All language subtitles for Lo.and.Behold.Reveries.of.the.Connected.World.2016.1080p.WEB-DL.x264-AM

Werner: This is the campus of

University of California
in Los Angeles.

Today, no one of
the students is aware

that this is ground zero of
one of the biggest revolutions

we as humans
are experiencing.

One of the science
buildings here

is considered
the birthplace of the internet.

This picture of some of
the scientists involved

was taken at
this very moment.

The corridors here
look repulsive

and yet this one leads
to some sort of a shrine

reconstructed years later

when its importance
had sunk in.

Let's enter this
very special place.

We are now entering
a sacred location.

It's the location where
the internet began.

It's a holy place.

And we've just come
back to 1969

when the critical events
of the origin began.

That machine over there
is the first piece

of the internet equipment
ever installed.

It's a mini computer,

which we now call
a packet switch.

This is a...

(loud banging)

military hardened machine.

You can't break it.

And it was meant
to sustain itself

unattended for
years at a time.

This particular machine

is so ugly on the inside,

it is beautiful.

It has a unique odor.
(sniffs)

A delicious old odor
from all the old parts.

It consists of modems,

CPU logic units, memory,

power supply - all
the things you need

to make an efficient
computer work.

This machine served
as the first node

of the internet
for decades.

And it was from here
that the first message was sent.

A revolution began.

And the only
record we have

of what happened that day

is in this log.

On October 29th, 1969
at 10:30 at night

we enter that we "talked
to Stanford Research Institute

host to host"
computer to computer.

It's very much like
when on Columbus' ship,

the fellow up on top
who first spotted land,

he noticed it was and he
basically made an entry

saying "we spotted land".

That document and this document

have at least the same
equivalent importance.

Now what was that
first message?

Many people don't know it.

All we wanted to do
was log in

from our computer

to a computer 400 miles
to the north

up in
Stanford Research Institute.

To log in you have
to type "LOG"

and that machine is smart
enough to type the "IN".

Now to make sure this
was happening properly,

we had our programmer
and the programmer

up north connected by
a telephone handset

just to make sure it
was going correctly.

So Charlie typed
the L and he said

"You get the L?" Bill
said, "Yup, I got the L."

He typed the O.
"Get the O?"

"Yup, I got the O".

He typed the G.
"Get the G?"

Crash! The SRI
computer crashed.

So the first message ever
on the internet was "Lo"

as in "Lo
and Behold".

We couldn't have asked
for a more succinct,

more powerful,
more prophetic message

than "Lo".

Well, I've been involved
with the internet

really since the
very beginning.

There are a number of things

that would characterize
that involvement.

One was I started out being the,

essentially the system designer
of the ARPANET,

the very first packet net.

I joined DARPA
in the early 1970s

and started two other
networking programs:

one a ground base
packet radio net

like today's cellular
phones and a satellite net

on Intel's Dot4
based on packets.

And the internet was about
connecting them all together

and the essential elements there

were the protocols that
would make that possible

and the technology
that would be needed

inside the net to enable
these different nets

to work together.

Werner: Vint Cerf, here in 1973,

and Bob Kahn
collaborating together

created the fundamental
protocol for the internet.

For this they received
some of the highest honors

our society can bestow.

Imagine, if you will,

sitting down
to your morning coffee,

turning on your home computer

to read the
day's newspaper.

Well, it's not as far
fetched as it may seem.

17 stories up

in his fashionable
North Beach apartment,

Richard Halloran is calling
a local number

that will connect him with
a computer in Columbus, Ohio.

Meanwhile, across town in this
less than fashionable

cubby hole
at The San Francisco Examiner

these editors are programming
today's copy of the paper

into that same Ohio computer.

When the telephone connection
between these two terminals

is made, the newest form of
electronic journalism

lights up
Mr. Halloran's television

with just about everything

The Examiner prints
in its regular edition.

Of the estimated two
to three thousand

home computer owners
in the Bay Area,

The Chronicle reports
over 500 have responded

by sending
back coupons.

Werner: This report,

considering the numbers
of internet users today,

sounds already
like pre-history.

No one at that time
had a clue

about the explosion of
information technology.

Today if you would burn CDs

of the worldwide data flow
for one single day

and stack them
up to a pile,

this pile would reach
up to Mars and back.

The internet is already
permeating everything.

Even on the International
Space Station

a phone call from
one module to the next

goes via the internet.

But how do we
keep it running?

How do we guard it?

I still have a copy
of the phone directory

from the late 1970s of
everybody

who was on the internet and it
was a document about that thick

and it had the
name, address,

and telephone number
of every single person.

Actually it had it twice

because it had it once sorted
by their email address

and once sorted by
their actual name.

So if you had a
problem with anybody,

you could look them up,
you could find them.

You could find who
the actual person was

associated with
that email address.

And still today I
thumb through that

and a surprising
fraction of the people

I actually knew.

For example, there were two
other Dannys on the internet,

and I knew them both.

I still know them both.

Of course now you
can't even comprehend

the idea of a directory

that contains the
name of everybody.

Werner: Today, we
couldn't know exactly,

the directory might
be some 72 miles thick.

The capacity on the ith channel

should be the traffic
on the ith channel

over the speed
of the ith channel

plus how much is left over,

that's how much
capacity is left over -

and you split it

according to the square root
of the traffic on that channel

over the summation

of the square root
over all channels.

Dany Hills: The way
the internet works,

there's no fixed route
that a message takes.

In the early days
of the protocol

there was a kind of a bug
and one of the computers

actually had a hardware failure

that made it believe

that it could get a message
to some place

in negative time.

So of course every
message in the internet

did better by sending it
through that computer

because it
subtracted the time

net required to
send the message.

And so all the messages
in the internet

started getting sent through
that computer,

which of course got slower
and slower and slower.

So the internet kind of
started to grind to a halt.

Leonard Kleinrock: The mean
response time now

will look like this.

It will be equal to the
average path length

times the summation
of the square root

of the traffic on
the J channel

over the sum
of all traffics

summed over all
channels squared

over uc (1 minus n-bar Rho).

Whatever that equation
means it tells you

what the minimum
response time will be

for a network once
it's optimized.

The computer was
claiming that it could

deliver the message
before you even sent it.

So if you had a post
office like that

of course you
would use it, right?

This was a simplified but
exact model at the time.

Now we have other
aspects of it.

But it's basically the
underlying principles of

the network and one of
the things we found,

surprisingly, was that
the larger the network is

the far more
efficient it becomes.

Werner: Like a gambling
casino that certainly

makes money if you have
millions of gamblers

at the slot machines?

Very much so.

You've articulated
what we call

the law of
large numbers.

The law of large numbers says

that a large population of
unpredictable players,

or messages,

collectively behaves
in a very predictable fashion,

a fashion we can
write down exactly.

And therefore we can
predict the performance

of a network when its large.

The underlying
technology has scaled

by a factor of a million
in computational speed,

in bandwidth of
communications,

in storage capacity and it
may go for another decade

to a factor of a billion
or even a trillion.

Nothing in the history of
mankind has ever worked

as a technological
contribution

over that span of growth.

Werner: Back to the very
early times,

times of speculative concepts
of a connected world...

in the early 60s,

many years before the first
Apple personal computer,

a young thinker, Ted Nelson,

had his own ideas about
creating a computer network.

The web as we know it
took a different route,

but Nelson's ideas
are still dormant.

Ted Nelson: It was an experience
of water and interconnection.

I was with my
grandparents in a rowboat

in Chicago, so I must
have been five years old and

I was trailing
my hand in the water.

And I thought about how
the water was

moving around my fingers,

opening on one side
and closing on the other,

and that changing
system of relationships

where everything was
kind of similar,

kind of the same
and yet different.

That was so difficult to
visualize and express,

and just generalizing that
to the entire universe that

the world is a system of

ever changing
relationships and structures

struck me as...

a vast truth - which it is!

And...

so interconnection and
expressing that

interconnection has been
the center of all my thinking,

and all my computer work

has been about expressing
and representing

and showing interconnection
among writings especially.

