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(dramatic music)
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- [Narrator] It lords
over the solar system.
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A mega-world two and a half times the mass
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of all the other planets combined.
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This spinning giant whips
up hazardous radiation,
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ferocious hurricanes,
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and treacherous magnetic fields.
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A spacecraft charges into the maelstrom
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daring the planet Jupiter
to give up its secrets.
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Juno is part of a larger effort
to see into giant Jupiter,
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to glimpse a time over
four billion years ago
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when planets were born and obliterated.
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Flung into space or tossed into the sun.
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It was a time when the
fate of our own small
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and fragile world hung in the balance.
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(light dramatic music)
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The Greeks called him
Zeus, the Romans, Jupiter.
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The king of the gods hid
his nefarious activities
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behind swirling clouds.
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Only his wife, the goddess
Juno, could pierce the veil
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of mists to catch him in the act.
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NASA's Juno, the Jupiter
near-polar orbiter,
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left Earth on a mission to peer into
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the mysterious Jovian atmosphere.
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To find clues to the powerful forces
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that churn beneath its roiling cloud tops.
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And some of 300,000
times the mass of Earth,
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Jupiter holds over 70% of the mass
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of the solar system beyond the sun.
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Juno is the latest in a series of missions
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designed to measure the
properties of the planet,
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how it got so large,
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and how it shaped a rocky blue world.
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Earth.
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(light funky music)
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To understand Jupiter's early years,
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astronomers have been watching
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another solar system take shape.
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Out in the constellation Pictor,
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63.4 light years away, a
young star, Beta Pictoris,
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is growing its first crop of planets.
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One is large enough and far enough from
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the star to be photographed.
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Beta Pictoris B.
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Astronomers have now seen it
on both sides of its orbit.
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Look at Beta Pic and you'll see a snapshot
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of our solar system more
than four billion years ago.
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The observed planet is
growing within the outer zone.
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Only clouds of dust and gas, ice,
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and countless small objects
called planetesimals.
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With matter swirling into it,
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the planet is likely a
fury of gravitational
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and magnetic energy.
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Likewise, its distant cousin, Jupiter,
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is surrounded by a raging
but invisible maelstrom.
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The king planet's magnetic field
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is 20,000 times stronger
than that of Earth.
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Looking up from Earth, if
you could see Jupiter's
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magnetosphere in the night's sky
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it would appear wider than the full moon.
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Jupiter's zone of magnetic
influence is so large
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that it flares out beyond
the orbit of Saturn like
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a lightning bolt hurled by Zeus
into the outer solar system.
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Jupiter's magnetic field is the product
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of a powerful double dynamo.
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One is down deep and permeates the planet,
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the other close to the
surface, rings the Equator.
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When Jupiter's moon, Io, moves
through this magnetic field,
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it emits powerful bursts of radio energy
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strong enough to be detected on Earth.
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Volcanic eruptions on Io send a flood
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of charged particles into this field.
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They, in turn, energize massive auroras
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that light up the poles
on this giant world.
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A haze of charged particles
races around the planet
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forming a belt of radiation 1,000 times
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the lethal dose for humans.
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Flying by in 1973, Pioneer
10 provided the first hints
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of this radiation belt when it passed
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within 130,000 kilometers
of Jupiter's cloud tops.
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A year later, Pioneer 11
took the first closeups
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of the great red spot, Jupiter's
immense signature storm.
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The Pioneer findings informed the design
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of the Twin Voyager spacecraft.
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Launched in 1977, engineers
shielded critical voyager
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components from radiation.
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That allowed the Voyager craft to capture
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some 19,000 images including new views
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of Jupiter's ghostly rings.
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The startling icy terrain of its big moons.
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Europa and Ganymede and
powerful active volcanoes
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on its inner moon, Io.
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The Galileo Mission got
even closer in 1995.
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Galileo sent back a treasure
trove of discoveries
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about Jupiter's atmosphere.
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With a composition nearly
identical to the sun,
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Jupiter offers a window into the birth
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of our solar system some
five billion years ago.
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(intense dramatic music)
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Stars and planets are born when clouds
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of gas and dust contract,
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often quickened by the
explosion of a nearby star.
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A shockwave from the dying star causes
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the cloud to collapse and to spin.
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As matter flows into its center,
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temperatures rise high enough
to create a dim proto star.
