to do it,
and so he asked the question.
1454
01:44:13,581 --> 01:44:16,073
My answer to him was this:
1455
01:44:16,250 --> 01:44:18,344
“It occurred simply
1456
01:44:18,519 --> 01:44:24,458
because studios gave free rein
to directors back in those days.
1457
01:44:24,992 --> 01:44:27,893
There was no such thing
as a producer then,
1458
01:44:28,062 --> 01:44:32,329
and studios let directors make
the films they wanted to make
1459
01:44:32,500 --> 01:44:35,060
without interfering.
1460
01:44:35,236 --> 01:44:38,035
That's all there was to it.”
1461
01:44:38,205 --> 01:44:40,867
Everyone in the theater was shocked.
1462
01:44:41,041 --> 01:44:44,272
This period you speak of —
when does it start and end?
1463
01:44:44,445 --> 01:44:48,814
The years that Naruse was at his peak
1464
01:44:48,983 --> 01:44:51,315
and Mizoguchi and Ozu were working.
1465
01:44:51,485 --> 01:44:54,921
They only made films
they cared about.
1466
01:44:55,956 --> 01:45:00,291
Naruse made quite a few films
requested by the studios,
1467
01:45:00,461 --> 01:45:04,022
so they made those kinds of films too,
but only a few.
1468
01:45:04,198 --> 01:45:06,599
Generally, they chose
their own projects.
1469
01:45:06,767 --> 01:45:09,634
But it's different today.
1470
01:45:09,804 --> 01:45:12,569
So it's the period —
excluding the war years —
1471
01:45:12,740 --> 01:45:16,267
from 1937 or 1938
1472
01:45:16,443 --> 01:45:20,937
through the last half of the 1950s?
1473
01:45:21,115 --> 01:45:23,982
That sounds about right.
1474
01:45:29,290 --> 01:45:32,885
When the producer system
was introduced —
1475
01:45:33,394 --> 01:45:37,228
Japanese producers
are not the real thing, though.
1476
01:45:37,398 --> 01:45:41,665
They don't raise money for the film.
1477
01:45:41,836 --> 01:45:44,635
American producers work hard
1478
01:45:44,805 --> 01:45:47,240
because they're putting
their money into a film.
1479
01:45:47,408 --> 01:45:51,311
Japanese producers aren't like that.
1480
01:45:51,478 --> 01:45:55,312
Producers should put their money
into it but stay out of the filmmaking.
1481
01:45:55,482 --> 01:46:00,147
But Japan's producers
are just the opposite.
1482
01:46:00,321 --> 01:46:03,416
I's no wonder
Japanese cinema isn't improving.
1483
01:46:03,591 --> 01:46:07,653
Especially nowadays,
1484
01:46:07,828 --> 01:46:11,924
control in Japan's film industry
lies with the sales department.
1485
01:46:12,099 --> 01:46:16,696
You can't expect a good product when
the creative side doesn't have control.
1486
01:46:16,871 --> 01:46:20,774
These days, the so-called studios
aren't really making movies anymore.
1487
01:46:20,941 --> 01:46:22,909
Right, they're not.
1488
01:46:23,077 --> 01:46:25,569
They lack the talent for it,
1489
01:46:25,746 --> 01:46:29,910
because only those without talent
remained in the studios.
1490
01:46:31,485 --> 01:46:34,716
So to put it simply,
1491
01:46:34,889 --> 01:46:37,824
I think that period produced
so many great filmmakers
1492
01:46:37,992 --> 01:46:40,962
because the studios let them
make films they really cared about,
1493
01:46:41,128 --> 01:46:45,793
so each film was made
with attention and care.
1494
01:46:45,966 --> 01:46:49,698
That's the simplest way to make a film,
but it's rarely practiced.
1495
01:46:49,870 --> 01:46:53,329
It's important that filmmakers
make films they really care about.
1496
01:46:53,507 --> 01:46:55,498
But for example, my son said
1497
01:46:55,676 --> 01:47:01,240
that next I should make something
with a little more mass appeal,
1498
01:47:02,483 --> 01:47:05,783
a crowd-pleaser
that would be a big hit.