And writing is the
process of reducing

a tapestry of
interconnection

to a narrow sequence.

And this is in a sense illicit.

This is a wrongful
compression

of what should
spread out.

And today's computers
they've betrayed that

because there's no system

for decent cut and paste
and they've changed

the meaning of the
words "cut and paste"

and pretended it
was the same thing.

So a guy named
Larry Tesler,

whom I consider to
be a good friend,

nevertheless changed
those words

and I consider that to be
a crime against humanity

and he doesn't
understand why.

Because humanity has
no decent writing tools.

In any case,

this is the problem:

interconnection
and representation

and sequentialization all...

similar to the issue of water.

So here we have

a parallel presentation

that shows the quotation

connected to its
original context.

"In the beginning God
created the heaven

and the earth" and
where is that from?

That is from
the King James Bible.

So we can step down to
the next quotation.

"Adam and Lilith
immediately began

to fight" and that is from
the Alphabet of ben Sira.

And so as we pull back we
can see successive pages

coming up to connect
with their sources

or with their
linked contents.

Werner: His vision of
links never materialized.

By some he was labeled
insane for clinging on.

There are two
contradictory slogans.

One is that continuing
to do the same thing

and expecting a
different result

is the definition
of insanity.

On the other hand, if at
first you don't succeed,

try, try again.

I prefer the latter
because I don't want

to be remembered as
the guy who didn't.

Werner: No, to us you
appear to be the only one

around who is
clinically sane.

No one has ever
said that before.

(laughs)

Usually I hear
the opposite.

Werner: Thank you very
much for talking with us.

It was wonderful.

(both laughing)

Marvelous.

What a team.

Werner: Yes, now it's your turn.

Werner: Today the sheer numbers

of unpredictable players
on the internet

has led to some of its
greatest glories.

Fundamental research into
cancer, AIDS,

and other diseases,

has been slowed down
by a complex problem

which has to do with

the intricate folding
of molecules.

Scientists using
super computers

could not solve it.

Adrien Treuille was
one of the creators

of a video game calling
upon the community

of video gamers out
there in the world.

Here we can see
an RNA molecule

folded up into

this beautiful helical pattern,

it forms a helix,

and the amazing thing
is that this pattern

is formed out of very,
very simple rules

which pull it together
and create this shape.

And so it's a little bit like...

you can think of your hands
as there are simple rules

which determine
how it can bend,

and then there are certain ways

in which it loves
to come together

to form a compact shape
and that's just

what these molecules
are doing in the body.

Werner: And your
shirts, for example,

you are into
shirt folding?

These molecules

fold up in much the same way

that a shirt folds.

You can imagine it starts
completely unfolded

and not at all suitable
to put in your drawer,

but if you follow very,
very simple rules

it becomes
this beautiful package

that you can then

store and show.

We took the latest
scientific models

of a biomolecule folding

and we created a game

and we put it on the web without
knowing what would happen

and without knowing if
it would be fun at all,

if anyone would come, and...

instantly people arrived

and they broke
down the computers.

We had to build
new computers.

And they played and they
spoke with one another

and they taught
one another

about the science
as non-experts

and they began
reading papers

and they began studying
and understanding.

We have lawyers,
we have school kids,

we have retired people,
we have bedridden people,

we have grandmas.

It's really everyone
from age 10 to age 100.

Werner: This idea
was impossible

before the internet and
the response was stunning.

Within days, hundreds
of thousands joined in

and they solved the puzzle.

The world responded,

and it was beautiful.

And here is where you'd
design a new molecule

and in many ways we
tried to...

subliminally, you might say,

help the players understand

and inhabit the world
of the molecule.

So we placed the whole
game in this water

and we put all of
these little bubbles

in the background,

but they're part of the
story of what's happening.

Each molecule
has its own sound,

and these sounds are
specifically designed

so that when the
molecule is well folded

they form harmonies.

(short chords)

And if something
doesn't fit together

it will form
a dissonance.

(short chords)

It's actually kind of
hard to make it do it. (laughs)

These are real
chemical results

of actual molecules
that we, players designed

and we built them.
So we say, EteRNA

is played by humans
but scored by nature.

In other words,

nature determines
who wins and who loses the game

and that's science.

Werner: The solutions
of the video gamers

are not just fantasies.

They are verifiable

and can be
synthesized in the lab.

Sebastian Thrun is also
reaching out into the world.

Originally he's
become famous

with self-driving cars.

My dream is to go and
give every human being

a chance and the best way
to do this is education.

So we built this little
company

that we called Udacity
that offers education for free.

We have hundreds of
thousands of students

staying with us at any
given point in time.

We've been amazed how fast

our student base has grown.

There's a real thirst
for education, like,

as the machines are
becoming smarter

I think people want
to become smarter.

People want to make
a contribution

and it's harder and harder
to make a contribution today

and it'll be even harder
in the future so we've

really got to go and do
something for ourselves

and the best thing we can
do I think is education.

In the very beginning of
my journey into education,

I had a chance to
teach a class online

and teach a
class at Stanford.

At Stanford you
got 200 students.

I considered myself an
extremely great teacher

so I got
a large class,

but online we got
160,000 students.

160 thousand.

and when we finally
finished this class

we were able to stack
rank the Stanford students,

who are the
most privileged

and most
selected students,

with the students
from the open world.

And the top 412 students,
they weren't at Stanford.

The best performing
Stanford student

was number 413 out
of a class of 200.

That kind of opened my
eyes and I realized,

my god, for every
great Stanford student

there is 412
amazingly great,

even better
students in the world

that don't make
it to Stanford.

Reporter: Just before heading
into the mountain section

of the course,
Stanley tracked down

and passed the
crippled Highlander,

putting Stanford racing
team's Volkswagen Touareg

into the leader position
and effectively ending

the Highlander's
bid for glory.

As Stanley crosses
the finish line,

the Stanford racing team

has made its way
into the history books.

Werner: This was
Sebastian Thrun's

moment of glory
back in 2005.

Most of his competitors
were a sorry sight.

Reporter: History has already
been made

as Highlander crosses
the 8-mile mark,

further than any
vehicle traveled

in the inaugural
Grand Challenge.

20 more teams followed
the big three out of the gate,

all hoping to complete

the 132-mile course
in a winning time.

Team Dad, with its
rotating cluster

of sensors, sped off the
line making up ground

and passing team Axion
in the process.

Team ENSCO's buggy
style robot, Dexter,

also left the line with
a full head of steam,

fiercely attacking
the desert terrain.

Kat-5, the Ford Escape hybrid
from Louisiana's Gray team,

eased its way past the crowd,

and TerraMax, the
16-ton cargo hauler,

left the gate determined
to finish the course.

Werner: Autonomous cars
are developing rapidly.

Today you don't see
big radar installations

or tons of
equipment.

So the primary objective
when we built this car

was to basically make
it look very normal

on the outside
and the inside.

The vehicle can send information

about what it is seeing
to the internet -

this can be useful to
other vehicles on the road.

It can also download
information about

what is happening on the roads
before it reaches

an accident area
or a traffic jam, for example.

Werner: So the internet
will be decisive very soon?

The internet will play
a very important role

in this, yes.

Werner: Can you open it? It must
be packed with electronics.

Yes.

So just like we humans
have brains to basically

process all the incoming
signals, we need to have

computers basically,
which process all the signals

from the lidars and the
radars and the cameras.

Werner: I can't see anything.

It turns out there
really is nothing to see.

It's a completely useable
empty trunk space,

but hidden behind...

under the... trunk,

is a set of computers.

There are four computers,
each with four so called

processing cores which
is really equivalent to

16-piece personal
computing machines

which basically
crunch all the data

coming in from the sensors.

These dots that you see
are basically reflections

from laser beams

from the laser lidar sensors
on the car.

They emit light beams,
hit obstacles, and they

come back as reflections
and they show up as dots.

Werner: It really sees
a virtual world.

It literally sees
a virtual world.

The big question
basically is that

does it understand the
ethics of a human?

Does it understand the
values of human society?