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Within the disc, billions
of tiny dust particles
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collide and stick
together forming sand-like
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rings called chondrules.
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Attracted to one another by gravity
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and static electricity,
chondrules join to form pebbles.
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Pebbles become boulders.
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And finally, planetesimals.
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These kilometer-scale objects can collide,
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sticking together or breaking apart.
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Meanwhile, matter continues
to flow into the central star.
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As the star brightens, winds
of radiation begin to blur,
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pushing the remaining
dust and gas outward.
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At some distance out, called the ice line,
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temperatures in the nebula are low enough
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for water, methane, ammonia
and carbon compounds
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to form solid crystals.
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Out here, objects made of rock
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and ice come together quickly
to form proto planets.
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By this process, the
largest grow the fastest.
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To withstand Jupiter's
punishing radiation,
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Juno's electronic circuits were
encased in a titanium volt.
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Its components were built of
radiation-hardened material.
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Every part of Juno that can
be, is wrapped in lead foil.
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Launched on August the fifth, 2011,
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Juno is formally known as the
Jupiter Near Polar Explorer.
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It was the second launch of
NASA's New Frontiers Program.
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This series of medium-sized missions
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is designed to expand our
knowledge of planetary bodies
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and deliver new insights into
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the origins of the solar system.
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(light music)
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The first mission, called New Horizons,
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traveled nine and a half years
to the outer solar system.
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It mapped the surfaces of
Pluto and its moon Charon,
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collected information on their geology
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and found clues to their
complex and violent history.
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The third mission, called Osiris Rex,
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was sent out in 2016 to an
asteroid called 101955 Bennu.
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The idea was to actually
land on the asteroid,
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pick up rocks and return them to Earth.
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These samples will help
address basic questions,
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not only about the birth
of the solar system,
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but the origin of organic molecules
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that helped spark the
evolution of life on Earth.
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To score important new science,
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these missions have each taken
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on daunting technical challenges.
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For Juno, the challenge
is to fly close to Jupiter
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without getting fried by its
powerful radiation belts.
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To do this, the spacecraft was sent into
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a series of highly elliptical orbits
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to track across Jupiter's poles.
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Then to dive beneath its radiation belts
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and pass within 4,100 kilometers
of Jupiter's cloud tops.
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Out of each 53-day orbit,
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Jupiter spends just two hours
in the zone of maximum danger.
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The craft spins three times each minute,
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allowing its instruments to capture
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about 400 slices of
data from pole to pole.
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Besides photographing its
complex surface features,
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Juno is performing a cat scan of Jupiter.
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When scientists look at the planet,
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they see structures like
those in Earth's atmosphere.
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Cyclones, anticyclones,
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jet streams, storms pushing upward.
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And yet Jupiter and its weather systems
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are radically different.
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For one thing, the planet is much larger.
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It also rotates faster
and sits much farther
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from the sun's warming radiation.
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The intricate structures
scrolling across the cloud tops
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are a window to conditions deep inside it.
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Juno's data shows that
Jupiter's surface flows
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extend down as deep as 3,000 kilometers.
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Below that, magnetic
fields slow them way down
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and pull the planet
into a uniform rotation.
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Deeper still, scientists
suspect the inner zone
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is a sphere of metallic hydrogen
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surrounding a solid core of rock and ice.
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Throughout most of the 20th century,
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scientists theorized that
giant planets like Jupiter
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form in long orbits far from their stars.
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While these planets grow by scooping up
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a rich supply of icy planetesimals.
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Planets inside the ice line stay small
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because there is less solid food
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during their formative years.
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This general understanding was blown away
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by recent exoplanet discoveries.
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The Kepler Space Missions,
along with ground-based
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planet-hunting systems, have
identified more than 2,000
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stars with orbiting worlds.
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So far, few resemble our solar system.
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The inner orbits of many star systems
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are graced with so-called hot Jupiters,
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large gas giants the
size of Jupiter or larger
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that whip around their
parent stars at close range.
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Some are being stripped of
gas by powerful solar winds.
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Then, there's a class
of rocky super Earths.
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At about twice the mass
of our home planet,
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they occupy the innermost orbits
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of many other solar systems.
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It turns out that the most common planets
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within these inner regions
are not rocky at all.
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It's a class of gas dwarves
smaller than our Neptune
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that weigh up to about 10 Earth masses.
