All language subtitles for [SubtitleTools.com] Python Tutorial for Beginners - Learn Python in 5 Hours [FULL COURSE]

hello and welcome to this python course

hello and welcome to this python course
in this full course you'll learn

in this full course you'll learn

in this full course you'll learn
everything you need to get started with

everything you need to get started with

everything you need to get started with
python

python

python
python is the most popular programming

python is the most popular programming

python is the most popular programming
language out there

language out there

language out there
and is used for so many different

and is used for so many different

and is used for so many different
industries

industries

industries
like web development data science

like web development data science

like web development data science
machine learning

machine learning

machine learning
or generally for writing automation

or generally for writing automation

or generally for writing automation
programs to automate repetitive tasks

programs to automate repetitive tasks

programs to automate repetitive tasks
so learning python is definitely a good

so learning python is definitely a good

so learning python is definitely a good
idea

idea

idea
let me give you a short overview of all

let me give you a short overview of all

let me give you a short overview of all
the topics i'll cover

the topics i'll cover

the topics i'll cover
in this course after giving a short

in this course after giving a short

in this course after giving a short
introduction to python

introduction to python

introduction to python
we will start with the basic building

we will start with the basic building

we will start with the basic building
blocks of programming

blocks of programming

blocks of programming
the most important data types like

the most important data types like

the most important data types like
strings

strings

strings
numbers lists sets dictionaries

numbers lists sets dictionaries

numbers lists sets dictionaries
boolean data types etc and how to work

boolean data types etc and how to work

boolean data types etc and how to work
with them

with them

with them
learn about variables and functions and

learn about variables and functions and

learn about variables and functions and
why we need them

why we need them

why we need them
write a program that accepts user input

write a program that accepts user input

write a program that accepts user input
and learn how to validate the user input

and learn how to validate the user input

and learn how to validate the user input
using conditionals

using conditionals

using conditionals
error handling with try accept

error handling with try accept

error handling with try accept
and also learn loops with while and for

and also learn loops with while and for

and also learn loops with while and for
loops

loops

loops
and again why we actually need them you

and again why we actually need them you

and again why we actually need them you
will learn all these concepts

will learn all these concepts

will learn all these concepts
with hands-on examples as a next step

with hands-on examples as a next step

with hands-on examples as a next step
you will learn how to modularize your

you will learn how to modularize your

you will learn how to modularize your
program by writing

program by writing

program by writing
your own modules and then see how to use

your own modules and then see how to use

your own modules and then see how to use
some

some

some
built-in python modules with all this

built-in python modules with all this

built-in python modules with all this
knowledge we can then

knowledge we can then

knowledge we can then
build our next demo project to write a

build our next demo project to write a

build our next demo project to write a
small program

small program

small program
that accepts a goal and a deadline

that accepts a goal and a deadline

that accepts a goal and a deadline
as user input and then outputs the

as user input and then outputs the

as user input and then outputs the
number of days

number of days

number of days
remaining till the goal deadline

remaining till the goal deadline

remaining till the goal deadline
within this exercise you will learn how

within this exercise you will learn how

within this exercise you will learn how
to use the date

to use the date

to use the date
time module to work with dates

time module to work with dates

time module to work with dates
after that you will learn about packages

after that you will learn about packages

after that you will learn about packages
and comparison of package

and comparison of package

and comparison of package
versus module and we will use an

versus module and we will use an

versus module and we will use an
external python package in our next demo

external python package in our next demo

external python package in our next demo
project

project

project
in which we will automate some tasks for

in which we will automate some tasks for

in which we will automate some tasks for
working with a spreadsheet file

working with a spreadsheet file

working with a spreadsheet file
finally we dive into object-oriented

finally we dive into object-oriented

finally we dive into object-oriented
programming

programming

programming
you will learn what classes and objects

you will learn what classes and objects

you will learn what classes and objects
are in programming

are in programming

are in programming
and python specifically and why this

and python specifically and why this

and python specifically and why this
concept is

concept is

concept is
so useful in the final demo project you

so useful in the final demo project you

so useful in the final demo project you
will learn another common use case with

will learn another common use case with

will learn another common use case with
python

python

python
which is communicating with other

which is communicating with other

which is communicating with other
applications

applications

applications
over the internet by making a request

over the internet by making a request

over the internet by making a request
to fetch some data from gitlab api

to fetch some data from gitlab api

to fetch some data from gitlab api
in this specific case we will list the

in this specific case we will list the

in this specific case we will list the
gitlab projects

gitlab projects

gitlab projects
of a specific user so that's what we're

of a specific user so that's what we're

of a specific user so that's what we're
gonna learn

gonna learn

gonna learn
if you like this course don't forget to

if you like this course don't forget to

if you like this course don't forget to
give this video a thumbs up

give this video a thumbs up

give this video a thumbs up
i'm really excited to teach you all of

i'm really excited to teach you all of

i'm really excited to teach you all of
these so

these so

these so
let's get started

first of all python is a programming

first of all python is a programming
language

language

language
just like java or javascript python

just like java or javascript python

just like java or javascript python
compared to other languages

compared to other languages

compared to other languages
has two very big advantages first of all

has two very big advantages first of all

has two very big advantages first of all
it's easy to learn it has a simple

it's easy to learn it has a simple

it's easy to learn it has a simple
syntax

syntax

syntax
and it's very easy to set up and get

and it's very easy to set up and get

and it's very easy to set up and get
started with

started with

started with
for example compared to java where you

for example compared to java where you

for example compared to java where you
need

need

need
some initial configuration before you

some initial configuration before you

some initial configuration before you
can even start your application

can even start your application

can even start your application
but it's equally or even more powerful

but it's equally or even more powerful

but it's equally or even more powerful
than java

than java

than java
now what makes a language powerful or

now what makes a language powerful or

now what makes a language powerful or
how can i say that python is more

how can i say that python is more

how can i say that python is more
powerful

powerful

powerful
well that comes from the ecosystem which

well that comes from the ecosystem which

well that comes from the ecosystem which
means

means

means
libraries and modules that python

libraries and modules that python

libraries and modules that python
developers themselves develop

developers themselves develop

developers themselves develop
but also external developers create and

but also external developers create and

but also external developers create and
maintain

maintain

maintain
so the more people adopt the language

so the more people adopt the language

so the more people adopt the language
the more powerful it gets because

the more powerful it gets because

the more powerful it gets because
new libraries and so new functionalities

new libraries and so new functionalities

new libraries and so new functionalities
get added to it

get added to it

get added to it
and the second advantage is that it's

and the second advantage is that it's

and the second advantage is that it's
flexible now what does a

flexible now what does a

flexible now what does a
flexible mean in this case what makes a

flexible mean in this case what makes a

flexible mean in this case what makes a
language flexible

language flexible

language flexible
it is easy to mold to your wishes

it is easy to mold to your wishes

it is easy to mold to your wishes
so you are not limited or restricted by

so you are not limited or restricted by

so you are not limited or restricted by
the language specifics like

the language specifics like

the language specifics like
syntax or data types or some other

syntax or data types or some other

syntax or data types or some other
constraints

constraints

constraints
or even library functionalities you can

or even library functionalities you can

or even library functionalities you can
extend

extend

extend
python widely and as one of the results

python widely and as one of the results

python widely and as one of the results
of this flexibility

of this flexibility

of this flexibility
python also became a multi-purpose

python also became a multi-purpose

python also became a multi-purpose
language

language

language
meaning it is used for many different

meaning it is used for many different

meaning it is used for many different
categories

categories

categories
so let's see what these categories are

first you can use it to write web

first you can use it to write web
applications the popular libraries for

applications the popular libraries for

applications the popular libraries for
that are django

that are django

that are django
or more lightweight flask python became

or more lightweight flask python became

or more lightweight flask python became
extremely popular because of the rise of

extremely popular because of the rise of

extremely popular because of the rise of
data science

data science

data science
machine learning and artificial

machine learning and artificial

machine learning and artificial
intelligence

intelligence

intelligence
industries and more and more libraries

industries and more and more libraries

industries and more and more libraries
were created

were created

were created
and are still being added for python for

and are still being added for python for

and are still being added for python for
all these categories

all these categories

all these categories
they are very popular and highly used

they are very popular and highly used

they are very popular and highly used
libraries for

libraries for

libraries for
data analysis and data visualization

data analysis and data visualization

data analysis and data visualization
libraries for

libraries for

libraries for
artificial intelligence projects for

artificial intelligence projects for

artificial intelligence projects for
things like

things like

things like
face recognition voice recognition and a

face recognition voice recognition and a

face recognition voice recognition and a
bunch of very powerful

bunch of very powerful

bunch of very powerful
and widely used machine learning

and widely used machine learning

and widely used machine learning
libraries

libraries

libraries
python is also often used for data

python is also often used for data

python is also often used for data
collection

collection

collection
like scraping the web creating web

like scraping the web creating web

like scraping the web creating web
crawlers

crawlers

crawlers
that are basically programs that collect

that are basically programs that collect

that are basically programs that collect
data from internet

data from internet

data from internet
which you can save and then process

which you can save and then process

which you can save and then process
later again

later again

later again
many different powerful libraries to do

many different powerful libraries to do

many different powerful libraries to do
all of that

all of that

all of that
and finally automation with python

and finally automation with python

and finally automation with python
python has many great libraries to

python has many great libraries to

python has many great libraries to
automate

automate

automate
devops tasks for example starting from

devops tasks for example starting from

devops tasks for example starting from
ci cd

ci cd

ci cd
pipelines to cloud platforms and

pipelines to cloud platforms and

pipelines to cloud platforms and
monitoring your infrastructure

monitoring your infrastructure

monitoring your infrastructure
etc you can also write python scripts to

etc you can also write python scripts to

etc you can also write python scripts to
do

do

do
automated backups cleanups on the

automated backups cleanups on the

automated backups cleanups on the
servers etc

servers etc

servers etc
in addition to devops tasks you can also

in addition to devops tasks you can also

in addition to devops tasks you can also
automate

automate

automate
just general tasks with python like when

just general tasks with python like when

just general tasks with python like when
working with

working with

working with
excel sheets which is a common use case

excel sheets which is a common use case

excel sheets which is a common use case
in many big companies

in many big companies

in many big companies
or automating some tasks on your own

or automating some tasks on your own

or automating some tasks on your own
laptop

laptop

laptop
and there are also libraries for mobile

and there are also libraries for mobile

and there are also libraries for mobile
development

development

development
gaming desktop applications but

gaming desktop applications but

gaming desktop applications but
these are less likely use cases for

these are less likely use cases for

these are less likely use cases for
python because there are better

python because there are better

python because there are better
alternatives

alternatives

alternatives
for that so you see that the use cases

for that so you see that the use cases

for that so you see that the use cases
for python are pretty vast and it

for python are pretty vast and it

for python are pretty vast and it
actually spans

actually spans

actually spans
several industries and it's mostly

several industries and it's mostly

several industries and it's mostly
concentrated

concentrated

concentrated
around data analytics machine learning

around data analytics machine learning

around data analytics machine learning
and automation

and automation

and automation
areas and note that this isn't the case

areas and note that this isn't the case

areas and note that this isn't the case
for many other programming languages

for many other programming languages

for many other programming languages
usually one programming language is good

usually one programming language is good

usually one programming language is good
for just

for just

for just
few things and you should use something

few things and you should use something

few things and you should use something
else

else

else
for other use cases so now you see how

for other use cases so now you see how

for other use cases so now you see how
useful

useful

useful
python knowledge could be and how it can

python knowledge could be and how it can

python knowledge could be and how it can
help you

help you

help you
in your job but also make you more

in your job but also make you more

in your job but also make you more
valuable at your work and for your

valuable at your work and for your

valuable at your work and for your
entire team

entire team

entire team
i hope you are already excited to learn

i hope you are already excited to learn

i hope you are already excited to learn
python so let's get started

python so let's get started

python so let's get started
as a first step we're going to configure

as a first step we're going to configure

as a first step we're going to configure
our local

our local

our local
python development environment so the

python development environment so the

python development environment so the
first thing we need

first thing we need

first thing we need
is install python locally

is install python locally

is install python locally
on our laptop so first we

on our laptop so first we

on our laptop so first we
install or download python package

install or download python package

install or download python package
for your specific operating system and

for your specific operating system and

for your specific operating system and
then basically just click through the

then basically just click through the

then basically just click through the
installer

installer

installer
wizard to install python

wizard to install python

wizard to install python
locally on your laptop

locally on your laptop

locally on your laptop
and note that if you're doing this on

and note that if you're doing this on

and note that if you're doing this on
windows

windows

windows
very important step in the installation

very important step in the installation

very important step in the installation
process would be to

process would be to

process would be to
check the ed python to

check the ed python to

check the ed python to
path option basically that you see here

path option basically that you see here

path option basically that you see here
because by default it is unchecked and

because by default it is unchecked and

because by default it is unchecked and
you have to

you have to

you have to
check mark it so that after the

check mark it so that after the

check mark it so that after the
installation

installation

installation
you'll be able to execute python

you'll be able to execute python

you'll be able to execute python
commands in your terminal

commands in your terminal

commands in your terminal
now an interesting note here if you're

now an interesting note here if you're

now an interesting note here if you're
using mac os

using mac os

using mac os
like i do is that by default

like i do is that by default

like i do is that by default
on mac os there is python already

on mac os there is python already

on mac os there is python already
installed

installed

installed
so if i do python version

so if i do python version

so if i do python version
and execute i see that python version

and execute i see that python version

and execute i see that python version
2.7

2.7

2.7
10 is installed and that is actually

10 is installed and that is actually

10 is installed and that is actually
python

python

python
that mac os the operating system itself

that mac os the operating system itself

that mac os the operating system itself
is using

is using

is using
however for our tutorial and generally

however for our tutorial and generally

however for our tutorial and generally
when working with python

when working with python

when working with python
we want to be using the newest version

we want to be using the newest version

we want to be using the newest version
which is

which is

which is
python 3. so we're going to leave that

python 3. so we're going to leave that

python 3. so we're going to leave that
default python installation

default python installation

default python installation
alone we're not going to use that or

alone we're not going to use that or

alone we're not going to use that or
touched it and instead we're going to be

touched it and instead we're going to be

touched it and instead we're going to be
using

using

using
the python version 3 that we just

the python version 3 that we just

the python version 3 that we just
installed locally

installed locally

installed locally
so now if i clean this up and we want to

so now if i clean this up and we want to

so now if i clean this up and we want to
execute

execute

execute
python version 3 commands we're going to

python version 3 commands we're going to

python version 3 commands we're going to
do python 3 instead

do python 3 instead

do python 3 instead
and version and that will give us the

and version and that will give us the

and version and that will give us the
version so that's how we can

version so that's how we can

version so that's how we can
differentiate between

differentiate between

differentiate between
the already installed python and

the already installed python and

the already installed python and
the newest version that we just

the newest version that we just

the newest version that we just
installed so just be

installed so just be

installed so just be
aware of that difference

now that we have python available

now that we have python available
locally it's time to

locally it's time to

locally it's time to
download a code editor for python

download a code editor for python

download a code editor for python
because we're going to be writing files

because we're going to be writing files

because we're going to be writing files
with python code

with python code

with python code
so we need a proper editor for writing

so we need a proper editor for writing

so we need a proper editor for writing
python code

python code

python code
and actually the best python code editor

and actually the best python code editor

and actually the best python code editor
available

available

available
out there currently is pycharm which is

out there currently is pycharm which is

out there currently is pycharm which is
from jetbrains

from jetbrains

from jetbrains
so that's what we're going to be using

so that's what we're going to be using

so that's what we're going to be using
throughout our tutorial

throughout our tutorial

throughout our tutorial
so let's go to pycharm it is an

so let's go to pycharm it is an

so let's go to pycharm it is an
intelligent code editor which makes it

intelligent code editor which makes it

intelligent code editor which makes it
much easier to write code so it makes

much easier to write code so it makes

much easier to write code so it makes
you actually very productive when

you actually very productive when

you actually very productive when
writing code

writing code

writing code
and we will see why throughout the

and we will see why throughout the

and we will see why throughout the
course as you can see there are two

course as you can see there are two

course as you can see there are two
versions

versions

versions
we have the community version and

we have the community version and

we have the community version and
professional one community version is

professional one community version is

professional one community version is
free and

free and

free and
already has a lot of powerful features

already has a lot of powerful features

already has a lot of powerful features
but the professional edition

but the professional edition

but the professional edition
gives you additional very useful

gives you additional very useful

gives you additional very useful
features especially if you're creating

features especially if you're creating

features especially if you're creating
web applications

web applications

web applications
or scientific projects in python so with

or scientific projects in python so with

or scientific projects in python so with
professional

professional

professional
version additionally you will get

version additionally you will get

version additionally you will get
scientific tools that you can use

scientific tools that you can use

scientific tools that you can use
in scientific projects with python but

in scientific projects with python but

in scientific projects with python but
also you get support for

also you get support for

also you get support for
python web frameworks and database

python web frameworks and database

python web frameworks and database
integration which can be of course

integration which can be of course

integration which can be of course
very helpful if you're developing web

very helpful if you're developing web

very helpful if you're developing web
applications if you want to get the

applications if you want to get the

applications if you want to get the
professional edition jetbrains actually

professional edition jetbrains actually

professional edition jetbrains actually
provided me with a code

provided me with a code

provided me with a code
for my channel to try it out for three

for my channel to try it out for three

for my channel to try it out for three
months for free

months for free

months for free
just use my code when you install it but

just use my code when you install it but

just use my code when you install it but
for this demo

for this demo

for this demo
community version is absolutely fine so

community version is absolutely fine so

community version is absolutely fine so
i will go with this one and

i will go with this one and

i will go with this one and
install it and just click download

install it and just click download

install it and just click download
and once the pycharm installer is

and once the pycharm installer is

and once the pycharm installer is
fully downloaded we can just click on it

move it to the application and now i can

move it to the application and now i can
actually use it

actually use it

actually use it
locally so i'm just gonna open the

locally so i'm just gonna open the

locally so i'm just gonna open the
application

application

application
and we're gonna take a quick tour around

and we're gonna take a quick tour around

and we're gonna take a quick tour around
pychar

it's actually pretty simple to set it up

it's actually pretty simple to set it up
and there you go

and there you go

and there you go
we have our pycharm and we can now

we have our pycharm and we can now

we have our pycharm and we can now
create

create

create
a new project and let's call it

a new project and let's call it

a new project and let's call it
my python project

my python project

my python project
and that's it basically we don't need to

and that's it basically we don't need to

and that's it basically we don't need to
change anything else

change anything else

change anything else
and here you see the location basically

and here you see the location basically

and here you see the location basically
of where this application

of where this application

of where this application
folder will be created you see pycharm

folder will be created you see pycharm

folder will be created you see pycharm
projects

projects

projects
folder got created in my users directory

folder got created in my users directory

folder got created in my users directory
so this is basically very convenient

so this is basically very convenient

so this is basically very convenient
because all my

because all my

because all my
pycharm projects or my python projects

pycharm projects or my python projects

pycharm projects or my python projects
that i create using pycharm

that i create using pycharm

that i create using pycharm
will be created in one location and here

will be created in one location and here

will be created in one location and here
you also see that python

you also see that python

you also see that python
version 3 that we installed is

version 3 that we installed is

version 3 that we installed is
automatically

automatically

automatically
being used for this project which is

being used for this project which is

being used for this project which is
exactly what we want

exactly what we want

exactly what we want
and you see it says base interpreter

and you see it says base interpreter

and you see it says base interpreter
and python interpreter is basically

and python interpreter is basically

and python interpreter is basically
a program that knows how to execute

a program that knows how to execute

a program that knows how to execute
python code it will know how to

python code it will know how to

python code it will know how to
interpret or translate

interpret or translate

interpret or translate
our python code into instructions

our python code into instructions

our python code into instructions
that computer can understand so with

that computer can understand so with

that computer can understand so with
this configuration we don't have to

this configuration we don't have to

this configuration we don't have to
change anything

change anything

change anything
we're gonna create our project so first

we're gonna create our project so first

we're gonna create our project so first
of all i'm going to

of all i'm going to

of all i'm going to
make all this a little bit bigger so

make all this a little bit bigger so

make all this a little bit bigger so
that you can see

that you can see

that you can see
the menu here on the side and the code

the menu here on the side and the code

the menu here on the side and the code
a little bit better so in preferences

a little bit better so in preferences

a little bit better so in preferences
editor font we're going to set the size

editor font we're going to set the size

editor font we're going to set the size
to 20. if i apply this

to 20. if i apply this

to 20. if i apply this
right here you see that this code editor

right here you see that this code editor

right here you see that this code editor
