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-[dramatic music playing]
-[clock ticking]
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[Daniel] On the morning
of December 7th, 1941,
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the Antares was pulling a barge behind it.
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The signalman saw something very strange.
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[Steve] It's following in the wake,
and it looks awful like
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the shape of a submarine conning tower,
only smaller.
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[Michael] The Antares sent a message
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that this was some kind
of an enemy incursion.
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The USS Ward fired upon the mini sub
when they saw it.
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[Daniel] Gun number one barks…
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[gunshot]
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…gun number three barks…
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[gunshot]
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…and a shell hits it
right between the sail and the hull
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and the submarine dives.
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[Laura] The crew of the USS Ward
didn't know it yet,
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but they have just fired the first
American shots of the Second World War.
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[dramatic music continues]
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[plane engines whirring]
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[narrator] Pearl Harbor.
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The surprise Japanese attack
that killed nearly 2,400 people
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and changed the course of history.
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[Steve] How could such a small,
island nation
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take an obviously suicidal step?
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Nobody was brave enough to say,
"Look, this is a crazy plan."
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It was Japan's version of the atomic bomb.
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-[plane engine whirring]
-[explosion]
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[Taylor] It's one of those
crucial days in history
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like the attack
on the Twin Towers on September 11th.
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You know the world won't be the same
after as it had been before.
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[narrator] In this series to mark
the 80th anniversary of the attack,
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we hear from some of the last
remaining survivors.
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[Louis] Fire was burning
all around the deck
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and your skin would come off
in your hands.
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[Cass] He tried to stand up,
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and when we walked over to him,
he was dead.
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[in Japanese] Our chances
of returning from Pearl Harbor
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were almost zero in our view.
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[narrator, in English] We bring together
the foremost experts in the field
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to reveal the mistakes
and missed opportunities
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that could have averted the attack…
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[beeping]
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[Steve] Washington sent
all of its commanders a message
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that was unprecedented
in American naval history.
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That message simply said,
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"This dispatch is to be considered
a war warning."
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[narrator] …and reveal
how events unfolded, minute by minute.
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[dramatic music playing]
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[ominous music playing]
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[narrator] An enormous naval armada
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is gathering in a remote location
at Hitokappu Bay in the Northern Pacific.
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The mission is so secret
that only a handful of the thousands
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of Japanese men assembling here
know their destination.
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{\an8}On board the Japanese ships,
there's just wild speculation
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{\an8}as to where they might be headed.
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This could be another training exercise.
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{\an8}Many of the men thought
maybe it's an attack on the Americans
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{\an8}in the Aleutians
because we're heading north,
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but they really had no idea
where they were going.
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[narrator] On board,
one of the six aircraft carriers
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is 23-year-old torpedo bomber
Masamitsu Yoshioka.
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Now 103, he is one the last
remaining Japanese survivors
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of the Pearl Harbor attack.
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{\an8}[in Japanese] We were normally told
where we were going
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{\an8}and for what objective.
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But on this particular mission,
we weren't told where we were headed.
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[narrator, in English]
The fleet that's assembling
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aims to carry out one of the most complex
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and ambitious operations
in the history of naval warfare.
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They plan to sail
a fleet of aircraft carriers
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3,500 miles across an ocean
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and attack the home
of the US Pacific Fleet
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on the Hawaiian island of Oahu.
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{\an8}Not only were they planning
to attack the naval harbor
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{\an8}and to destroy the US Pacific fleet,
they were also going to attack
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{\an8}all the airfields on Oahu Island as well.
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It was very ambitious
but also very daring.
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[Masamitsu speaking Japanese]
The captain
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began reading out these instructions…
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"Faced with the arrogant tyrant America,
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from the 8th of December,
we will be at war."
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It felt as though
all the blood in my body had drained
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from my head down to the flight deck.
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I thought, "So now,
we finally have to go."
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"It will be a huge war."
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"I won't be coming back."
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[narrator, in English]
The attack on Pearl Harbor
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will be the first in a wave of attacks
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across the Pacific
as Japan seeks to establish an empire.
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They have already invaded large parts
of Northeastern China
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and need oil to continue their expansion.
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{\an8}Japan is an island nation,
and many of their main product
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{\an8}and resources, especially oil,
had to be imported,
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and the United States was one
of the main people to provide that.
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[narrator] When Japan invades
French Indochina in 1940,
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America has had enough.
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In August 1941,
it cuts off Japan's oil supply.
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{\an8}Military strategists started thinking,
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{\an8}"Oh, we really need to look
further than Indochina,
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because we really need oil."
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[Taylor] Diplomatic negotiations
between Washington and Tokyo,
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in theory, still carries on.
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The military junta that was leading Japan
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concluded that they were not going
to gain access
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to the reserves it needed by negotiations.
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The only way was by violence.
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[dramatic music intensifies]
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[narrator] To get oil,
Japan plans to invade
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the oil-rich Dutch East Indies.
But there’s a snag.
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{\an8}They knew the United States
would be the power
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{\an8}that would get in their way,
especially because the United States
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{\an8}occupied the Philippines.
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[Timothy] So, it was already set.
They were going to take the Philippines,
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{\an8}and in order to be able
to take the Philippines,
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{\an8}they had to first wipe the American
Pacific Fleet off the map.
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[narrator] Sunrise in Pearl Harbor,
the home of America's Pacific Fleet.
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More than 90 ships are based here
in its natural harbor
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as well as 84,000 servicemen
on the island of Oahu.
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[Jonathan] Honolulu was a great posting.
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If you were an American serviceman,
there was no better place to be posted
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than Honolulu right before the war.
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Lovely climate, nice people,
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there's bars and restaurants
and the beach,
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and you know,
lots to do if you are a serviceman.
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[narrator] It's been just nine months
since Admiral Husband Kimmel
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took over as Commander in Chief
of the US Pacific Fleet in February 1941.
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{\an8}Admiral Husband Kimmel
was an efficient,
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{\an8}very well-organized admiral.
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He's the type of person to be more admired
than liked, perhaps,
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but he was also incredibly well respected
because he became the commander in chief
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of the US fleet
above many other senior admirals.
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Kimmel was really dedicated
to training and to exercises,
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activities that were going to be needed
to prepare the United States for war
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that everybody knew was coming.