1499
01:47:05,953 --> 01:47:08,752
You can't do it, though,
when you're asked to like that.
1500
01:47:09,523 --> 01:47:12,390
Hisao related
that story to me too!
1501
01:47:12,693 --> 01:47:16,721
I said, “I can't make movies at all
when you say something like that.”
1502
01:47:16,897 --> 01:47:20,299
To tell you the truth, I can only
make films that I care about.
1503
01:47:20,467 --> 01:47:23,164
I just can't help it.
1504
01:47:23,337 --> 01:47:26,329
But working
within those parameters,
1505
01:47:26,507 --> 01:47:29,238
I made films
like Seven Samurai and Yojimbo,
1506
01:47:29,410 --> 01:47:31,538
though it was by chance
that I made those crowd-pleasers.
1507
01:47:31,712 --> 01:47:34,181
It's not possible
to make films like that
1508
01:47:34,348 --> 01:47:37,909
just because you're asked to,
unfortunately.
1509
01:47:38,452 --> 01:47:42,753
I agree with you.
Films are funny that way.
1510
01:47:42,923 --> 01:47:46,154
The real problem we have —
1511
01:47:48,529 --> 01:47:50,520
I wish the Japanese audience today
would turn out more
1512
01:47:50,698 --> 01:47:53,497
for the kind of films
I've been making recently.
1513
01:47:54,134 --> 01:47:58,162
More people would've seen them
in the old days.
1514
01:48:01,108 --> 01:48:06,205
My most recent film
is currently doing well overseas.
1515
01:48:07,481 --> 01:48:10,644
The most difficult thing
1516
01:48:10,818 --> 01:48:15,187
is to raise the level
of the audience's appreciation of film.
1517
01:48:15,356 --> 01:48:17,518
That's a tremendous thing
to pull off.
1518
01:48:17,691 --> 01:48:21,457
It's easy to lower it,
and that's what has happened.
1519
01:48:22,563 --> 01:48:25,396
Movie theaters are playing
only the awful stuff,
1520
01:48:25,566 --> 01:48:28,831
and audiences today are apt
to actually believe that that's cinema.
1521
01:48:29,003 --> 01:48:34,498
So it's necessary to raise
their awareness of what cinema really is.
1522
01:48:34,675 --> 01:48:38,168
And educating people
in that regard
1523
01:48:38,345 --> 01:48:42,441
is an enormously difficult
and challenging task.
1524
01:48:42,950 --> 01:48:45,510
I'd like you
to send out a message
1525
01:48:45,686 --> 01:48:48,087
to Japan's younger
generation of directors
1526
01:48:48,255 --> 01:48:53,091
and aspiring directors,
who are really quite numerous,
1527
01:48:53,260 --> 01:48:55,354
to wrap up this interview,
1528
01:48:55,529 --> 01:48:57,964
if there's any advice
you can give them.
1529
01:48:58,198 --> 01:49:00,599
The thing I stress most
1530
01:49:00,768 --> 01:49:05,797
to the aspiring directors who often
come knocking at my door is this:
1531
01:49:07,541 --> 01:49:12,638
“It costs a great deal of money
to make a film these days,
1532
01:49:12,813 --> 01:49:14,872
and it's hard
to become a director.
1533
01:49:15,049 --> 01:49:19,452
You must learn and experience
various things to become a director,
1534
01:49:19,620 --> 01:49:22,180
and it's not
so easily accomplished.
1535
01:49:22,356 --> 01:49:25,519
But if you genuinely want
to make films,
1536
01:49:25,692 --> 01:49:28,662
then write screenplays.
1537
01:49:28,829 --> 01:49:33,266
All you need to write a script
is paper and pencil.
1538
01:49:33,434 --> 01:49:37,735
It's only through writing scripts
1539
01:49:37,905 --> 01:49:41,307
that you learn specifics
about the structure of film
1540
01:49:41,475 --> 01:49:44,843
and what cinema is.”
1541
01:49:46,080 --> 01:49:48,845
That's what I tell them,
1542
01:49:49,016 --> 01:49:51,280
but they still won't write.
1543
01:49:51,819 --> 01:49:54,845
They find writing too hard.