For example, our vehicle,

what it would like to do

basically is not hit anybody
as the highest priority.

And then if it has to hit
something it would prefer

to rather hit some thing
than somebody,

but what it really
wants to do is basically

not hit anything at
all or anybody at all.

Werner: But who is
going to be liable

in case of an accident?

The on-board computer?
Its designer?

The GPS system?
The internet?

Or the driver who
eats his breakfast?

When a car
makes a mistake

and learns from it,
that experience is

instantaneously shared
with all the other cars,

so all the other cars
learn from it as well.

It's actually something
that people can't do very well.

So, if I make a mistake,
which I've made many in driving,

then I can commiserate
and I can improve,

but nobody else
learns from it.

When a self-driving
car makes a mistake

automatically all the
other cars know about it,

including all
future unborn cars,

will never make that
same mistake again.

Which means the ability
for cars to develop

an artificial intelligence
is so much greater

than the ability of people
to keep up with them.

Let me show you
one of our robots.

This robot essentially
has four wheels

and each of these wheels
have these tiny rollers on them

and what this allows
this robot to do

is essentially it allows
it to drive sideways

as well as forwards,
as well as turn,

without having
to do anything

like parallel
parking maneuvers.

So that makes these robots

extremely versatile
in their motion.

To kick the ball,

what these robots have
is a main kicker,

which slides
the length of the robot

and kicks the ball forward.

We also have a chip kicker,

which can kick the ball upward

and that makes the
ball go up into the air.

Werner: These robots
are autonomous.

Nobody steers them
with a joystick.

Joydeep Biswas: Once a defender
is in place,

it'll be a bit more challenging
for this robot to score.

RoboCup this year we have
not let in a single goal,

although we scored
48 goals in total

against our opponents.

Werner: So you are
world champion?

We are.

We came first this year

in the RoboCup
international competition.

The blue robots need to
have an indirect free kick

so they're figuring out
how they should pass

between themselves.

Werner: Could this
team eventually beat

the real Brazilian
football team?

Joydeep: That is the goal
of RoboCup.

That is, by 2050

to have a team
of soccer playing robots

which can defeat
the FIFA world champions.

And we'll
see it happen.

I'm very hopeful

that we'll actually get
a team of robots

which are competent enough
and smart and intelligent enough

to actually beat the
world champions in 2050.

Werner: Better than Messi,
Ronaldo and Neymar?

Um, it sounds difficult
but we can get there.

We can get there.

We have a certain
reverence for robot 8.

I mean, to us, saying
robot 8 is equivalent

to someone saying Messi
or Ronaldo or something -

it's the same.

This here is robot 8.

It's very
identifiable because

its pattern includes four
green dots on top and it's...

one of our favorites, actually.

Werner: Beautiful.

Do you love it?

Yes, we do.

We do love robot 8.
(chuckles)

The day Nikki passed away

we were scheduled
to see a psychiatrist.

She'd had some...

psychotic issues where she had

a brain tumor when
she was very young

and it was time to do
some research on her.

I think she was
feeling nervous

that if she were
to go to this appointment

she might get
stuck in hospital

because that had
happened before.

And at some point

a couple hours
before her appointment,

she left the house.

She took Christos'
Porsche and drove away.

I saw all the police

and I started to walk down

the on-ramp
and they stopped me

and they said
I wasn't allowed down there.

And I asked if it was
my daughter in the car,

what car it was,

and they wouldn't give me
any information.

and then a crane
lifted up the car

and once it
lifted up the car,

I realized it
was the Porsche.

Werner: Adding to the tragedy,

the first responder
took photos

of the nearly decapitated
head of the girl

and emailed it to some friends.

Almost instantly the pictures
were out on the internet,

and hundreds of thousands,

possibly millions,
clicked on them.

Hoping to avoid a new
wave of sick curiosity,

we are here not even showing
a picture of Nikki alive,

only a place in the house
she liked.

Up until I saw the
pictures on the internet

I had an image of Nikki...

as a perfect...

as a perfect face,
perfect, uh...

condition.

The coroner told us,

the only thing
the coroner told us

is that a portion of her thumb

had been severed
in the accident

and that she
had head trauma,

but they never
gave us any detail.

So I always focused
on the thumb.

I received emails with
the pictures attached

and it was a short
time after the accident.

Um...

It was disguised. I didn't know
who the email came from,

and I opened it up.

And the bad ones
were very, um... hateful,

very hateful... towards me,

towards Nikki,
towards our family.

It said "Dead girl walking.

Woo hoo, daddy,
I'm still alive".

Werner: Woo hoo?

Woo hoo.

Werner: Do you
still feel the pain

when you received this?

Yes.

Werner: And it's never
gonna leave you?

Never.

Werner: Some of the hate mail

was so unspeakably horrifying

that we cannot repeat it here.

We were told there was
nothing that could be done

because... there's
no law in place

for...

pictures of deceased people

because when
they pass away,

their privacy
rights go with them.

I didn't know such
depravity existed in humans,

and I think dogs
treat their kind

better than humans
treat their kind.

It's just... there is no dignity

or respect on the internet

because we're not
held accountable.

Nobody's there
to tell us not to.

I have always believed
that the internet

is a manifestation
of the antichrist,

of evil itself.

It is the spirit of evil.

And I feel like it's
running through...

everybody on earth and it's...

claiming its victories

in those people
that are also evil.

Werner: West Virginia,

the small town of Green Bank
in Appalachia.

What you're seeing behind me
is a very large telescope,

a hundred meters in diameter,

but instead of
picking up the light

as normal telescopes do,

it picks up the radio waves that
are coming from the universe,

from objects out there
as close as the planets

but as far as
actually the Big Bang.

Werner: The telescope
discovered the black hole

in our own galaxy,
the Milky Way.

In the Visitor Center

you can roll your coins
into a funnel,

which resembles a black hole.

Your coins indeed
disappear irretrievably.

Jay Locman: If there was
a civilization like ours

on a nearby planet, we could
almost certainly pick up

some of their television
stations perhaps,

some of their radar...
who knows what.

This collecting area is
several acres in size

and it can pick up
enormous signals

from an enormous distance,
but they've traveled so far

that they are so faint that

typically they contain
a lot less energy

than the energy of
a falling snowflake

settling on the ground.

The enemy of radio astronomy

is the natural radio signals
that we make on earth

either deliberately
or accidentally.

Things like microwave
ovens can emit radiation

which can blind us
to the signals

that are coming
from the stars.

Cell phones are billions
of billions of times

stronger than the faint
signals we're looking for.

Satellites, they beam
straight down on us.

Werner:
Music stations?

Music stations, yes.

Werner: Playing Elvis?

Playing Elvis.
(laughs)

We've managed to keep
cell phone transmissions out.

Your smart phones
are dumb here;

they just do not work.

We really try to keep
wireless transmissions

of any kind suppressed

within about ten miles
of the observatory.

For a long time we had a fleet
of Checker diesels

and these were the standard
New York City cabs

and they were precious to us

because they were the perfect
vehicle for radio astronomers.

These do not have spark plugs,
they don't make noise.

Werner: In the forest
near the telescope

we met a modern day hermit.

So, see, I've finally
gone high tech.

I've got a faucet installed.

It really makes a difference,
I have to say.

I became very ill
from radiation sickness in 1996

and I lost 50 pounds.

I nearly died three times

and I became reactive

to all the wireless
radiation signals

when all the cell
phones went up.

They went up in massive
numbers in 1996

and I tried to do all
kind of treatment,

I moved, I'd lost my career.

I was working as an architect
in Honolulu.

I had to be separated
from my family and children

and finally I heard
about this in 2011

and...

as soon as I heard there was
a place with no cell towers,

I was here in 48 hours.

Sometimes if I have really bad
reactions to radiation,

I actually will sleep
on the ground.

I feel better on the ground.

And there may be
a science to this.

They say the ground
emits 7.83 hertz

and it's the natural rhythm
for animals and humans.

I also sleep in my car,

which I instinctively did
in the beginning

and I later learned that it acts
like a partial Faraday Cage.