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[narrator] Lou Conter
is a 20-year-old quartermaster
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on the battleship USS Arizona
based at Pearl Harbor.
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{\an8}We'd been out there
for 20 months training.
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We were highly trained
for anything that could happen.
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Everything was training for war,
live ammunition and everything else,
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so it was all instilled in you.
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[narrator] But it wasn't the readiness
of his men that would be tested first.
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It was Kimmel's own instincts
as a commander.
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On November 27th, he receives intelligence
warning of an attack
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somewhere in the Pacific.
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[Michael] The war warning said,
"Japanese intentions are not known."
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"Their actions are going to be
unpredictable. Just be prepared."
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[clock ticking]
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{\an8}[typewriter clacking]
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{\an8}[ominous music playing]
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{\an8}[narrator] Hitokappu Bay
in the Northern Pacific.
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The Japanese strike force, or Kidō Butai,
is now at full strength
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and sets off for Hawaii.
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[chain clanking]
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[Michael] As Kidō Butai
crossed the Pacific,
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the six carriers were in a box formation.
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Out on the flanks were the heavy cruisers
and the two battleships.
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{\an8}It must have been a grand sight to see
all these ships together at one time.
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[Steve] Most navies
use their aircraft carriers
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{\an8}to go find the enemy out there at sea
and report back to where it was
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{\an8}so that the big ships with the guns
could find them and engage them.
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Using aircraft carriers in a massed force
was an unusual naval tactic.
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It was quite revolutionary.
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[narrator] For the mission to succeed,
the strike force must remain undetected
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over its 3,500-mile journey.
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[Steve] The strike force, when it left,
really entered its own isolated world.
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It didn't send out reconnaissance planes,
and they were very careful
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about dumping garbage
over the sides of their ship
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in case an American submarine
happened to be sailing by.
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[Jonathan] All of the Japanese ships
are keeping position on each other
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strictly through visual means.
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{\an8}They're using flags and semaphores
to maintain position and to communicate.
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{\an8}There's no radio traffic whatsoever.
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{\an8}[typewriter clacking]
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[narrator] The Japanese plan
to attack Pearl Harbor
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has taken more than nine months to devise.
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Its architect is Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto.
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{\an8}Isoroku Yamamoto was a conflicting,
if not paradoxical, character.
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{\an8}There was this side of him
who was a very rational thinker.
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The other side of him
was a very big gambler.
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[narrator] His plan was passed
in October 1941,
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but to some, it's a suicide mission.
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[Masamitsu speaking Japanese]
If we were to have a war with America,
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{\an8}they had more fighter planes,
more warships.
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So, we were resigned to the fact
we wouldn't be able to come back.
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{\an8}[ominous music playing]
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[narrator, in English] In Pearl Harbor,
Admiral Kimmel receives news
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about the possibility of a Japanese attack
and its expected location.
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[Steve] Washington sent
all of its commanders in the Pacific,
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a message that was unprecedented
in American naval history.
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That message simply said
in its first line,
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"This dispatch is to be considered
a war warning."
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And it also said, "We think the attack
from the Japanese
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will occur in the Philippines
or in Borneo."
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It didn't say Hawaii, but it did
tell Kimmel, "You should prepare."
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{\an8}The American bases around the Pacific
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{\an8}are receiving lots of different pieces
of intelligence
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{\an8}which point to the imminence
of a Japanese attack.
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Kimmel is alerted, but the whole military
is not on a wartime footing.
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War hasn't been declared.
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They don't know where it's coming from.
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[narrator] Meanwhile, the Japanese Fleet
is nearly halfway to Pearl Harbor,
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and conditions are challenging.
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[Jonathan] The route that the Japanese
have selected to approach Hawaii
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is through the most desolate stretches
of the northern Pacific,
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which means that the weather
is absolutely wretched.
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[Michael] There were men
who were washed off the deck.
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It was also very cold
and very uncomfortable.
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The Japanese wasted little fuel
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in trying to keep the interior
of the ships warm.
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And they were using cold seawater
to bathe in.
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So, it was a brutally cold crossing
in winter.
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[Masamitsu speaking Japanese]
When we set out from Hitokappu Bay,
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the weather was awful.
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We played Go or Shogi
and listened to the records.
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We just had fun.
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Nobody particularly talked
about life or death.
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{\an8}[dramatic music playing]
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[narrator, in English]
On board one of the carriers,
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its leader, Vice Admiral Chūichi Nagumo
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receives the order he's been waiting for.
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[Jonathan] The order says
Climb Mount Niitaka,
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that means to him that negotiations
with the Americans
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have conclusively broken down,
that there is no hope of avoiding war.
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[Steve] If there had been some
breakthrough in Washington,
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then the fleet on its route
would have been radioed and told,
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"Peace has broken out,"
but these negotiations were going nowhere,
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and both sides knew it.
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[Jonathan] And at this point,
Nagumo's force
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is to carry out its mission
and destroy as much of the American navy
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in Pearl Harbor as he possibly can.
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[narrator] And the Japanese have been busy
in preparation for the attack,
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00:16:12,960 --> 00:16:16,280
but the challenges of a strike
on Pearl Harbor are many.
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00:16:18,800 --> 00:16:24,280
[Steve] Pearl Harbor is a remarkable
geologic feature cut into the south coast
234
00:16:24,360 --> 00:16:25,800
of the island of Oahu.
235
00:16:26,920 --> 00:16:30,720
And its principal or unusual trait
was how shallow it was.
236
00:16:31,680 --> 00:16:35,040
The depth of the water was about 45 feet,
237
00:16:35,560 --> 00:16:41,480
and that shallowness became an asset
in terms of being threatened
238
00:16:41,640 --> 00:16:44,120
by air-dropped torpedoes.
239
00:16:44,280 --> 00:16:45,680
[dramatic music intensifies]
240
00:16:45,800 --> 00:16:49,480
[Taylor] Traditionally, torpedoes
dropped from a height would sink
241
00:16:50,040 --> 00:16:55,800
probably 40, 50, 60 feet into the sea
before beginning their trajectory.
242
00:16:55,960 --> 00:17:01,360
So, a harbor is not a good place
to attack ships in conventional thinking.
