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Welcome to Jeremy’s IT Lab.
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This is a free, complete course for the CCNA.
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If you like these videos, please subscribe
to follow along with the series.
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Also, please like and leave a comment, and
share the video to help spread this free series
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of videos.
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Thanks for your help.
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This video, unlike the last one, is not going
to be practical, meaning that you won’t
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actually go on and configure a Cisco router
or switch.
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Also, most of the information in this video
won’t be new, we’ve already covered most
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of it in previous videos.
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However, I decided to make this video because
I think it’s very important to make sure
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you have a good understanding of the complete
process a packet goes through when being sent
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across networks.
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Hopefully this video will be a little shorter
than the usual ones.
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Let’s get started.
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So, what will we cover in this video?
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We’ll cover the entire process of sending
a packet to a remote destination.
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This will include things like ARP, encapsulation,
de-encapsulation, etc.
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Of course, there are different levels of depth
we can go into when talking about this process,
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and I won’t give unnecessary details that
would only be expected of a CCNP or CCIE,
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but in this video I hope to give you a solid
understanding to get you ready for your CCNA.
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My hope is that this video will help you put
all of the pieces together that we learned
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previously.
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So, this is the life of a packet, the process
a packet goes through when being sent to remote
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networks.
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Here’s the network topology we’ll use
for this video.
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If you watched day 11’s video, you should
recognize this topology, as it’s the same
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one we used to demonstrate static routing.
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We’ll follow a packet being sent from PC1
in the 192.168.1.0/24 network, to PC4 in the
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192.168.4.0/24 network.
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Let’s assume we have pre-configured static
routes on these devices, so that the packet
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will follow the same path as in the static
routing video, that is from PC1 to R1, R2,
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R4, and then PC4.
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This doesn’t have to be the path the packet
takes, the path that goes via R3 instead of
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R2 is valid too, but we’ll stick to the
same path as last time.
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Now, since we’re not just looking at Layer
3 in this video, let me add MAC addresses
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for these devices.
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I’ll use 1111 for PC1.
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Now, as you know a MAC address is actually
12 hexadecimal characters, but just to save
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space I’ll shorten them to 4.
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R1’s G0/2 interface has a mac address of
AAAA, and it’s G0/0 interface has a MAC
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address of BBBB.
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That’s something I didn’t mention before,
each interface on a network device has a unique
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MAC address.
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Note that SW1’s interfaces also have MAC
addresses, however for this video it’s not
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necessary to know the MAC addresses of the
switches so to avoid clutter, I’ll leave
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them out of this diagram.
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R2 has a MAC address of CCCC on its g0/0 interface,
and DDDD on its G0/1 interface.
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R4 has a MAC address of EEEE on its G0/1 interface
and FFFE on its G0/2 interface.
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I didn’t make it all Fs, because the MAC
address of FFFF.FFFF.FFFF, 12 Fs, is the broadcast
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MAC address, so just to avoid confusion I
added that E on the end.
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Finally, PC4 has a MAC address of 4444.
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Okay, so PC1 wants to send some data to PC4,
and its encapsulated in this IP header.
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The source is 192.168.1.1, PC1’s IP address,
and the destination is 192.168.4.1, PC4’s
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IP address.
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Now, because PC1’s IP address is in the
192.168.1.0/24 network, it notices that the
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address 192.168.4.1 is in a different network,
so it knows that it needs to send the packet
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to its default gateway, which is R1, something
we have already preconfigured.
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However, in this example PC1 has not sent
any traffic yet, so it needs to use ARP, the
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address resolution protocol, something we
covered in a previous video.
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Let’s look at the ARP process once more.
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So PC1 makes this ARP request packet.
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The source IP is its own IP address and then
destination is R1’s G0/2 interface, which
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is the default gateway configured on PC1.
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Next is the MAC addresses.
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This is a minor point, but note that I put
the source IP before the destination IP, but
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the destination MAC before the source MAC.
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That’s because, in the IPv4 header the source
IP address comes first, but in the ethernet
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header the destination MAC address comes first.