font basically got bigger and i also

font basically got bigger and i also

font basically got bigger and i also
want to

want to

want to
increase the size of this menu font here

increase the size of this menu font here

increase the size of this menu font here
so in

so in

so in
appearance i'm going to

appearance i'm going to

appearance i'm going to
set it to maybe 18 and there you go

set it to maybe 18 and there you go

set it to maybe 18 and there you go
so basically everything is bigger now so

so basically everything is bigger now so

so basically everything is bigger now so
you can follow along and see exactly

you can follow along and see exactly

you can follow along and see exactly
what i'm typing

what i'm typing

what i'm typing
and also another note here if you want

and also another note here if you want

and also another note here if you want
to configure

to configure

to configure
your theme basically so if you don't

your theme basically so if you don't

your theme basically so if you don't
want it to be dark

want it to be dark

want it to be dark
or maybe you want some other color

or maybe you want some other color

or maybe you want some other color
scheme then you can select it here

scheme then you can select it here

scheme then you can select it here
in appearance you have four themes

in appearance you have four themes

in appearance you have four themes
available

available

available
let's actually try this one out

let's actually try this one out

let's actually try this one out
and apply and there you go you have a

and apply and there you go you have a

and apply and there you go you have a
different theme i actually prefer this

different theme i actually prefer this

different theme i actually prefer this
one so

one so

one so
let's leave it at that so as you see we

let's leave it at that so as you see we

let's leave it at that so as you see we
have a very simple

have a very simple

have a very simple
project with one

project with one

project with one
main main.pi file the extension is for

main main.pi file the extension is for

main main.pi file the extension is for
python files

python files

python files
which basically contains very simple

which basically contains very simple

which basically contains very simple
code

code

code
and we're gonna basically just remove

and we're gonna basically just remove

and we're gonna basically just remove
all of these

all of these

all of these
and start from a clean python

and start from a clean python

and start from a clean python
file state and in the next section we're

file state and in the next section we're

file state and in the next section we're
gonna

gonna

gonna
dive right in and write our first

dive right in and write our first

dive right in and write our first
simple python application

we're gonna start with the simplest

we're gonna start with the simplest
example in python

example in python

example in python
to basically learn python syntax and

to basically learn python syntax and

to basically learn python syntax and
get started as simply as possible so

get started as simply as possible so

get started as simply as possible so
first of all

first of all

first of all
we're gonna write a very simple

we're gonna write a very simple

we're gonna write a very simple
application that just

application that just

application that just
prints some output and in python when we

prints some output and in python when we

prints some output and in python when we
want to print

want to print

want to print
basically display results of what we

basically display results of what we

basically display results of what we
wrote

wrote

wrote
we use this syntax where we say print

we use this syntax where we say print

we use this syntax where we say print
and

and

and
here we can pass in basically whatever

here we can pass in basically whatever

here we can pass in basically whatever
we want to display

we want to display

we want to display
and now if i want to see whether this

and now if i want to see whether this

and now if i want to see whether this
super simple application works

super simple application works

super simple application works
i can run it or execute it

i can run it or execute it

i can run it or execute it
with this triangle here and i have the

with this triangle here and i have the

with this triangle here and i have the
output so the basically the output

output so the basically the output

output so the basically the output
is displayed or printed right here and i

is displayed or printed right here and i

is displayed or printed right here and i
see

see

see
the output is 1. i can display some

the output is 1. i can display some

the output is 1. i can display some
other values

other values

other values
like 200 and run it and there you go

like 200 and run it and there you go

like 200 and run it and there you go
let's say we want to display some text

basically whatever some sentence and

basically whatever some sentence and
again

again

again
triangle and we have that output here

triangle and we have that output here

triangle and we have that output here
right

right

right
so again very simple example of

so again very simple example of

so again very simple example of
writing python code that basically

writing python code that basically

writing python code that basically
displays some information when we

displays some information when we

displays some information when we
execute it

one thing that i want to note here is

one thing that i want to note here is
you see that we write some code

you see that we write some code

you see that we write some code
basically

basically

basically
in this window right here so in our

in this window right here so in our

in this window right here so in our
main.pi

main.pi

main.pi
file and when we run it

file and when we run it

file and when we run it
or execute it our code we see some

or execute it our code we see some

or execute it our code we see some
display in this window so you may be

display in this window so you may be

display in this window so you may be
wondering what is this window and why do

wondering what is this window and why do

wondering what is this window and why do
we see

we see

we see
some output right here the answer to

some output right here the answer to

some output right here the answer to
that is that whenever you're working

that is that whenever you're working

that is that whenever you're working
with

with

with
tools like pycharm which basically

tools like pycharm which basically

tools like pycharm which basically
have all the functionality that you need

have all the functionality that you need

have all the functionality that you need
to

to

to
write your code and then execute your

write your code and then execute your

write your code and then execute your
code you basically have everything in

code you basically have everything in

code you basically have everything in
one place

one place

one place
so whatever we write we can execute or

so whatever we write we can execute or

so whatever we write we can execute or
run

run

run
right away now without such tool how

right away now without such tool how

right away now without such tool how
would we

would we

would we
write code and how would we execute that

write code and how would we execute that

write code and how would we execute that
code and this will help you understand

code and this will help you understand

code and this will help you understand
what's going on

what's going on

what's going on
here and to show that i'm going to go

here and to show that i'm going to go

here and to show that i'm going to go
back to my terminal

back to my terminal

back to my terminal
and i'm going to create a new file and

and i'm going to create a new file and

and i'm going to create a new file and
i'm going to call it

i'm going to call it

i'm going to call it
test dot py

code basically in this file

code basically in this file
you can do it in a file editor i'm just

you can do it in a file editor i'm just

you can do it in a file editor i'm just
doing it directly in the command line

doing it directly in the command line

doing it directly in the command line
and save it so now we have the same

and save it so now we have the same

and save it so now we have the same
identical

identical

identical
file as here

file as here

file as here
but not inside our code editor right

but not inside our code editor right

but not inside our code editor right
not inside this pycharm tool and we have

not inside this pycharm tool and we have

not inside this pycharm tool and we have
python 3 available locally so

python 3 available locally so

python 3 available locally so
now how do i actually execute a python

now how do i actually execute a python

now how do i actually execute a python
file outside this pie chart

file outside this pie chart

file outside this pie chart
i can do that using python 3 test

i can do that using python 3 test

i can do that using python 3 test
dot p y and if i do that

dot p y and if i do that

dot p y and if i do that
i get the same output in the command

i get the same output in the command

i get the same output in the command
line

line

line
so basically what you see right here

so basically what you see right here

so basically what you see right here
this whole thing

this whole thing

this whole thing
is integrated so basically all

is integrated so basically all

is integrated so basically all
in one place where you can write your

in one place where you can write your

in one place where you can write your
code

code

code
the editor right here where you can

the editor right here where you can

the editor right here where you can
navigate

navigate

navigate
your files in your project so basically

your files in your project so basically

your files in your project so basically
this is just a folder

this is just a folder

this is just a folder
on your laptop and you can navigate the

on your laptop and you can navigate the

on your laptop and you can navigate the
files here

files here

files here
and you have the execution environment

and you have the execution environment

and you have the execution environment
at the same time so you have to go to

at the same time so you have to go to

at the same time so you have to go to
terminal and execute python 3

terminal and execute python 3

terminal and execute python 3
whatever you have everything in one

whatever you have everything in one

whatever you have everything in one
place and

place and

place and
tools that provide you with this type of

tools that provide you with this type of

tools that provide you with this type of
environment for different programming

environment for different programming

environment for different programming
languages

languages

languages
for python it happens to be pycharm

for python it happens to be pycharm

for python it happens to be pycharm
these are called

these are called

these are called
ides which stand for integrated

ides which stand for integrated

ides which stand for integrated
development environment integrated

development environment integrated

development environment integrated
because you have

because you have

because you have
everything in one place so you don't

everything in one place so you don't

everything in one place so you don't
need to

need to

need to
use terminal but in addition to this

use terminal but in addition to this

use terminal but in addition to this
integration you get more cool features

integration you get more cool features

integration you get more cool features
which helps you in writing python code

which helps you in writing python code

which helps you in writing python code
for example

for example

for example
syntax highlighting highlighting errors

syntax highlighting highlighting errors

syntax highlighting highlighting errors
or

or

or
code suggestions autocomplete

code suggestions autocomplete

code suggestions autocomplete
suggestions

suggestions

suggestions
and we will see those cool features

and we will see those cool features

and we will see those cool features
actually also throughout this course

actually also throughout this course

actually also throughout this course
so basically just makes your life as a

so basically just makes your life as a

so basically just makes your life as a
developer easier

developer easier

developer easier
however it's good to understand that

however it's good to understand that

however it's good to understand that
connection

connection

connection
between executing your files on the

between executing your files on the

between executing your files on the
terminal

terminal

terminal
when you don't have such a tool versus

when you don't have such a tool versus

when you don't have such a tool versus
executing and working on your

executing and working on your

executing and working on your
application inside that tool

awesome so let's get back to our code

awesome so let's get back to our code
editor

editor

editor
a file where we write our code and till

a file where we write our code and till

a file where we write our code and till
now we have done something really simple

now we have done something really simple

now we have done something really simple
like print

like print

like print
a text basically and print

a text basically and print

a text basically and print
a number right and this leads to

a number right and this leads to

a number right and this leads to
the first concept in programming

the first concept in programming

the first concept in programming
languages which

languages which

languages which
are data types so in python

are data types so in python

are data types so in python
just like in any other programming

just like in any other programming

just like in any other programming
language you have data types

language you have data types

language you have data types
for text and numbers the text data types

for text and numbers the text data types

for text and numbers the text data types
are called

are called

are called
strings so everything within the double

strings so everything within the double

strings so everything within the double
quotes is basically a string

quotes is basically a string

quotes is basically a string
but note that in python you can also use

but note that in python you can also use

but note that in python you can also use
single quotes

single quotes

single quotes
for strings so double quotes or single

for strings so double quotes or single

for strings so double quotes or single
quotes

quotes

quotes
they both work the same and there's

they both work the same and there's

they both work the same and there's
actually no difference between them

actually no difference between them

actually no difference between them
and for numbers we actually have

and for numbers we actually have

and for numbers we actually have
different data types

different data types

different data types
so for whole numbers like 2 20

so for whole numbers like 2 20

so for whole numbers like 2 20
but also 0 and negative numbers as well

but also 0 and negative numbers as well

but also 0 and negative numbers as well
we have

we have

we have
a data type called integer and that's

a data type called integer and that's

a data type called integer and that's
also how it's called in most programming

also how it's called in most programming

also how it's called in most programming
languages

languages

languages
however you also have numbers for

however you also have numbers for

however you also have numbers for
currency for example how much

currency for example how much

currency for example how much
a product costs right so if you have an

a product costs right so if you have an

a product costs right so if you have an
online shop you would have

online shop you would have

online shop you would have
prices like this for example so these

prices like this for example so these

prices like this for example so these
are basically

are basically

are basically
numbers with precision this could also

numbers with precision this could also

numbers with precision this could also
be

be

be
for example when you're shipping

for example when you're shipping

for example when you're shipping
something you could have

something you could have

something you could have
a weight of a package that is also

a weight of a package that is also

a weight of a package that is also
not a whole number but has a precision

not a whole number but has a precision

not a whole number but has a precision
so this type of numbers

so this type of numbers

so this type of numbers
in python and many other programming

in python and many other programming

in python and many other programming
languages are

languages are

languages are
represented as float data type

represented as float data type

represented as float data type
so again you have integers

so again you have integers

so again you have integers
and float data types and if we execute

and float data types and if we execute

and float data types and if we execute
that

that

that
you basically see all of that printed as

you basically see all of that printed as

you basically see all of that printed as
we wrote them

now obviously printing values like

now obviously printing values like
numbers and text like this doesn't make

numbers and text like this doesn't make

numbers and text like this doesn't make
much sense unless we're getting some

much sense unless we're getting some

much sense unless we're getting some
useful information

useful information

useful information
from our simple program right here right

from our simple program right here right

from our simple program right here right
so let's do something more useful with

so let's do something more useful with

so let's do something more useful with
python now

python now

python now
let's clean all this up and let's say we

let's clean all this up and let's say we

let's clean all this up and let's say we
want to do some

want to do some

want to do some
calculations very simple logic that

calculations very simple logic that

calculations very simple logic that
basically calculates

basically calculates

basically calculates
how many minutes there are in 20 days

so we have 20 days which have 24 hours

so we have 20 days which have 24 hours
per day

per day

per day
which have 60 minutes per hour

which have 60 minutes per hour

which have 60 minutes per hour
so this line will give us basically

so this line will give us basically

so this line will give us basically
calculation of

calculation of

calculation of
minutes for 20 days and there you go

minutes for 20 days and there you go

minutes for 20 days and there you go
that's our number now this makes a

that's our number now this makes a

that's our number now this makes a
little bit more sense

little bit more sense

little bit more sense
because now we have a program that

because now we have a program that

because now we have a program that
actually does something for us

actually does something for us

actually does something for us
so basically as you see you can do any

so basically as you see you can do any

so basically as you see you can do any
math operations on numbers

math operations on numbers

math operations on numbers
in python and again in many other

in python and again in many other

in python and again in many other
programming languages

programming languages

programming languages
you can do plus minus division whatever

you can do plus minus division whatever

you can do plus minus division whatever
just like you know it from basic math

just like you know it from basic math

just like you know it from basic math
however i want to note right here

however i want to note right here

however i want to note right here
something that many people think about

something that many people think about

something that many people think about
programming

programming

programming
and maybe are misinformed about

and maybe are misinformed about

and maybe are misinformed about
which is if you're doing web development

which is if you're doing web development

which is if you're doing web development
or maybe devops automation with python

or maybe devops automation with python

or maybe devops automation with python
and not something like data science or

and not something like data science or

and not something like data science or
data analytics

data analytics

data analytics
this is probably an example of the

this is probably an example of the

this is probably an example of the
highest

highest

highest
math knowledge that you need for

math knowledge that you need for

math knowledge that you need for
programming in python

programming in python

programming in python
because even though we're going to use

because even though we're going to use

because even though we're going to use
some calculation

some calculation

some calculation
examples because they're just good as

examples because they're just good as

examples because they're just good as
examples to

examples to

examples to
show you the basic concepts of python

show you the basic concepts of python

show you the basic concepts of python
you do not

you do not

you do not
really need any advanced or even

really need any advanced or even

really need any advanced or even
intermediate

intermediate

intermediate
knowledge of mathematics when

knowledge of mathematics when

knowledge of mathematics when
programming

programming

programming
because it's really not about meth

because it's really not about meth

because it's really not about meth
however what you need is

however what you need is

however what you need is
logical thinking and we're going to be

logical thinking and we're going to be

logical thinking and we're going to be
doing some of that and

doing some of that and

doing some of that and
see that as examples so just bear that

see that as examples so just bear that

see that as examples so just bear that
in mind

in mind

in mind
in case you are misinformed about that

so back to our example we have this

so back to our example we have this
number that is displayed here

number that is displayed here

number that is displayed here
as a result however maybe if we use this

as a result however maybe if we use this

as a result however maybe if we use this
program

program

program
we don't remember or we don't know what

we don't remember or we don't know what

we don't remember or we don't know what
this number stands for

this number stands for

this number stands for
if somebody else is using so we want to

if somebody else is using so we want to

if somebody else is using so we want to
add some descriptive

add some descriptive

add some descriptive
information about this number that says

information about this number that says

information about this number that says
this is how many

this is how many

this is how many
minutes there are in 20 days so

minutes there are in 20 days so

minutes there are in 20 days so
basically we need a line that says 20

basically we need a line that says 20

basically we need a line that says 20
days

days

days
are this many minutes

and this should basically be exactly

and this should basically be exactly
this calculation

this calculation

this calculation
right here so how do we put this

right here so how do we put this

right here so how do we put this
calculation basically right here in the

calculation basically right here in the

calculation basically right here in the
middle

middle

middle
so that we end up with this whole phrase

so that we end up with this whole phrase

so that we end up with this whole phrase
displayed right here so how do we

displayed right here so how do we

displayed right here so how do we
combine text

combine text

combine text
and numbers basically or calculation

and numbers basically or calculation

and numbers basically or calculation
of numbers and in programming languages

of numbers and in programming languages

of numbers and in programming languages
again this is not specific

again this is not specific

again this is not specific
to python we would do that using

to python we would do that using

to python we would do that using
something called

something called

something called
string concatenation and string

string concatenation and string

string concatenation and string
concatenation is basically a fancy word

concatenation is basically a fancy word

concatenation is basically a fancy word
for

for

for
gluing together or combining multiple

gluing together or combining multiple

gluing together or combining multiple
strings

strings

strings
now how does the syntax for that look

now how does the syntax for that look

now how does the syntax for that look
like

like

like
we combine the strings using plus sign

we combine the strings using plus sign

we combine the strings using plus sign
so apart from adding numbers obviously

so apart from adding numbers obviously

so apart from adding numbers obviously
using plus

using plus

using plus
plus is also used in programming for

plus is also used in programming for

plus is also used in programming for
combining

combining

combining
multiple strings so in our example we

multiple strings so in our example we

multiple strings so in our example we
have

have

have
three string values and we want to put

three string values and we want to put

three string values and we want to put
them all together

them all together

them all together
in one string or one sentence we have

in one string or one sentence we have

in one string or one sentence we have
the first string 20 days r

the first string 20 days r

the first string 20 days r
and then we have the second string

and then we have the second string

and then we have the second string
minutes and in the middle the third

minutes and in the middle the third

minutes and in the middle the third
string

string

string
which will be the value of the

which will be the value of the

which will be the value of the
calculation

calculation

calculation
however if we just put a number here

however if we just put a number here

however if we just put a number here
python

python

python
interpreter tells us it's not a string

interpreter tells us it's not a string

interpreter tells us it's not a string
it's a number so we need to turn it into

it's a number so we need to turn it into

it's a number so we need to turn it into
a string

a string

a string
other programming languages do that

other programming languages do that

other programming languages do that
automatically in python we need to do

automatically in python we need to do

automatically in python we need to do
that

that

that
explicitly so we need to tell python

explicitly so we need to tell python

explicitly so we need to tell python
take this number but not as a number but

take this number but not as a number but

take this number but not as a number but
as

as

as
a string and we do that using a syntax

that looks exactly like that so

that looks exactly like that so
basically we

basically we

basically we
have a non-string value but we're

have a non-string value but we're

have a non-string value but we're
telling python we want it as a string

telling python we want it as a string

telling python we want it as a string
because it needs to be printed out as a

because it needs to be printed out as a

because it needs to be printed out as a
text basically

text basically

text basically
so if i execute this line

so if i execute this line

so if i execute this line
let's see what happened and there you go

let's see what happened and there you go

let's see what happened and there you go
we have our output

we have our output

we have our output
just like we wrote it here but you see

just like we wrote it here but you see

just like we wrote it here but you see
that there

that there

that there
are no spaces around so basically 50

are no spaces around so basically 50

are no spaces around so basically 50
is just really glued together without

is just really glued together without

is just really glued together without
any space

any space

any space
around and how do we put spaces around

around and how do we put spaces around

around and how do we put spaces around
these 50

these 50

these 50
basically add a space here add a space

basically add a space here add a space

basically add a space here add a space
here

here

here
now why does that work because this

now why does that work because this

now why does that work because this
whole thing for python is a string again

whole thing for python is a string again

whole thing for python is a string again
because we are

because we are

because we are
putting it within these quotes so

putting it within these quotes so

putting it within these quotes so
basically any character

basically any character

basically any character
that you see on your keyboard right now

that you see on your keyboard right now

that you see on your keyboard right now
if you put it

if you put it

if you put it
between those quotes is

between those quotes is

between those quotes is
interpreted by python as a string

interpreted by python as a string

interpreted by python as a string
including this space character right so

including this space character right so

including this space character right so
if we execute it again

if we execute it again

if we execute it again
we have spaces around 50 and our

we have spaces around 50 and our

we have spaces around 50 and our
sentence our phrase looks fine and if

sentence our phrase looks fine and if

sentence our phrase looks fine and if
you're thinking right now this is

you're thinking right now this is

you're thinking right now this is
actually kind of annoying because

actually kind of annoying because

actually kind of annoying because
first of all it looks ugly and also

first of all it looks ugly and also

first of all it looks ugly and also
there's a high chance you're gonna

there's a high chance you're gonna

there's a high chance you're gonna
forget it

forget it

forget it
that is absolutely right so in python

that is absolutely right so in python

that is absolutely right so in python
again

again

again
specifically there is a way to do it

specifically there is a way to do it

specifically there is a way to do it
in a more elegant way using a different

in a more elegant way using a different

in a more elegant way using a different