243
00:17:03,040 --> 00:17:06,240
[Jonathan] The Japanese solution
to this problem was to put wooden fins
244
00:17:06,320 --> 00:17:09,080
onto their air-dropped torpedoes…
245
00:17:09,720 --> 00:17:11,680
that would act
as sort of a shock absorber,
246
00:17:11,760 --> 00:17:13,920
so when the torpedo hits
the surface of the water,
247
00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:18,080
these wooden fins absorb the shock,
shatter, blow off
248
00:17:18,680 --> 00:17:22,080
and thereby shallow up
the dive of the torpedo.
249
00:17:23,720 --> 00:17:27,280
[Michael] They also severely limited
the speed of the aircraft,
250
00:17:27,560 --> 00:17:31,320
and they asked the pilots
to cant the nose of the aircraft
251
00:17:31,480 --> 00:17:33,600
up about five degrees
252
00:17:34,040 --> 00:17:38,720
to ensure that the torpedo
would fall flat into the water.
253
00:17:39,960 --> 00:17:44,240
That was what kept the torpedo
from diving too deeply
254
00:17:44,320 --> 00:17:46,400
and lodging into the mud of the harbor.
255
00:17:48,160 --> 00:17:50,800
[narrator] And it wasn't just
technological innovation.
256
00:17:51,280 --> 00:17:54,160
The flying crews
are also specially selected.
257
00:17:55,440 --> 00:17:58,840
They were all crack pilots,
and that was necessarily so
258
00:17:58,920 --> 00:18:02,280
because the Japanese Naval Air Force
was very small,
259
00:18:02,360 --> 00:18:06,080
and the resources were limited,
especially after the embargo,
260
00:18:06,680 --> 00:18:11,880
so they had to choose a select few
who could really fly.
261
00:18:12,800 --> 00:18:18,560
The pilots started training
in the south of Japan in Kinko Bay,
262
00:18:18,840 --> 00:18:21,440
which was shaped just like Pearl Harbor.
263
00:18:21,600 --> 00:18:24,640
The pilots didn't know
for what they were training.
264
00:18:26,600 --> 00:18:28,800
[Masamitsu speaking Japanese]
Instruments were no good
265
00:18:29,280 --> 00:18:31,200
at telling distance or height,
266
00:18:32,520 --> 00:18:35,640
so I trained to measure them by sight.
267
00:18:38,480 --> 00:18:45,440
We were training to carry out
aerial torpedo attacks on shallow bays.
268
00:18:49,760 --> 00:18:51,040
[narrator, in English] Their prime targets
269
00:18:51,120 --> 00:18:53,320
are the US Pacific Fleet's
eight battleships
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00:18:53,680 --> 00:18:55,720
moored on the pier Battleship Row.
271
00:18:57,880 --> 00:18:59,680
From the Japanese perspective,
272
00:18:59,960 --> 00:19:03,160
uh, battleships
are still the coin of the realm.
273
00:19:03,320 --> 00:19:06,760
That's how you measure naval power
in 1941.
274
00:19:06,840 --> 00:19:11,000
And so, if they can sink four or five
American battleships,
275
00:19:11,080 --> 00:19:13,760
that will put the battle line
out of commission,
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00:19:14,240 --> 00:19:17,600
and that will constitute success
for the operation.
277
00:19:18,440 --> 00:19:19,800
[narrator] Their secondary targets
278
00:19:19,880 --> 00:19:22,280
are the fleet's three enormous
aircraft carriers,
279
00:19:22,480 --> 00:19:24,880
which are usually moored on Carrier Row.
280
00:19:25,680 --> 00:19:30,640
Though air power was clearly
rising in, uh, importance,
281
00:19:31,280 --> 00:19:36,680
all navies of the world
were still centered on battleships
282
00:19:36,760 --> 00:19:40,040
as their single
most important naval weapon.
283
00:19:40,760 --> 00:19:46,000
Yamamoto hoped that by destroying
the American Pacific Fleet's battleships,
284
00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:52,600
it would be as much a psychological blow
as it would be an actual military blow.
285
00:19:52,680 --> 00:19:54,800
[dramatic music playing]
286
00:20:02,840 --> 00:20:04,960
{\an8}[narrator] At Pearl Harbor,
Admiral Kimmel meets
287
00:20:05,040 --> 00:20:07,240
his Intelligence chief, Edwin Layton.
288
00:20:07,720 --> 00:20:12,200
The news he hears, if acted on,
could be crucial in averting the attack.
289
00:20:13,960 --> 00:20:17,360
[Steve] His intelligence chief said,
"I have to tell you, Admiral,
290
00:20:17,440 --> 00:20:22,600
that four of the Japanese
aircraft carriers aren't saying anything."
291
00:20:23,040 --> 00:20:25,040
"There's no radio traffic from them."
292
00:20:25,480 --> 00:20:28,480
"They aren't communicating
or receiving messages."
293
00:20:29,840 --> 00:20:32,200
[narrator] Japanese ships
had gone missing before,
294
00:20:32,280 --> 00:20:35,160
so Kimmel and Layton
are not unduly concerned.
295
00:20:35,960 --> 00:20:37,880
But it’s a crucial misjudgment.
296
00:20:40,680 --> 00:20:44,160
[Steve] He said, "Now, Admiral,
I think that means they are in port
297
00:20:44,720 --> 00:20:46,480
and therefore not talking."
298
00:20:47,720 --> 00:20:51,280
And Kimmel did agree
with his intelligence chief
299
00:20:51,360 --> 00:20:55,960
that the silence of those carriers
meant that they were in home waters,
300
00:20:56,040 --> 00:20:58,920
but those four carriers
were four of the six
301
00:20:59,320 --> 00:21:02,280
that were on their way to Hawaii.
302
00:21:02,360 --> 00:21:04,200
-[dramatic music playing]
-[clock ticking]
303
00:21:04,760 --> 00:21:08,120
{\an8}[typewriter clacking]
304
00:21:10,400 --> 00:21:12,360
[narrator] Unbeknown to the Americans,
305
00:21:12,600 --> 00:21:17,520
the Japanese Fleet is also receiving
vital intelligence from inside Hawaii.
306
00:21:18,960 --> 00:21:23,440
The latest report says there is now
only one aircraft carrier in the harbor,
307
00:21:24,000 --> 00:21:26,960
but the message has taken
seven days to arrive.