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Anyway, just a minor point.
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The destination MAC address is the broadcast
MAC address of all Fs, because it
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doesn’t know the MAC address of R1, so it
will send the frame to all hosts on the network.
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Finally the source MAC address is its own MAC address.
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So, it sends the frame, which SW1 receives
and broadcasts out of all its interfaces
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except the one it received the frame on.
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In this example, only PC1 and R1 are connected
to SW1, so that means that SW1 will forward
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the frame out of it’s G0/0 interface.
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To translate the meaning of this frame into
English, PC1 is saying ‘Hi 192.168.1.254.
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What’s your MAC address?’.
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Although I’m not going to really talk about
the switches much in this video, note that
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SW1 learns PC1’s MAC address on its G0/1
interface when the frame arrives on its G0/1
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interface.
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When this broadcast frame arrives on R1, it
notices that the destination IP is its own
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IP, so it creates this ARP reply frame to
send back to PC1.
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Although the ARP request message was broadcast,
because R1 learned PC1’s IP and MAC addresses
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from the ARP request message, the ARP reply
can be sent unicast directly to PC1.
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So, that’s what R1 does.
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To translate this ARP reply message into english,
basically it means Hi 192.168.1.1 This is 192.168.1.254.
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My MAC address is aaaa.
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Note that SW1 will learn R1’s MAC address
from this message, when the frame arrives
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on its G0/0 interface.
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So, now PC1 knows the MAC address of its default
gateway, so it encapsulates the packet with
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this ethernet header.
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Keep in mind, the original packet is not changed,
the destination address remains PC4’s IP
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address, NOT R1’s IP address.
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Only at Layer 2 is the destination set to
R1’s MAC address.
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So, it sends the frame to R1.
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R1 receives it, and removes the ethernet header.
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It looks up the destination in its routing
table.
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The most specific match is this entry for
the 192.168.4.0/24 network, which specifies
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a next hop of 192.168.12.2.
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So, R1 will have to encapsulate this packet
with an Ethernet frame with the appropriate
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MAC address for 192.168.12.2.
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However, R1 doesn’t know R2’s MAC address
yet. So,
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how will it learn R2’s MAC address?
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It will use ARP, of course.
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The source IP address of this ARP request
will be R1’s, and the destination will be
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R2’s.
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The destination MAC address is all Fs,
the broadcast MAC address, because R1 doesn’t
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know R2’s MAC address, and the source is
bbbb, which is the MAC address of R1’s G0/0
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interface.
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So, it sends the arp request, and R2 receives
it.
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Basically, what this ARP request says is Hi
192.168.12.2, what’s your MAC address?
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R2 receives the broadcast, and since the destination
IP address matches its own IP address, it
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makes this ARP reply to send to R1.
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Once again, because it learned the IP and
MAC addresses of R1 from the ARP request,
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it doesn’t have to broadcast the frame.
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So, it sends this ARP reply back, which basically
says hi 192.168.12.1, this is 192.168.12.2.
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My MAC address is cccc.
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Okay, now R1 knows R2’s MAC address, so
it can encapsulate the packet with an Ethernet
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header, inserting R2’s MAC address in the
destination field, and the MAC address of
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R1’s G0/0 interface in the source field,
and it sends it to R2.
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After receiving the frame, R2 removes the
Ethernet header.
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R2 then looks up the destination IP address
in its routing table, and the most specific
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match is this one for 192.168.4.0/24, with
a next hop of 192.168.24.4.
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Although 192.168.24.0/24 is a connected network
to R2, it doesn’t know the MAC address of
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R4.
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So, you know what’s next.
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R2 will use ARP to discover R4’s MAC address.
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R2 prepares this ARP request frame, using
its own IP and MAC addresses for the source,
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R4’s IP address as the destination, and
the broadcast MAC address, and it forwards
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it out of its G0/1 interface.
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With this ARP request, R2 is saying ‘Hi
192.168.24.4.
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What’s your MAC address?’