syntax and the more elegant syntax

syntax and the more elegant syntax

syntax and the more elegant syntax
for that let's actually close this is

for that let's actually close this is

for that let's actually close this is
print

and let's write that again and

and let's write that again and
instead of having these plus

instead of having these plus

instead of having these plus
we have curly braces and we write

we have curly braces and we write

we have curly braces and we write
our number inside or whatever

our number inside or whatever

our number inside or whatever
non-textual

non-textual

non-textual
value and at the beginning right here

value and at the beginning right here

value and at the beginning right here
basically

basically

basically
before we start writing a string which

before we start writing a string which

before we start writing a string which
starts with

starts with

starts with
quotes we just write the letter f

quotes we just write the letter f

quotes we just write the letter f
and you see the syntax highlighting as

and you see the syntax highlighting as

and you see the syntax highlighting as
well basically

well basically

well basically
sees that this is not part of the text

sees that this is not part of the text

sees that this is not part of the text
this is non-text value and if i

this is non-text value and if i

this is non-text value and if i
execute it i should see the same output

execute it i should see the same output

execute it i should see the same output
from the second line and this is really

from the second line and this is really

from the second line and this is really
a way cooler way

a way cooler way

a way cooler way
to write this instead of using plus

to write this instead of using plus

to write this instead of using plus
but this is something very common and

but this is something very common and

but this is something very common and
also something that

also something that

also something that
you would encounter in most programming

you would encounter in most programming

you would encounter in most programming
languages so just

languages so just

languages so just
important to know that this is a syntax

important to know that this is a syntax

important to know that this is a syntax
for

for

for
string concatenation as well so we can

string concatenation as well so we can

string concatenation as well so we can
basically just

basically just

basically just
remove it and use this syntax for our

remove it and use this syntax for our

remove it and use this syntax for our
examples

examples

examples
and also note that this syntax is

and also note that this syntax is

and also note that this syntax is
actually a new addition to python

actually a new addition to python

actually a new addition to python
so it only works if you have a latest

so it only works if you have a latest

so it only works if you have a latest
python version

python version

python version
in our project if you remember we

in our project if you remember we

in our project if you remember we
actually

actually

actually
configured and chose version 3.9

configured and chose version 3.9

configured and chose version 3.9
and that's why it works for us if you

and that's why it works for us if you

and that's why it works for us if you
use

use

use
python 2 for example python version 2

python 2 for example python version 2

python 2 for example python version 2
this syntax is not going to work for you

this syntax is not going to work for you

this syntax is not going to work for you
we can actually demonstrate it

we can actually demonstrate it

we can actually demonstrate it
so i'm going to copy that line

so i'm going to copy that line

so i'm going to copy that line
and i'm going to change our test.pi

and now if i execute it using my python

and now if i execute it using my python
3

you see it works fine if i do it with

you see it works fine if i do it with
python which is version

python which is version

python which is version
two point something

let's see what happens there you go

let's see what happens there you go
syntax error invalid syntax because

syntax error invalid syntax because

syntax error invalid syntax because
python version

python version

python version
2.7.10 so older version basically

2.7.10 so older version basically

2.7.10 so older version basically
doesn't recognize this syntax so just be

doesn't recognize this syntax so just be

doesn't recognize this syntax so just be
aware of that

aware of that

aware of that
so this syntax actually only works for

so this syntax actually only works for

so this syntax actually only works for
python versions

python versions

python versions
starting from 3.6 so everything

starting from 3.6 so everything

starting from 3.6 so everything
below that every python version

below that every python version

below that every python version
basically will not recognize this syntax

basically will not recognize this syntax

basically will not recognize this syntax
as we see right here so again back to

as we see right here so again back to

as we see right here so again back to
our code

our code

our code
and now we just have a number here

and now we just have a number here

and now we just have a number here
but what we actually want is the

but what we actually want is the

but what we actually want is the
calculation

calculation

calculation
for getting the correct result right so

for getting the correct result right so

for getting the correct result right so
we want again

we want again

we want again
20 days

in hours and then in minutes and if i

in hours and then in minutes and if i
execute it

execute it

execute it
you see that the calculation was done

you see that the calculation was done

you see that the calculation was done
and here we have

and here we have

and here we have
the full complete sentence with the

the full complete sentence with the

the full complete sentence with the
result in it

result in it

result in it
and if you're curious this f actually

and if you're curious this f actually

and if you're curious this f actually
stands

stands

stands
for format so this is basically

for format so this is basically

for format so this is basically
formatting

formatting

formatting
our text or our string in a correct way

awesome so we have this line of code

awesome so we have this line of code
here that basically

here that basically

here that basically
calculates for us how many minutes there

calculates for us how many minutes there

calculates for us how many minutes there
are in 20 days

are in 20 days

are in 20 days
let's say we want to do the same for 35

let's say we want to do the same for 35

let's say we want to do the same for 35
days

days

days
right what we can do is basically copy

right what we can do is basically copy

right what we can do is basically copy
that line

that line

that line
and replace the values

and replace the values

and replace the values
for 20 with 35 and if i execute it

for 20 with 35 and if i execute it

for 20 with 35 and if i execute it
i get the same calculation but for 35

i get the same calculation but for 35

i get the same calculation but for 35
days

days

days
and we can do that basically multiple

and we can do that basically multiple

and we can do that basically multiple
times

times

times
for different values so let's say we

for different values so let's say we

for different values so let's say we
want it

want it

want it
for 50 days and we want the same

for 50 days and we want the same

for 50 days and we want the same
calculation

calculation

calculation
for i don't know let's say 110 days

for i don't know let's say 110 days

for i don't know let's say 110 days
doesn't really matter

doesn't really matter

doesn't really matter
and we have obviously different

and we have obviously different

and we have obviously different
number of minutes for each of these

number of minutes for each of these

number of minutes for each of these
values

values

values
and now let's say we wrote this program

and now let's say we wrote this program

and now let's say we wrote this program
it's ready

it's ready

it's ready
and we're using it and at some point we

and we're using it and at some point we

and we're using it and at some point we
decide you know what i want

decide you know what i want

decide you know what i want
this program to actually calculate

this program to actually calculate

this program to actually calculate
how many seconds there are for these

how many seconds there are for these

how many seconds there are for these
provided days

provided days

provided days
instead of minutes so what we would need

instead of minutes so what we would need

instead of minutes so what we would need
to do in that case

to do in that case

to do in that case
is basically change the calculation in

is basically change the calculation in

is basically change the calculation in
all those four lines

all those four lines

all those four lines
so instead of minutes it should actually

so instead of minutes it should actually

so instead of minutes it should actually
calculate

calculate

calculate
number of seconds in a day right so we

number of seconds in a day right so we

number of seconds in a day right so we
have the hours

have the hours

have the hours
minutes and seconds and we would have to

minutes and seconds and we would have to

minutes and seconds and we would have to
change the text as well here and we

change the text as well here and we

change the text as well here and we
would need to do that

would need to do that

would need to do that
for each one of those lines right

for each one of those lines right

for each one of those lines right
so we would have it here

like this and again if we need to modify

like this and again if we need to modify
this for hours or milliseconds or

this for hours or milliseconds or

this for hours or milliseconds or
whatever

whatever

whatever
we basically have to do these changes

we basically have to do these changes

we basically have to do these changes
multiple times

multiple times

multiple times
right even though if you actually look

right even though if you actually look

right even though if you actually look
at that this is

at that this is

at that this is
the same exact calculation for each line

the same exact calculation for each line

the same exact calculation for each line
that doesn't change right if you want

that doesn't change right if you want

that doesn't change right if you want
seconds then this is the calculation

seconds then this is the calculation

seconds then this is the calculation
that you need to do

that you need to do

that you need to do
so how can we actually avoid repeating

so how can we actually avoid repeating

so how can we actually avoid repeating
the same calculation

the same calculation

the same calculation
and the same text in our code and the

and the same text in our code and the

and the same text in our code and the
answer to that is variables so in

answer to that is variables so in

answer to that is variables so in
programming languages we have

programming languages we have

programming languages we have
variables that basically hold values

variables that basically hold values

variables that basically hold values
that will repeat throughout your code

that will repeat throughout your code

that will repeat throughout your code
that you can set once and

that you can set once and

that you can set once and
use it in multiple different places so

use it in multiple different places so

use it in multiple different places so
instead of

instead of

instead of
basically repeating this calculation

basically repeating this calculation

basically repeating this calculation
four times we basically do this

four times we basically do this

four times we basically do this
calculation

calculation

calculation
once like this

once like this

once like this
and we basically save this value

and we basically save this value

and we basically save this value
in a variable so that we can use it

in a variable so that we can use it

in a variable so that we can use it
whenever we need right

whenever we need right

whenever we need right
and the way that variables are defined

and the way that variables are defined

and the way that variables are defined
in python

in python

in python
is variable name let's call it

equals and whatever that value is that

equals and whatever that value is that
repeats itself and that we want to save

repeats itself and that we want to save

repeats itself and that we want to save
into a variable

into a variable

into a variable
now i want to make two notes here

now i want to make two notes here

now i want to make two notes here
regarding the variables

regarding the variables

regarding the variables
in python first of all in python

in python first of all in python

in python first of all in python
defining or creating a variable and

defining or creating a variable and

defining or creating a variable and
giving it a value like this

giving it a value like this

giving it a value like this
syntax for that is actually very simple

syntax for that is actually very simple

syntax for that is actually very simple
compared to other languages because you

compared to other languages because you

compared to other languages because you
just have the variable name

just have the variable name

just have the variable name
and the value in many programming

and the value in many programming

and the value in many programming
languages you actually have to define

languages you actually have to define

languages you actually have to define
here

here

here
some kind of data type for that variable

some kind of data type for that variable

some kind of data type for that variable
for example if it's a number

for example if it's a number

for example if it's a number
like float or integer or string

like float or integer or string

like float or integer or string
etc in python you don't have to define

etc in python you don't have to define

etc in python you don't have to define
that

that

that
you just have name of the variable

you just have name of the variable

you just have name of the variable
simple as that

simple as that

simple as that
the second one is the naming

the second one is the naming

the second one is the naming
convention or standard for the variables

convention or standard for the variables

convention or standard for the variables
so we have two words for example if we

so we have two words for example if we

so we have two words for example if we
name

name

name
our variable calculation to seconds

our variable calculation to seconds

our variable calculation to seconds
right

right

right
we have actually three words here so

we have actually three words here so

we have actually three words here so
variables that are descriptive so

variables that are descriptive so

variables that are descriptive so
basically they tell you

basically they tell you

basically they tell you
what this value actually is about so

what this value actually is about so

what this value actually is about so
they have multiple

they have multiple

they have multiple
words in them you can separate them

words in them you can separate them

words in them you can separate them
using these

using these

using these
underlines again in different languages

underlines again in different languages

underlines again in different languages
the

the

the
naming for variables can be different in

naming for variables can be different in

naming for variables can be different in
python this is actually

python this is actually

python this is actually
one of the standard ways of defining

one of the standard ways of defining

one of the standard ways of defining
variable with underscores

variable with underscores

variable with underscores
which i find pretty nice and easy to

which i find pretty nice and easy to

which i find pretty nice and easy to
read

read

read
so we're gonna use this syntax basically

so we're gonna use this syntax basically

so we're gonna use this syntax basically
throughout the course

throughout the course

throughout the course
it will be totally and absolutely okay

it will be totally and absolutely okay

it will be totally and absolutely okay
if we wrote it like this

if we wrote it like this

if we wrote it like this
or if we used capital letters instead

or if we used capital letters instead

or if we used capital letters instead
but again this is probably the most

but again this is probably the most

but again this is probably the most
readable form

readable form

readable form
and this is what we're going to use now

and this is what we're going to use now

and this is what we're going to use now
here

here

here
note that we can decide whatever name we

note that we can decide whatever name we

note that we can decide whatever name we
want to give

want to give

want to give
our variable but in python there are

our variable but in python there are

our variable but in python there are
some specific words

some specific words

some specific words
that have special meaning to python

that have special meaning to python

that have special meaning to python
these are called reserved words

these are called reserved words

these are called reserved words
so you can't use these words as variable

so you can't use these words as variable

so you can't use these words as variable
names

names

names
and we will use some of these reserved

and we will use some of these reserved

and we will use some of these reserved
words

words

words
throughout the course so you will see

throughout the course so you will see

throughout the course so you will see
some examples

some examples

some examples
great so we have our variable defined

great so we have our variable defined

great so we have our variable defined
here and

here and

here and
this is the value that this variable

this is the value that this variable

this is the value that this variable
gives us so how do we replace now

gives us so how do we replace now

gives us so how do we replace now
these repeating values with this

these repeating values with this

these repeating values with this
variable

variable

variable
so we're going to delete that and again

so we're going to delete that and again

so we're going to delete that and again
inside we're simply going to copy

inside we're simply going to copy

inside we're simply going to copy
the name of the variable so let's

the name of the variable so let's

the name of the variable so let's
execute

execute

execute
and as you see we have our

and as you see we have our

and as you see we have our
value printed just fine and we're going

value printed just fine and we're going

value printed just fine and we're going
to do the same

to do the same

to do the same
for all those

values and again execute

values and again execute
everything works just like before now

everything works just like before now

everything works just like before now
you may be thinking

you may be thinking

you may be thinking
if we change this to minutes

if we change this to minutes

if we change this to minutes
we would have to change the variable in

we would have to change the variable in

we would have to change the variable in
all these places

all these places

all these places
so that's our case we can basically just

so that's our case we can basically just

so that's our case we can basically just
rename our variable something more

rename our variable something more

rename our variable something more
generic so let's say calculation

generic so let's say calculation

generic so let's say calculation
to units and this could be

to units and this could be

to units and this could be
now any unit that we want second meaning

now any unit that we want second meaning

now any unit that we want second meaning
it doesn't matter

it doesn't matter

it doesn't matter
and this is exactly the advantage of

and this is exactly the advantage of

and this is exactly the advantage of
variable

variable

variable
because you can name it whatever you

because you can name it whatever you

because you can name it whatever you
want

which basically just describes what this

which basically just describes what this
variable is about

variable is about

variable is about
and now you won't have to change that

and now you won't have to change that

and now you won't have to change that
again

again

again
and we can also replace this one here

and we can also replace this one here

and we can also replace this one here
accordingly since it's a text we can

accordingly since it's a text we can

accordingly since it's a text we can
call it a name

call it a name

call it a name
of unit we can also call it unit doesn't

of unit we can also call it unit doesn't

of unit we can also call it unit doesn't
really matter

really matter

really matter
we're the ones deciding what that

we're the ones deciding what that

we're the ones deciding what that
variable name is

variable name is

variable name is
and once we have that variable we can

and once we have that variable we can

and once we have that variable we can
now

now

now
replace it here how do we do this

replace it here how do we do this

replace it here how do we do this
because this is actually

because this is actually

because this is actually
part of a text a string the same way we

part of a text a string the same way we

part of a text a string the same way we
did

did

did
right here we're gonna delete that

right here we're gonna delete that

right here we're gonna delete that
and create an expression create a syntax

and create an expression create a syntax

and create an expression create a syntax
that basically tells python

that basically tells python

that basically tells python
hey this is not a string this is a

hey this is not a string this is a

hey this is not a string this is a
non-string

non-string

non-string
value and you already know this could be

value and you already know this could be

value and you already know this could be
either number

either number

either number
or variable itself and so we're going to

or variable itself and so we're going to

or variable itself and so we're going to
use the curly braces

use the curly braces

use the curly braces
and the name of the variable and just

and the name of the variable and just

and the name of the variable and just
like that

like that

like that
we have substituted these values here

we have substituted these values here

we have substituted these values here
and if i execute it works perfectly fine

and if i execute it works perfectly fine

and if i execute it works perfectly fine
and we can do that

in all four lines and our code is still

in all four lines and our code is still
working

working

working
and this syntax right here with this

and this syntax right here with this

and this syntax right here with this
format

format

format
at the beginning basically prevents us

at the beginning basically prevents us

at the beginning basically prevents us
or avoids

or avoids

or avoids
basically saves us from having a bunch

basically saves us from having a bunch

basically saves us from having a bunch
of

of

of
plus signs here and then space

plus signs here and then space

plus signs here and then space
characters etc

characters etc

characters etc
this all looks way elegant now and now

this all looks way elegant now and now

this all looks way elegant now and now
if

if

if
at some point we actually decide you

at some point we actually decide you

at some point we actually decide you
know what i want

know what i want

know what i want
this program to calculate how many hours

this program to calculate how many hours

this program to calculate how many hours
there are in the given days instead of

there are in the given days instead of

there are in the given days instead of
seconds

seconds

seconds
and we want to change the program to do

and we want to change the program to do

and we want to change the program to do
that we could basically

that we could basically

that we could basically
just change the calculation here and

just change the calculation here and

just change the calculation here and
instead of seconds we have hours and if

instead of seconds we have hours and if

instead of seconds we have hours and if
i execute

i execute

i execute
there you go we see the changes right

there you go we see the changes right

there you go we see the changes right
away so

away so

away so
this is why when you're programming

this is why when you're programming

this is why when you're programming
doesn't matter in which language

doesn't matter in which language

doesn't matter in which language
including python using variables will be

including python using variables will be

including python using variables will be
probably some of the most frequent thing

probably some of the most frequent thing

probably some of the most frequent thing
that you do

that you do

that you do
because you always have values that are

because you always have values that are

because you always have values that are
repeating themselves

repeating themselves

repeating themselves
and you want to write clean code so you

and you want to write clean code so you

and you want to write clean code so you
create

create

create
variables and one of the best practices

variables and one of the best practices

variables and one of the best practices
when

when

when
creating and using variables is as we're

creating and using variables is as we're

creating and using variables is as we're
using actually here is to name your

using actually here is to name your

using actually here is to name your
variables

variables

variables
so that you later and also other

so that you later and also other

so that you later and also other
programmers who are working with you

programmers who are working with you

programmers who are working with you
understand what this variable actually

understand what this variable actually

understand what this variable actually
does or what type of value

does or what type of value

does or what type of value
it actually has because if you just look

it actually has because if you just look

it actually has because if you just look
at 24 you would probably not know

at 24 you would probably not know

at 24 you would probably not know
what this 24 is about right but with

what this 24 is about right but with

what this 24 is about right but with
variable

variable

variable
you actually know that this actually

you actually know that this actually

you actually know that this actually
represents a number that is used

represents a number that is used

represents a number that is used
for calculating units right it could

for calculating units right it could

for calculating units right it could
also be more descriptive

also be more descriptive

also be more descriptive
like units for days but generally

like units for days but generally

like units for days but generally
another advantage of variable is to

another advantage of variable is to

another advantage of variable is to
basically describe that value

basically describe that value

basically describe that value
as well that you're using in your code

now another thing you probably also

now another thing you probably also
noticed is that

noticed is that

noticed is that
even though we're using variables here

even though we're using variables here

even though we're using variables here
so that we don't have to change

so that we don't have to change

so that we don't have to change
those values in four different places a

those values in four different places a

those values in four different places a
lot of

lot of

lot of
these four lines are actually pretty

these four lines are actually pretty

these four lines are actually pretty
similar the only difference

similar the only difference

similar the only difference
in those four lines are actually these

in those four lines are actually these

in those four lines are actually these
numbers

numbers

numbers
right here everything else is exactly

right here everything else is exactly

right here everything else is exactly
the same

the same

the same
so what if instead we wanted to

so what if instead we wanted to

so what if instead we wanted to
make this code cleaner and basically

make this code cleaner and basically

make this code cleaner and basically
avoid

avoid

avoid
this type of duplication in our code

this type of duplication in our code

this type of duplication in our code
right so for example if we did this for

right so for example if we did this for

right so for example if we did this for
10 different values

10 different values

10 different values
we would have the same line this long

we would have the same line this long

we would have the same line this long
line basically 10 times right

line basically 10 times right

line basically 10 times right
so how do we avoid this type of

so how do we avoid this type of

so how do we avoid this type of
duplication

duplication

duplication
so right here we actually avoided

so right here we actually avoided

so right here we actually avoided
duplication

duplication

duplication
for specific values right piece of

for specific values right piece of

for specific values right piece of
string here

string here

string here
a whole calculation here but how do we

a whole calculation here but how do we

a whole calculation here but how do we
actually

actually

actually
avoid duplicating a whole line right the

avoid duplicating a whole line right the

avoid duplicating a whole line right the
whole

whole

whole
piece of code basically which has

piece of code basically which has

piece of code basically which has
multiple different stuff in it

multiple different stuff in it

multiple different stuff in it
not just a value and we do that using

not just a value and we do that using

not just a value and we do that using
functions so functions are basically

functions so functions are basically

functions so functions are basically
blocks of code

blocks of code

blocks of code
like this right or basically logic in

like this right or basically logic in

like this right or basically logic in
code

code

code
that does something it's not just simply

that does something it's not just simply

that does something it's not just simply
a value but actually does something more