308
00:21:28,680 --> 00:21:32,600
This was an age
before spy satellites and listening dishes
309
00:21:32,680 --> 00:21:33,960
of high sophistication.
310
00:21:34,280 --> 00:21:37,680
So, they might sail all the way
across the Pacific to Hawaii
311
00:21:37,760 --> 00:21:41,000
and find out that the bulk of the fleet
wasn't there.
312
00:21:42,760 --> 00:21:45,720
[narrator] The Japanese have planted
a secret intelligence source,
313
00:21:46,160 --> 00:21:48,720
a spy called Takeo Yoshikawa.
314
00:21:50,560 --> 00:21:55,240
He's been hiding in plain sight
amongst Hawaii's large Japanese population
315
00:21:55,640 --> 00:21:57,160
for the past eight months.
316
00:21:58,080 --> 00:22:02,840
{\an8}He is one of the greatest spies
of World War Two,
317
00:22:03,120 --> 00:22:09,320
and his job was to study the operations
of the Pacific Fleet, its moorings,
318
00:22:10,080 --> 00:22:12,080
-its capabilities…
-[camera clicks]
319
00:22:13,480 --> 00:22:18,360
…to fly over its airfields,
see what the strength of aircraft was.
320
00:22:19,920 --> 00:22:24,000
[Jonathan] He is a trained naval officer
and so he knows what to look for.
321
00:22:24,320 --> 00:22:27,560
And he's also a very creative guy.
322
00:22:28,040 --> 00:22:30,760
I mean, he's willing to go
to some interesting lengths
323
00:22:30,840 --> 00:22:32,600
to gather this sort of intel.
324
00:22:34,280 --> 00:22:38,920
{\an8}Yoshikawa found a taxi driver
who would drive him all over the island
325
00:22:39,000 --> 00:22:42,320
{\an8}to see different points.
Uh, he went on boat rides.
326
00:22:42,920 --> 00:22:47,400
He would dive sometimes in the waters,
and he would use a thin reed
327
00:22:47,640 --> 00:22:50,600
to be able to breathe underwater.
328
00:22:51,640 --> 00:22:57,200
He has noted that there are no
anti-torpedo nets around the battleships.
329
00:22:58,080 --> 00:23:02,520
Yoshikawa also observes
that there are no barrage balloons.
330
00:23:03,560 --> 00:23:07,240
[Jonathan] Barrage balloons would make
aerial attack more difficult.
331
00:23:08,680 --> 00:23:14,120
Yoshikawa does a pretty effective job
of laying out the basic rhythm
332
00:23:14,200 --> 00:23:17,480
of how the Pacific Fleet
is operating in this time.
333
00:23:18,360 --> 00:23:20,840
They're usually in port on the weekends,
334
00:23:21,120 --> 00:23:24,040
and that is the critical piece
of information
335
00:23:24,120 --> 00:23:28,600
that leads to Yamamoto's
decision to attack on a Sunday morning.
336
00:23:29,320 --> 00:23:31,040
[dramatic music playing]
337
00:23:36,720 --> 00:23:38,000
[narrator] In Washington,
338
00:23:38,080 --> 00:23:42,120
President Roosevelt is alerted
to a decoded internal Japanese
339
00:23:42,200 --> 00:23:45,280
diplomatic message
signaling their intention
340
00:23:45,360 --> 00:23:47,360
to pull out of peace talks.
341
00:23:47,480 --> 00:23:49,520
[indistinct chatter]
342
00:23:49,680 --> 00:23:53,360
{\an8}[Jonathan] There were instructions
in that message for Japanese embassies
343
00:23:53,440 --> 00:23:56,840
{\an8}to begin burning documents,
destroying their code books,
344
00:23:57,120 --> 00:23:58,920
{\an8}destroying their code machines.
345
00:23:59,040 --> 00:24:05,160
{\an8}That too suggests a sort of finality
to the negotiation process
346
00:24:05,240 --> 00:24:07,520
that has been ongoing all this fall.
347
00:24:09,880 --> 00:24:14,320
[Taylor] Roosevelt is very seriously
alarmed when he reads this message,
348
00:24:14,400 --> 00:24:17,840
and he turns to his naval aide
who gives it to him and says,
349
00:24:17,920 --> 00:24:19,320
"What do you think this means?"
350
00:24:19,680 --> 00:24:23,560
And he says, "Well, if there was
one in a thousand chance
351
00:24:24,280 --> 00:24:29,040
of keeping the peace yesterday,
today it's only one in a million."
352
00:24:29,560 --> 00:24:31,120
[dramatic music playing]
353
00:24:37,480 --> 00:24:42,160
[fanfare playing]
354
00:24:43,240 --> 00:24:45,760
[Jonathan] Saturday night
before Pearl Harbor
355
00:24:45,840 --> 00:24:49,840
{\an8}is a typical night out on the town
for a lot of these servicemen.
356
00:24:50,480 --> 00:24:54,840
They're out drinking, they're eating,
they're spending time with their friends.
357
00:24:56,800 --> 00:25:00,400
And there's a battle of the bands
that is also occurring.
358
00:25:00,840 --> 00:25:04,480
[fanfare continues]
359
00:25:05,440 --> 00:25:09,640
{\an8}It was a competition
among all the battleships there,
360
00:25:09,920 --> 00:25:13,200
{\an8}and I think we had gone through
about half of them,
361
00:25:14,120 --> 00:25:16,760
and our band was still in first place.
362
00:25:18,320 --> 00:25:23,040
We would play a lot of march music
or light classical music
363
00:25:23,120 --> 00:25:26,400
and maybe a little Latin music
here or there.
364
00:25:27,360 --> 00:25:29,320
We were the favorite band there.
365
00:25:29,520 --> 00:25:32,800
The last number we played
I think was named White Heat.
366
00:25:33,000 --> 00:25:34,880
It was fast and loud.
367
00:25:35,560 --> 00:25:38,280
The winner was judged by applause,
368
00:25:38,360 --> 00:25:42,280
so I think we had more crew there
all the time,
369
00:25:42,600 --> 00:25:45,440
so we were still in first place.
370
00:25:45,760 --> 00:25:47,160
[fanfare concludes]
371
00:25:47,640 --> 00:25:49,480
[ominous music playing]
372
00:25:56,640 --> 00:26:00,760
[narrator] The Japanese strike force
is now 400 miles from Hawaii.