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R4 receives the broadcast, and since the destination
IP address is its own it creates this ARP
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reply frame to send back to R2, once again
it already knows R2’s IP and MAC addresses
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because they were used as the source addresses
for the ARP request.
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It sends the unicast frame back to R2.
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With this ARP reply, R4 is saying ‘Hi 192.168.24.2.
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This is 192.168.24.4.
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My MAC address is eeee.’
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Now that R2 knows R4’s MAC address, it encapsulates
PC1’s packet with an Ethernet header, with
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a destination MAC address of eeee, which is
R4’s g0/1 interface, and a source MAC address
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of dddd, which is R2’s g0/1 interface.
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R4 receives the frame and removes the Ethernet
header.
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It looks up 192.168.4.1 in its routing table,
and the most specific match is this entry
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for 192.168.4.0/24, which is directly connected
via the G0/2 interface.
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But, once again R4 doesn’t know PC4’s
MAC address yet, so you know what it has to
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do next.
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It will use ARP to learn PC4’s MAC address.
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It prepares this ARP request frame, again
the source IP and MAC addresses are its own,
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the destination IP address is PC4’s, and
the destination MAC is the broadcast MAC address
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of all F’s.
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It sends this message out of its G0/2 interface,
saying Hi 192.168.4.1, what’s your MAC address?
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Note that SW4 will learn R4’s MAC address
on its g0/0 interface from the source MAC
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address field of this ethernet frame.
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After PC4 receives the frame, it checks the
destination IP address.
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Since it is its own IP address, it will send
an ARP reply.
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The ARP reply will be unicast, using PC4’s
IP and MAC addresses for the source and R4’s
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IP and MAC addresses for the destination.
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It sends the frame out of its network interface,
saying ‘Hi 192.168.4.254.
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This is 192.168.4.1.
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My MAC address is 4444.’
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Note that SW4 learns PC4’s MAC address when
it arrives on its G0/1 interface.
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Now that R4 knows PC4’s MAC address, it
adds an ethernet header to the packet, using
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its own MAC address on the G0/2 interface
as the source address, and PC4’s MAC address
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as the destination.
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R4 sends the frame to PC4, and finally it
has reached its destination.
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Notice that the original packet hasn’t changed
throughout the process.
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It’s always used the same IP header with
a source IP address of 192.168.1.1 and a destination
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IP address of 192.168.4.1.
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Also notice that the switches didn’t actually
modify the frames at any point.
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The switches forwarded the frames and learned
the MAC addresses, but they don’t actually
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de-encapsulate and then re-encapsulate the
packet with a new ethernet header.
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Okay, now let’s say PC4 sends a reply back
to PC1, and we’ve configured static routes
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on the routers so that the traffic follows
the same path on the way back to PC1, going
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via SW4, R4, R2, R1, SW1, and then reaching
PC1.
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What will be different?
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First off, there will be one major difference.
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Since these devices have already gone through
the ARP process, there won’t be any need
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for ARP requests and replies, the packet will
simply be forwarded from device to device,
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being de-encapsulated and then re-enapsulated
as it is received by and then forwarded by
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each router.
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So, that’s it, just a basic walkthrough
of how a packet is forwarded between routers
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to pass it along to its final destination.
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Now, as for today’s quiz, I’ll do something
different than usual.
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Instead of having multiple choice questions
as usual, we’ll use this same diagram to
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test your understanding.
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Let’s get started with the quiz.
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Here’s question 1.
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PC4 sends a packet to PC1.
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What is the destination MAC address when it
is sent from PC4’s network interface?
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Pause the video to think about your answer.
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The answer is FFFE, which is the MAC address
of R4’s G0/2 interface.
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That’s because, to send the packet to PC1,
which is in a remote network, PC4 must send
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the packet to its default gateway, R4, first.
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To do that, it encapsulates the packet with
an ethernet header, with its default gateway’s
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MAC address as the destination.
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Okay, let’s go to question 2.
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PC4 sends a packet to PC1.
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What is the source MAC address when it is
received on R1’s Gi0/0 interface?
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Pause the video to think about your answer.