a value but actually does something more

a value but actually does something more
complex

complex

complex
that is again used in order to avoid

that is again used in order to avoid

that is again used in order to avoid
repeating the same logic or most of the

repeating the same logic or most of the

repeating the same logic or most of the
same logic

same logic

same logic
in your code so how do we create

in your code so how do we create

in your code so how do we create
functions just like we created variables

functions just like we created variables

functions just like we created variables
here

here

here
we create functions and the way we do

we create functions and the way we do

we create functions and the way we do
that

that

that
is using following syntax

is using following syntax

is using following syntax
right here let's create our first

right here let's create our first

right here let's create our first
function

function

function
we start with def so we define

we start with def so we define

we start with def so we define
a function just like we define a

a function just like we define a

a function just like we define a
variable

variable

variable
but for function we need this keyword

but for function we need this keyword

but for function we need this keyword
basically called def

basically called def

basically called def
and now we can give our function a name

and now we can give our function a name

and now we can give our function a name
just like we gave name to our variable

just like we gave name to our variable

just like we gave name to our variable
we can give our function a name

we can give our function a name

we can give our function a name
and here we can use the same standards

and here we can use the same standards

and here we can use the same standards
like for variable

like for variable

like for variable
we can name the function something

we can name the function something

we can name the function something
descriptive something that actually says

descriptive something that actually says

descriptive something that actually says
what this function does and let's call

what this function does and let's call

what this function does and let's call
our function days

our function days

our function days
to units and then we have the brackets

to units and then we have the brackets

to units and then we have the brackets
and a column so this line basically

and a column so this line basically

and a column so this line basically
defines a function it tells python hey

defines a function it tells python hey

defines a function it tells python hey
whatever

whatever

whatever
comes after this is actually going to be

comes after this is actually going to be

comes after this is actually going to be
a block of code that is going to be

a block of code that is going to be

a block of code that is going to be
referred

referred

referred
to or is going to be named these two

to or is going to be named these two

to or is going to be named these two
units and how do you write a function

units and how do you write a function

units and how do you write a function
i'm just going to copy this one actually

i'm just going to copy this one actually

i'm just going to copy this one actually
here and let's give us some space

here and let's give us some space

here and let's give us some space
and again this is very specific to

and again this is very specific to

and again this is very specific to
python

python

python
we need to indent here with spaces

we need to indent here with spaces

we need to indent here with spaces
and i'm going to paste in what i copied

and i'm going to paste in what i copied

and i'm going to paste in what i copied
inside these two lines basically tell

inside these two lines basically tell

inside these two lines basically tell
python

python

python
this piece of code or this line of code

this piece of code or this line of code

this piece of code or this line of code
because we just have one line here

because we just have one line here

because we just have one line here
belongs to a function called these two

belongs to a function called these two

belongs to a function called these two
units

units

units
and again we just have one line but this

and again we just have one line but this

and again we just have one line but this
could be function with hundreds of lines

could be function with hundreds of lines

could be function with hundreds of lines
right

right

right
so i can write whatever i want the next

so i can write whatever i want the next

so i can write whatever i want the next
line

line

line
all good and then i can do some

all good and then i can do some

all good and then i can do some
calculations and i can basically write

calculations and i can basically write

calculations and i can basically write
whatever logic i want

whatever logic i want

whatever logic i want
here and all these will belong to

here and all these will belong to

here and all these will belong to
this function so now this

this function so now this

this function so now this
logic is inside a function that is

logic is inside a function that is

logic is inside a function that is
called

called

called
these two units and we can actually get

these two units and we can actually get

these two units and we can actually get
rid of this

rid of this

rid of this
and test our function and here if you

and test our function and here if you

and test our function and here if you
noticed

noticed

noticed
we have this yellow line under the

we have this yellow line under the

we have this yellow line under the
function name that's actually a warning

function name that's actually a warning

function name that's actually a warning
for our code style

for our code style

for our code style
it says we need two blank lines before

it says we need two blank lines before

it says we need two blank lines before
so pycharm has a

so pycharm has a

so pycharm has a
built-in official style guide for python

built-in official style guide for python

built-in official style guide for python
that tells you how to style your code or