The metal keeps
out the radiation.

This place in Green
Bank is wonderful.

It's not perfect but
I can go outside.

I can see the trees,
I can see the sky,

I can see the stars.

When I lived
in the Faraday Cage,

I had to live in a box
and I only left the box

when I wanted
to go to the bathroom

or to use the shower,

otherwise I stayed in
that box day and night.

Werner: In a cage?

In a Faraday Cage.

Werner: How long?

(sighs) A couple years.

Several years.

I had a mattress

and I didn't have
a place to stand up.

I had to stay on the
bed the entire time.

My husband went
grocery shopping,

he cooked the food,

he would bring and
serve me the food.

We'd open the door,
he'd hand me the plate

and I'd eat inside
the Faraday Cage.

I've heard it also
called as a super sense,

that we just have
this ability to,

for whatever reason,
feel these frequencies.

It's a very
legitimate illness.

But at this point I
don't consider it a gift.

I would give anything
to give it back.

Werner: You're the refugee now?

I... Yes, I don't know
what to call myself.

This is brand new

and I just want people

to know that
this type of illness

- and doctors - I really
want them to hear

that this is a
legitimate illness.

Um, and it affects our lives
tremendously, you have no idea.

When you go home today
after this interview,

you have the luxury
of going home

to your familiar
surroundings.

You have that luxury to
go back to your families.

I haven't had that in
four and a half years.

I haven't had any stability.

And I just have to
impress upon you

how serious this is for those
of us that are suffering.

And I'm extremely grateful

that there is a location here

where I am no longer in pain.

Or whatever type of
irreparable harm may be

being done to my body

will be either suspended
or temporarily arrested.

Jay Locman: There's a lot more
community interaction

in a place like this.

I think because of the absence
of cellular technology and also

because of the isolation
of a rural community

in such a beautiful place
like this.

And, yes, I do play the fiddle
and the banjo at night.

* (music plays)

* My old lady
gets mad at me *

* She gets hotter
than her tea *

* She is good
and she is bad *

* She can be the devil
when she gets mad *

* Goin' up t' Cripple
Creek, goin' on a run *

* Goin' up t' Cripple
Creek, have a little fun *

* Raise my britches
high to my knees *

* Wade in ol' Cripple
Creek when I please *

(birds chirping)

Werner: The state of Washington
across the continent,

in an idyllic forest
not far from Seattle,

a rehab center for
internet addiction

named Restart
was established.

Well, there are so many
of these severe cases.

For instance in South
Korea there was the case

of a couple that
had a young baby

and they were very much
addicted to a game

that they went to play while
neglecting their child at home.

And this baby eventually
starved to death

and they went
to jail for this,

but it is because they
were hooked on a game

and ironically it
was a game in which

they were taking care of
and nurturing in the game

a young girl,

but as they were doing that

their own child was
starving to death.

Shortly after
we opened Restart,

we got a call from a stepmom.

Her stepson was living
with his grandmother

and had just had
his leg amputated

because he'd developed
a thrombosis in his leg

from lack of movement.

So we know of cases,
many cases happening

in Korea and China,
people who are dying

at the computer because
they are playing for

40, 50, 60 hours at a time

and completely neglecting
their body's physical needs.

Werner: It is not uncommon

that in South Korea teenage
video gamers put on diapers.

This way they avoid
losing points

by going to the bathroom.

Werner: Tom, you do not need
any further introduction.

This was great.

My lowest point

came at the beginning
of this year.

New Year's Eve
I had lost a job,

I was losing my
girlfriend, my family,

my relations
were very strained

and I tried to drink
myself to death.

Werner: Suicide?

I was playing video
games 16 hours a day,

often drunk.

I watched porn a lot

and I just had given up.

I had no future,
I had no will to live.

I was just waiting for
the timer to run out.

I was in my spring
quarter in college

and I was doing
nothing except

sleeping about
six hours a day

and playing video games

and absolutely not attending
any of my classes,

not doing
any of my work

and lying to my parents
about my progress.

So it was a lot of
lying, manipulation,

isolation especially,

which are all common
things for addicts

but mine were pretty much sleep

and you know, interact
with my addiction.

Werner: Did you adopt
certain characters

that became almost like you?

(sighs)

I'm not sure I'm
comfortable with that

'cause I'm still in the phase

where thinking too deeply
about my own intricacies

could set me off,
could really start

that cravings and start those
withdrawal symptoms again.

Werner: I wanted very much

to discuss fictional characters
with Chloe,

like the malevolent
Druid Dwarf

or whoever these figures are,
but I had to desist.

(birds chirping)

The real danger
to gaming is when...

you... or when I stopped

being present in the real world

more often than I was
in the game world.

If...

If you get to the point where...

you're thinking about the game

more than you're
thinking about real life -

what you're gonna do for food,

what you're gonna do
the next day or two,

you're not thinking
about a relationship

or a job or a career.

If you're thinking
about the game...

it's a problem...

because eventually it'll get
in the way of everything real.

Werner: Our sun,
the giver of life.

At the same time it is
hostile, destructive.

Protuberances
unimaginable in size

are being hurled
into the universe.

These flares may become the
undoing of modern civilization.

The best known
historical example

of a very large solar
flare is an event

called the Carrington event
which happened in 1859.

This was observed
by an astronomer

named Carrington who
saw a patch of the sun

as he was monitoring sun
spots, grow brighter.

In those days, the predominant
form of technology

was a telegraph, that was
our main form of communication,

and this very, very large flare

that happened,
that created a brightness change

so great that Carrington
could actually

see it with his eye,
which is very uncommon,

actually induced
currents in telegraph wires

that created fires in the paper
of the telegraph machines.

There's even reports from
that time of Aurora being

seen as far south
as the equator,

and there being
Auroras so bright

at the Northern latitudes that

it was possible to
read by them at night.

We've been fortunate

that nothing as large
as the Carrington Event

has happened in these times
of modern technology

but even the smaller
solar flare events

that we do see
do disrupt our communications

and create outages
in our power grid

and disruptions
for our satellites.

(people gasping and screaming)

Werner: New York City.

What Hurricane Sandy
caused here

could happen on a worldwide
scale and much worse.

No electricity, no internet,

no drinking water,
no flushing of toilets,

no gas and no shopping.

News Reporter: All you could see
was the outline

of the hospital
against a darkened sky.

A lone flashlight up in one
of the hospital rooms there

as doctors and nurses rushed
from patient to patient.

Out front, ambulances.

These images from my iPhone
as we approach the hospital,

just one of the nearly
300 patients who were

one by one brought
out and taken to safety.

- (alarms blaring)
- What we got going on here

is a complete blackout
in New York City, and um...

I'm on the third floor
of Clear Channel

where Z100, KTU, Lite FM, Q,

we're all located
on the third floor.

Every station is off the
air in New York City.

I don't think it's ever
happened in the history

of broadcasting in New York.

It's like
a Will Smith movie, man.

It's very weird. Very weird.

And I feel kind of
helpless because

I'm glad I'm here and I'm safe,

but there's a lot of crap
going on at home.

My neighbors tell me
it's a big mess.

So I'm nervous about what I'm
gonna head home to tomorrow.

Wassup?

This is a control room.

Werner: Meet Lawrence Krauss.

As a cosmologist

he is studying the origins
of our universe.

Much of his attention
has been focused on our planet.

Lawrence Krauss: If there's
a solar flare...

if you destroyed the information
fabric of the world right now,

modern civilization
would collapse.

Hundreds of millions of people
will die.

Billions of people will die.

The world will become,

for people like you and me,

unimaginably ugly, difficult,

and...

there's great likelihood
that I couldn't survive.

If the internet shuts down,

people will not remember how
they used to live before that.

I start to think of Maslow's
hierarchy of needs.

I mean, let's get back
to the base of the pyramid

and think about
food and shelter.

You have food networks
that are hugely

dependent on being
able to route digitally

what the needs are and where

and, through efficiencies
created

when the network
is working well,

you don't have
warehouses near people

stocked to the brim with food.