1544
01:49:55,022 --> 01:49:59,323
And it is.
Writing scripts is a hard job.
1545
01:49:59,493 --> 01:50:01,791
Still...
1546
01:50:01,962 --> 01:50:05,728
Balzac said that for writers,
including novelists,
1547
01:50:05,899 --> 01:50:12,805
the most essential and necessary thing
1548
01:50:12,973 --> 01:50:15,305
is the forbearance to face
1549
01:50:15,476 --> 01:50:21,040
the dull task
of writing one word at a time.
1550
01:50:22,516 --> 01:50:25,076
That is the first requirement
for any writer.
1551
01:50:25,252 --> 01:50:29,155
When you consider Balzac's
body of work with that in mind,
1552
01:50:29,323 --> 01:50:31,815
it's just staggering,
1553
01:50:31,992 --> 01:50:34,723
because he produced
a volume of written work
1554
01:50:34,895 --> 01:50:37,956
that we couldn't finish reading
in our lifetimes.
1555
01:50:39,166 --> 01:50:41,328
Do you know how he wrote?
1556
01:50:41,502 --> 01:50:43,402
It's very interesting.
1557
01:50:44,138 --> 01:50:47,369
He'd scribble along and then send
it off to the printer right away.
1558
01:50:47,541 --> 01:50:51,375
One page would be printed
on a sheet of paper this big.
1559
01:50:51,545 --> 01:50:56,949
When he got the printed pages back,
he'd make revisions in the margin
1560
01:50:58,352 --> 01:51:00,753
until very little
of the original writing remained.
1561
01:51:00,921 --> 01:51:03,219
Then he'd send those revisions
to the printer.
1562
01:51:03,390 --> 01:51:06,917
That's a good way to work,
1563
01:51:07,094 --> 01:51:09,563
though it may be hard
on the printer.
1564
01:51:09,730 --> 01:51:12,199
He was able to produce so much
because of that method.
1565
01:51:12,366 --> 01:51:14,357
That may have been
one ingredient,
1566
01:51:14,535 --> 01:51:19,996
but the most essential thing
was to have the patience
1567
01:51:20,407 --> 01:51:25,868
to write one word at a time
1568
01:51:26,046 --> 01:51:28,037
until you reach
the required length.
1569
01:51:28,215 --> 01:51:33,346
Too many people lack
that patience.
1570
01:51:34,922 --> 01:51:39,621
Once you get used to it,
1571
01:51:40,694 --> 01:51:43,891
you'll be able to write
with no trouble.
1572
01:51:46,200 --> 01:51:51,969
You only need paper and pencil
to write a screenplay.
1573
01:51:52,139 --> 01:51:54,699
When Naruse and I
were staying in an inn to write,
1574
01:51:54,875 --> 01:51:57,367
I used to visit him in his room.
1575
01:51:57,578 --> 01:52:02,277
He'd have writing paper
and a pencil on the table.
1576
01:52:02,683 --> 01:52:07,484
As we talked, he'd write
something down now and then.
1577
01:52:08,422 --> 01:52:11,790
That writing would turn
into one of his wonderful scripts.
1578
01:52:12,359 --> 01:52:15,385
This is a funny story,
1579
01:52:15,562 --> 01:52:18,862
but I asked to see what he was writing,
and he just chuckled.
1580
01:52:19,032 --> 01:52:23,492
He'd written
that such and such characters
1581
01:52:23,670 --> 01:52:26,037
were in a room doing something.
1582
01:52:26,206 --> 01:52:28,470
Just “something”!
Nothing specific?
1583
01:52:28,642 --> 01:52:31,805
For Naruse, that description was enough,
because he'd be directing.
1584
01:52:31,979 --> 01:52:33,970
He didn't need to be specific.
1585
01:52:34,147 --> 01:52:36,707
But that “something” was funny.
1586
01:52:37,985 --> 01:52:42,786
But the tedious task of writing
1587
01:52:42,956 --> 01:52:48,258
has to become second nature to you.