that tells you how to style your code or

that tells you how to style your code or
how to write your code correctly

how to write your code correctly

how to write your code correctly
now why is code style important well

now why is code style important well

now why is code style important well
just like you write code you need to

just like you write code you need to

just like you write code you need to
read code from other developers or

read code from other developers or

read code from other developers or
your own code to understand what the

your own code to understand what the

your own code to understand what the
code is actually doing

code is actually doing

code is actually doing
so it's important that code is easily

so it's important that code is easily

so it's important that code is easily
readable

readable

readable
and this is just another example of how

and this is just another example of how

and this is just another example of how
an editor like pycharm

an editor like pycharm

an editor like pycharm
helps you to write code so to fix the

helps you to write code so to fix the

helps you to write code so to fix the
warning

warning

warning
we're just going to add a new blank line

we're just going to add a new blank line

we're just going to add a new blank line
before the function definition

before the function definition

before the function definition
so now what happens if i execute this

so now what happens if i execute this

so now what happens if i execute this
block of code i have the variables

block of code i have the variables

block of code i have the variables
defined here that i'm using in the

defined here that i'm using in the

defined here that i'm using in the
function and then we have these two

function and then we have these two

function and then we have these two
print statements

print statements

print statements
so what happens if i execute now and as

so what happens if i execute now and as

so what happens if i execute now and as
you see in the

you see in the

you see in the
output here there is no output right

output here there is no output right

output here there is no output right
nothing

nothing

nothing
actually got printed so what actually

actually got printed so what actually

actually got printed so what actually
happened because we have

happened because we have

happened because we have
those two print statements that we

those two print statements that we

those two print statements that we
defined in the function

defined in the function

defined in the function
but we don't see anything in the output

but we don't see anything in the output

but we don't see anything in the output
and the way it works is whenever you

and the way it works is whenever you

and the way it works is whenever you
create a function or define a function

create a function or define a function

create a function or define a function
like this

like this

like this
you actually have to use that function

you actually have to use that function

you actually have to use that function
right again this is a similar concept to

right again this is a similar concept to

right again this is a similar concept to
variables we have

variables we have

variables we have
created variables here and we're using

created variables here and we're using

created variables here and we're using
that

that

that
variable in our code the same way we

variable in our code the same way we

variable in our code the same way we
create a function and we

create a function and we

create a function and we
need to use that function how do we use

need to use that function how do we use

need to use that function how do we use
a function

a function

a function
or in programming languages it's called

or in programming languages it's called

or in programming languages it's called
calling a function or executing a

calling a function or executing a

calling a function or executing a
function

function

function
and we do that using the name of the

and we do that using the name of the

and we do that using the name of the
function

function

function
like this and as you see in the

like this and as you see in the

like this and as you see in the
suggestion as well

suggestion as well

suggestion as well
using brackets like this so

using brackets like this so

using brackets like this so
this syntax here basically is

this syntax here basically is

this syntax here basically is
what we call calling the function that

what we call calling the function that

what we call calling the function that
we defined right here or using that

we defined right here or using that

we defined right here or using that
function

function

function
so now if we execute it there you go you

so now if we execute it there you go you

so now if we execute it there you go you
see

see

see
that those two lines got executed and we

that those two lines got executed and we

that those two lines got executed and we
have the results here

have the results here

have the results here
so we're creating variables and we're

so we're creating variables and we're

so we're creating variables and we're
using that here

using that here

using that here
we're creating a function and we're

we're creating a function and we're

we're creating a function and we're
using that function here

using that function here

using that function here
and note the difference between using a

and note the difference between using a

and note the difference between using a
variable and using a function

variable and using a function

variable and using a function
python knows this is a function because

python knows this is a function because

python knows this is a function because
we are providing these

we are providing these

we are providing these
brackets at the end right that tells us

brackets at the end right that tells us

brackets at the end right that tells us
we're making a function

we're making a function

we're making a function
call basically

but as you see now we have these 20 days

but as you see now we have these 20 days
so this

so this

so this
only works for 20 days right what about

only works for 20 days right what about

only works for 20 days right what about
other

other

other
values that we had what about 35 days

values that we had what about 35 days

values that we had what about 35 days
and 100

and 100

and 100
days we haven't de-duplicated that right

days we haven't de-duplicated that right

days we haven't de-duplicated that right
we have

we have

we have
just one case here so how do we use

just one case here so how do we use

just one case here so how do we use
functions so that everything else

functions so that everything else

functions so that everything else
except for these two values right here

except for these two values right here

except for these two values right here
actually stay the same and we do that in

actually stay the same and we do that in

actually stay the same and we do that in
programming

programming

programming
by giving our functions some kind of

by giving our functions some kind of

by giving our functions some kind of
input value which are also called

input value which are also called

input value which are also called
parameters

parameters

parameters
so instead of having this 20 basically

so instead of having this 20 basically

so instead of having this 20 basically
here hard coded as we said here

here hard coded as we said here

here hard coded as we said here
and here we provide that value of 20 or

and here we provide that value of 20 or

and here we provide that value of 20 or
35 or whatever that value is

35 or whatever that value is

35 or whatever that value is
basically whenever we use the function

basically whenever we use the function

basically whenever we use the function
so we are

so we are

so we are
telling python use these days to units

telling python use these days to units

telling python use these days to units
function

function

function
with a value of 20 or use that

with a value of 20 or use that

with a value of 20 or use that
function with a value of 35 and way we

function with a value of 35 and way we

function with a value of 35 and way we
define this

define this

define this
input parameter in functions

input parameter in functions

input parameter in functions
is very simply by defining this

is very simply by defining this

is very simply by defining this
parameter

parameter

parameter
between those brackets right so

between those brackets right so

between those brackets right so
this is where the input we as

this is where the input we as

this is where the input we as
programmers

programmers

programmers
define the input parameters so right

define the input parameters so right

define the input parameters so right
here

here

here
how do we define that using our already

how do we define that using our already

how do we define that using our already
familiar

familiar

familiar
variables so basically right here i'm

variables so basically right here i'm

variables so basically right here i'm
going to

going to

going to
define a variable and i'm going to call

define a variable and i'm going to call

define a variable and i'm going to call
it whatever i want

it whatever i want

it whatever i want
i'm going to call it days or number of

i'm going to call it days or number of

i'm going to call it days or number of
days

but i'm not assigning a value to that

but i'm not assigning a value to that
variable right like

variable right like

variable right like
i did here because i want it to be

i did here because i want it to be

i did here because i want it to be
assigned

assigned

assigned
whenever i use the function so this

whenever i use the function so this

whenever i use the function so this
basically

basically

basically
tells python that a function these two

tells python that a function these two

tells python that a function these two
units

units

units
can be used using one input parameter

can be used using one input parameter

can be used using one input parameter
which is called num of dates right

which is called num of dates right

which is called num of dates right
number of days

number of days

number of days
so now the last part which is remaining

so now the last part which is remaining

so now the last part which is remaining
is

is

is
replacing these values using this

replacing these values using this

replacing these values using this
variable right

variable right

variable right
and just like we do it in these two

and just like we do it in these two

and just like we do it in these two
places where we're

places where we're

places where we're
also using variables defined here

also using variables defined here

also using variables defined here
exactly the same way

exactly the same way

exactly the same way
we're gonna remove this and

we're gonna remove this and

we're gonna remove this and
define a block for non-textual value

define a block for non-textual value

define a block for non-textual value
and we're gonna put our

and we're gonna put our

and we're gonna put our
variable num updates here and

also here so you see now that our

also here so you see now that our
function

function

function
actually doesn't have any fixed numbers

actually doesn't have any fixed numbers

actually doesn't have any fixed numbers
in it

in it

in it
instead we're using variables we're

instead we're using variables we're

instead we're using variables we're
using two variables that are defined

using two variables that are defined

using two variables that are defined
outside that function and we're using

outside that function and we're using

outside that function and we're using
one variable that is defined within that

one variable that is defined within that

one variable that is defined within that
function right

function right

function right
this variable actually belongs to that

this variable actually belongs to that

this variable actually belongs to that
function

function

function
and now as you see whenever we want to

and now as you see whenever we want to

and now as you see whenever we want to
use

use

use
that function we're telling python hey

that function we're telling python hey

that function we're telling python hey
call this function called days to units

call this function called days to units

call this function called days to units
with a parameter an input basically

with a parameter an input basically

with a parameter an input basically
of 35. so now if we execute it

of 35. so now if we execute it

of 35. so now if we execute it
by the way we can also do it here you

by the way we can also do it here you

by the way we can also do it here you
see 35 days

see 35 days

see 35 days
are and the calculation was done here

are and the calculation was done here

are and the calculation was done here
and

and

and
hours and now if we go back to

hours and now if we go back to

hours and now if we go back to
our previous example where we wanted to

our previous example where we wanted to

our previous example where we wanted to
calculate these for

calculate these for

calculate these for
four different values right for

four different values right for

four different values right for
different number of days

different number of days

different number of days
we can actually do the same

we can actually do the same

we can actually do the same
so we had 20 then we had

so we had 20 then we had

so we had 20 then we had
50 and we had 110

50 and we had 110

50 and we had 110
right so this basically gives us exactly

right so this basically gives us exactly

right so this basically gives us exactly
the same logic that we had previously

the same logic that we had previously

the same logic that we had previously
but with different syntax right so you

but with different syntax right so you

but with different syntax right so you
see the difference

see the difference

see the difference
that instead of having this basically

that instead of having this basically

that instead of having this basically
four times

four times

four times
we have much cleaner syntax where we

we have much cleaner syntax where we

we have much cleaner syntax where we
actually see what this logic is doing

actually see what this logic is doing

actually see what this logic is doing
which is days to units and then

which is days to units and then

which is days to units and then
we have the number of days that we pass

we have the number of days that we pass

we have the number of days that we pass
or

or

or
give our function as parameter and if i

give our function as parameter and if i

give our function as parameter and if i
execute this you see that

execute this you see that

execute this you see that
it was printed four times for all

it was printed four times for all

it was printed four times for all
different values

different values

different values
we can actually remove this line

we can actually remove this line

we can actually remove this line
and now if we make some change in

and now if we make some change in

and now if we make some change in
our function for example we change the

our function for example we change the

our function for example we change the
name of this

name of this

name of this
variable we want it to be hours instead

variable we want it to be hours instead

variable we want it to be hours instead
of units

of units

of units
we just do it once in one place

we just do it once in one place

we just do it once in one place
and that's basically it so whatever

and that's basically it so whatever

and that's basically it so whatever
changes we make

changes we make

changes we make
inside that function and that is

inside that function and that is

inside that function and that is
actually

actually

actually
the big advantage of using functions in

the big advantage of using functions in

the big advantage of using functions in
code

code

code
whatever change we make inside here

whatever change we make inside here

whatever change we make inside here
it doesn't affect how we use the

it doesn't affect how we use the

it doesn't affect how we use the
function because

function because

function because
for using the function we only need the

for using the function we only need the

for using the function we only need the
name of that function

name of that function

name of that function
and the input parameter now probably

and the input parameter now probably

and the input parameter now probably
you're wondering

you're wondering

you're wondering
what happens if i do not give my

what happens if i do not give my

what happens if i do not give my
function a value

function a value

function a value
let's delete those lines and let's say

let's delete those lines and let's say

let's delete those lines and let's say
we do not provide any value here

we do not provide any value here

we do not provide any value here
and we try to execute or

and we try to execute or

and we try to execute or
call our function without the parameter

call our function without the parameter

call our function without the parameter
and let's execute

and let's execute

and let's execute
and you see that python interpreter is

and you see that python interpreter is

and you see that python interpreter is
complaining because we have told python

complaining because we have told python

complaining because we have told python
here is a function called these two

here is a function called these two

here is a function called these two
units

units

units
and whenever i want to use that or my

and whenever i want to use that or my

and whenever i want to use that or my
colleague another programmer wants to

colleague another programmer wants to

colleague another programmer wants to
use that function

use that function

use that function
they have to provide an input value here

they have to provide an input value here

they have to provide an input value here
right so now whenever python sees

right so now whenever python sees

right so now whenever python sees
the usage of that function and there is

the usage of that function and there is

the usage of that function and there is
no input

no input

no input
parameter that we are giving that

parameter that we are giving that

parameter that we are giving that
function it cannot

function it cannot

function it cannot
execute that function right because

execute that function right because

execute that function right because
basically this

basically this

basically this
value is missing here right and that's

value is missing here right and that's

value is missing here right and that's
why we get

why we get

why we get
an error which also says missing one

an error which also says missing one

an error which also says missing one
required

required

required
argument so as you see whenever we

argument so as you see whenever we

argument so as you see whenever we
define a function with a parameter

define a function with a parameter

define a function with a parameter
with input parameter we have to also

with input parameter we have to also

with input parameter we have to also
provide that input parameter

provide that input parameter

provide that input parameter
another thing that you may be also

another thing that you may be also

another thing that you may be also
wondering is

wondering is

wondering is
what if i want to provide multiple input

what if i want to provide multiple input

what if i want to provide multiple input
parameters to functions

parameters to functions

parameters to functions
how do i do that it's actually very

how do i do that it's actually very

how do i do that it's actually very
simple you can do that by

simple you can do that by

simple you can do that by
simply defining here another input

simply defining here another input

simply defining here another input
parameter

parameter

parameter
separated by comma and let's say we want

separated by comma and let's say we want

separated by comma and let's say we want
to pass

to pass

to pass
here something that we want to print out

here something that we want to print out

here something that we want to print out
additionally like a custom message

additionally like a custom message

additionally like a custom message
doesn't really matter and the same way

doesn't really matter and the same way

doesn't really matter and the same way
exactly the same way as the first one we

exactly the same way as the first one we

exactly the same way as the first one we
can actually

can actually

can actually
use it in here we can even create a new

use it in here we can even create a new

use it in here we can even create a new
line

line

line
and basically just print out that

and basically just print out that

and basically just print out that
message right

message right

message right
and note that if you are using a

and note that if you are using a

and note that if you are using a
variable without

variable without

variable without
stream so basically it's just the

stream so basically it's just the

stream so basically it's just the
variable itself we're not using any text

variable itself we're not using any text

variable itself we're not using any text
in that case you don't need this format

in that case you don't need this format

in that case you don't need this format
right

right

right
so you can basically just print it out

so you can basically just print it out

so you can basically just print it out
directly

directly

directly
and now again we have told python

and now again we have told python

and now again we have told python
i have this function and two input

i have this function and two input

i have this function and two input
parameters are required

parameters are required

parameters are required
so i also need to pass to input

so i also need to pass to input

so i also need to pass to input
values whenever i use that function so

values whenever i use that function so

values whenever i use that function so
now let me just pass in some custom

now let me just pass in some custom

now let me just pass in some custom
message

message

message
let's say i'm happy about the

let's say i'm happy about the

let's say i'm happy about the
calculation or i know i'm going to be

calculation or i know i'm going to be

calculation or i know i'm going to be
happy so

happy so

happy so
let's say awesome and

let's say awesome and

let's say awesome and
let's do another calculation and this

let's do another calculation and this

let's do another calculation and this
time

time

time
i say looks good

i say looks good

i say looks good
and if i execute it you see that i get

and if i execute it you see that i get

and if i execute it you see that i get
awesome the first time and then for 35 i

awesome the first time and then for 35 i

awesome the first time and then for 35 i
get

get

get
looks good so you can basically define

looks good so you can basically define

looks good so you can basically define
and provide as many

and provide as many

and provide as many
input parameters as you want common

input parameters as you want common

input parameters as you want common
practice

practice

practice
and also what you will see in just

and also what you will see in just

and also what you will see in just
normal code basically

normal code basically

normal code basically
is just a handful of input parameters

is just a handful of input parameters

is just a handful of input parameters
maybe one or two

maybe one or two

maybe one or two
so it's not actually overloaded with 10

so it's not actually overloaded with 10

so it's not actually overloaded with 10
parameters

cool now that we know functions and

cool now that we know functions and
variables

variables

variables
why they're used or why are they useful

why they're used or why are they useful

why they're used or why are they useful
and how we use them

and how we use them

and how we use them
there is one point that i want to

there is one point that i want to

there is one point that i want to
mention

mention

mention
which is variable scopes in functions

which is variable scopes in functions

which is variable scopes in functions
what does it mean as i mentioned

what does it mean as i mentioned

what does it mean as i mentioned
previously in this function we're using

previously in this function we're using

previously in this function we're using
multiple variables right we're using two

multiple variables right we're using two

multiple variables right we're using two
variables

variables

variables
that are part of the input right that

that are part of the input right that

that are part of the input right that
we provide when using a function and

we provide when using a function and

we provide when using a function and
we're using two variables that are

we're using two variables that are

we're using two variables that are
defined outside the function right

defined outside the function right

defined outside the function right
somewhere else in the code

somewhere else in the code

somewhere else in the code
so variable scope basically means where

so variable scope basically means where

so variable scope basically means where
is the variable that function uses

is the variable that function uses

is the variable that function uses
defined and variable has a global scope

defined and variable has a global scope

defined and variable has a global scope
for a function

for a function

for a function
if it is defined outside the function

if it is defined outside the function

if it is defined outside the function
like

like

like
these two variables right here could be

these two variables right here could be

these two variables right here could be
completely

completely

completely
in a different file not even in the same

in a different file not even in the same

in a different file not even in the same
file where the function is

file where the function is

file where the function is
so these are global variables so all the

so these are global variables so all the

so these are global variables so all the
functions that you have

functions that you have

functions that you have
in your python code can use those global

in your python code can use those global

in your python code can use those global
variables and then you have

variables and then you have

variables and then you have
local variables local variables are

local variables local variables are

local variables local variables are
variables that are

variables that are

variables that are
created within that function right

created within that function right

created within that function right
so these two variables are basically

so these two variables are basically

so these two variables are basically
only

only

only
available inside that function

available inside that function

available inside that function
because it was created within that

because it was created within that

because it was created within that
function

function

function
so internal scope and global scope

so internal scope and global scope

so internal scope and global scope
so that means that when we create

so that means that when we create

so that means that when we create
another function

another function

another function
let's call it scope check because that's

let's call it scope check because that's

let's call it scope check because that's
what we're going to do

what we're going to do

what we're going to do
we want to test the scope

in this function i can access

in this function i can access
the global variables like

the global variables like

the global variables like
name of units

name of units

name of units
but i cannot access the internal

but i cannot access the internal

but i cannot access the internal
variables

variables

variables
like number of days and let's actually

like number of days and let's actually

like number of days and let's actually
test that

so i have num of units which is a global

so i have num of units which is a global
variable defined here

variable defined here

variable defined here
outside the function and the second one

outside the function and the second one

outside the function and the second one
i have a variable that is defined

i have a variable that is defined

i have a variable that is defined
inside another function right

inside another function right

inside another function right
so as i said internal and as you see

so as i said internal and as you see

so as i said internal and as you see
right here

right here

right here
we already get a red line underneath

we already get a red line underneath

we already get a red line underneath
that says

that says

that says
unresolved reference num of days

unresolved reference num of days

unresolved reference num of days
so for this function basically that

so for this function basically that

so for this function basically that
variable

variable

variable
is not visible it's not accessible it

is not visible it's not accessible it

is not visible it's not accessible it
doesn't exist basically at all

doesn't exist basically at all

doesn't exist basically at all
and we can even test it out actually

and we can even test it out actually

and we can even test it out actually
so again if we want to see the results

so again if we want to see the results

so again if we want to see the results
we have to actually use that

we have to actually use that

we have to actually use that
function like this run the function and

function like this run the function and

function like this run the function and
if i execute it

if i execute it

if i execute it
you see that we get an error that says

you see that we get an error that says

you see that we get an error that says
name num of days is not defined right it

name num of days is not defined right it

name num of days is not defined right it
doesn't know that there is a function

doesn't know that there is a function

doesn't know that there is a function
like that

like that

like that
anywhere in code however it does

anywhere in code however it does

anywhere in code however it does
recognize

recognize

recognize
the global variable and that means that

the global variable and that means that

the global variable and that means that
variables defined outside function

variables defined outside function

variables defined outside function
itself global variables are accessible

itself global variables are accessible

itself global variables are accessible
to all the functions

to all the functions

to all the functions
and if you have variables defined inside

and if you have variables defined inside

and if you have variables defined inside
the function then they're only

the function then they're only

the function then they're only
accessible for that specific function

accessible for that specific function

accessible for that specific function
and not for other ones and that means

and not for other ones and that means

and not for other ones and that means
actually that if

actually that if

actually that if
num of days variable does not exist for

num of days variable does not exist for

num of days variable does not exist for
scope check variable

scope check variable

scope check variable
we can actually create a variable

we can actually create a variable

we can actually create a variable
inside scope check with the same name

inside scope check with the same name

inside scope check with the same name
and we would have basically

and we would have basically

and we would have basically
no problem at all so this is not going

no problem at all so this is not going

no problem at all so this is not going
to be a duplicate

to be a duplicate

to be a duplicate
because this function doesn't know about

because this function doesn't know about

because this function doesn't know about
this variable the number of days here

this variable the number of days here

this variable the number of days here
and scope check doesn't know anything

and scope check doesn't know anything

and scope check doesn't know anything
about variable

about variable

about variable
num of days right here and if we

num of days right here and if we

num of days right here and if we
want to use that function now we have to

want to use that function now we have to

want to use that function now we have to
put provide the value

put provide the value

put provide the value
let's do 20 and if i execute

let's do 20 and if i execute

let's do 20 and if i execute
there you go you have name of units and

there you go you have name of units and

there you go you have name of units and
the 20 that we provided so global

the 20 that we provided so global

the 20 that we provided so global
variable

variable

variable
local variable defined here another

local variable defined here another

local variable defined here another
interesting thing is that

interesting thing is that

interesting thing is that
as i said inside the function

as i said inside the function

as i said inside the function
body so to say so this is basically

body so to say so this is basically

body so to say so this is basically
whatever

whatever

whatever
is part of the function right in this

is part of the function right in this

is part of the function right in this
indentation

indentation

indentation
is called function body so we can

is called function body so we can

is called function body so we can
create whatever logic we want inside

create whatever logic we want inside

create whatever logic we want inside
that function body

that function body

that function body
so whatever i can do in python

so whatever i can do in python

so whatever i can do in python
generally i can do inside the function

generally i can do inside the function

generally i can do inside the function
body

body

body
so one of those things is actually

so one of those things is actually

so one of those things is actually
creating variables

creating variables

creating variables
right just like we created variables

right just like we created variables

right just like we created variables
here we can create variables

here we can create variables

here we can create variables
here like this let's call it

here like this let's call it

here like this let's call it
myvariable and

myvariable and

myvariable and
variable inside function

variable inside function

variable inside function
and we can print that out as well

so now we have three types of variables

so now we have three types of variables
that we are

that we are

that we are
using in this function we have a global

using in this function we have a global

using in this function we have a global
variable

variable

variable
we have internal variable that is passed

we have internal variable that is passed

we have internal variable that is passed
in as a parameter and we have internal

in as a parameter and we have internal

in as a parameter and we have internal
variable again

variable again

variable again
that is basically defined so the

that is basically defined so the

that is basically defined so the
variable isn't

variable isn't

variable isn't
provided when we use the function but

provided when we use the function but

provided when we use the function but
it's basically just

it's basically just

it's basically just
defined inside the variable and again if

defined inside the variable and again if

defined inside the variable and again if
i

i

i
execute this

see hours num updates and variable

see hours num updates and variable
inside function

inside function

inside function
text printed out like this

text printed out like this

text printed out like this
and obviously this is just for

and obviously this is just for

and obviously this is just for
demonstration but we're going to see

demonstration but we're going to see

demonstration but we're going to see
more realistic examples of that in our

more realistic examples of that in our

more realistic examples of that in our
projects

projects

projects
so i'm going to clean this up and

so i'm going to clean this up and

so i'm going to clean this up and
we can move on to the next concept

so now let's go back to the example

so now let's go back to the example
where we calculate

where we calculate

where we calculate
number of hours and we do that for four

number of hours and we do that for four

number of hours and we do that for four
different values now if you want this

different values now if you want this

different values now if you want this
application to be really useful

application to be really useful

application to be really useful
for us or somebody else it doesn't help

for us or somebody else it doesn't help

for us or somebody else it doesn't help
that we have to

that we have to

that we have to
fixate here just four different values

fixate here just four different values

fixate here just four different values
right

right

right
the application should be able to take

the application should be able to take

the application should be able to take
any value that we basically

any value that we basically

any value that we basically
fit it right so we should be able to

fit it right so we should be able to

fit it right so we should be able to
provide any number of days and the

provide any number of days and the

provide any number of days and the
program should calculate

program should calculate

program should calculate
the number of hours in those days so

the number of hours in those days so

the number of hours in those days so
what we need here

what we need here

what we need here
is user input so when we give this

is user input so when we give this

is user input so when we give this
application

application

application
program to somebody else or use it

program to somebody else or use it

program to somebody else or use it
ourselves

ourselves

ourselves
it should allow some user input so

it should allow some user input so

it should allow some user input so
how do we write a program that asks for

how do we write a program that asks for

how do we write a program that asks for
and accepts

and accepts

and accepts
a user input and then does something

a user input and then does something

a user input and then does something
some kind of

some kind of

some kind of
calculation some kind of other logic

calculation some kind of other logic

calculation some kind of other logic
based on that

based on that

based on that
user input accepting a user input

user input accepting a user input

user input accepting a user input
from a python application is actually

from a python application is actually

from a python application is actually
pretty easy

pretty easy

pretty easy
let's get rid of all of these lines

let's get rid of all of these lines

let's get rid of all of these lines
first

first

first
and we can do that by writing input

and we can do that by writing input

and we can do that by writing input
and this will basically give a user a

and this will basically give a user a

and this will basically give a user a
prompt

prompt

prompt
to enter some input value now

to enter some input value now

to enter some input value now
you probably already see from the syntax

you probably already see from the syntax

you probably already see from the syntax
that this looks very much like

that this looks very much like

that this looks very much like
using our days to units function

using our days to units function

using our days to units function
right in this case with the parameter so

right in this case with the parameter so

right in this case with the parameter so
input is

input is

input is
actually a function that python provides

actually a function that python provides

actually a function that python provides
us with

us with

us with
so we didn't have to write this input

so we didn't have to write this input

so we didn't have to write this input
function right we wrote the days to

function right we wrote the days to

function right we wrote the days to
units function

units function

units function
but input function is available in

but input function is available in

but input function is available in
python

python

python
so that we can use it whenever we want

so that we can use it whenever we want

so that we can use it whenever we want
and this parenthesis here tells python

and this parenthesis here tells python

and this parenthesis here tells python
we want to call

we want to call

we want to call
an input function and we're calling it

an input function and we're calling it

an input function and we're calling it
or using a function without a parameter

or using a function without a parameter

or using a function without a parameter
so now we know that we can write

so now we know that we can write

so now we know that we can write
functions

functions

functions
ourselves for logic that we need

ourselves for logic that we need

ourselves for logic that we need
but python has tons of functions

but python has tons of functions

but python has tons of functions
that python developers already wrote and

that python developers already wrote and

that python developers already wrote and
is

is

is
part of python and we can use it in our

part of python and we can use it in our

part of python and we can use it in our
code so that not everybody

code so that not everybody

code so that not everybody
has to write their own input function

has to write their own input function

has to write their own input function
logic

logic

logic
and the code or the functions that

and the code or the functions that

and the code or the functions that
python provides

python provides

python provides
are again part of this python that we

are again part of this python that we

are again part of this python that we
use in a project

use in a project

use in a project
and obviously if you're using the latest

and obviously if you're using the latest

and obviously if you're using the latest
version

version

version
of python you will get the latest code

of python you will get the latest code

of python you will get the latest code
and latest

and latest

and latest
functions that python basically provides

functions that python basically provides

functions that python basically provides
so back to our function execution

so back to our function execution

so back to our function execution
and let's see what happens when we

and let's see what happens when we

and let's see what happens when we
execute this program

execute this program

execute this program
i'm going to run it and in the outputs

i'm going to run it and in the outputs

i'm going to run it and in the outputs
you actually do not see anything

you actually do not see anything

you actually do not see anything
other than my cursor is blinking here

other than my cursor is blinking here

other than my cursor is blinking here
so it's actually waiting for user input

so it's actually waiting for user input

so it's actually waiting for user input
so i can actually type in

so i can actually type in

so i can actually type in
something here so i can do 20 and enter

something here so i can do 20 and enter

something here so i can do 20 and enter
and process finished with exit code so i

and process finished with exit code so i

and process finished with exit code so i
was able to

was able to

was able to
input something doesn't really matter

input something doesn't really matter

input something doesn't really matter
it could also be a string actually

it could also be a string actually

it could also be a string actually
doesn't

doesn't

doesn't
really matter and program basically

really matter and program basically

really matter and program basically
finishes so that's the simplest usage of

finishes so that's the simplest usage of

finishes so that's the simplest usage of
input however as you noticed here

input however as you noticed here

input however as you noticed here
running this program and basically

running this program and basically

running this program and basically
having this blank

having this blank

having this blank
output here is a little bit confusing so

output here is a little bit confusing so

output here is a little bit confusing so
if another user

if another user

if another user
is using our program they will probably

is using our program they will probably

is using our program they will probably
be wondering what's happening here

be wondering what's happening here

be wondering what's happening here
so what we can do is in input function

so what we can do is in input function

so what we can do is in input function
we can provide a parameter that actually

we can provide a parameter that actually

we can provide a parameter that actually
tells a user something right like

tells a user something right like

tells a user something right like
enter a value for number of days or

enter a value for number of days or

enter a value for number of days or
something similar so that it's not just

something similar so that it's not just

something similar so that it's not just
a

a

a
blank prompt right so we can do that by

blank prompt right so we can do that by

blank prompt right so we can do that by
passing in a parameter a string which is

passing in a parameter a string which is

passing in a parameter a string which is
going to be our message

going to be our message

going to be our message
so we can do a user

so we can do a user

so we can do a user
enter a number of days

and i will convert it to

and i will convert it to
hours and here you see right now that

hours and here you see right now that

hours and here you see right now that
the program wasn't finished because we

the program wasn't finished because we

the program wasn't finished because we
didn't enter

didn't enter

didn't enter
anything so this program finished line

anything so this program finished line

anything so this program finished line
wasn't output yet and that means the

wasn't output yet and that means the

wasn't output yet and that means the
program is still running

program is still running

program is still running
it is still waiting for our input

it is still waiting for our input

it is still waiting for our input
and in pycharm in this ide

and in pycharm in this ide

and in pycharm in this ide
if you want to terminate the program

if you want to terminate the program

if you want to terminate the program
manually yourself

manually yourself

manually yourself
you can click this stop button

you can click this stop button

you can click this stop button
and as you see process finished so

and as you see process finished so

and as you see process finished so
now we can run the program again and as

now we can run the program again and as

now we can run the program again and as
you see here we

you see here we

you see here we
already have a message that we're

already have a message that we're

already have a message that we're
displaying to the user

displaying to the user

displaying to the user
so that they can enter the hours right

so that they can enter the hours right

so that they can enter the hours right
and here we can provide our input

and here we can provide our input

and here we can provide our input
30 and there you go however

30 and there you go however

30 and there you go however
this doesn't look nice here we actually

this doesn't look nice here we actually

this doesn't look nice here we actually
want the user

want the user

want the user
to get a prompt on the next line how do

to get a prompt on the next line how do

to get a prompt on the next line how do
we do that

we do that

we do that
as part of a string we can actually add

as part of a string we can actually add

as part of a string we can actually add
a new line

a new line

a new line
or newline character basically and

or newline character basically and

or newline character basically and
that in programming is actually

that in programming is actually

that in programming is actually
represented

represented

represented
by backslash n and you see

by backslash n and you see

by backslash n and you see
a special highlighting for that one now

a special highlighting for that one now

a special highlighting for that one now
let's execute

let's execute

let's execute
and you see that my cursor is on the

and you see that my cursor is on the

and you see that my cursor is on the
next line now

next line now

next line now
and again let's provide a value enter

and again let's provide a value enter

and again let's provide a value enter
and program ended so we have

and program ended so we have

and program ended so we have
now a more user-friendly way of asking

now a more user-friendly way of asking

now a more user-friendly way of asking
program user for their input

program user for their input

program user for their input
instead of just showing an empty prompt

instead of just showing an empty prompt

instead of just showing an empty prompt
and we're getting user input

and we're getting user input

and we're getting user input
now we're not doing anything with that

now we're not doing anything with that

now we're not doing anything with that
user input right

user input right

user input right
that input basically just finishes the

that input basically just finishes the

that input basically just finishes the
program and that's it

program and that's it

program and that's it
we're not doing any calculation for that

we're not doing any calculation for that

we're not doing any calculation for that
input

input

input
so how do we use the value that user

so how do we use the value that user

so how do we use the value that user
enters here

enters here

enters here
when input function gets executed we do

when input function gets executed we do

when input function gets executed we do
that and this is a very important

that and this is a very important

that and this is a very important
concept

concept

concept
by assigning whatever result

by assigning whatever result

by assigning whatever result
this function usage gives us which is

this function usage gives us which is

this function usage gives us which is
in this case user input assigning that

in this case user input assigning that

in this case user input assigning that
result to a variable so right now it's

result to a variable so right now it's

result to a variable so right now it's
basically

basically

basically
executed and it's just wasted right it

executed and it's just wasted right it

executed and it's just wasted right it
just disappears

just disappears

just disappears
so instead we want to save that value

so instead we want to save that value

so instead we want to save that value
that entered

that entered

that entered
input value in a variable so that we can

input value in a variable so that we can

input value in a variable so that we can
access it later and we do that by

access it later and we do that by

access it later and we do that by
let's call it user input variable

let's call it user input variable

let's call it user input variable
equals so just like we created variables

equals so just like we created variables

equals so just like we created variables
here

here

here
with variable name and a value right or

with variable name and a value right or

with variable name and a value right or
even an expression right if we did a

even an expression right if we did a

even an expression right if we did a
calculation here that will be

calculation here that will be

calculation here that will be
basically a whole expression whole

basically a whole expression whole

basically a whole expression whole
calculation

calculation

calculation
the same way we can use values

the same way we can use values

the same way we can use values
that function execution gives

that function execution gives

that function execution gives
us to assign it to a variable so now

us to assign it to a variable so now

us to assign it to a variable so now
what i'm going to do

what i'm going to do

what i'm going to do
is i'm just going to print the user

is i'm just going to print the user

is i'm just going to print the user
input

input

input
so that we can see what value that

so that we can see what value that

so that we can see what value that
user input variable has so let's execute

user input variable has so let's execute

user input variable has so let's execute
again

again

again
it asks for our input let's put 20

it asks for our input let's put 20

it asks for our input let's put 20
and print user input gives us 20.