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Smaller, Earth-sized
planets, are in fact rare.
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How did our solar system evolve
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in such a different direction?
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The answer may lie in
Jupiter's turbulent past.
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As Juno passes in close to the planet
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her path bends in
response to concentrations
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of mass beneath its surface.
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Because Jupiter isn't solid,
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those regions are free to move and shift.
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Jupiter spins faster than any other planet
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in the solar system, turning once
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every nine hours and 55 minutes.
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That bulges is its equator
route and flattens its poles.
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By plotting tiny variations
in Juno's timing as it orbits,
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investigators can detect concentrations
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of mass below the surface.
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What Jupiter is made of,
how its density varies,
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how forcefully it now spins,
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and how massive or solid is its core.
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These are all clues as to
when and how it formed.
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Our solar system is still buzzing
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with the remnants of its birth.
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Wandering rocks that haven't changed
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since they formed almost
five billion years ago.
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Most are so small that
when they encounter Earth
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they simply burn up in the atmosphere.
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A few larger ones survive the fall.
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Scientists date these planetary shards
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by measuring molecular
variations, called isotopes,
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of two particular metals.
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Tungsten and molybdenum.
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These meteorites appear to come from
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two separate populations that formed
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in the inner and the outer solar system.
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Something must have driven a wedge between
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these two regions
preventing them from mixing.
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If this great divider
was the young Jupiter
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it had to of grown very fast.
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Reaching about 20 times the mass of Earth
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within the first million
years of the Sun's formation.
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Its gas giant neighbors,
Saturn, Uranus and Neptune,
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would've formed in its wake.
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By dividing the solar system in this way,
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00:21:14,570 --> 00:21:16,739
Jupiter would've cut
off the flow of matter
257
00:21:16,740 --> 00:21:19,809
into the inner solar system,
stalling the formation
258
00:21:19,810 --> 00:21:22,663
of large rocky planets or super Earths.
259
00:21:26,100 --> 00:21:28,669
Then came one of the most impactful events
260
00:21:28,670 --> 00:21:30,813
in the history of our solar system.
261
00:21:32,220 --> 00:21:35,353
One set in motion by
Jupiter's sensational rise.
262
00:21:37,576 --> 00:21:40,826
(light dramatic music)
263
00:21:47,360 --> 00:21:49,679
The discovery of large gas planets
264
00:21:49,680 --> 00:21:52,409
within the inner regions
of other solar systems
265
00:21:52,410 --> 00:21:55,183
has prompted a whole new set of questions.
266
00:22:00,170 --> 00:22:02,439
If these giant planets formed beyond
267
00:22:02,440 --> 00:22:04,879
the ice line then migrated inward,
268
00:22:04,880 --> 00:22:07,030
could Jupiter have
followed a similar path?
269
00:22:13,850 --> 00:22:17,539
To test this idea, scientists
used a super computer
270
00:22:17,540 --> 00:22:20,773
to reproduce the early
evolution of our solar system.
271
00:22:23,780 --> 00:22:25,889
They plant a set of initial conditions
272
00:22:25,890 --> 00:22:27,889
into a program designed to simulate
273
00:22:27,890 --> 00:22:32,890
the interaction of gas and
dust, gravity and energy.
274
00:22:36,290 --> 00:22:39,799
The simulation takes us into
one cold and dusty corner
275
00:22:39,800 --> 00:22:42,677
of the galaxy five billion years ago.
276
00:22:52,990 --> 00:22:56,789
Shock waves from a supernova
explosion perturbed the cloud
277
00:22:56,790 --> 00:23:00,003
causing it to collapse into
a dense central region.
278
00:23:08,300 --> 00:23:11,729
Near its center is a
vast rotating hurricane
279
00:23:11,730 --> 00:23:14,023
of dust, gas and water.
280
00:23:23,800 --> 00:23:25,889
In its eye, matter flows into
281
00:23:25,890 --> 00:23:28,683
a newborn star along a thin disc.
282
00:23:48,910 --> 00:23:51,269
Flashes of light within the disc represent
283
00:23:51,270 --> 00:23:53,223
collisions among larger objects.
284
00:23:58,100 --> 00:24:00,133
Concentric rings show their orbits.
