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All right.
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So let's talk about the anatomy of an HTML tag and break it down to its
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component parts so that we can actually understand how they're structured and
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how we can use them. So we've written HTML elements like so.
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So here we have the words hello world
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and they're in closed by an opening tag and a closing tag.
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And in between those tags is the content that we want to apply that structure
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to. So if you think bank to the days of marking down the manuscript,
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it's exactly the same as putting down a squiggly line underneath certain words or
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phrases and asking the publisher to make it bolded
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to affect the structure of certain parts of the text. Now, in this case,
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the publisher just happens to be our browser.
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So these tags make requests to the browser
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asking it to structure and display our plaintext in the way that the web
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designer wanted it to be shown.
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Now the other type of tag that we just saw are tags that don't have a closing
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tag. They're expressed simply like so.
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And these are called self-closing tags and we've seen that with the break tag
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and there's a few more others that work like this also.
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Now how do we find out if something requires a closing tag or is self-closing?
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Well, this is where we head to the documentation again. So
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if we have a look at the documentation for the heading elements,
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you can see that there's this part in the table that says tag omission
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and it says that both the starting and ending tags are mandatory so that you
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can specify which portion of your text you want to apply this structure to.
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Now, if we have a look at the br or the line break element,
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you can see that under tag omission,
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it says that it must have a start tag and must not have an end tag.
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So this is how we find out how we write our tags. Now, while we're here,
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I want to introduce you to another element called the horizontal rule or the hr
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tag.
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And this will allow us to create these horizontal lines above and below our
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portion of text. So as you can see in the documentation under tag omission,
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it also says that it must not have an end tag.
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So this is also a self-closing tag.
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Let's head back over to our pen so that we can add these two horizontal rules
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above and below our text. So the first one is going to go here
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and the last one is going to go here.
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You can see that our webpage now has two horizontal lines above and below our
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main portion of text. Now,
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if we have a closer look at this website,
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you can see that their horizontal rule is a little bit thicker than ours.
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So how can we make ours look more like theirs?
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Now, this is part where I show you a neat trick. On any webpage that you open in
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Chrome
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you can simply right click on the element that you're interested in and click
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inspect in order to look at the HTML and CSS code that's being rendered in the
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background by the browser. So you can see here, they've got an hr element,
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horizontal rule,
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but they've got also all of this going on afterwards.
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What exactly is that?
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Now we know that the first part of the tag is the HTML element and it's be or hr or
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whatever it is that you want to use.
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Now the second part inside the angle bracket or
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inside our tag is new and this is called an HTML attribute and it basically
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gives more information to the browser to specify modifications to that HTML
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element. So in this case, we're saying that we want a horizontal rule,
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but we want it in size three. Now, what does size three mean
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and how do we know that we have these HTML attributes available to us?
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You've guessed it. We're going back to the documentation.
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Now I know I'm making a big deal about going to the documentation,
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but it really, really is an important skill. Understanding
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and being able to look up the documentation,
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being familiar with the structure of it and where to look in order to find out
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how to implement or do certain things.
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If we have a look at our documentation for hr,
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you can see that there's this section called attributes.
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And that's what we spoke about just now. The attribute comes after the main HTML
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element and is separated from the element by a single space.
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In this case, the horizontal rule element has actually quite a few attributes,
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including align
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so you can specify whether if you want your horizontal line to align to the left
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or align to the right or be centered,
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you can specify the color of the horizontal rule,
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you can set whether if you want the horizontal rule to have shading or not,
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and you can also set the height in pixels of that horizontal rule,
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which is what we saw earlier on over here. So in this case,
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the reason why their horizontal rule looks different ours is because ours is by
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default, only one pixel high or one pixel in size
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whereas theirs,
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if you inspect in the HTML, is three pixels in height and they've also specified
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no shade i.e. no shading to the horizontal rule.
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So if we want to make our website a seamless copy of what we see here,
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then we also have to specify those attributes. So if you remember,
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the horizontal rule is a self-closing tag. And so inside the tag,
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we're going to make a space
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and then we're going to specify the name of the attribute
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which we know from the documentation to be called the size attribute,
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and we're going to set it to equal three pixels.
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And then we're going to specify that it is no shade i.e. no shading.
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And we know all of this from the documentation.
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So now once our code updates,
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you can see that this brand new horizontal rule looks completely different from
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what it was before and we can copy this over to the top as well
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so that our horizontal rules look exactly the same as what we've got over here.
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So now we've seen HTML elements that require an opening tag
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as well as a closing tag.
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We've also seen HTML elements that have a self-closing tag.
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And finally,
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we've seen that HTML elements can also have an attribute where you can specify
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modifications to the default element. Now,
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all we need is just to add one final tag called center to our HTML file
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and we would have now faithfully copied what this website looks like.
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So you can have a look through the HTML by, remember, right-clicking and
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inspecting in Chrome.
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And you can look through to see how they've structured the rest of the document
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as well. Now, this is a good point to mention our first challenge.
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So we've got this code pen now where we've been messing around with the HTML.
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Now you can either save this anonymously or you can create a free account in
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code pen in order to be able to access this later on.
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But I want you to create a brand new pen and this pen is going to be our code
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playbook. And you get to use this document as an interactive notebook
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if you will and I want you to document here
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all the new things that you've learned as we progress through the course.
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For example, in this and the last lesson, we learned about the h1 tag.
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So in our code play book,
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the first thing that's going to go in is your h1 tag
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and you can say that this is a level one heading created using the h1 tag
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and you go ahead and close it off. And you can look through the documentation to
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perhaps copy some of these code snippets over,
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but make sure that whenever you're copying pasting code,
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that you understand what the code does.
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There is nothing worse than copying and pasting code that breaks your website
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because you didn't understand what you've put in there.
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So we can go ahead and then modify each of these so that when we're creating our
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own websites and we want to come back to our playbook and have it as a point of
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reference, then we'll be able to see easily at a glance,
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all of the elements that we've used and that we've learned about before.
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So my challenge to you is to create your very own code playbook and to start
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keeping notes on all the things that you're learning in this course. Now,
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sometimes with certain elements, for example, the line break, you won't
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be able to put any text inside the line break in the same way that we've
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done so for the h1 tag.
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This is a point where you can use a comment instead in your HTML file.
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Comments are portions of text
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which are marked out to be ignored by the browser.
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And they're usually places where you write notes to yourself or notes to fellow
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programmers who might be looking at your code. So in HTML,
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we create a comment by using the angle bracket,
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a exclamation Mark, two dashes,
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and then to close off the comment,
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we use another two dashes and a closing angle bracket.
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And everything in between here is a comment.
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You can see that usually it gets highlighted in a different color and none of it
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gets interpreted into the webpage.
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So this is where you can put sections for your notes. For example,
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self-closing tags.
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You can make it into several paragraphs just by putting the closing tag at the
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bottom.
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And you can write notes on the elements as we come across them and keep this for
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your own reference. By the time when you're ready to create your own websites,
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it will be a goldmine of a resource to jog your memory on all of the lessons
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that you've learned. So in the next lesson,
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we're going to be building our very first website and it's going to be really,
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really awesome because we're going to be using a real text editor and we're
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going to be putting that website live onto the internet.
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So there's all of that and more yet to come.
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So I we'll see you on the next lesson.
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