and print user input gives us 20.

and print user input gives us 20.
so user input variable value basically

so user input variable value basically

so user input variable value basically
becomes

becomes

becomes
whatever we provide as an input

now that's a new concept and it could be

now that's a new concept and it could be
a little bit confusing

a little bit confusing

a little bit confusing
so let's see another example with our

so let's see another example with our

so let's see another example with our
own function

own function

own function
what would happen if we

assigned value of this

assigned value of this
to a variable

we get a warning as you see here in the

we get a warning as you see here in the
editor

editor

editor
which is one of the great things about

which is one of the great things about

which is one of the great things about
ides that it basically gives you

ides that it basically gives you

ides that it basically gives you
warnings when something is not correct

warnings when something is not correct

warnings when something is not correct
and the warning says function doesn't

and the warning says function doesn't

and the warning says function doesn't
return anything

return anything

return anything
so basically if we want to have some

so basically if we want to have some

so basically if we want to have some
value

value

value
as a result of function execution we

as a result of function execution we

as a result of function execution we
have to return

have to return

have to return
some value in the function and how we do

some value in the function and how we do

some value in the function and how we do
that

that

that
instead of printing the value right away

instead of printing the value right away

instead of printing the value right away
we can actually return that value

we can actually return that value

we can actually return that value
using return keyword again you see

using return keyword again you see

using return keyword again you see
special highlighting here just like here

special highlighting here just like here

special highlighting here just like here
because return

because return

because return
is a special word that python

is a special word that python

is a special word that python
understands

understands

understands
that you want to basically give back

that you want to basically give back

that you want to basically give back
a value this value right here as a

a value this value right here as a

a value this value right here as a
result

result

result
of using the function right so you could

of using the function right so you could

of using the function right so you could
have

have

have
some logic here doing the calculation

some logic here doing the calculation

some logic here doing the calculation
whatever

whatever

whatever
and then as the last line you can return

and then as the last line you can return

and then as the last line you can return
that calculated value and now

that calculated value and now

that calculated value and now
the warning is gone because we're

the warning is gone because we're

the warning is gone because we're
actually returning something

actually returning something

actually returning something
from the function and when we return

from the function and when we return

from the function and when we return
value from a function again we can

value from a function again we can

value from a function again we can
assign it

assign it

assign it
to a variable so that we can use that

to a variable so that we can use that

to a variable so that we can use that
value whatever function

value whatever function

value whatever function
returned by referencing the variable and

returned by referencing the variable and

returned by referencing the variable and
one of the usages will be basically just

one of the usages will be basically just

one of the usages will be basically just
to print it

to print it

to print it
just like we did before like this let's

just like we did before like this let's

just like we did before like this let's
delete it temporarily and

delete it temporarily and

delete it temporarily and
test our program

test our program

test our program
and there you go you see that this

and there you go you see that this

and there you go you see that this
function

function

function
got executed with input 20

got executed with input 20

got executed with input 20
this text this display text basically

this text this display text basically

this text this display text basically
was put together in the function and was

was put together in the function and was

was put together in the function and was
returned or was given back

returned or was given back

returned or was given back
as a result and we saved that

as a result and we saved that

as a result and we saved that
this whole string basically this whole

this whole string basically this whole

this whole string basically this whole
sentence in a variable called myvar

sentence in a variable called myvar

sentence in a variable called myvar
and when we print that myvar we see that

and when we print that myvar we see that

and when we print that myvar we see that
value

value

value
printed out here and again if we enter

printed out here and again if we enter

printed out here and again if we enter
some other value we would get different

some other value we would get different

some other value we would get different
text

text

text
and again that is actually a very

and again that is actually a very

and again that is actually a very
important concept

important concept

important concept
of giving back some results from a

of giving back some results from a

of giving back some results from a
function execution and you saw in our

function execution and you saw in our

function execution and you saw in our
examples that

examples that

examples that
you can have a function that doesn't

you can have a function that doesn't

you can have a function that doesn't
return a value just print something on

return a value just print something on

return a value just print something on
maybe does something else

maybe does something else

maybe does something else
or function that returns some value you

or function that returns some value you

or function that returns some value you
can have

can have

can have
both types

so back to our example of

so back to our example of
user input so now hopefully it makes

user input so now hopefully it makes

user input so now hopefully it makes
sense

sense

sense
that input function returns

that input function returns

that input function returns
whatever value the user entered as a

whatever value the user entered as a

whatever value the user entered as a
result and we can

result and we can

result and we can
save it in a variable and then access it

save it in a variable and then access it

save it in a variable and then access it
later again let's

later again let's

later again let's
get rid of this line and now let's

get rid of this line and now let's

get rid of this line and now let's
actually do the calculation

actually do the calculation

actually do the calculation
on the user input number of days how do

on the user input number of days how do

on the user input number of days how do
we calculate number of days

we calculate number of days

we calculate number of days
very simple by calling our function that

very simple by calling our function that

very simple by calling our function that
actually

actually

actually
does that so we're going to call our

does that so we're going to call our

does that so we're going to call our
function

function

function
to calculate the number of hours for

to calculate the number of hours for

to calculate the number of hours for
an input and the parameter that we

an input and the parameter that we

an input and the parameter that we
passed

passed

passed
in is going to be whatever the user

in is going to be whatever the user

in is going to be whatever the user
provided

provided

provided
so instead of basically hard coding a

so instead of basically hard coding a

so instead of basically hard coding a
value here

value here

value here
ourselves we give it a value that user

ourselves we give it a value that user

ourselves we give it a value that user
provided instead so the num of days will

provided instead so the num of days will

provided instead so the num of days will
be

be

be
the user input and now again because

the user input and now again because

the user input and now again because
this function

this function

this function
returns the whole string it doesn't

returns the whole string it doesn't

returns the whole string it doesn't
print it

print it

print it
remember it just returns it so when i

remember it just returns it so when i

remember it just returns it so when i
execute this and i provide in

execute this and i provide in

execute this and i provide in
some value that's to 200 you see that

some value that's to 200 you see that

some value that's to 200 you see that
i don't have any output here because we

i don't have any output here because we

i don't have any output here because we
didn't print anything we

didn't print anything we

didn't print anything we
basically just returned the value here

basically just returned the value here

basically just returned the value here
we didn't do

we didn't do

we didn't do
anything with it so the last piece

anything with it so the last piece

anything with it so the last piece
missing here is

missing here is

missing here is
to display the text the string that

to display the text the string that

to display the text the string that
function returns so we save that

function returns so we save that

function returns so we save that
return value first let's do calculated

return value first let's do calculated

return value first let's do calculated
value so we save this thing

value so we save this thing

value so we save this thing
in calculated value variable and

in calculated value variable and

in calculated value variable and
finally we can print it and now let's

finally we can print it and now let's

finally we can print it and now let's
execute it and

execute it and

execute it and
let's see what happens i'm going to type

let's see what happens i'm going to type

let's see what happens i'm going to type
in

in

in
10 10 days and let's see what we get now

10 10 days and let's see what we get now

10 10 days and let's see what we get now
and you see we have this weird value

and you see we have this weird value

and you see we have this weird value
here

here

here
as a result of the calculation so what

as a result of the calculation so what

as a result of the calculation so what
exactly happened

exactly happened

exactly happened
so this part of calculation basically

so this part of calculation basically

so this part of calculation basically
which represents this number didn't do a

which represents this number didn't do a

which represents this number didn't do a
proper calculation

proper calculation

proper calculation
and the reason for that is because the

and the reason for that is because the

and the reason for that is because the
input value that we get

input value that we get

input value that we get
with inputs function is always

with inputs function is always

with inputs function is always
treated as a string and not a number so

treated as a string and not a number so

treated as a string and not a number so
basically

basically

basically
at this place here number of days inputs

at this place here number of days inputs

at this place here number of days inputs
10 here is actually treated as a

10 here is actually treated as a

10 here is actually treated as a
text and not a number and where this

text and not a number and where this

text and not a number and where this
weird result comes from is basically

weird result comes from is basically

weird result comes from is basically
number 10 printed out 24

number 10 printed out 24

number 10 printed out 24
times so instead of doing the actual

times so instead of doing the actual

times so instead of doing the actual
calculation 10 times 24

calculation 10 times 24

calculation 10 times 24
10 is printed 24 times and that's what

10 is printed 24 times and that's what

10 is printed 24 times and that's what
happens when this is interpreted as

happens when this is interpreted as

happens when this is interpreted as
a string so how do we make python

a string so how do we make python

a string so how do we make python
see that number see that input value as

see that number see that input value as

see that number see that input value as
a number as an integer and not a

a number as an integer and not a

a number as an integer and not a
text or not as a string and it's

text or not as a string and it's

text or not as a string and it's
actually pretty easy to do

actually pretty easy to do

actually pretty easy to do
on the next line the user inputs again

on the next line the user inputs again

on the next line the user inputs again
we saw

we saw

we saw
right here it is a string so we have to

right here it is a string so we have to

right here it is a string so we have to
make it into a number and we're going to

make it into a number and we're going to

make it into a number and we're going to
do that

do that

do that
using int and user input

using int and user input

using int and user input
and that process of turning a value from

and that process of turning a value from

and that process of turning a value from
one data type into another

one data type into another

one data type into another
is called casting if you remember we

is called casting if you remember we

is called casting if you remember we
already saw an example of it when we

already saw an example of it when we

already saw an example of it when we
turned

turned

turned
a number into a string in the string

a number into a string in the string

a number into a string in the string
concatenation example

concatenation example

concatenation example
again from the syntax you should already

again from the syntax you should already

again from the syntax you should already
know that this is a function

know that this is a function

know that this is a function
call so we're calling a function called

call so we're calling a function called

call so we're calling a function called
int again

int again

int again
that python itself provides us with

that python itself provides us with

that python itself provides us with
because we didn't write that function

because we didn't write that function

because we didn't write that function
and we're passing in

and we're passing in

and we're passing in
one parameter which is a string and we

one parameter which is a string and we

one parameter which is a string and we
should

should

should
get an integer from that string as a

get an integer from that string as a

get an integer from that string as a
result

result

result
and we can save that number into a

and we can save that number into a

and we can save that number into a
variable and let's call it user

variable and let's call it user

variable and let's call it user
input number and

input number and

input number and
now we have 10 as a number instead of as

now we have 10 as a number instead of as

now we have 10 as a number instead of as
a string

a string

a string
and instead of passing in that string

and instead of passing in that string

and instead of passing in that string
user input we can

user input we can

user input we can
now give our function number

now give our function number

now give our function number
that it expects let's save it and

that it expects let's save it and

that it expects let's save it and
execute

execute

execute
let's put in 10 and there you go now the

let's put in 10 and there you go now the

let's put in 10 and there you go now the
calculation

calculation

calculation
is correct what i want to show you now

is correct what i want to show you now

is correct what i want to show you now
is how this user input actually works

is how this user input actually works

is how this user input actually works
without

without

without
a code editor like pycharm so i'm gonna

a code editor like pycharm so i'm gonna

a code editor like pycharm so i'm gonna
copy all this code and let's go back to

copy all this code and let's go back to

copy all this code and let's go back to
our terminal

i'm going to paste in our code

i'm going to paste in our code
and save and let's now actually

and save and let's now actually

and save and let's now actually
see how the user input works when we

see how the user input works when we

see how the user input works when we
execute it

execute it

execute it
in a simple terminal window and as you

in a simple terminal window and as you

in a simple terminal window and as you
see here we have the message first

see here we have the message first

see here we have the message first
and the prompt is right here so we can

and the prompt is right here so we can

and the prompt is right here so we can
enter a value

enter a value

enter a value
let's do 25 enter

let's do 25 enter

let's do 25 enter
and we have a result 25 days are

and we have a result 25 days are

and we have a result 25 days are
600 hours

great so our program is working it is

great so our program is working it is
converting

converting

converting
the number of days to number of hours

the number of days to number of hours

the number of days to number of hours
and accepts a user input now what

and accepts a user input now what

and accepts a user input now what
happens

happens

happens
if a user enters an invalid value here

if a user enters an invalid value here

if a user enters an invalid value here
so for example instead of a positive

so for example instead of a positive

so for example instead of a positive
value for number of days

value for number of days

value for number of days
maybe they enter a negative value like

maybe they enter a negative value like

maybe they enter a negative value like
-10 for example and obviously

-10 for example and obviously

-10 for example and obviously
that input value doesn't make any sense

that input value doesn't make any sense

that input value doesn't make any sense
but we are still

but we are still

but we are still
calculating and giving a value right and

calculating and giving a value right and

calculating and giving a value right and
this is another

this is another

this is another
important concept in programming

important concept in programming

important concept in programming
generally

generally

generally
that when we allow users to give our

that when we allow users to give our

that when we allow users to give our
program

program

program
some input value we also want to

some input value we also want to

some input value we also want to
restrict them

restrict them

restrict them
and basically validate that what they

and basically validate that what they

and basically validate that what they
provided as input is a valid value for

provided as input is a valid value for

provided as input is a valid value for
our program specifically

our program specifically

our program specifically
one that it makes sense like in our case

one that it makes sense like in our case

one that it makes sense like in our case
-10 program still does a calculation but