1588
01:52:50,597 --> 01:52:53,191
If you sit down and write quietly
the whole day,
1589
01:52:53,367 --> 01:52:57,304
you'll have written
at least two or three pages,
1590
01:52:57,571 --> 01:52:59,403
even if it's a struggle.
1591
01:52:59,573 --> 01:53:02,668
And if you keep at it, you'll eventually
have a couple hundred pages.
1592
01:53:04,011 --> 01:53:07,845
I think young people today
don't know the trick of it.
1593
01:53:08,015 --> 01:53:13,351
They start and want to get
to the end right away.
1594
01:53:13,520 --> 01:53:17,184
When you go mountain climbing,
the first thing you're told
1595
01:53:17,357 --> 01:53:19,451
is not to look at the peak
1596
01:53:19,626 --> 01:53:21,958
but to keep your eyes
on the ground as you climb.
1597
01:53:22,129 --> 01:53:27,898
You just keep climbing patiently
one step at a time.
1598
01:53:28,068 --> 01:53:31,527
If you keep looking at the top,
you'll get frustrated.
1599
01:53:32,639 --> 01:53:36,166
I think writing is similar.
1600
01:53:36,343 --> 01:53:40,507
You need to get used
to the task of writing.
1601
01:53:40,681 --> 01:53:44,083
You must make an effort
to learn to regard it
1602
01:53:44,251 --> 01:53:48,552
not as something painful
but as routine.
1603
01:53:48,722 --> 01:53:53,421
But most people
tend to give up halfway.
1604
01:53:53,593 --> 01:53:58,053
I tell my ADs that if
they give up once, then that'll be it,
1605
01:53:58,231 --> 01:54:02,998
because that becomes habit, and they'll
give up as soon as it gets hard.
1606
01:54:03,170 --> 01:54:07,300
I tell them to write all the way
to the end no matter what,
1607
01:54:07,474 --> 01:54:10,136
until they get
to some sort of end.
1608
01:54:10,310 --> 01:54:17,012
I say, “Don't ever quit,
even if it gets hard midway.”
1609
01:54:17,184 --> 01:54:20,984
But when the going gets tough,
they just give up.
1610
01:54:21,154 --> 01:54:24,647
Also, young people today
don't read books.
1611
01:54:24,825 --> 01:54:30,355
I don't think any of them
are widely read in Russian literature.
1612
01:54:31,732 --> 01:54:38,297
It's important that they at least
do a certain amount of reading.
1613
01:54:39,539 --> 01:54:42,702
Unless you have a rich reserve within,
you can't create anything.
1614
01:54:42,876 --> 01:54:47,006
That's why I often say
that creating comes from memory.
1615
01:54:47,180 --> 01:54:49,945
Memory is the source for your creation.
1616
01:54:50,117 --> 01:54:52,848
You can't create
something out of nothing.
1617
01:54:53,019 --> 01:54:55,989
Whether it's from reading
1618
01:54:56,156 --> 01:54:58,887
or from your own
real-life experience,
1619
01:54:59,059 --> 01:55:02,996
you can't create unless you have
something inside yourself.
1620
01:55:03,330 --> 01:55:08,996
In that sense, it's important
to always read a variety of things.
1621
01:55:09,169 --> 01:55:11,433
Current novels are fine,
1622
01:55:11,605 --> 01:55:16,270
but I think people should
read the classics too.
1623
01:55:17,511 --> 01:55:20,378
So if a film school was set up,
1624
01:55:20,547 --> 01:55:25,986
it would be important
to stress reading.
1625
01:55:28,455 --> 01:55:30,651
Thank you for the great stories.
1626
01:55:33,393 --> 01:55:36,294
Supervised by SHIZUO SATO
1627
01:55:36,463 --> 01:55:39,398
OF THE DIRECTORS GUILD OF JAPAN,
COMMITTEE OF CULTURAL AFFAIRS
1628
01:55:40,634 --> 01:55:46,801
Produced by
THE DIRECTORS GUILD OF JAPAN
1629
01:55:48,041 --> 01:55:51,477
THIS INTERVIEW WAS EDITED
1630
01:55:51,645 --> 01:55:57,345
WITH SUPPORT FROM THE
COMMUNICATIONS CULTURE FUND
144107
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