If you disrupt those
networks I imagine,

what do they say?

"Civilization is always
about four square meals

away from utter ruin"?

That's something

that it wouldn't be bad
to prepare for.

As we've thought about
an internet of things

where often for purely,

looked at at this moment,
unnecessary reasons,

we not only attach daily
objects to the internet

but make them reliant on
that internet connection

in order to
function properly.

So the idea that our
standard appliances

couldn't work
without connectivity,

that we wouldn't be able
to get...

to a restaurant
that in turn wouldn't be able

to get to food
and to organize staff...

I suspect, however,

that some individuals
will survive.

Let us remember that we
come from a background

where at one point

there were less than a thousand
individuals alive,

probably down in the
southern part of Africa,

and we were a
hair's breadth away

from disappearing
as a species.

Lucianne Walkowicz:
We have no control over

what the sun chooses to do.

We do know that
there is a solar cycle,

so there are times
of high activity

when there are many flares and
there times of low activity

when there are
relatively few.

Events like the
Carrington Event appear

to be fairly uncommon
but not non-existent,

they're not single
isolated events.

We do see that flares
are repeatable,

it's just that the large
ones are less common

than the small ones.

So by observing
other stars actually

we can get some idea
of how frequently

these things happen
and it seems to be

every few hundred
years or so.

So it's really a matter of time

before we have
a large solar flare.

- Um, not a matter of...
- Werner: ...it's when.

Yes, not a matter "if"
we'll have a large solar flare.

Will we disappear
as a species?

Again, Werner,
I can't tell you

because I don't
make predictions.

It would be...

unimaginably bad

and I prefer to not
think about it right now.

Werner: Las Vegas, Nevada.

One of the casinos is
preparing to host DefCon,

the annual convention
of the hacker community.

In less than two
decades it has grown

to 20,000 participants.

At least a thousand
of them will be FBI,

the CIA, Chinese
secret service,

and other
interested parties.

We are about to
meet Kevin Mitnick,

a demigod among the
community of hackers.

Just mentioning
his name here

makes everyone
fall silent in awe.

Am I proud of being
the world's most famous hacker?

Um... It's a title that's
kind of cool to have,

but I had a lot of
trials and tribulations

to get to that point.

A lot of bad things
happened in my life,

like, for example, going
to a federal prison.

So it's a title that was earned,

but I took the hard road.

When I was a federal fugitive

I was really concerned obviously
about getting arrested

so what I did is I hacked
into the cell phone company,

one of the cell phone
companies in Los Angeles,

and through what
we call metadata...

It's interesting
because nowadays

with the revelations
of Edward Snowden,

he talked about metadata
being very critical

in the NSA's ability to
track us and surveil us

and the NSA says,
oh, it's only metadata,

it doesn't mean anything.

Let me tell you
how I was able to use

metadata to track
the FBI in the 1990s.

I was able to hack into
the cell phone company

and I was able to identify

the phone numbers
that belonged

to the FBI white collar crime
squad in Los Angeles.

And I was able
to look at their...

I couldn't get the
contents of the call

but I could see who they called
and who called them

so I was able to get
a lot of intelligence.

And then what I
was able to do is,

through this device, I was
able to program this device

with all the FBI cell
phone numbers

of the people that were
in charge of my investigation.

It would start sending me
pager alerts

that the FBI cell phone is here,
you know, within a mile.

So what I did that night
is I took

all my computer
stuff: my floppy disk, my CDs,

anything that's
technology related -

I put it at a friend's house

and then I went
to Winchell's Donuts

and I got a big...

I think it was a 24 box
of, you know, donuts.

I took a Sharpie and
wrote "FBI Donuts" on the box,

I put it in the refrigerator

and on a big post-it note
outside the refrigerator

- you know the logo for
Intel says "Intel inside"?

I put "FBI donuts inside" and
stuck it on the refrigerator.

And it just so happens
at 6:00 that morning

I wake up...
And how I wake up is

I hear somebody
jiggling the door.

The FBI knocks, they
don't jiggle doors,

and I go "who is it?"
just instinctively

because I thought someone
was trying to break in.

"FBI, open up!
Open up!"

And they're looking for
anything electronic -

a computer, a cell phone,
and nothing's there.

And as soon as one of the guys
gets to the refrigerator...

(chuckles)

...he just goes... he goes
"what the fuck?"

You know, he's pissed because

they obviously knew I knew
they were coming,

so they were not happy.

I was arrested and
I was in court and

I thought I was going
home that day

and then this federal prosecutor
tells the judge

that we not only have to
hold Mr. Mitnick without bail

but we have to make sure
he can't get to a telephone.

and I was really paying
attention at this point,

and then the prosecutor
starts telling the judge

that if we let
Mr. Mitnick near a telephone,

he can dial up to NORAD,
dial up the modem,

whistle into the phone
and launch an ICBM.

Facing 400 years in prison

I had nothing to lose.

I ended up being
held in federal prison

without bail in solitary
confinement for a year.

Werner: After his
time in solitary,

Mitnick languished four more
years in federal prison.

Because the internet
was designed

for a community
that trusted each other

it didn't have a lot
of protections in it.

We didn't worry about
spying on each other,

for example.

We didn't worry about
somebody sending out to us spam

or bad emails or viruses

because such a person
would have been,

you know, banned
from the community.

It would be really nice
when I got a message

if I knew where the
message came from.

But the way that the protocols
of the internet work,

that's fundamentally
impossible.

And so I kind of have
to look at the message

and guess, is this
somebody pretending

to be somebody else.

We can design systems
that are really anonymous

or that are utterly identifiable
down to the person

and it's time
for us to think about

what contexts we'd
want to support what.

A system that is utterly
identifiable at all times

is a nightmare.

It's exactly what we don't
want to hand a country

that doesn't embrace
the rule of law -

ready made for them to
employ with their populace.

At the same time, a
system that can provide

no accountability at all...

We have pockets of that online

and most people do
not find that appealing.

In any frontier,
before the law gets there,

there's always people seeking
to take advantage of the system.

I've seen in the United States,
for instance,

probably something like five
or six billion identities lost

but there aren't that
many people in the United States

which makes everyone a little
inured to it every time.

What does it really
mean when they hear

their identity's
been compromised?

It's not always an identity
compromising totality.

Sometimes it's just
a small portion of it.

Your identity comprises
many, many things.

There is one you and
there are many components

that represent
you digitally.

Some compromises
in that system

have very little impact
on you, and some huge,

but the line between
your physical life

and digital life is becoming
far more blurred

and there will come a point
where the threats online

will hamper your ability
to embrace new technology.

That's what my colleagues
and I have to push back.

Governments who can achieve
all the same effects they would

for international affairs
or foreign affairs

without having to
rely on tools of war...

it's another tool at
the table, right?

War is an extension of
politics by other means?

Well, now there's another
one with much less risk,

easier to fund, and
it puts even some

smaller nation states
on the same playing field

as larger ones.

So dozens of nation
states have an ability

to hack others and
they use this

as an extension
of foreign policy.

Werner: We became curious
to look

into the biggest cyber attack
known until today.

Werner: You were at
the Sandia National Laboratory.

What sort of a company is
Sandia, can you explain?

Sure. Sandia
National Laboratories

is a government
research laboratory,

a Department of Energy
Research laboratory

that does work in the
national interests:

weapons work,

there's solar energy research,

micro machine research,

cyber security research,

those sorts of endeavors.

Werner: Nuclear weapons?

Nuclear weapons, yep.

It's part of the nuclear
weapons complex

for stockpile stewardship
along with some

of the other laboratories
just to ensure

that the weapons
will function properly and...

as they age
through the years.

Werner: So a wonderful
target for cyber-attacks.

It is.

Werner: It can't get any better.

It's, uh, it has
a big target on it, yes.

Werner: You stumbled
over a problem?

A problem, yes.

Terrifying in scope,
basically, you know,

hundreds of organizations -

military, defense,
industrial based

compromised as far
as their networks

and, you know, just...

people maintaining
a presence on the network

for the sole purpose
of siphoning off

information of value.