285
00:24:07,670 --> 00:24:11,029
The large orbit on the
periphery is Jupiter,
286
00:24:11,030 --> 00:24:13,513
the first full-sized planet to form.
287
00:24:15,750 --> 00:24:18,509
From its position far from the sun,
288
00:24:18,510 --> 00:24:22,163
it has scooped up huge amounts
of ice and hydrogen gas.
289
00:24:26,300 --> 00:24:29,069
Within a million years of its birth,
290
00:24:29,070 --> 00:24:32,219
Jupiter responds to the gravity of the sun
291
00:24:32,220 --> 00:24:34,170
and the mass of the inner solar system.
292
00:24:38,680 --> 00:24:42,079
The model shows Jupiter's inward spiral
293
00:24:42,080 --> 00:24:44,143
known as the Grand Tack.
294
00:24:50,660 --> 00:24:53,499
As the giant planet's orbit shrinks,
295
00:24:53,500 --> 00:24:56,343
it sends the inner
solar system into chaos.
296
00:25:03,130 --> 00:25:06,519
Jupiter flings most large
objects into looping orbits
297
00:25:06,520 --> 00:25:09,753
around the outer solar system
while streaming into the sun.
298
00:25:16,210 --> 00:25:20,699
Finally, Jupiter feels the
pull of another growing planet.
299
00:25:20,700 --> 00:25:21,700
Saturn.
300
00:25:22,450 --> 00:25:24,573
And retreats to the outer solar system.
301
00:25:29,880 --> 00:25:33,193
Jupiter gradually settled back
into its current position.
302
00:25:35,270 --> 00:25:38,639
That left some 20 or 30
small planetary embryos
303
00:25:38,640 --> 00:25:40,573
to patrol the inner solar system.
304
00:25:52,506 --> 00:25:54,849
Here, the simulation speeds up to cover
305
00:25:54,850 --> 00:25:56,823
the next 50 million years.
306
00:25:59,310 --> 00:26:01,329
As these embryos tug on one another,
307
00:26:01,330 --> 00:26:03,513
their orbits destabilize.
308
00:26:15,040 --> 00:26:17,149
When the dust finally settles,
309
00:26:17,150 --> 00:26:20,129
perhaps a hundred million years later,
310
00:26:20,130 --> 00:26:22,673
the number of planets is down to five.
311
00:26:23,590 --> 00:26:27,273
Including Earth and a
Mars-sized world, Theia.
312
00:26:31,210 --> 00:26:36,210
Everything changed when Earth
and Theia crossed paths.
313
00:26:37,513 --> 00:26:40,513
(suspenseful music)
314
00:26:44,500 --> 00:26:48,023
A computer model gives us a
view of the first 24 hours.
315
00:27:01,033 --> 00:27:04,450
Theia sheers about a third of Earth away.
316
00:27:07,580 --> 00:27:09,639
Its shattered remains envelope Earth
317
00:27:09,640 --> 00:27:12,923
in a shockwave of
superheated vaporized rock.
318
00:27:18,240 --> 00:27:20,779
A molten ring forms around the planet,
319
00:27:20,780 --> 00:27:23,873
subjecting Earth to a
rain of secondary impacts.
320
00:27:26,440 --> 00:27:29,049
Within only a century, this orbiting ring
321
00:27:29,050 --> 00:27:32,883
will cool and coalesce into
a single orbiting body.
322
00:27:36,480 --> 00:27:37,480
The moon.
323
00:27:46,870 --> 00:27:50,669
The violence of the moon's
formation would've left Earth
324
00:27:50,670 --> 00:27:53,373
spinning rapidly on a
slightly tilted axis.
325
00:27:56,260 --> 00:27:58,863
A day lasted only about five hours.
326
00:28:04,580 --> 00:28:07,949
In time, the moon stabilized
the planet's tilt,
327
00:28:07,950 --> 00:28:09,043
holding it steady.
328
00:28:12,320 --> 00:28:14,909
As it moved out to its
current distance from Earth,
329
00:28:14,910 --> 00:28:18,083
it gradually slowed our planet's spin.
330
00:28:22,700 --> 00:28:25,729
If the Grand Tack theory
explains the evolution
331
00:28:25,730 --> 00:28:28,489
of the inner solar system,
then it may explain
332
00:28:28,490 --> 00:28:31,863
a host of details that've
long puzzled scientists.