373
00:26:01,600 --> 00:26:04,680
On the bridge of the Japanese
aircraft carrier Akagi,
374
00:26:05,000 --> 00:26:07,960
Vice Admiral Nagumo
receives a final message
375
00:26:08,040 --> 00:26:09,840
from the spy in Pearl Harbor.
376
00:26:11,440 --> 00:26:14,520
[Jonathan] On the eve of this attack,
it doesn't look like there are going to be
377
00:26:14,760 --> 00:26:17,720
any American aircraft carriers
in the harbor.
378
00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:22,000
That's a real disappointment,
but at the same time,
379
00:26:22,360 --> 00:26:23,720
there's also an understanding
380
00:26:23,800 --> 00:26:25,960
that there are plenty
of battleship targets
381
00:26:26,120 --> 00:26:28,240
and other worthy targets there.
382
00:26:30,360 --> 00:26:32,760
[Masamitsu speaking Japanese]
The night before setting out,
383
00:26:33,640 --> 00:26:36,000
I was quite calm.
384
00:26:38,280 --> 00:26:44,920
{\an8}As far as dying went,
once you got on a plane and took off,
385
00:26:46,240 --> 00:26:48,080
you had to be prepared for such things,
386
00:26:48,400 --> 00:26:50,400
so I didn’t feel particularly
scared of dying
387
00:26:50,480 --> 00:26:52,200
just because we were going to Hawaii.
388
00:26:56,480 --> 00:27:00,400
[narrator, in English] Then,
just outside Pearl Harbor, US sailors spot
389
00:27:00,480 --> 00:27:04,480
an unusual submarine-like vessel
in the defensive area.
390
00:27:06,520 --> 00:27:07,800
{\an8}There was always that thought
391
00:27:07,880 --> 00:27:11,760
{\an8}that the wooden fin modifications
on the aerial torpedoes would not work.
392
00:27:12,040 --> 00:27:16,280
So, the Japanese had a backup plan
in the form of five miniature submarines.
393
00:27:20,000 --> 00:27:24,760
{\an8}Pearl Harbor is an experiment
of new military devices
394
00:27:25,080 --> 00:27:29,680
{\an8}that has been not used
in the Second World War until that time.
395
00:27:30,040 --> 00:27:33,080
One of the weapons developed
was a midget submarine.
396
00:27:33,360 --> 00:27:36,400
They would be carried
by mother submarines and launched.
397
00:27:37,640 --> 00:27:42,840
{\an8}They’re about 80 feet long,
six feet wide at the widest part
398
00:27:43,080 --> 00:27:46,240
and they're very, very cramped.
399
00:27:46,800 --> 00:27:49,160
There’s only two people inside of the sub.
400
00:27:49,280 --> 00:27:53,480
Very, very, hot conditions.
It's over 100 degrees Fahrenheit
401
00:27:53,560 --> 00:27:55,040
inside of the sub,
402
00:27:55,120 --> 00:28:02,080
and basically, the whole purpose of them
is to sneak into Pearl Harbor
403
00:28:02,440 --> 00:28:04,480
to have extra torpedo power.
404
00:28:04,720 --> 00:28:06,280
[dramatic music playing]
405
00:28:15,520 --> 00:28:18,240
[narrator] The final part of the message
from the Japanese government
406
00:28:18,320 --> 00:28:21,240
outlining their intention
to end peace talks
407
00:28:21,560 --> 00:28:25,040
is intercepted by naval intelligence
and sent to Washington.
408
00:28:25,440 --> 00:28:27,880
[dramatic music intensifies]
409
00:28:28,520 --> 00:28:34,200
{\an8}It had wording to the effect
that, in light of the views
410
00:28:34,280 --> 00:28:37,960
of the Japanese government,
all negotiation should be terminated.
411
00:28:38,720 --> 00:28:41,360
{\an8}And it almost read
like a declaration of war.
412
00:28:41,840 --> 00:28:45,120
{\an8}[narrator] But this was all part
of the Japanese plan.
413
00:28:45,520 --> 00:28:50,120
The reason the Japanese did this
was because they wanted, in later days,
414
00:28:50,200 --> 00:28:54,800
to be able to tell people
that we did warn the Americans.
415
00:28:55,360 --> 00:28:57,960
[narrator] Significantly,
the message instructs
416
00:28:58,160 --> 00:29:02,320
{\an8}the Japanese ambassador to deliver it
at 1:00 p.m. Washington time,
417
00:29:02,880 --> 00:29:05,800
{\an8}which is 7:30 a.m. in Hawaii.
418
00:29:06,960 --> 00:29:09,080
[Steve] That caused enough concern
419
00:29:09,160 --> 00:29:12,680
{\an8}that maybe something
was going to happen at one o'clock…
420
00:29:13,240 --> 00:29:16,400
{\an8}that Washington began to prepare messages
421
00:29:16,920 --> 00:29:22,360
for Hawaii and elsewhere to alert them
to the significance of that.
422
00:29:23,240 --> 00:29:26,160
[narrator] Such vital warning messages
would normally be sent
423
00:29:26,280 --> 00:29:29,960
straight through military channels,
but there's a problem.
424
00:29:31,800 --> 00:29:34,520
[Steve] The problem
was that radio circuits
425
00:29:34,760 --> 00:29:38,760
between Washington and Honolulu
were not good that morning,
426
00:29:39,160 --> 00:29:43,160
so they had to resort to sending them
by commercial means.
427
00:29:44,880 --> 00:29:48,480
[narrator] The crucial message
is sent via Western Union instead.
428
00:29:49,400 --> 00:29:52,960
It won't arrive in Hawaii until 7:33 a.m.,
429
00:29:53,400 --> 00:29:57,160
just 15 minutes before the Japanese attack
actually begins.
430
00:29:57,520 --> 00:29:59,480
[typewriter clicking]
431
00:30:00,520 --> 00:30:03,160
It's not marked as being high priority,
432
00:30:03,240 --> 00:30:08,320
and so the staff there kinda, you know,
put it in the medium priority messages.
433
00:30:11,240 --> 00:30:14,120
[narrator] Meanwhile,
on board the carrier Soryu,
434
00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:16,840
pilots and crews get ready for the attack.