Werner: But we know
World Bank was affected,

NASA was affected,
military was affected.

That's correct.

I just cannot talk about it.
I'm sorry.

(laughs)

Werner: Alright, but...

we do know a name.

We do have a beautiful
name: Titan Rain.

Mm hmm.

Werner: Can you at least nod?

Yes.

Werner: The scope of
our conversation

was extremely reduced,

but some
of the information here

became part
of court proceedings.

The transcripts
are public record,

including the name
coined by the FBI.

Werner: You were not up
at night in the office,

you were up at night at home?

Up at night at home, yes.

Werner: Lots of coffee?

Lots of coffee.

Lots of Nicorette.
(laughs)

Werner: And how rewarding is it
to trail the enemy?

To find the track?

It's very rewarding.

It's like a puzzle,

finding patterns within chaos

that shouldn't be there

and finding these anomalies.

And once you
scratch the surface,

you start to put together clues

and develop a better picture.

You can be certain
that you're pursuing

a certain person
or a certain entity

and it could just be a ghost.

Until you have
some physical proof,

you have someone
that kicks a door down

and sees that this is the person

that's actually
behind the keyboard,

it can all be a myth
or an illusion.

It could be, you know,
a layered sort of thing

or all at once, you know,

just to bring down power,
financial systems,

and just degrade, corrupt them.

Sometimes it's even worse,

rather than bringing it down
you corrupt it

and undermine faith, let's say,
in the stock market.

Don't bring it down,
you start altering prices,

you start altering records,

and you delete them en masse

and just cause chaos
so the markets cannot even

restore and come up for days.

The possibilities of
taking over spacecraft

and lowering the orbits
of the spacecraft

so they burn up,
and vital GPS communications

and other sorts
of communications are...

there's nothing there
to replace them anymore.

Werner: Could it be
that we are right now already

in a cyber war
that we don't even notice?

Sure.

Kevin Mitnick: It doesn't matter
how much money

a company invests
in technology.

You can spend
tens of thousands of dollars

on your firewall, on your
intrusion prevention systems

and your spam,
on your anti-virus,

and if I could just
manipulate one person

inside that company, I'm in.

95% of the work, when I used
to do this in the past,

is research
and finding out about

the human element
and gathering information

and emails and their personal
emails and the conference

that they were just at
and who spoke before them

and that person's email address
so I can send

that person
a rigged PDF attachment

that may look perfectly normal
and forge it

because I just spoke with
this guy so I'm gonna open it.

And nothing happens
on my computer

but in the background
a little Trojan is dropped

that starts communicating
that allows me access

and then I, you know,
gather more information.

I grab his contact book,

I find the people
that know the information

that I'm interested
in exploiting,

and then I send an email
from him

with the same type of attachment

and eventually
I have what I want.

People are
the weakest link in security.

People. Not the technology.

TV: Now through this special
TV offer you can receive

a Motorola flip phone
with Cellular One service

for just pennies a day.

Now everyone
can enjoy the freedom

of a personal cellular phone.

You can make a call anywhere...

Or get a call anytime.

(chuckles)

So I'm living in Denver,
Colorado - incidentally

I'm not living
under the name Kevin Mitnick,

I'm under the name
of Eric Weiss.

Why Eric Weiss?

Because at the time
I was a federal fugitive

I was hiding from the FBI

and my idol was Harry Houdini
and that's Houdini's real name,

so I thought I had
a sense of humor.

So I call directory assistance,
I get the number to Motorola.

I'm now talking
to the Vice President

for Research and Development
for all of Motorola Mobility

and I go "Hey, this is Rick over
at Arlington Heights"

because I found out they had
an Arlington Heights facility.

"I'm looking for
the project manager

of the MicroTAC".

And the VP goes "Oh, that's Pam.

She works for me,
would you like her extension?"

I go "Sure, give it to me",
and he gives me the extension.

So my next call is to Pam

but I don't get her,
I get her outgoing greeting

on her voicemail and
she told her callers

that she just left on a two week
vacation,

the date she's returning, and if
you need any help whatsoever

please call Alicia
at extension blah, blah, blah.

So of course my next call
is to Alicia

and she answers the phone
and I go "Hey, Alicia,

this is Rick over
at Arlington Heights.

Did Pam leave on vacation yet?"

Of course,
I already knew she had.

And she goes "Yes" and I go
"Well, before she left,

she said that you could
help me get a copy

of the MicroTAC source code.

She said you would help me out".

About five minutes later she
goes "I found the source code".

You know, she gave me
the release number

and she goes
"but there's a problem.

Rick, I'm gonna have to talk
to my security manager

about what you're asking me
to do. I'll be right back".

And I go "No, wait, wait!"

'cause I didn't want her to talk
to any security manager

because obviously they'd
figure out what's going on.

About eight minutes later
she comes back on the line.

I'm nervous, thinking they
hooked up a tape recorder

and that's gonna be Exhibit A
in the court case later.

And she goes "Rick?"
And I go "uh huh?"

and she goes "That IP address

you gave me
to do the file transfer

is not inside Motorola's campus,
it's outside,

and because of that
I can't transfer the file

because we need to use
a special proxy server to do so

and I don't have an account".

And I go "Uh huh",
you know and I just go

"Alright, thank you very much"

and she goes "Wait, wait,
I have some great news for you".

I go "what?"

She goes "My security
manager gave me

his personal user name
and password

so I could log onto the proxy
server to send you the file!"

Motorola had a bunch of
security, technical security,

but it only took me 15 minutes
with a good gift of gab

to get the crown jewels.

So that's how that worked.

Werner: But you didn't sell it.
It was curiosity.

- No.
- Werner: It was a sport.

Trophy.

Narrator: This is Taurus,
the concept that has evolved

from the work of these teams
of scientists and engineers.

They believe
the huge space colony

could be built
before the year 2000.

Constructed almost entirely
from ore mined on the moon,

the Taurus colony
would become home

for 10,000 people.

Werner: Ideas of creating

colonies outside
of planet Earth

have been around
for a long time.

The problem of water,
air and shelter

looks already solved.

In fact, nothing looks inviting
out there.

There is a private company,
SpaceX,

which is pursuing this idea
in practical terms.

Here rockets are being
assembled for the transport.

The founder of
SpaceX, Elon Musk,

is not just a dreamer.

He made his
fortune with PayPal,

he's building
Tesla electric cars,

and is now constructing

the largest factory
for batteries on this planet.

After setbacks,

he's now successfully
launching rockets.

Elon Musk: For the first time
in the history of Earth,

in 4.5 billion years,

the window of possibility
is open for us

to extend life
to another planet.

To the best of our
knowledge life exists

only on Earth. You know...

There's a good argument that
it exists elsewhere

but we've seen no sign of it.

I think it's important
for us to take advantage

of that window
while it is open

and to establish life

on another planet
in the solar system

just in case something
goes wrong with Earth.

Um...

And, uh...

You know, there could be either
a natural or manmade disaster

that knocks the
technology level

below that where
it's possible

to travel to another planet.

The key to establishing

a self-sustained
large civilization

is getting
the cost-per-unit-mass

low enough that there's
an intersection of sets:

the set of people that
wish to move to Mars

and the set of people that
can afford to move to Mars

inclusive of government aid.

I mean, right now we can't
even get one person to Mars.

- So, clearly...
- Werner: I would come along.

I wouldn't have a problem.

- Werner: One way ticket.
- That sounds great.

Werner: I'd be your candidate.

Okay.

I do think we'll want to...

offer round trips because

a lot more people
would be willing to go

if they think that
if they don't like it,

they can come back.

Werner: But how
would we talk to them

who chose to stay?

Who would tell them the
outcome of the World Series?

Elon: Mars is actually
a comparatively easy

internet thing to establish,

at least for
local internet because

you wouldn't be living
everywhere on Mars

so you'd really just need

maybe four
satellites to have

global internet coverage
because of how sparse

the civilization
would be on Mars.

And then some
relay satellites

to get back to Earth.