-10 program still does a calculation but

-10 program still does a calculation but
it doesn't really make sense

it doesn't really make sense

it doesn't really make sense
and second it doesn't crash our program

and second it doesn't crash our program

and second it doesn't crash our program
right

right

right
so now let's see what happens if we

so now let's see what happens if we

so now let's see what happens if we
enter

enter

enter
some text here you see

some text here you see

some text here you see
that the calculation didn't happen

that the calculation didn't happen

that the calculation didn't happen
because

because

because
we basically crashed the program

we basically crashed the program

we basically crashed the program
application

application

application
using that invalid user input does make

using that invalid user input does make

using that invalid user input does make
sense

sense

sense
or an input that crashes our application

or an input that crashes our application

or an input that crashes our application
because the calculation isn't even

because the calculation isn't even

because the calculation isn't even
possible

possible

possible
and we want to avoid users basically

and we want to avoid users basically

and we want to avoid users basically
either providing a nonsense value or a

either providing a nonsense value or a

either providing a nonsense value or a
value that will crash our application

value that will crash our application

value that will crash our application
so we need to validate user input

so we need to validate user input

so we need to validate user input
and this is again important concept in

and this is again important concept in

and this is again important concept in
program because

program because

program because
whenever you allow user input you always

whenever you allow user input you always

whenever you allow user input you always
have to validate it so in this part

have to validate it so in this part

have to validate it so in this part
we're going to learn

we're going to learn

we're going to learn
concept called conditionals and we're

concept called conditionals and we're

concept called conditionals and we're
going to learn this concept

going to learn this concept

going to learn this concept
with an example of validating a user

with an example of validating a user

with an example of validating a user
input so

input so

input so
where are we going to do the user input

where are we going to do the user input

where are we going to do the user input
validation we can do it

validation we can do it

validation we can do it
in our function right before we

in our function right before we

in our function right before we
actually do the calculation we can first

actually do the calculation we can first

actually do the calculation we can first
validate

validate

validate
is it a positive number and not a

is it a positive number and not a

is it a positive number and not a
negative one

negative one

negative one
so user gives us their input we

so user gives us their input we

so user gives us their input we
convert it to a number and then we pass

convert it to a number and then we pass

convert it to a number and then we pass
that number

that number

that number
to our function so negative 10

to our function so negative 10

to our function so negative 10
positive 10 that is a number basically

positive 10 that is a number basically

positive 10 that is a number basically
will be

will be

will be
passed on to our function and right here

passed on to our function and right here

passed on to our function and right here
we can check whether this

we can check whether this

we can check whether this
variable value here is a negative number

variable value here is a negative number

variable value here is a negative number
or not

or not

or not
how do we do that we do that using

how do we do that we do that using

how do we do that we do that using
if else conditional statements so

if else conditional statements so

if else conditional statements so
very simple and intuitive to understand

very simple and intuitive to understand

very simple and intuitive to understand
we say if number of days

we say if number of days

we say if number of days
is greater than 0

is greater than 0

is greater than 0
means it is a positive number

means it is a positive number

means it is a positive number
then we want to do the calculation and

then we want to do the calculation and

then we want to do the calculation and
return

return

return
all of this but you see that we have a

all of this but you see that we have a

all of this but you see that we have a
red line here

red line here

red line here
so basically whenever we use if

so basically whenever we use if

so basically whenever we use if
condition we have to have a proper

condition we have to have a proper

condition we have to have a proper
indentation so all of this line

indentation so all of this line

indentation so all of this line
basically goes

basically goes

basically goes
indented for this line kind of the same

indented for this line kind of the same

indented for this line kind of the same
way as we indented

way as we indented

way as we indented
the whole function body inside the

the whole function body inside the

the whole function body inside the
function

function

function
whatever logic and whatever code is

whatever logic and whatever code is

whatever logic and whatever code is
right here

right here

right here
indented below the if condition

indented below the if condition

indented below the if condition
will be executed if number of days

will be executed if number of days

will be executed if number of days
is really greater than zero so let's try

is really greater than zero so let's try

is really greater than zero so let's try
that again

that again

that again
i'm going to execute it let's put a

i'm going to execute it let's put a

i'm going to execute it let's put a
positive 10

positive 10

positive 10
you see 10 days are 240 hours

you see 10 days are 240 hours

you see 10 days are 240 hours
got calculated now let's put

got calculated now let's put

got calculated now let's put
-10 as an input and you see none

-10 as an input and you see none

-10 as an input and you see none
basically no output for us because

basically no output for us because

basically no output for us because
this line didn't actually get executed

this line didn't actually get executed

this line didn't actually get executed
for -10 input value now what if we want

for -10 input value now what if we want

for -10 input value now what if we want
to tell a user

to tell a user

to tell a user
hey this was an invalid value and that's

hey this was an invalid value and that's

hey this was an invalid value and that's
why we didn't do the calculation

why we didn't do the calculation

why we didn't do the calculation
instead of just showing none we can do

instead of just showing none we can do

instead of just showing none we can do
that

that

that
by returning this feedback message or

by returning this feedback message or

by returning this feedback message or
error message

error message

error message
whenever this is not true so whenever

whenever this is not true so whenever

whenever this is not true so whenever
number of days is not

number of days is not

number of days is not
greater than zero we want to return

greater than zero we want to return

greater than zero we want to return
something else right another message

something else right another message

something else right another message
and we can do that using else

and we can do that using else

and we can do that using else
and the same way as for if we have the

and the same way as for if we have the

and the same way as for if we have the
indentation

indentation

indentation
and whatever we write here will be

and whatever we write here will be

and whatever we write here will be
executed if number of days is not

executed if number of days is not

executed if number of days is not
greater than zero

greater than zero

greater than zero
so here we are gonna return

so here we are gonna return

so here we are gonna return
you entered a negative

you entered a negative

you entered a negative
value so no

value so no

value so no
conversion for you

conversion for you

conversion for you
and here it's time for another special

and here it's time for another special

and here it's time for another special
term in programming that greater than

term in programming that greater than

term in programming that greater than
sign

sign

sign
is called a comparison operator and we

is called a comparison operator and we

is called a comparison operator and we
have three of them we have greater than

have three of them we have greater than

have three of them we have greater than
less than and equals and these are

less than and equals and these are

less than and equals and these are
called comparison operators because

called comparison operators because

called comparison operators because
they are used in an operation to compare

they are used in an operation to compare

they are used in an operation to compare
two values

two values

two values
and before in this course we learned

and before in this course we learned

and before in this course we learned
arithmetic operations

arithmetic operations

arithmetic operations
like plus minus divide multiply so again

like plus minus divide multiply so again

like plus minus divide multiply so again
fancy words for

fancy words for

fancy words for
simple concepts but these are the

simple concepts but these are the

simple concepts but these are the
official terms for these

official terms for these

official terms for these
so now if someone mentions them you will

so now if someone mentions them you will

so now if someone mentions them you will
know what they're talking about

know what they're talking about

know what they're talking about
so now let's execute the application

so now let's execute the application

so now let's execute the application
and let's provide -10 and you see that

and let's provide -10 and you see that

and let's provide -10 and you see that
this line was printed

this line was printed

this line was printed
as a feedback to the user

as a feedback to the user

as a feedback to the user
so let's go through the flow again user

so let's go through the flow again user

so let's go through the flow again user
gives us their input

gives us their input

gives us their input
in this case -10 we convert it to

in this case -10 we convert it to

in this case -10 we convert it to
integer

integer

integer
so now it's -10 integer and we pass it

so now it's -10 integer and we pass it

so now it's -10 integer and we pass it
on to our days to units

on to our days to units

on to our days to units
function and these two units function

function and these two units function

function and these two units function
basically has this if else statement

basically has this if else statement

basically has this if else statement
that's how it's called in programming

that's how it's called in programming

that's how it's called in programming
and our if else

and our if else

and our if else
statement validates or checks

statement validates or checks

statement validates or checks
whether this input is greater than zero

whether this input is greater than zero

whether this input is greater than zero
if it is then the function will return

if it is then the function will return

if it is then the function will return
this as a result so basically the

this as a result so basically the

this as a result so basically the
calculation with a proper message

calculation with a proper message

calculation with a proper message
else so basically if this is not

else so basically if this is not

else so basically if this is not
the case then it will return basically

the case then it will return basically

the case then it will return basically
just

just

just
a feedback message for the user and note

a feedback message for the user and note

a feedback message for the user and note
that

that

that
else doesn't have such a check here we

else doesn't have such a check here we

else doesn't have such a check here we
don't check

don't check

don't check
num of days is less than zero and the

num of days is less than zero and the

num of days is less than zero and the
reason for that

reason for that

reason for that
is because it doesn't check for less

is because it doesn't check for less

is because it doesn't check for less
than zero

than zero

than zero
because it basically just decides if

because it basically just decides if

because it basically just decides if
this is not true

this is not true

this is not true
else or in that case just do this

else or in that case just do this

else or in that case just do this
so we don't need additional check here

so we don't need additional check here

so we don't need additional check here
now this segment right here

now this segment right here

now this segment right here
where we're doing the check is called a

where we're doing the check is called a

where we're doing the check is called a
conditional

conditional

conditional
so basically we're providing our program

so basically we're providing our program

so basically we're providing our program
a condition

a condition

a condition
if this condition is correct

if this condition is correct

if this condition is correct
then do something otherwise do something

then do something otherwise do something

then do something otherwise do something
else

else

else
and that conditional can be true

and that conditional can be true

and that conditional can be true
or false if we enter 10 then this

or false if we enter 10 then this

or false if we enter 10 then this
conditional will be true

conditional will be true

conditional will be true
because it's greater than 0 if we enter

because it's greater than 0 if we enter

because it's greater than 0 if we enter
-10 then this conditional will be

-10 then this conditional will be

-10 then this conditional will be
negative it's not greater than 0

negative it's not greater than 0

negative it's not greater than 0
and those true and false values in

and those true and false values in

and those true and false values in
programming

programming

programming
actually are represented by its own data

actually are represented by its own data

actually are represented by its own data
type which is called

type which is called

type which is called
boolean and in order to show it to you

boolean and in order to show it to you

boolean and in order to show it to you
that this conditional either gives true

that this conditional either gives true

that this conditional either gives true
or false

or false

or false
what i'm going to do is i'm going to

what i'm going to do is i'm going to

what i'm going to do is i'm going to
print

print

print
this conditional right before i do the

this conditional right before i do the

this conditional right before i do the
check

check

check
so for a positive number input this

so for a positive number input this

so for a positive number input this
should print

should print

should print
true and if it's negative so it's not

true and if it's negative so it's not

true and if it's negative so it's not
greater than 0 this should print false

greater than 0 this should print false

greater than 0 this should print false
so let's test it out

so let's test it out

so let's test it out
first i'm going to provide positive 10

first i'm going to provide positive 10

first i'm going to provide positive 10
and right here you see true

and right here you see true

and right here you see true
because this condition is indeed true

because this condition is indeed true

because this condition is indeed true
and note that this is not a string

and note that this is not a string

and note that this is not a string
that's why we don't need the quotes here

that's why we don't need the quotes here

that's why we don't need the quotes here
so we can basically just put in the

so we can basically just put in the

so we can basically just put in the
whole expression in a print

whole expression in a print

whole expression in a print
function and now let's do the same with

function and now let's do the same with

function and now let's do the same with
negative 10 and you see

negative 10 and you see

negative 10 and you see
false and as i said true and false

false and as i said true and false

false and as i said true and false
values belong to its own data type in

values belong to its own data type in

values belong to its own data type in
programming

programming

programming
which is called a boolean and again we

which is called a boolean and again we

which is called a boolean and again we
can demonstrate that

can demonstrate that

can demonstrate that
instead of printing it out

instead of printing it out

instead of printing it out
we can save it into a variable let's

we can save it into a variable let's

we can save it into a variable let's
call it

call it

call it
conditional check

conditional check

conditional check
and in python there is a function called

and in python there is a function called

and in python there is a function called
type which checks or prints out

type which checks or prints out

type which checks or prints out
basically

basically

basically
a type data type of a variable or

a type data type of a variable or

a type data type of a variable or
a single value so if we

a single value so if we

a single value so if we
pass it so this will give us data type

pass it so this will give us data type

pass it so this will give us data type
of conditional check

of conditional check

of conditional check
and obviously if you want to see that

and obviously if you want to see that

and obviously if you want to see that
result we need to print it

result we need to print it

result we need to print it
so print the whole thing so it doesn't

so print the whole thing so it doesn't

so print the whole thing so it doesn't
matter what we pass in

matter what we pass in

matter what we pass in
this point and right here you see

this point and right here you see

this point and right here you see
class boolean so this

class boolean so this

class boolean so this
conditional check here which has a value

conditional check here which has a value

conditional check here which has a value
of

of

of
true or false is of type boolean

true or false is of type boolean

true or false is of type boolean
now there are two things that i want to

now there are two things that i want to

now there are two things that i want to
note here

note here

note here
the first one is that you see that

the first one is that you see that

the first one is that you see that
i am calling a function here which is

i am calling a function here which is

i am calling a function here which is
type

type

type
and then whatever that function type

and then whatever that function type

and then whatever that function type
returns

returns

returns
which is basically this output here we

which is basically this output here we

which is basically this output here we
are printing it

are printing it

are printing it
so we have two function calls that are

so we have two function calls that are

so we have two function calls that are
basically

basically

basically
nested and that is absolutely fine you

nested and that is absolutely fine you

nested and that is absolutely fine you
can nest

can nest

can nest
function calls another example of doing

function calls another example of doing

function calls another example of doing
this

this

this
nested function called would be for

nested function called would be for

nested function called would be for
example right here

example right here

example right here
instead of assigning these to a variable

instead of assigning these to a variable

instead of assigning these to a variable
and then passing it here

and then passing it here

and then passing it here
we can actually save us that step

we can actually save us that step

we can actually save us that step
and in the days to units function call

and in the days to units function call

and in the days to units function call
pass it as a value so this is a

pass it as a value so this is a

pass it as a value so this is a
perfectly

perfectly

perfectly
valid syntax and you can do that you can

valid syntax and you can do that you can

valid syntax and you can do that you can
nest in the function calls and you would

nest in the function calls and you would

nest in the function calls and you would
not need this additional step

not need this additional step

not need this additional step
and you can do that as many times as you

and you can do that as many times as you

and you can do that as many times as you
want it just looks cleaner when you have

want it just looks cleaner when you have

want it just looks cleaner when you have
that syntax a little bit separated and

that syntax a little bit separated and

that syntax a little bit separated and
not have two three

not have two three

not have two three
four function calls nested so that's one

four function calls nested so that's one

four function calls nested so that's one
thing

thing

thing
and another thing is we just saw a class

and another thing is we just saw a class

and another thing is we just saw a class
boolean type here

boolean type here

boolean type here
and let's actually see the same output

and let's actually see the same output

and let's actually see the same output
for

for

for
string and number so just for the

string and number so just for the

string and number so just for the
demonstration let's actually

demonstration let's actually

demonstration let's actually
see the type of string and integer

see the type of string and integer

see the type of string and integer
let's get rid of this for a second

let's get rid of this for a second

let's get rid of this for a second
because we just want to test

because we just want to test

because we just want to test
so we're going to print the type of

so we're going to print the type of

so we're going to print the type of
a string which says this should be a

a string which says this should be a

a string which says this should be a
string

string

string
type and execute

type and execute

type and execute
and you see class string and

and you see class string and

and you see class string and
now let's provide an integer

now let's provide an integer

now let's provide an integer
you see class int and let's provide

you see class int and let's provide

you see class int and let's provide
a float and there you go we have float

a float and there you go we have float

a float and there you go we have float
so this is a very handy way of checking

so this is a very handy way of checking

so this is a very handy way of checking
the type and we're going to need that

the type and we're going to need that

the type and we're going to need that
actually in a later example

actually in a later example

actually in a later example
so back to our

so back to our

so back to our
application and one note about booleans

application and one note about booleans

application and one note about booleans
and conditionals

and conditionals

and conditionals
is that you're going to be using a lot

is that you're going to be using a lot

is that you're going to be using a lot
of those

of those

of those
in programming because they're really

in programming because they're really

in programming because they're really
the major or the core part of writing

the major or the core part of writing

the major or the core part of writing
any kind of logic in programming so

any kind of logic in programming so

any kind of logic in programming so
you're going to need

you're going to need

you're going to need
if else conditions and statements and

if else conditions and statements and

if else conditions and statements and
booleans

booleans

booleans
in your application so it is a very core

in your application so it is a very core

in your application so it is a very core
concept and we're going to be using a

concept and we're going to be using a

concept and we're going to be using a
lot of them

lot of them

lot of them
in our coming examples so let's get rid

in our coming examples so let's get rid

in our coming examples so let's get rid
of

of

of
this code right here and one note before

this code right here and one note before

this code right here and one note before
we move on

we move on

we move on
here is that the negative numbers are

here is that the negative numbers are

here is that the negative numbers are
not

not

not
being calculated because of this

being calculated because of this

being calculated because of this
condition

condition

condition
now what about zero let's actually try

now what about zero let's actually try

now what about zero let's actually try
that out

that out

that out
so i'm gonna enter zero which is

so i'm gonna enter zero which is

so i'm gonna enter zero which is
actually

actually

actually
also valued that doesn't make sense

also valued that doesn't make sense

also valued that doesn't make sense
because

because

because
zero days input obviously will give zero

zero days input obviously will give zero

zero days input obviously will give zero
of any units

of any units

of any units
so enter and

so enter and

so enter and
right here you see a feedback to user

right here you see a feedback to user

right here you see a feedback to user
that says you entered a negative value

that says you entered a negative value

that says you entered a negative value
so no conversion for you

so no conversion for you

so no conversion for you
and the reason for that is because this

and the reason for that is because this

and the reason for that is because this
condition here number of days checks

condition here number of days checks

condition here number of days checks
greater than zero

greater than zero

greater than zero
which means that negative numbers and

which means that negative numbers and

which means that negative numbers and
zero

zero

zero
will not match this condition so they

will not match this condition so they

will not match this condition so they
will

will

will
basically give you this feedback but our

basically give you this feedback but our

basically give you this feedback but our
message says you entered a negative

message says you entered a negative

message says you entered a negative
value

value

value
right when we entered zero what if we

right when we entered zero what if we

right when we entered zero what if we
wanted to

wanted to

wanted to
have a specific message for a user if

have a specific message for a user if

have a specific message for a user if
they enter

they enter

they enter
zero and a specific one if they enter

zero and a specific one if they enter

zero and a specific one if they enter
negative value

negative value

negative value
right we want to differentiate between

right we want to differentiate between

right we want to differentiate between
those two how can we do that

those two how can we do that

those two how can we do that
in the if else statement in programming

in the if else statement in programming

in the if else statement in programming
we can have multiple conditionals so

we can have multiple conditionals so

we can have multiple conditionals so
basically we can have multiple ifs so

basically we can have multiple ifs so

basically we can have multiple ifs so
how do we do that first we check number

how do we do that first we check number

how do we do that first we check number
of days is greater than zero

of days is greater than zero

of days is greater than zero
okay great now we want to check whether

okay great now we want to check whether

okay great now we want to check whether
number of days

number of days

number of days
is equal to zero and we can do that

is equal to zero and we can do that

is equal to zero and we can do that
using another if here and in python

using another if here and in python

using another if here and in python
the syntax for that is el if

the syntax for that is el if

the syntax for that is el if
which basically is a combination of else

which basically is a combination of else

which basically is a combination of else
and

and

and
if so if this is not true

if so if this is not true

if so if this is not true
then we want to check another condition

then we want to check another condition

then we want to check another condition
number of days equals 0.

number of days equals 0.