435
00:30:19,280 --> 00:30:23,040
[Masamitsu speaking Japanese]
We felt that if we were shot down
436
00:30:23,680 --> 00:30:25,480
and parachuted out,
437
00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:31,240
it would be terrible because we'd end up
as prisoners of war.
438
00:30:31,760 --> 00:30:33,840
So, we decided not to wear
our parachute belts
439
00:30:34,000 --> 00:30:36,280
and flew to Hawaii
without parachute belts on.
440
00:30:36,360 --> 00:30:37,760
All of us, everyone.
441
00:30:40,400 --> 00:30:41,840
[wind howls]
442
00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:43,400
[narrator, in English] At 6:00 a.m.,
443
00:30:43,560 --> 00:30:47,520
the strike force
is now 180 miles northeast of Hawaii,
444
00:30:48,560 --> 00:30:54,320
and the first wave of 183 planes
takes off from the Japanese carriers.
445
00:30:55,080 --> 00:30:59,600
[Masamitsu speaking Japanese]
It was dark when we started taking off,
446
00:31:00,240 --> 00:31:01,680
so I couldn't see well.
447
00:31:02,600 --> 00:31:05,880
Nine fighter planes took off before me.
448
00:31:06,480 --> 00:31:11,840
One of the planes didn't gain enough lift,
so it dropped into the sea.
449
00:31:14,440 --> 00:31:17,000
[narrator, in English]
Their plan is to fly in two waves,
450
00:31:17,240 --> 00:31:18,640
one after the other,
451
00:31:18,880 --> 00:31:21,760
with the torpedo bombers
starting the attack on the harbor
452
00:31:22,440 --> 00:31:24,960
and the airfields
being hit straight after.
453
00:31:25,440 --> 00:31:28,360
[Michael] The first wave
has 40 torpedo bombers,
454
00:31:28,440 --> 00:31:31,840
which would try to sink
the American battleships,
455
00:31:31,960 --> 00:31:35,640
and then there were 50 horizontal
high-level bombers
456
00:31:35,720 --> 00:31:38,760
to attack the inboard, uh, battleships.
457
00:31:38,920 --> 00:31:40,040
[plane engines whirring]
458
00:31:40,160 --> 00:31:42,760
[narrator] They are supported
by dive bombers and fighters
459
00:31:42,880 --> 00:31:45,640
and are led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida.
460
00:31:45,960 --> 00:31:49,080
[dramatic music concluding]
461
00:31:52,200 --> 00:31:53,520
[clock ticking]
462
00:31:53,600 --> 00:31:57,840
{\an8}[typewriter clacking]
463
00:31:59,920 --> 00:32:03,240
{\an8}-[ominous music playing]
-[typewriter clacking]
464
00:32:07,320 --> 00:32:08,840
[narrator] Back at Pearl Harbor,
465
00:32:09,040 --> 00:32:12,320
the Americans once again
spot a submarine-like vessel.
466
00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:19,440
The USS Ward spots it,
and they fire at it.
467
00:32:19,640 --> 00:32:22,920
Their first shot misses,
but then their second shot hits,
468
00:32:23,440 --> 00:32:27,240
and they’re pretty certain
that they have sunk whatever this is.
469
00:32:27,880 --> 00:32:31,160
The crew of the USS Ward
didn't know it yet,
470
00:32:31,360 --> 00:32:34,880
but they have just fired
the first American shots
471
00:32:34,960 --> 00:32:36,400
of the Second World War.
472
00:32:37,840 --> 00:32:40,200
[Daniel] A message is sent
into Pearl Harbor,
473
00:32:40,280 --> 00:32:42,520
"We have fired
and depth charged a submarine
474
00:32:42,600 --> 00:32:44,560
operating within the defensive sea area."
475
00:32:46,560 --> 00:32:48,240
[Steve] That message, unfortunately,
476
00:32:48,360 --> 00:32:52,120
began to only creep
up the chain of command. [chuckles]
477
00:32:54,200 --> 00:32:59,320
There have been so many instances
of reports of subs
478
00:32:59,400 --> 00:33:01,040
that turn out to be false
479
00:33:01,120 --> 00:33:04,320
that the report
really doesn't go anywhere.
480
00:33:06,960 --> 00:33:10,280
[narrator] Meanwhile, at Opana Point
on the northern tip of Oahu,
481
00:33:10,880 --> 00:33:15,080
radar operators spot what appears
to be a large number of planes
482
00:33:15,160 --> 00:33:16,680
approaching rapidly.
483
00:33:17,120 --> 00:33:18,280
[radar beeping]
484
00:33:18,440 --> 00:33:21,280
[Michael] Privates Joseph Lockhart
and George Eliot
485
00:33:21,360 --> 00:33:26,000
of the aircraft warning service
noticed a large target
486
00:33:26,080 --> 00:33:28,400
which appeared on their oscilloscopes.
487
00:33:28,880 --> 00:33:32,520
It was larger than any other sighting
they had seen before.
488
00:33:32,800 --> 00:33:36,080
And they watched it for a few minutes,
and they said,
489
00:33:36,160 --> 00:33:38,160
"We really do need to report this."
490
00:33:38,240 --> 00:33:39,960
-[dramatic music playing]
-[clock ticking]
491
00:33:40,400 --> 00:33:43,400
{\an8}[typewriter clacking]
492
00:33:43,600 --> 00:33:45,400
{\an8}[narrator] Thirteen minutes
after the sighting,
493
00:33:45,760 --> 00:33:48,720
{\an8}they call a switchboard operator,
who relays the message
494
00:33:48,800 --> 00:33:52,560
to the officer in charge,
First Lieutenant Kermit Tyler.
495
00:33:55,520 --> 00:33:59,120
[Michael] Kermit Tyler remembered
what a friend had told him,
496
00:33:59,200 --> 00:34:03,840
that when flights of American B-17s
came in from the West Coast,
497
00:34:05,080 --> 00:34:10,800
KGM broadcast Hawaiian music
all night long as a navigation aid.
498
00:34:12,000 --> 00:34:16,560
And when Kermit heard this,
he recalled that he had been listening
499
00:34:16,680 --> 00:34:20,320
to Hawaiian music during the drive
and he concluded,
500
00:34:20,400 --> 00:34:23,360
well, this is probably these B17s.