Particularly when Mars
is on the other side of the sun,

you'd need to sort of bounce it
off a relay satellite,

you couldn't communicate
directly with it.

Werner: The skyline of Chicago.

It looks devoid of
its inhabitants.

We have to assume
that nearly everyone

has left
for a colony out there.

* ("Are You Lonesome Tonight"
by Elvis Presley playing) *

* Are you lonesome tonight?

* Do you miss me tonight?

* Are you sorry
we drifted apart? *

* Does your memory stray

* To a brighter sunny day

Werner: The planetarium is
the only point of contact.

Inside, a monument for those

who have levitated and left.

Yes, things must be
real good out there.

* Do the chairs
in your parlor *

* Seem empty and bare?

Werner: But then we
met some stragglers

left behind.

They're all
on their smartphones.

Have the monks
stopped meditating?

Have they
stopped praying?

They all seem to be tweeting.

* Shall I come
back again? *

* Tell me, dear, are you
lonesome tonight? *

Werner: How could we
communicate with stars out there

that potentially have life?

Well, we can think of creating
a kind of long range internet

either through the use
of radio waves

or perhaps visible light.

So these would be
the kinds of signals

that we could generate in
the case of lower energy signals

like radio waves
relatively cheaply

and we could broadcast,

if we came up
with a suitable code

some way
of transmitting information

over galactic
and intergalactic distances.

Werner: But we would get
an answer back

in 800,000 years?

Maybe 2.5 million years?

Well, I think that the
more one looks for

planets in the universe
beyond our solar system

that are potentially places

that might be
hospitable to life,

the more you appreciate
the wonderful planet

that we have here that
allows us to do things

like swim in an ocean,

breathe the air without
the help of our technology,

and so, while I would like us
to explore Mars more,

I think the only thing
that we've demonstrated is

that we're very good

at destroying
the habitability of earth,

rather than improving
the habitability

of a completely alien world.

The idea that Mars will
somehow save us

from the decisions we've made
here is a false one.

And it's a little like
saying that

you're going to go live
in the lifeboat when, you know,

even lifeboats need
somewhere to land.

I don't think I
have good dreams.

I'm sure I have
good dreams sometimes,

but I don't seem to
remember the good dreams.

The ones that I remember
are the nightmares.

Werner: The Prussian war
theoretician, Clausewitz,

Napoleonic times,

once famously said,

"sometimes war
dreams of itself".

Could it be that the internet

starts to dream of itself?

Great question.

To think about dreaming,

there are maybe
two aspects.

One is...
what I'll call awareness,

when you wake
up and you say

"I was just dreaming
this" and you know it.

Another aspect is just...

some kind of pattern of
activity that emerges,

not because of some
external stimuli

but just because
of something going on

in unpredictable patterns.

I think already the internet
has the second of those,

has unpredictable patterns
all the time.

They cause things
like flash crashes

on the
financial markets.

So we have plenty of
kind of currents

running around in the internet

that are unpredictable,

in some cases unstoppable.

Werner: Imaginative?

Now it comes to what do
we mean by imaginative.

But if we mean...

We call a person imaginative

if they come up with ideas
that we didn't think of

and that we
nevertheless admire.

If they can...

Usually admiration
is part of it.

So for the internet,
so far I think

it's mostly just unpredictable.

I haven't seen anything
the internet did on its own

that I admire.

Does the internet
dream of itself?

It does in the sense that
it can beget

additional networks layered
on top of it

that have the characteristics
of the underlying internet.

So just as the basic internet
is a series of computers

that happen to talk internet
to each other

so that you can move
a bit from here to there,

there's a fellow named
Sir Tim Berners-Lee

who could conceive of
something called

the World Wide Web and
choose not to copyright it,

not to patent it, to allow
anybody to speak "server"

and some people
speak "client"

and then before you know it,
you've got websites.

The web is the internet
dreaming of itself.

Could it be that the internet
dreams of itself?

It's a fascinating idea.

In fact, there was a wonderful
science fiction story

which later got turned
into a movie,

"Blade Runner", and
I think it was called

"Do Androids Dream
of Electric Sheep?"

The robot's dream,

but the internet is
nothing but connections.

Will it have its
own consciousness?

Will it have its
own set of rules?

And perhaps...

on an even more scary realm,

a science fiction realm,
will the internet

therefore make
its own decisions?

And will the decisions about

how communication happens

go out of human hands?

That's certainly a possibility.

But since we don't even
understand consciousness,

I am hesitant to
make any predictions

and I think anyone
who claims

they know what's going to
happen to the internet,

is not worth listening to.

Werner: Pittsburg.

The Industrial Age -

the steel mills
are long gone.

A new industry has
established itself.

Here robots are
being designed.

This one
named Chimp

is testing its
limbs on its own.

Soon battalions of them
connected via internet

could perform rescue missions
in disaster zones.

I think it's gonna run through
the lift joints momentarily.

We're still a long
ways away from a robot

having a complete
understanding

of the world, of
cause and effect,

of desires and hopes
and dreams,

and those are the things that
still make humans human

and robots on a
much lesser scale.

Well, you could
think of this scenario

almost as robot dreaming.

This is, you know, a robot

conceptualizing what is gonna
happen in the future

and thinking about
different scenarios

and for any of these motions
it's considering

thousands and thousands
of scenarios per second

that might happen,

um... especially
when you get to the point

of robots exchanging information
with one another,

then you might have a robot
dreaming about places

it hasn't even been.

This is the Chimp
view of the world

now using a high
resolution laser scanner

and it has to really
build up its...

its learning of what's going on
in the environment.

In this case it's a valve
that it's trying to turn

and we see the pre-planning -

this is like
the robot imagination

of what's gonna happen:

where the gripper is gonna be,

how it's gonna come
into that valve,

and how it can manipulate it.

Werner: It could have
opened the valve in Fukushima

and prevented an explosion?

Vandeweghe: That was
one of the key things

that spurred this research...

realizing that it was
too dangerous for humans

to go in but if you
could have had a robot

go in and just do
some simple things,

straightforward things that
the humans were unable to do:

open valves to change
the cooling flow patterns,

maybe turn on pumps again.

That would have
made all the difference

in preventing the
hydrogen build-up

and the
subsequent explosion.

Werner: How valuable is
the cockroach for you?

I think any insect
is amazingly, uh...

advanced, compared to the state
of the art robots right now.

If you think
about a cockroach,

the fact that it can scurry
around on the floor,

it can avoid dangers, it
can find food for itself,

it can reproduce,

and it can live for several
years on its own,

robots are nowhere
near that point yet

and I think it'll be
great when we have even

as much capability
as a cockroach.

Danny Hillis: I can not only
imagine artificial intelligence

evolving spontaneously
on the internet

but I can't tell you it
hasn't happened already.

Because...

it wouldn't necessarily
reveal itself to us.

I think that the biggest
risk is not that the AI will...

develop a will of its own,

but rather that
it will follow the will

of people that establish
its utility function,

its optimization function,
and that optimization function,

if it is...

if it is not well thought out -

I mean even
if it's relatively...

if its intent is benign,

it could have
quite a bad outcome.

For example, if you were...

a hedge fund or a private
equity fund and you said,

well, all I want
my AI to do is

maximize the value
of my portfolio,

then...

the AI could decide,

well, the best way to do that
is to short consumer stocks,

go long defense stocks,
and start a war.

And that would
obviously be quite bad.

Werner: Such an attack
would be much more

prosaic than an invasion
of these aliens

in the SpaceX
reception area.

I think we're gonna
get to the point where

almost everything we do
will be done by machines.

And we'll still need people

but if you ask the question
about will there ever be...

an artificial intelligent
machine that makes movies?

Absolutely yes.

Will it be quite
as good as yours?

No one can
even come close.

Werner: Of course not.

But actually I think
almost everything we do,

we find machines
doing better,

and the reason why that's
the case is because

machines learn faster
than people can learn.

Werner: But they cannot
fall in love as we can.

And will it be useful for
machines to fall in love?