333
00:28:36,390 --> 00:28:39,053
Why, for example, is Mars so small?
334
00:28:43,620 --> 00:28:45,879
The idea is that Jupiter swept up much of
335
00:28:45,880 --> 00:28:48,663
the dust that accumulated
just inside the ice line,
336
00:28:49,780 --> 00:28:51,033
starving Mars.
337
00:28:54,820 --> 00:28:56,949
What explains differences
among the various
338
00:28:56,950 --> 00:28:58,573
classes of asteroids?
339
00:29:01,200 --> 00:29:05,219
The asteroid Bennu, at roughly
500 meters in diameter,
340
00:29:05,220 --> 00:29:07,489
appears to be a fossil
from the time Jupiter
341
00:29:07,490 --> 00:29:08,973
sailed toward the sun.
342
00:29:11,780 --> 00:29:15,940
This dark object is made up
of carbon rich clay materials
343
00:29:17,640 --> 00:29:20,393
born in the explosion of dying stars.
344
00:29:23,388 --> 00:29:26,150
Bennu itself is a product of collisions.
345
00:29:32,820 --> 00:29:35,709
In its four billion years of travel,
346
00:29:35,710 --> 00:29:38,539
the asteroid has likely been stretched,
347
00:29:38,540 --> 00:29:40,903
pulled apart and reformed.
348
00:29:48,000 --> 00:29:50,349
To trace the asteroid's origins,
349
00:29:50,350 --> 00:29:53,799
scientists have launched
the Osiris Rex Mission
350
00:29:53,800 --> 00:29:57,433
with the goal of returning a
sample to labs back on Earth.
351
00:30:09,430 --> 00:30:12,249
They plan to send another
mission called Lucy
352
00:30:12,250 --> 00:30:15,073
to an ensemble of asteroids
that trails Jupiter.
353
00:30:18,510 --> 00:30:21,029
These so-called trojan asteroids
354
00:30:21,030 --> 00:30:22,869
take their name from soldiers who hid
355
00:30:22,870 --> 00:30:25,403
inside the giant horse in Homer's Iliad.
356
00:30:28,470 --> 00:30:31,319
The thinking is that Jupiter
began pulling them along
357
00:30:31,320 --> 00:30:33,773
within the first million
years of its history.
358
00:30:36,324 --> 00:30:38,824
(light music)
359
00:30:41,630 --> 00:30:43,999
Then, there's the main asteroid belt.
360
00:30:44,000 --> 00:30:46,973
A vast hoop of rocks
between Mars and Jupiter.
361
00:30:51,480 --> 00:30:54,529
Scientists believed that as
Jupiter moved toward the sun
362
00:30:54,530 --> 00:30:56,849
during the Grand Tack it dispersed
363
00:30:56,850 --> 00:30:59,363
an original ring of rocks and dust.
364
00:31:04,900 --> 00:31:06,633
When Jupiter moved back out,
365
00:31:07,760 --> 00:31:10,363
it drew a whole new
collection of rocks back in.
366
00:31:15,180 --> 00:31:17,530
By studying the composition
of these asteroids,
367
00:31:18,520 --> 00:31:21,629
including a dwarf planet called Ceres,
368
00:31:21,630 --> 00:31:24,053
scientists hope to confirm their origin.
369
00:31:34,887 --> 00:31:36,389
(blasting)
370
00:31:36,390 --> 00:31:39,179
Finally, the giant planet
carries its own artifacts
371
00:31:39,180 --> 00:31:40,663
from the early solar system.
372
00:31:42,580 --> 00:31:46,119
Most of its 79 moons
are asteroids or comets
373
00:31:46,120 --> 00:31:47,829
captured over the years when they flew
374
00:31:47,830 --> 00:31:49,693
too close to the giant planet.
375
00:31:51,600 --> 00:31:53,903
The four largest satellites are different.
376
00:31:56,480 --> 00:32:00,829
If Io, Europa, Ganymede or
Calisto orbited the sun,
377
00:32:00,830 --> 00:32:02,553
we'd call them dwarf planets.
378
00:32:08,020 --> 00:32:10,589
Scientists believe these moons form slowly
379
00:32:10,590 --> 00:32:12,599
from a disc of ice and debris
380
00:32:12,600 --> 00:32:15,303
that circled Jupiter very
late in its formation.