501
00:34:23,680 --> 00:34:26,080
[narrator] It was to be a tragic mistake.
502
00:34:27,640 --> 00:34:29,360
[Steve] He knew nothing about radar,
503
00:34:29,640 --> 00:34:32,680
was only there because he had been told
to be there all night
504
00:34:32,840 --> 00:34:36,200
so that he could see
how radar identification worked.
505
00:34:37,080 --> 00:34:42,080
And he told the two guys at Opana Point.
"Eh, don't worry about it."
506
00:34:42,320 --> 00:34:43,600
[dramatic music playing]
507
00:34:50,360 --> 00:34:52,400
[narrator]
The delayed message from Washington
508
00:34:52,480 --> 00:34:55,160
warning military bases to be on high alert
509
00:34:55,520 --> 00:34:59,320
finally arrives at the RCA
telegraph office in Honolulu.
510
00:35:01,600 --> 00:35:05,840
[Jonathan] A messenger shows up
and puts it into his parcel,
511
00:35:05,920 --> 00:35:07,640
hops on his motorcycle.
512
00:35:07,920 --> 00:35:10,880
But given the traffic in Honolulu
at that time,
513
00:35:10,960 --> 00:35:15,160
it takes him an inordinately long time
to actually get through the traffic
514
00:35:15,360 --> 00:35:19,920
and out to Pearl Harbor
and so, the message does not arrive
515
00:35:20,280 --> 00:35:21,800
until it's too late.
516
00:35:22,240 --> 00:35:23,480
[narrator] At the same time,
517
00:35:23,560 --> 00:35:25,920
Admiral Kimmel is getting ready
to play golf
518
00:35:26,200 --> 00:35:29,440
when news of the mini sub
skirmish arrives.
519
00:35:29,760 --> 00:35:34,240
When Kimmel gets word
that a submarine has been attacked
520
00:35:34,320 --> 00:35:38,800
at the entrance of the harbor,
it's obviously of great concern.
521
00:35:39,440 --> 00:35:42,840
He cancels the golf game
with General Short.
522
00:35:43,600 --> 00:35:48,240
He’s in the process of getting himself
ready to go back to his headquarters,
523
00:35:48,360 --> 00:35:52,120
uh, so that he can start getting
a better handle on the situation.
524
00:35:52,400 --> 00:35:53,800
[dramatic music playing]
525
00:36:01,080 --> 00:36:05,960
[narrator] Just off the coast of Oahu,
the first wave of Japanese planes arrives.
526
00:36:06,240 --> 00:36:08,040
[jet engine whirring]
527
00:36:08,880 --> 00:36:12,360
[in Japanese] When I descended lower,
528
00:36:12,680 --> 00:36:14,680
the clouds changed to only half as thick
529
00:36:15,320 --> 00:36:21,800
as before, so I could clearly see
what was beneath us.
530
00:36:23,000 --> 00:36:28,120
I saw a roundish-shaped white line
and knew straight away it was land.
531
00:36:30,560 --> 00:36:33,680
[in English] The residents of Hawaii said,
"Oh, my heavens,
532
00:36:33,760 --> 00:36:36,880
this is just another one
of these stupid drills."
533
00:36:36,960 --> 00:36:40,360
And for the longest time,
they did not pay any attention to it.
534
00:36:47,960 --> 00:36:51,280
[narrator] Japanese planes
fill the skies above Oahu
535
00:36:51,480 --> 00:36:54,000
and await a crucial signal
from their leader,
536
00:36:54,120 --> 00:36:56,360
Mitsuo Fuchida, to attack.
537
00:36:59,000 --> 00:37:01,960
{\an8}If one flare went out,
surprise had been achieved.
538
00:37:02,640 --> 00:37:06,440
{\an8}If two flares are shot out,
surprise had not been achieved.
539
00:37:06,680 --> 00:37:09,640
So, that would alter the way
the attack would take place.
540
00:37:11,880 --> 00:37:14,520
[narrator] But things don't go
as Fuchida plans.
541
00:37:15,880 --> 00:37:19,360
{\an8}They get there,
they find nobody's expecting them,
542
00:37:19,440 --> 00:37:21,640
{\an8}so the attack is a surprise.
543
00:37:23,040 --> 00:37:27,040
Mitsuo Fuchida fires his flare,
but he doesn't think
544
00:37:27,120 --> 00:37:30,040
one of his flight leaders
has noticed this,
545
00:37:30,360 --> 00:37:33,120
because he doesn't get
in the correct pattern.
546
00:37:34,840 --> 00:37:37,600
So, he decides he's going to fire
a second flare
547
00:37:37,680 --> 00:37:40,040
just to make sure everybody has seen it.
548
00:37:40,600 --> 00:37:44,000
But another one of his flight leaders,
when he sees that second flare,
549
00:37:44,120 --> 00:37:49,440
he thinks it has been a double flare
and he is supposed to attack immediately,
550
00:37:49,920 --> 00:37:55,080
so he ends up pulling out of formation
leading his planes in to attack.
551
00:37:55,480 --> 00:37:58,280
[narrator] This misunderstanding means
that the island's airfields
552
00:37:58,400 --> 00:38:02,440
will now be hit first,
before the slower torpedo bombers arrive
553
00:38:02,520 --> 00:38:04,840
and hit the battleships in the harbor.
554
00:38:05,400 --> 00:38:08,760
{\an8}What should happen
is the torpedo planes attack first
555
00:38:08,880 --> 00:38:12,480
{\an8}because they're going to be
very vulnerable to anti-aircraft fire,
556
00:38:12,720 --> 00:38:16,040
and once the dive bombers attack,
there's going to be a lot of smoke
557
00:38:16,120 --> 00:38:20,040
and explosions,
which is gonna make the targeting run
558
00:38:20,120 --> 00:38:23,200
for the torpedo planes
more problematic as well.
559
00:38:25,240 --> 00:38:26,680
[dramatic music playing]
560
00:38:36,920 --> 00:38:39,160
[narrator]
Wheeler Airfield in central Oahu
561
00:38:39,240 --> 00:38:42,480
is the first to be hit,
followed by Kaneohe Air Station
562
00:38:42,560 --> 00:38:44,240
in the east of the island.