Would we want
to have machines

that are just like
people? I would say no.

Honestly, if a dishwasher
came to me and said

"look, I'm falling in love
with the refrigerator and,

as a result, I have no
time to wash the dishes".

I wouldn't like
that dishwasher.

We're going to have
a revolution

not only in our technology,
but in our theology.

We don't even have
a name for it

but it's around the internet,
it's around connectivity,

it's around building machines
to think for us

and I think we're due
for another shift

in our morals, in our....

in our definition of what
it means to be human.

We're right just at
the beginning of that,

and so you can see us
trying to kind of...

feel out and invent
this new society

and invent this new ideas
of what's right and wrong.

What can we depend
on each other for...

or what can we expect
from each other?

How much do we
want to do that?

So I think it's an
incredibly creative time

in human history -
not just technologically

but also morally
and culturally.

(inaudible)

This room should
know I'm here.

I should be able
to talk to it.

It should be able to give
me an answer verbally.

I should ask where, for example,
is a high-speed printer?

Or where did I leave my keys?

Or where's a book
on this subject?

And it should answer
me with speech,

with a hologram,
with a display,

in a very natural way.

I should maybe use
gestures and touch,

and even smell
and all my senses

to interact in a
very humanistic way

with this technology
around us.

And once that technology
comes out

into our physical world

and becomes embedded

in our walls, in our
desk, in our bodies,

in our fingernails,
in our cars, in our offices,

in our homes,

it should disappear

and become invisible.

Whereas electricity...

there's a socket in
the wall, you plug in,

you get electricity.

You don't care
how it's made.

It's not a
complicated interface.

It's invisible.

The internet is yet
to evolve to that goal

I was hoping for
of being invisible.

What's interesting
about the internet

is what you're gonna build
on top of it for you and for me.

I call it the internet of me.

It is a world where
when you walk into a room

the lights dim to
your preference level.

You may have music
that starts up.

It may even have complex
protocols for having

to interact with somebody
else's internet of me.

That's interesting,

and the world that
will emerge as a result,

eventually you won't
even need phones.

The environment will
be so wired

that your experience
will be brought to you.

Your calls will be
brought to you,

your advertising, your
content, your work -

all of it will come with you.
That's an internet of me.

It is going to take
a leap of thought,

a leap of courage... societally

for us to accept a generation

that's always had
an egotistical world.

We tell children very often

you have to play with
others, you have to share,

your worldview
isn't unique.

But when the world,
the objects in it

start to tell them
that they are,

that they're different,
that's egotistical.

But it will also
be a magical world,

one where the wave of a
hand creates doors moving

and objects
changing position.

Imagine a generation
that's never known

anything else but that.

I deeply regret
the fact

that deep critical thinking

and imaginative thinking,

that creative thinking is lost.

In my opinion, computers
and in some sense

the internet are
the worst enemy

of deep critical thinking.

Youth of today
are using machines

to basically replace

their examination
of the things they're observing.

They don't understand
what they're looking at

or what they're hearing
or what they're learning.

They depend upon the internet
to tell them and decipher it.

They look at numbers
instead of ideas.

They fail to
understand concepts,

and this is a problem.

My hope would be there
are still going to be

the appeal of deep
immersion in something,

that through the
school system

we still subject our kids to,

we can really try to

turn them onto its charms

so they become intrinsically
self-motivated to pursue it.

Whether we use science
or ancient Greek

or philosophy,

it's those tools
that are important.

Those are the
things that people

are gonna be able
to use in the future.

The actual information
they learn in school

won't be important
because it'll be dwarfed

by the information
that's coming out

on the internet
every single day.

Historians I think
will also see

an interesting thing.

They'll probably call
the time around now

the Digital Dark Age.

It will be very
mysterious

because a lot of things
happened quickly

but the records
will all be lost.

We don't have the
handwritten letters

like we have from, you know,

the founders
of the Constitution,

The founding fathers.

We have their letters
with each other.

We can see the sort of
background conversation

in creating the
United States government.

We don't have the equivalent

for the background conversation
in creating the internet

because it was
all done on email.

There's a playful project

called the Wikipedia
Emergency Project

that if there's ever
going to be possibly

a world changing event,
a big volcanic eruption,

Wikipedia volunteers
are supposed to

start printing out
Wikipedia pages madly

and storing the
paper in places

that their heirs
could find it later.

Marcel Just: What this scanner
measures, it's an MRI scanner,

and it measures
magnetic resonance energy

that's emanating
from the brain.

So it's really
extra sensory.

It's precise enough to tell us

what activity is occurring

in each little volume element

the size of a peppercorn.

When you read a
sentence that says

"There are two elephants
walking across the savanna"

a computer program can
tell that the same thought

is going on in your brain

whether you're
watching the video

or reading the sentence.

At a conceptual
level it's the same.

It's also the same for
people across languages.

There's a universality of
the alphabet of human thoughts

and it applies to the videos

that Jack Gallant and his
colleagues have found

but also applies to
spoken and written speech

so, and it
crosses languages.

We have a vocabulary,
the brain has a vocabulary

and we're beginning
to discover it.

Right now we need this
two million dollar machine

that weighs 16,000 pounds,

but you ask, in the future
will some genius biophysicist

invent a little
cap or helmet that'll do it?

I think that
that's likely.

The energy, the
electromagnetic energy,

is just sitting there.
It's sitting there.

So when you talk
about telepathy -

telepathy is communication
across a distance.

Well, we can already
go a few millimeters

and it's just a
matter of time

before we can go
thousands of miles.

You could essentially,

in the not too distant
future, tweet thoughts.

So not type your little
tweet, but think it,

press a button

and all your followers
could potentially read it.

Werner: Could you detect,

this woman who is passing by

and spots you, is just about
to fall in love with you?

Now that would
be an innovation.

That would be the...

the killer application
I guess you would say.

Well, I try not
to make predictions

about anything less than two
trillion years from now -

for good reasons.
One is that

no one will be able
to know if I'm wrong.

But that's one of
the wonderful things

about the future is you don't
know where it's gonna go.

And the internet is, like
most results in science,

out of control.

And if you think
about predictions

about the future
as done in the past,

they always miss
the important stuff.

In fact, most science fiction

missed the most important thing
about the present world,

which is the internet itself.

They had flying cars,

they had rocket ships.

None of that exists,

but the internet
governs our lives today.

It used to be

that when you communicated
with someone

the person you
were communicating with

was as important
as the information.

Now on the internet,

the person isn't
important at all.

In fact it was
developed so that

scientists like me could
communicate with each other

without knowing where
the other person was

or even who the
other person was.

There's a famous cartoon from
The New Yorker which says

"On the internet no one
knows if you're a dog".

And in the future

you won't know if you're
communicating with dogs

or robots or people,

and it won't matter.

But becoming
your own filter

will be the challenge
of the future.

Because the filter
isn't provided with you.

There's no controls
on the internet.

No matter what
governments do

or no matter
what industries do,

the internet
is gonna propagate...

out of control

and people will have to
be their own controls.

Tom Mitchell: I think
in the future, one next step

from computation
to communication

will be to sensing
and remote sensing.

Werner: And mind
reading via the internet?

One of those sensors will
be brain imaging sensors.

Werner: And you will
transmit thoughts?

(laughing)

The two of you.

Will our children's
children's children

need the companionship
of humans

or will they have
evolved in a world

where that's not important?

It sounds awful,
doesn't it?

But maybe
it'll be fine.

Maybe the companionship
of robots,

maybe the companionship
of an intelligent internet

will be sufficient.

Who am I to say?

* (music plays)

* I'm standin' on a
corner shovel in my hand

* I'm lookin' for a
woman or a workin' man

* Honey, let me
be your salty dog *

* Oh, let me be
your salty dog *

* I won't be
your man at all *

* Honey, let me
be your salty dog *

* Let me be your salty dog

* I won't be your man at all

* Honey, let me
be your salty dog *

* Well, let me be
your salty dog *

* I won't be your man at all

* Honey, let me
be your salty dog *

I want you do some...

(applause)