381
00:32:19,660 --> 00:32:22,143
All four are in tidal mark.
382
00:32:25,090 --> 00:32:28,813
Like our own moon, each keeps
the same face toward Jupiter.
383
00:32:32,100 --> 00:32:35,463
Io, the volcano moon,
orbits closest to Jupiter.
384
00:32:37,700 --> 00:32:39,989
Io shows what can come
from living too close
385
00:32:39,990 --> 00:32:41,383
to an unsympathetic god.
386
00:32:44,392 --> 00:32:47,239
Heaved and stretched by
gravitational interactions
387
00:32:47,240 --> 00:32:51,289
with Jupiter, and warped
by tidal resonances
388
00:32:51,290 --> 00:32:53,033
with the other three large moons,
389
00:32:55,160 --> 00:32:58,437
Io is constantly being turned inside out.
390
00:33:05,300 --> 00:33:08,419
With hundreds of volcanoes,
some blasting lava
391
00:33:08,420 --> 00:33:11,359
to altitudes up to 400 kilometers,
392
00:33:11,360 --> 00:33:15,003
Io is the most geologically
active body in the solar system.
393
00:33:20,350 --> 00:33:22,799
Next is Europa with its bright,
394
00:33:22,800 --> 00:33:25,483
young, glossy surface covered in ice.
395
00:33:29,410 --> 00:33:34,410
Ganymede, with a diameter
of 5,268 kilometers,
396
00:33:34,710 --> 00:33:37,409
is the largest moon in the solar system.
397
00:33:37,410 --> 00:33:39,723
Larger even than the planet Mercury.
398
00:33:43,060 --> 00:33:44,889
Then, there's Calisto.
399
00:33:44,890 --> 00:33:46,993
Two million kilometers from Jupiter.
400
00:33:48,290 --> 00:33:52,379
Spacecraft sensors have shown
that these three icy moons;
401
00:33:52,380 --> 00:33:54,929
Europa, Calisto and Ganymede,
402
00:33:54,930 --> 00:33:57,713
hold different amounts of
water beneath their surfaces.
403
00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:03,659
In Jupiter's early
years, ice, dust and gas
404
00:34:03,660 --> 00:34:06,659
flowed into the planet along a disc.
405
00:34:06,660 --> 00:34:09,569
The Grand Tack model
predicts that Jupiter's disc
406
00:34:09,570 --> 00:34:12,293
would've shrunk as the
planet moved toward the sun.
407
00:34:14,810 --> 00:34:17,369
The two larger ice moons must've started
408
00:34:17,370 --> 00:34:18,633
forming before that.
409
00:34:21,030 --> 00:34:24,823
Europa formed later and had
less water around it to attract.
410
00:34:25,990 --> 00:34:27,943
And Io had almost none.
411
00:34:30,180 --> 00:34:32,269
Jupiter's major moons didn't hoard
412
00:34:32,270 --> 00:34:34,213
all of the planet's icy bounty.
413
00:34:45,300 --> 00:34:48,179
On its inward journey,
Jupiter would've carried
414
00:34:48,180 --> 00:34:50,023
a wave of ice in its wake.
415
00:34:51,260 --> 00:34:53,759
Delivering water that might, one day,
416
00:34:53,760 --> 00:34:55,543
have filled Earth's oceans.
417
00:34:59,600 --> 00:35:02,339
Once settled back in
the outer solar system,
418
00:35:02,340 --> 00:35:05,239
Jupiter, along with
Saturn, began to hurl still
419
00:35:05,240 --> 00:35:08,041
more icy material to
the inner solar system.
420
00:35:08,042 --> 00:35:11,875
(dramatic instrumental music)
421
00:35:16,020 --> 00:35:19,609
Shards of rock and ice rain down on Mars,
422
00:35:19,610 --> 00:35:22,843
Earth, Venus, Mercury and the moon.
423
00:35:29,550 --> 00:35:32,893
The lunar landscape today
bears witness to this period.
424
00:35:34,450 --> 00:35:37,179
A 300 million year fusillade known as
425
00:35:37,180 --> 00:35:39,053
the Late Heavy Bombardment.
426
00:35:43,610 --> 00:35:45,419
Based on data from the moon,
427
00:35:45,420 --> 00:35:47,989
scientists estimate that
our planet would've been hit
428
00:35:47,990 --> 00:35:51,493
by at least four objects
5,000 kilometers across.