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00:16:26,400 --> 00:16:33,820
The answer is CCCC, which is the MAC address
of R2’s G0/0 interface.
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When R2 sends the packet to R1 en route to
its destination, PC1, it encapsulates the
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packet with an Ethernet header using its own
MAC address as the source MAC address.
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00:16:44,399 --> 00:16:48,220
Okay, let’s go to question 3.
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PC4 sends a packet to PC1.
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What is the source MAC address when it is
sent from SW1’s Gi0/1 interface?
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Pause the video to think about your answer.
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The answer is AAAA, which is the MAC address
of R1’s G0/2 interface.
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SW1 doesn’t alter the frame to use its own
MAC address, it simply forwards the frame
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out of the correct interface, or floods it
if it doesn’t know the destination.
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Let’s go to question 4.
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PC4 sends a packet to PC1.
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What is the destination IP address when it
is sent from R4’s Gi0/1 interface?
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Pause the video to think about your answer.
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The answer is 192.168.1.1, which is the IP
address of PC1.
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Although each router modifies the source and
destination MAC addresses in the Ethernet
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header as it forwards the packet, they don’t
modify the original packet itself, so the
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destination IP address won’t change.
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Since PC4 is sending the packet to PC1, that
means the destination will be PC1’s IP address,
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192.168.1.1.
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Let’s go to question 5.
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PC4 sends a packet to PC1.
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What is the source IP address when it is received
on R1’s Gi0/0 interface?
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00:18:24,370 --> 00:18:30,490
Pause the video to think about your answer.
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The answer is 192.168.4.1, which is the IP
address of PC4.
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As I said in the last question, the original
packet is not modified as the routers forward
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it to its destination, so through the whole
route the source IP address remains PC4’s
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IP address, 192.168.4.1.
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00:18:52,020 --> 00:18:56,910
Okay, for this video there will once again
be supplementary materials to help you practice
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00:18:56,910 --> 00:18:58,800
what you’ve learned.
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00:18:58,800 --> 00:19:03,150
There will be a packet tracer lab in which
you use packet tracer’s ‘simulation’
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00:19:03,150 --> 00:19:08,760
mode to analyze a packet and test your knowledge
and understanding. That will be the next video.
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00:19:08,760 --> 00:19:14,280
And that’s it, there won’t be a flashcard
deck this video since there wasn’t actually
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00:19:14,290 --> 00:19:16,840
any new information in this video.
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00:19:16,840 --> 00:19:21,470
However, if there are some new points that
you picked up in this video, feel free to
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00:19:21,470 --> 00:19:23,140
make your own flashcards.
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00:19:23,140 --> 00:19:28,420
Actually, even though I make flashcard decks
for each video, I also think its a good idea
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00:19:28,420 --> 00:19:33,790
to make your own flashcards too, if there
is anything else you want to remember.
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00:19:33,790 --> 00:19:38,230
You can also edit the flashcards I provide,
or delete some flashcards if you think some
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00:19:38,230 --> 00:19:40,560
of them are not necessary.
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00:19:40,560 --> 00:19:44,850
The flashcards are just a tool to help you,
so feel free to use them however you think
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00:19:44,850 --> 00:19:45,850
is best.
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00:19:45,850 --> 00:19:48,320
Okay, that’s all for today’s video.
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00:19:48,320 --> 00:19:51,880
Good luck with your studies.
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00:19:51,880 --> 00:19:52,900
Thank you for watching.
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00:19:52,900 --> 00:19:57,360
Please subscribe to the channel, like the
video, leave a comment, and share the video
249
00:19:57,360 --> 00:20:00,700
with anyone else studying for the CCNA.
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00:20:00,700 --> 00:20:03,429
If you want to leave a tip, check the links
in the description.
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00:20:03,429 --> 00:20:09,450
I'm also a Brave verified publisher and accept
BAT, or Basic Attention Token, tips via the
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00:20:09,450 --> 00:20:10,799
Brave browser.
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00:20:10,800 --> 00:20:12,380
That's all for now.
24096
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