563
00:38:47,600 --> 00:38:49,840
[Cass] We were heading over
to get breakfast,
564
00:38:50,400 --> 00:38:55,880
{\an8}and as we walked out the barracks door,
a Japanese plane flew by,
565
00:38:56,320 --> 00:38:59,160
and since the army had been
having maneuvers,
566
00:38:59,360 --> 00:39:04,120
I said, "Oh, look,
the army is making this really look real."
567
00:39:04,520 --> 00:39:08,200
Uh-- "They've painted the plane
like a Japanese plane,
568
00:39:08,520 --> 00:39:11,280
and they're pretending
that they're attacking us."
569
00:39:13,600 --> 00:39:17,280
{\an8}I was assigned to the aircraft
on the water for that day.
570
00:39:17,600 --> 00:39:22,160
{\an8}We had planned the training,
and I was getting ready to do that.
571
00:39:23,000 --> 00:39:27,920
I heard aircraft flying and looked out,
and I saw a formation of planes.
572
00:39:32,120 --> 00:39:35,760
[Donald] I don't know if I was hit
on the first run or the second,
573
00:39:35,840 --> 00:39:38,680
but I could see
where the bullets were hitting
574
00:39:39,720 --> 00:39:42,160
and little squirts of water
coming up through the bottom,
575
00:39:42,280 --> 00:39:45,600
and then a bullet obviously penetrated
the gas tanks,
576
00:39:45,800 --> 00:39:50,800
and the plane just went up in flames
very, very rapidly.
577
00:39:54,200 --> 00:39:56,240
[Cass] They strafed our hangar.
578
00:39:56,800 --> 00:39:59,120
We ran towards the hangar.
579
00:39:59,560 --> 00:40:02,680
And when we got down there,
sure enough, they had strafed
580
00:40:03,040 --> 00:40:05,160
almost all of our planes.
581
00:40:07,080 --> 00:40:10,640
{\an8}The military had grouped them together
rather than separating them,
582
00:40:11,080 --> 00:40:15,040
because they feared sabotage
by the Japanese-American residents
583
00:40:15,160 --> 00:40:18,560
far more than they feared
attack by airplanes.
584
00:40:18,760 --> 00:40:21,960
So, the military handed the Japanese
on a platter
585
00:40:22,480 --> 00:40:24,720
airplanes they could easily destroy.
586
00:40:26,360 --> 00:40:28,320
[Cass] We tried to move some of them.
587
00:40:28,440 --> 00:40:32,480
We got to pulling them apart,
'cause some of them were burning,
588
00:40:32,560 --> 00:40:35,320
so they wouldn't catch each other on fire.
589
00:40:36,640 --> 00:40:39,000
[Jonathan] The results are tremendous
damage to the Americans.
590
00:40:39,200 --> 00:40:43,000
Burning hangars, destroyed aircraft,
lots and lots of smoke,
591
00:40:43,080 --> 00:40:44,520
certainly casualties.
592
00:40:46,840 --> 00:40:48,400
[Donald] I got burned getting out.
593
00:40:48,520 --> 00:40:52,240
I had to swim through
the gasoline burning on the water.
594
00:40:52,760 --> 00:40:55,960
We had three or four planes on the water,
595
00:40:56,120 --> 00:40:58,880
and I think that I'm the only one
that got out alive.
596
00:40:59,080 --> 00:41:02,920
[dramatic music intensifies]
597
00:41:03,400 --> 00:41:04,520
[Jonathan] At this point,
598
00:41:04,600 --> 00:41:08,400
with the Japanese level bombers
and torpedo bombers
599
00:41:08,640 --> 00:41:12,480
and dive bombers all approaching
Pearl Harbor directly,
600
00:41:12,680 --> 00:41:17,360
and there's not a plane in the sky
from the American side, uh,
601
00:41:17,480 --> 00:41:22,840
it's pretty clear that there is no hope
for the Americans to avoid what is coming,
602
00:41:22,920 --> 00:41:26,520
which is going to be
an absolutely devastating attack.
603
00:41:26,640 --> 00:41:28,160
-[dramatic music continues]
-[clock ticking]
604
00:41:35,040 --> 00:41:37,520
[narrator] Japanese commander,
Mitsuo Fuchida,
605
00:41:37,600 --> 00:41:42,760
flying over Pearl Harbor,
sends the coded message, "Tora Tora Tora."
606
00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:49,360
{\an8}The message was "To."
It was a one-syllable, uh, message
607
00:41:49,480 --> 00:41:52,080
{\an8}that was to be repeated
at least six times.
608
00:41:52,160 --> 00:41:55,160
"To, To, To, To, To, To."
609
00:41:55,440 --> 00:41:59,280
[Jonathan] He tells his radio operator
to tap out the message.
610
00:41:59,520 --> 00:42:05,040
It's at that point then that he starts
to begin their assault on the harbor.
611
00:42:07,560 --> 00:42:08,800
[narrator] Next time…
612
00:42:08,880 --> 00:42:12,360
The Japanese unleash the full force
of their weapons
613
00:42:12,440 --> 00:42:14,920
on the Pacific Fleet in Pearl Harbor.
614
00:42:17,000 --> 00:42:20,160
The bomb went right down
through the center of the ship,
615
00:42:20,240 --> 00:42:22,880
and I was knocked off the deck.
616
00:42:23,640 --> 00:42:26,920
[Louis] We lost 1,177 men in ten minutes.
617
00:42:27,440 --> 00:42:29,440
We're just lucky that we're alive.
618
00:42:30,440 --> 00:42:33,560
[Jonathan] The gates of hell
had been opened up.
619
00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:36,960
The scene is absolutely cataclysmic.
620
00:42:37,360 --> 00:42:41,280
-[dramatic music continues]
-[plane engine whirring]
621
00:42:45,360 --> 00:42:48,440
[John] He was yelling at me
to get in one of those boats.
622
00:42:48,520 --> 00:42:51,000
I said, "I'm not leaving.
My brother's in there someplace."
623
00:42:51,080 --> 00:42:52,800
"I gotta find him. I gotta find him."
624
00:42:54,600 --> 00:42:56,720
{\an8}[dramatic music playing]
625
00:43:17,400 --> 00:43:19,240
[dramatic music concludes]
53402
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