429
00:35:55,780 --> 00:35:57,409
Each capable of turning Earth's
430
00:35:57,410 --> 00:35:59,683
entire surface to molten lava.
431
00:36:06,240 --> 00:36:08,389
These collisions may
have unleashed a process
432
00:36:08,390 --> 00:36:13,133
critical to the emergence of
life called impact erosion.
433
00:36:15,120 --> 00:36:18,099
The impacts blasted hot radioactive metals
434
00:36:18,100 --> 00:36:20,573
like uranium and potassium off the planet.
435
00:36:22,700 --> 00:36:24,579
That allowed the planet's outer crust
436
00:36:24,580 --> 00:36:27,763
to rapidly cool and water to remain.
437
00:36:30,370 --> 00:36:31,849
Scientists believed that Earth
438
00:36:31,850 --> 00:36:34,053
was a water planet in its early years.
439
00:36:37,323 --> 00:36:40,073
(dramatic music)
440
00:36:47,870 --> 00:36:51,499
Zipping along at 200,000
kilometers per hour,
441
00:36:51,500 --> 00:36:53,719
the Juno spacecraft takes two hours
442
00:36:53,720 --> 00:36:55,483
to pass from pole to pole.
443
00:36:59,850 --> 00:37:02,689
In that time, it records
a variety of readings
444
00:37:02,690 --> 00:37:06,363
of a world that remains a
gargantuan work in progress.
445
00:37:11,740 --> 00:37:15,129
Winds up to 650 kilometers per hour
446
00:37:15,130 --> 00:37:19,059
whip cold clouds of methane,
hydrogen sulfide, water,
447
00:37:19,060 --> 00:37:22,713
and other compounds into
endlessly swirling works of art.
448
00:37:27,860 --> 00:37:30,619
Sometimes white clouds of ammonia snow
449
00:37:30,620 --> 00:37:32,850
fly over the wide southern red band
450
00:37:34,130 --> 00:37:36,880
making it seem to disappear
from Earth's point of view.
451
00:37:40,960 --> 00:37:45,573
It's cold in the clouds, about
minus 125 degrees celsius.
452
00:37:50,240 --> 00:37:53,619
Deep within the atmosphere,
showers of compressed carbon
453
00:37:53,620 --> 00:37:56,413
may form between the
layers in a diamond rain.
454
00:38:02,030 --> 00:38:04,919
White spots mark the
crests of enormous waves
455
00:38:04,920 --> 00:38:06,993
rising and falling along the surface.
456
00:38:11,660 --> 00:38:14,999
Twirling storms explode
into the upper atmosphere
457
00:38:15,000 --> 00:38:17,963
propelled by heating
hundreds of kilometers below.
458
00:38:22,360 --> 00:38:24,669
They unleash lightning bolts far larger
459
00:38:24,670 --> 00:38:26,823
and stronger than any scene on Earth.
460
00:38:32,690 --> 00:38:35,099
It's the polar regions photographed for
461
00:38:35,100 --> 00:38:39,093
the first time ever by Juno
that have defied expectations.
462
00:38:43,323 --> 00:38:45,969
Here, the belts and zones
of the middle latitudes
463
00:38:45,970 --> 00:38:48,969
disappear and the atmosphere is dominated
464
00:38:48,970 --> 00:38:50,893
by an ensemble of hurricanes.
465
00:39:01,940 --> 00:39:04,319
During it's fourth pass over the planet,
466
00:39:04,320 --> 00:39:06,509
Juno's infrared imaging instrument
467
00:39:06,510 --> 00:39:09,173
captured these structures
in three dimensions.
468
00:39:14,710 --> 00:39:17,429
The northern pole hosts a giant cyclone
469
00:39:17,430 --> 00:39:19,599
surrounded by eight smaller ones,
470
00:39:19,600 --> 00:39:22,283
each over 4,000 kilometers wide.
471
00:39:27,190 --> 00:39:30,573
The bright yellow colors
show deeper warmer areas.
472
00:39:32,040 --> 00:39:35,043
The darker red colors
are cooler cloud tops.
473
00:39:40,350 --> 00:39:42,479
They lightly arise from the interaction
474
00:39:42,480 --> 00:39:45,369
of smooth horizontal
flows and low latitudes
475
00:39:45,370 --> 00:39:47,083
and turbulence at the poles.
476
00:39:50,350 --> 00:39:53,583
The spin of the planet causes
them to drift poleward.
477
00:40:00,040 --> 00:40:03,553
This raw sequence gives a sense
of their spinning movements.
478
00:40:09,080 --> 00:40:11,289
By contrast, the southern cyclone
479
00:40:11,290 --> 00:40:13,423
is surrounded by five cyclones.
480
00:40:19,180 --> 00:40:20,509
From on Earth's perspective,
481
00:40:20,510 --> 00:40:23,539
even these smaller ones are vast.
482
00:40:23,540 --> 00:40:26,379
Up to 7,000 kilometers in diameter
483
00:40:26,380 --> 00:40:28,203
or about the width of Mars.
484
00:40:30,510 --> 00:40:34,093
Why these structures persist
without merging is not known.
485
00:40:37,359 --> 00:40:40,359
(light piano music)
486
00:40:47,230 --> 00:40:49,399
If there's a single feature on Jupiter
487
00:40:49,400 --> 00:40:54,400
that has held us in its thrall,
it's the Great Red Spot.
488
00:40:59,880 --> 00:41:02,219
Juno has been flying directly over it
489
00:41:02,220 --> 00:41:04,949
at an altitude of 9,000 kilometers.
490
00:41:04,950 --> 00:41:07,363
Close enough to see fine details.
491
00:41:10,730 --> 00:41:14,349
Historical records show
this huge high pressure zone
492
00:41:14,350 --> 00:41:16,603
is at least 350 years old.
493
00:41:20,880 --> 00:41:23,340
Astronomers have been
measuring it since 1830.
494
00:41:30,830 --> 00:41:35,009
At about 16,500 kilometers across,
495
00:41:35,010 --> 00:41:38,523
it's 10 times larger than
Earth's largest typhoons.
496
00:41:43,100 --> 00:41:46,049
Juno's data suggests the Great Red Spot
497
00:41:46,050 --> 00:41:48,073
heats the planet's upper atmosphere.
498
00:41:57,550 --> 00:42:00,519
The big cyclone rotates counterclockwise
499
00:42:00,520 --> 00:42:02,593
once every six Earth days.
500
00:42:06,350 --> 00:42:09,713
That period has been getting
shorter as the storm tightens.
501
00:42:12,560 --> 00:42:16,549
The color sometimes fades
for years, then intensifies.
502
00:42:16,550 --> 00:42:17,637
No one knows why.
503
00:42:24,701 --> 00:42:27,201
(light music)
504
00:42:34,482 --> 00:42:36,232
It was the bright light of Jupiter
505
00:42:36,233 --> 00:42:41,053
that attracted Galileo
Galilei in January of 1610.
506
00:42:43,910 --> 00:42:46,229
His small telescope was powerful enough
507
00:42:46,230 --> 00:42:49,273
to resolve the four large
moons circling the great orb.
508
00:42:53,270 --> 00:42:56,169
If another world could have
satellites, he reasoned,
509
00:42:56,170 --> 00:42:57,889
it seemed possible that Earth
510
00:42:57,890 --> 00:42:59,713
could be a satellite of the sun.
511
00:43:05,870 --> 00:43:09,069
If only we could go back
in time to show Galileo
512
00:43:09,070 --> 00:43:11,583
close ups of Jupiter captured by Juno.
513
00:43:15,490 --> 00:43:18,890
How amazed he'd be to learn
that such giant planets
514
00:43:19,900 --> 00:43:22,913
are common in solar systems
throughout the galaxy.
515
00:43:27,980 --> 00:43:31,309
That billions of years ago it marauded
516
00:43:31,310 --> 00:43:33,383
through our own infant solar system.
517
00:43:40,560 --> 00:43:45,560
Destroying worlds, setting
the stage for new ones.
518
00:43:49,711 --> 00:43:52,559
What would he say of our news that Jupiter
519
00:43:52,560 --> 00:43:54,653
left in its wake a quiet zone?
520
00:43:57,070 --> 00:43:59,993
Where a world with oceans
on its surface would form,
521
00:44:01,330 --> 00:44:05,336
and over time, give rise to life.
522
00:44:05,337 --> 00:44:08,337
(light piano music)
41908
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