number of days equals 0.
now you know the equation sign generally

now you know the equation sign generally

now you know the equation sign generally
is this one right here

is this one right here

is this one right here
however when we're checking whether

however when we're checking whether

however when we're checking whether
something

something

something
equals to something else in programming

equals to something else in programming

equals to something else in programming
that

that

that
equation check is represented with two

equation check is represented with two

equation check is represented with two
equal signs and the reason is because

equal signs and the reason is because

equal signs and the reason is because
one equal sign is already

one equal sign is already

one equal sign is already
used to represent assigning a value to a

used to represent assigning a value to a

used to represent assigning a value to a
variable

variable

variable
so not to confuse those two actions

so not to confuse those two actions

so not to confuse those two actions
in programming we have two equation

in programming we have two equation

in programming we have two equation
signs

signs

signs
when we want to check whether something

when we want to check whether something

when we want to check whether something
equals a certain value

equals a certain value

equals a certain value
and just like here we

and just like here we

and just like here we
execute some logic whenever this

execute some logic whenever this

execute some logic whenever this
condition is

condition is

condition is
true so in our case we want to

true so in our case we want to

true so in our case we want to
tell the user you entered

tell the user you entered

tell the user you entered
a zero please enter

a zero please enter

a zero please enter
a valid positive number

a valid positive number

a valid positive number
so now again to go through this logic

so now again to go through this logic

so now again to go through this logic
flow if the input value is

flow if the input value is

flow if the input value is
a positive number then function will

a positive number then function will

a positive number then function will
return

return

return
the calculation and the message if it's

the calculation and the message if it's

the calculation and the message if it's
not a positive number then we will check

not a positive number then we will check

not a positive number then we will check
additionally

additionally

additionally
whether it's zero if it's not zero

whether it's zero if it's not zero

whether it's zero if it's not zero
then this is a last condition basically

then this is a last condition basically

then this is a last condition basically
then we know that it has to be a

then we know that it has to be a

then we know that it has to be a
negative number right

negative number right

negative number right
so let's test this out

so let's test this out

so let's test this out
let's enter a positive number there you

let's enter a positive number there you

let's enter a positive number there you
go

go

go
let's enter zero you entered

let's enter zero you entered

let's enter zero you entered
zero please enter a valley positive

zero please enter a valley positive

zero please enter a valley positive
number and

number and

number and
let's enter negative one and everything

let's enter negative one and everything

let's enter negative one and everything
works

works

works
perfectly note that you can have

perfectly note that you can have

perfectly note that you can have
multiple alif's

multiple alif's

multiple alif's
between if and else statements and again

between if and else statements and again

between if and else statements and again
note that el

note that el

note that el
if has a condition just like if

if has a condition just like if

if has a condition just like if
statement

statement

statement
else does not have any condition so this

else does not have any condition so this

else does not have any condition so this
is like the fallback so if

is like the fallback so if

is like the fallback so if
everything previously stated all the

everything previously stated all the

everything previously stated all the
previous conditions did not

previous conditions did not

previous conditions did not
match so they were all false basically

match so they were all false basically

match so they were all false basically
then

then

then
this is the logic that will get executed

this is the logic that will get executed

this is the logic that will get executed
in that case

great so we have validated input value

great so we have validated input value
for

for

for
users and we may feel pretty good about

users and we may feel pretty good about

users and we may feel pretty good about
our

our

our
program because it doesn't calculate

program because it doesn't calculate

program because it doesn't calculate
anything for values that don't make any

anything for values that don't make any

anything for values that don't make any
sense

sense

sense
however we still have a problem what

however we still have a problem what

however we still have a problem what
happens if

happens if

happens if
a user enters a text instead of a number

a user enters a text instead of a number

a user enters a text instead of a number
so basically anything that is not

so basically anything that is not

so basically anything that is not
a number value doesn't really matter

a number value doesn't really matter

a number value doesn't really matter
basically some text if i enter

basically some text if i enter

basically some text if i enter
you see that our program actually

you see that our program actually

you see that our program actually
crashed and this is

crashed and this is

crashed and this is
actually a user input that we want to

actually a user input that we want to

actually a user input that we want to
protect our programs from

protect our programs from

protect our programs from
because we don't want to allow users to

because we don't want to allow users to

because we don't want to allow users to
blow up our application right so let's

blow up our application right so let's

blow up our application right so let's
see what happened

see what happened

see what happened
it actually says that we provided an

it actually says that we provided an

it actually says that we provided an
invalid

invalid

invalid
literal literal basically means the text

literal literal basically means the text

literal literal basically means the text
itself or

itself or

itself or
a number so basically a value that we

a number so basically a value that we

a number so basically a value that we
entered

entered

entered
for int function that's the problem

for int function that's the problem

for int function that's the problem
so this function call basically just

so this function call basically just

so this function call basically just
blew up

blew up

blew up
because in function expects a value

because in function expects a value

because in function expects a value
which is a string representation of a

which is a string representation of a

which is a string representation of a
number

number

number
so basically ind expects something like

so basically ind expects something like

so basically ind expects something like
this or something like

this or something like

this or something like
this it doesn't expect

this it doesn't expect

this it doesn't expect
my text or some text so our application

my text or some text so our application

my text or some text so our application
crashed on some text input now let's see

crashed on some text input now let's see

crashed on some text input now let's see
what happens

what happens

what happens
if i provide a number

if i provide a number

if i provide a number
but a float number instead of integer

but a float number instead of integer

but a float number instead of integer
let's enter 19.99

let's enter 19.99

let's enter 19.99
and enter and you see the same error

and enter and you see the same error

and enter and you see the same error
this function basically returns an error

this function basically returns an error

this function basically returns an error
because it cannot

because it cannot

because it cannot
convert float into integer as well

convert float into integer as well

convert float into integer as well
so we have a problem here that whenever

so we have a problem here that whenever

so we have a problem here that whenever
user enters

user enters

user enters
anything which is not an integer our

anything which is not an integer our

anything which is not an integer our
program

program

program
will blow up so how do we avoid

will blow up so how do we avoid

will blow up so how do we avoid
that so basically before the int

that so basically before the int

that so basically before the int
function gets executed with an

function gets executed with an

function gets executed with an
invalid value we need to validate this

invalid value we need to validate this

invalid value we need to validate this
whole thing and

whole thing and

whole thing and
stop our program before that happens so

stop our program before that happens so

stop our program before that happens so
we need the validation before int gets

we need the validation before int gets

we need the validation before int gets
executed and we can do that right here

executed and we can do that right here

executed and we can do that right here
right

right

right
so before that line gets executed we're

so before that line gets executed we're

so before that line gets executed we're
gonna do a validation

gonna do a validation

gonna do a validation
and one way we can do that is using our

and one way we can do that is using our

and one way we can do that is using our
familiar if else statement

familiar if else statement

familiar if else statement
so we can say if user input

so we can say if user input

so we can say if user input
is digit

so again from the syntax you know this

so again from the syntax you know this
is calling a function

is calling a function

is calling a function
but note that instead of calling the

but note that instead of calling the

but note that instead of calling the
function

function

function
like this so basically just stand alone

like this so basically just stand alone

like this so basically just stand alone
we have the syntax where we have the

we have the syntax where we have the

we have the syntax where we have the
variable

variable

variable
dot and then the function name so

dot and then the function name so

dot and then the function name so
instead of passing this

instead of passing this

instead of passing this
as a parameter right here in the

as a parameter right here in the

as a parameter right here in the
function

function

function
brackets we are passing it as a

brackets we are passing it as a

brackets we are passing it as a
parameter again

parameter again

parameter again
but using this syntax right so each

but using this syntax right so each

but using this syntax right so each
digit function will execute

digit function will execute

digit function will execute
for user input as a parameter

for user input as a parameter

for user input as a parameter
and again in if we have conditions so

and again in if we have conditions so

and again in if we have conditions so
this will be either true or false

this will be either true or false

this will be either true or false
it's a boolean and

it's a boolean and

it's a boolean and
if user input is digit it's a number

if user input is digit it's a number

if user input is digit it's a number
basically so basically this will filter

basically so basically this will filter

basically so basically this will filter
out

out

out
input values that are text so basically

input values that are text so basically

input values that are text so basically
they're not

they're not

they're not
numbers and if the input is digit

numbers and if the input is digit

numbers and if the input is digit
then we want to execute this line

then we want to execute this line

then we want to execute this line
and also the rest of our application

and also the rest of our application

and also the rest of our application
like this and if it's not true

like this and if it's not true

like this and if it's not true
so if the user input is not a digit we

so if the user input is not a digit we

so if the user input is not a digit we
don't want to execute

don't want to execute

don't want to execute
anything in our application we want to

anything in our application we want to

anything in our application we want to
stop the execution and want to tell the

stop the execution and want to tell the

stop the execution and want to tell the
user

user

user
this was an invalid input value i'm not

this was an invalid input value i'm not

this was an invalid input value i'm not
doing anything

doing anything

doing anything
with my program so that it doesn't crash

with my program so that it doesn't crash

with my program so that it doesn't crash
so

so

so
else if not digit we

else if not digit we

else if not digit we
are telling the user your input

are telling the user your input

are telling the user your input
is not a number

is not a number

is not a number
don't ruin my program

don't ruin my program

don't ruin my program
so now let's actually test it

so now let's actually test it

so now let's actually test it
so i'm going to execute and write some

so i'm going to execute and write some

so i'm going to execute and write some
text

and there you go so user input is digit

and there you go so user input is digit
was

was

was
evaluated to false so

evaluated to false so

evaluated to false so
none of these got executed instead the

none of these got executed instead the

none of these got executed instead the
else

else

else
block was executed and it printed a

block was executed and it printed a

block was executed and it printed a
message

message

message
for our user so we basically avoided our

for our user so we basically avoided our

for our user so we basically avoided our
application to crash

application to crash

application to crash
with this check and

with this check and

with this check and
if we try a proper number

if we try a proper number

if we try a proper number
it works and if we enter

it works and if we enter

it works and if we enter
0 for example the application

0 for example the application

0 for example the application
will get executed and we will get

will get executed and we will get

will get executed and we will get
our message from here

our message from here

our message from here
so our application is more or less

so our application is more or less

so our application is more or less
protected

protected

protected
and we're not allowing for a invalid

and we're not allowing for a invalid

and we're not allowing for a invalid
input number you say not a valid

input number you say not a valid

input number you say not a valid
number now we know that in programming

number now we know that in programming

number now we know that in programming
there are different types of numbers

there are different types of numbers

there are different types of numbers
we have float numbers as well so

we have float numbers as well so

we have float numbers as well so
let's actually see what ease digit

let's actually see what ease digit

let's actually see what ease digit
function

function

function
really checks so let's actually try

really checks so let's actually try

really checks so let's actually try
to provide a float number instead of

to provide a float number instead of

to provide a float number instead of
integer which is not a proper valid

integer which is not a proper valid

integer which is not a proper valid
input for our program so i'm going to

input for our program so i'm going to

input for our program so i'm going to
type in 19.99

type in 19.99

type in 19.99
and you see that each digit

and you see that each digit

and you see that each digit
is false for a float number so we got

is false for a float number so we got

is false for a float number so we got
the same

the same

the same
your input is not a valid number output

your input is not a valid number output

your input is not a valid number output
for float number as well which is

for float number as well which is

for float number as well which is
perfect it's exactly what we need

perfect it's exactly what we need

perfect it's exactly what we need
and now let's actually try

and now let's actually try

and now let's actually try
to enter a negative number and let's see

to enter a negative number and let's see

to enter a negative number and let's see
if each digit function

if each digit function

if each digit function
returns true or false i'm going to enter

returns true or false i'm going to enter

returns true or false i'm going to enter
and you see that else block got executed

and you see that else block got executed

and you see that else block got executed
because

because

because
is digit was false for a negative number

is digit was false for a negative number

is digit was false for a negative number
so basically this function

so basically this function

so basically this function
filters out a lot of the bad input

filters out a lot of the bad input

filters out a lot of the bad input
for us to protect our application

for us to protect our application

for us to protect our application
from bad user input and that also means

from bad user input and that also means

from bad user input and that also means
that

that

that
we don't need a check for negative

we don't need a check for negative

we don't need a check for negative
values anymore and

values anymore and

values anymore and
by the way in python you can actually

by the way in python you can actually

by the way in python you can actually
have

have

have
if statement without an else

if statement without an else

if statement without an else
at the end this will work perfectly fine

however note that in programming we

however note that in programming we
don't put this type of

don't put this type of

don't put this type of
logic directly like this

logic directly like this

logic directly like this
basically outside a function as a common

basically outside a function as a common

basically outside a function as a common
and best practice we

and best practice we

and best practice we
encapsulate most of the logic basically

encapsulate most of the logic basically

encapsulate most of the logic basically
in functions

in functions

in functions
so as a cleanup for our code

so as a cleanup for our code

so as a cleanup for our code
we can take all this and put it into

we can take all this and put it into

we can take all this and put it into
a function so right here i'm going to

a function so right here i'm going to

a function so right here i'm going to
create

create

create
a function and let's call it

a function and let's call it

a function and let's call it
validate and execute

validate and execute

validate and execute
or something like this

or something like this

or something like this
and all the logic that i copied

and all the logic that i copied

and all the logic that i copied
will be just simply pasted in that

will be just simply pasted in that

will be just simply pasted in that
function like this

function like this

function like this
so now we have the logic nicely

so now we have the logic nicely

so now we have the logic nicely
encapsulated in its own function

encapsulated in its own function

encapsulated in its own function
but as you know when we create a

but as you know when we create a

but as you know when we create a
function we have to call that function

function we have to call that function

function we have to call that function
otherwise nothing happens

otherwise nothing happens

otherwise nothing happens
so we're gonna call it right here

so we're gonna call it right here

so we're gonna call it right here
we don't have parameters and we don't

we don't have parameters and we don't

we don't have parameters and we don't
have to provide a user

have to provide a user

have to provide a user
input because user input is a global

input because user input is a global

input because user input is a global
variable

variable

variable
so our function has access to it let's

so our function has access to it let's

so our function has access to it let's
actually test it out

and it works and let's provide some bad

and it works and let's provide some bad
input

and it works too so that's actually a

and it works too so that's actually a
proper way of writing code

proper way of writing code

proper way of writing code
having every piece of logic in its own

having every piece of logic in its own

having every piece of logic in its own
function

function

function
with a proper description for the

with a proper description for the

with a proper description for the
function

now as a next step i want to show you

now as a next step i want to show you
also a concept or something that you

also a concept or something that you

also a concept or something that you
will encounter

will encounter

will encounter
very often in code which is nested

very often in code which is nested

very often in code which is nested
if else statements and i'm going to show

if else statements and i'm going to show

if else statements and i'm going to show
that example by

that example by

that example by
cleaning up our program a little bit

cleaning up our program a little bit

cleaning up our program a little bit
so as you see here we're doing

so as you see here we're doing

so as you see here we're doing
validation in two different places

validation in two different places

validation in two different places
so we're validating user input here but

so we're validating user input here but

so we're validating user input here but
also

also

also
inside these two units function itself

inside these two units function itself

inside these two units function itself
so what we can do is we can put all the

so what we can do is we can put all the

so what we can do is we can put all the
validation in one place

validation in one place

validation in one place
in this validate and execute function

in this validate and execute function

in this validate and execute function
and basically

and basically

and basically
have all the validate logic in here

have all the validate logic in here

have all the validate logic in here
and let the days to units function just

and let the days to units function just

and let the days to units function just
do the

do the

do the
calculation and not the validation and

calculation and not the validation and

calculation and not the validation and
this way

this way

this way
our functions and code will be a little

our functions and code will be a little

our functions and code will be a little
bit

bit

bit
cleaner and more logically built

cleaner and more logically built

cleaner and more logically built
so after we validate that user input is

so after we validate that user input is

so after we validate that user input is
digit we convert it into an integer

digit we convert it into an integer

digit we convert it into an integer
so right here we have an integer value

so right here we have an integer value

so right here we have an integer value
of the user input

of the user input

of the user input
so we can actually check whether that

so we can actually check whether that

so we can actually check whether that
integer value is

integer value is

integer value is
greater than zero or equal to zero and

greater than zero or equal to zero and

greater than zero or equal to zero and
we can do that

we can do that

we can do that
right here without passing it on to the

right here without passing it on to the

right here without passing it on to the
days to units

days to units

days to units
function and just like this if

function and just like this if

function and just like this if
conditional

conditional

conditional
we're gonna do user input number

we're gonna do user input number

we're gonna do user input number
greater than zero if that's the case

greater than zero if that's the case

greater than zero if that's the case
we want the calculation to happen so

we want the calculation to happen so

we want the calculation to happen so
both of these lines will get executed

both of these lines will get executed

both of these lines will get executed
only if user input number is greater

only if user input number is greater

only if user input number is greater
than zero

than zero

than zero
and else in our case if it's

and else in our case if it's

and else in our case if it's
exactly zero we want to print a message

exactly zero we want to print a message

exactly zero we want to print a message
to user you entered zero and remember

to user you entered zero and remember

to user you entered zero and remember
we've got the negative numbers already

we've got the negative numbers already

we've got the negative numbers already
covered using

covered using

covered using
this condition here so that's the one

this condition here so that's the one

this condition here so that's the one
remaining

remaining

remaining
i'm just going to copy that and paste it

i'm just going to copy that and paste it

i'm just going to copy that and paste it
right here

right here

right here
variable is called user input number so

variable is called user input number so

variable is called user input number so
we'll fix that

we'll fix that

we'll fix that
and we're going to print out that

and we're going to print out that

and we're going to print out that
message

so that means we don't need any

so that means we don't need any
validation

validation

validation
right here we can

simply do the calculation

simply do the calculation
so to go through this logical flow of if

so to go through this logical flow of if

so to go through this logical flow of if
else or nested e-files

else or nested e-files

else or nested e-files
statements we have the first if right

statements we have the first if right

statements we have the first if right
here

here

here
also note that indentations for

also note that indentations for

also note that indentations for
these if else so basically they are on

these if else so basically they are on

these if else so basically they are on
the same

the same

the same
line here same position and

line here same position and

line here same position and
the nested if else or in our case alif

the nested if else or in our case alif

the nested if else or in our case alif
they're also in the same position so

they're also in the same position so

they're also in the same position so
again first

again first

again first
that's the big validation the first one

that's the big validation the first one

that's the big validation the first one
is

is

is
is the user input digit in the first

is the user input digit in the first

is the user input digit in the first
place if not

place if not

place if not
we basically shut down the program we

we basically shut down the program we

we basically shut down the program we
print out a message to the user and

print out a message to the user and

print out a message to the user and
that's it

that's it

that's it
if it is a digit then we need additional

if it is a digit then we need additional

if it is a digit then we need additional
validation is that digit a positive

validation is that digit a positive

validation is that digit a positive
number

number

number
or is it a zero so we do that additional

or is it a zero so we do that additional

or is it a zero so we do that additional
validation using a nested ifall

validation using a nested ifall

validation using a nested ifall
statement

statement

statement
and basically this line gets executed

and basically this line gets executed

and basically this line gets executed
only if it is a valid number and if it's

only if it is a valid number and if it's

only if it is a valid number and if it's
a positive number and because of that

a positive number and because of that

a positive number and because of that
we don't need any additional validation

we don't need any additional validation

we don't need any additional validation
once the

once the

once the
these two units function gets cold

these two units function gets cold

these two units function gets cold
and you probably already think and

and you probably already think and

and you probably already think and
notice that nested

notice that nested

notice that nested
if else statements are not the most

if else statements are not the most

if else statements are not the most
beautiful thing in the world they are

beautiful thing in the world they are

beautiful thing in the world they are
pretty

pretty

pretty
ugly actually and especially we have

ugly actually and especially we have

ugly actually and especially we have
multiple of them or

multiple of them or

multiple of them or
multiple else ifs in between

multiple else ifs in between

multiple else ifs in between
the function may actually end up looking

the function may actually end up looking

the function may actually end up looking
pretty bad

pretty bad

pretty bad
so it's not recommended to have multiple

so it's not recommended to have multiple

so it's not recommended to have multiple
levels of these

levels of these

levels of these
nested if else statements in your code

nested if else statements in your code

nested if else statements in your code
to basically just keep it clean but as i

to basically just keep it clean but as i

to basically just keep it clean but as i
said

said

said
you will encounter it a lot in programs

you will encounter it a lot in programs

you will encounter it a lot in programs
in application code

in application code

in application code
because sometimes you just have to write

because sometimes you just have to write

because sometimes you just have to write
it like this

it like this

it like this
thing i want to show you here is

thing i want to show you here is

thing i want to show you here is
something called

something called

something called
a try accept in python so right here as

a try accept in python so right here as

a try accept in python so right here as
you see we're validating

you see we're validating

you see we're validating
user input right and then we're

user input right and then we're

user input right and then we're
executing this part of code

executing this part of code

executing this part of code
only if that condition is true

only if that condition is true

only if that condition is true
what if we had logic here where

what if we had logic here where

what if we had logic here where
there were multiple places where

there were multiple places where

there were multiple places where
something could go wrong let's say a

something could go wrong let's say a

something could go wrong let's say a
function

function

function
execution could basically just blow up

execution could basically just blow up

execution could basically just blow up
because of

because of

because of
a wrong input or even

a wrong input or even

a wrong input or even
as an example maybe this is digit

as an example maybe this is digit

as an example maybe this is digit
doesn't actually cover all the use cases

doesn't actually cover all the use cases

doesn't actually cover all the use cases
so maybe there is a value that user can

so maybe there is a value that user can

so maybe there is a value that user can
input that will still

input that will still

input that will still
blow up our program so instead of

blow up our program so instead of

blow up our program so instead of
checking each such possible scenario

checking each such possible scenario

checking each such possible scenario
using if statements and then doing the

using if statements and then doing the

using if statements and then doing the
actual calculation once

actual calculation once

actual calculation once
all those things have been validated

all those things have been validated

all those things have been validated
what we can do instead

what we can do instead

what we can do instead
is basically tell python

is basically tell python

is basically tell python
something like try

something like try

something like try
executing this part of code here

executing this part of code here

executing this part of code here
and if something goes wrong so if any

and if something goes wrong so if any

and if something goes wrong so if any
line any function call or any logic

line any function call or any logic

line any function call or any logic
execution

execution

execution
fails we want to catch that error and we

fails we want to catch that error and we

fails we want to catch that error and we
want to control what happens

want to control what happens

want to control what happens
with that error ourselves

with that error ourselves

with that error ourselves
programmatically

programmatically

programmatically
and then catch logic will be

and then catch logic will be

and then catch logic will be
accept and we're going to specify

accept and we're going to specify

accept and we're going to specify
what type of value we want to catch

what type of value we want to catch

what type of value we want to catch
basically using this block

basically using this block

basically using this block
and the name of that error type is

and the name of that error type is

and the name of that error type is
actually what we saw in the output when

actually what we saw in the output when

actually what we saw in the output when
we provided

we provided

we provided
some text and a float which

some text and a float which

some text and a float which
is value error

is value error

is value error
so that's the error that we want to

so that's the error that we want to

so that's the error that we want to
catch basically so

catch basically so

catch basically so
again we tell python you know what try

again we tell python you know what try

again we tell python you know what try
to

to

to
execute this block of code here

execute this block of code here

execute this block of code here
and if one of those lines in that code

and if one of those lines in that code

and if one of those lines in that code
results into a value error then instead

results into a value error then instead

results into a value error then instead
of just

of just

of just
crashing the program basically catch

crashing the program basically catch

crashing the program basically catch
that error

that error

that error
and print out a friendly message to a

and print out a friendly message to a

and print out a friendly message to a
user

user

user
so let's actually try this out

so let's actually try this out

so let's actually try this out
and note that try doesn't have any

and note that try doesn't have any

and note that try doesn't have any
validation

validation

validation
like if statement so

like if statement so

like if statement so
when i entered some text here

when i entered some text here

when i entered some text here
int function will actually be called

int function will actually be called

int function will actually be called
with some text

with some text

with some text
and it will result in a value error and

and it will result in a value error and

and it will result in a value error and
this block will then handle that error

this block will then handle that error

this block will then handle that error
so i'm going to enter and and you see

so i'm going to enter and and you see

so i'm going to enter and and you see
that

that

that
your input is not a valid number message

your input is not a valid number message

your input is not a valid number message
got printed and the same will work

got printed and the same will work

got printed and the same will work
for a float number

for a float number

for a float number
that also doesn't convert to integer and

that also doesn't convert to integer and

that also doesn't convert to integer and
for a proper integer value

for a proper integer value

for a proper integer value
it will work fine and

it will work fine and

it will work fine and
again difference between if else

again difference between if else

again difference between if else
statement and using try except

statement and using try except

statement and using try except
is that you can cover multiple such

is that you can cover multiple such

is that you can cover multiple such
errors

errors

errors
with this whole try except block right

with this whole try except block right

with this whole try except block right
so you don't have to do the validation

so you don't have to do the validation

so you don't have to do the validation
specifically and that is especially

specifically and that is especially

specifically and that is especially
useful for cases where you can't

useful for cases where you can't

useful for cases where you can't
really validate something using if

really validate something using if

really validate something using if
condition right if there is a chance

condition right if there is a chance

condition right if there is a chance
that you might miss

that you might miss

that you might miss
something in that condition check so

something in that condition check so

something in that condition check so
basically you just say you know what

basically you just say you know what

basically you just say you know what
just try to execute with whatever value

just try to execute with whatever value

just try to execute with whatever value
and

and

and
if error happens then i still got it

if error happens then i still got it

if error happens then i still got it
covered

covered

covered
and an obvious difference between this

and an obvious difference between this

and an obvious difference between this
if else

if else

if else
is that here nothing actually crashes

is that here nothing actually crashes

is that here nothing actually crashes
the program the program will still work

the program the program will still work

the program the program will still work
is just

is just

is just
a nonsense value with zero days right

a nonsense value with zero days right

a nonsense value with zero days right
and as you see here we have specified

and as you see here we have specified

and as you see here we have specified
an error type but with try

an error type but with try

an error type but with try
except what can also do is you can

except what can also do is you can

except what can also do is you can
basically say you know what

basically say you know what

basically say you know what
i want to cover any type of air i don't

i want to cover any type of air i don't

i want to cover any type of air i don't
care if it's

care if it's

care if it's
value air or some other type of air let

value air or some other type of air let

value air or some other type of air let
me

me

me
handle any type of air in this case you

handle any type of air in this case you

handle any type of air in this case you
can basically just leave it without a

can basically just leave it without a

can basically just leave it without a
specific type

specific type

specific type
you get a warning though that it's too

you get a warning though that it's too

you get a warning though that it's too
general

general

general
however this would work and you will be

however this would work and you will be

however this would work and you will be
covering all the air cases with it

covering all the air cases with it

covering all the air cases with it
but we can go back to our value error

but we can go back to our value error

but we can go back to our value error
and know that in many programming

and know that in many programming

and know that in many programming
languages this is actually called a try

languages this is actually called a try

languages this is actually called a try
catch so accept is actually pretty

catch so accept is actually pretty

catch so accept is actually pretty
specific

specific

specific
for python i personally think try catch

for python i personally think try catch

for python i personally think try catch
makes more sense because you are

makes more sense because you are

makes more sense because you are
catching

catching

catching
any error that may happen right here and

any error that may happen right here and

any error that may happen right here and
then basically

then basically

then basically
handling it in the catch block so if you

handling it in the catch block so if you

handling it in the catch block so if you
happen to hear or see

happen to hear or see

happen to hear or see
try catch in other programming languages

try catch in other programming languages

try catch in other programming languages
note that

note that

note that
this is the same thing as try except in

this is the same thing as try except in

this is the same thing as try except in
python

python

python
one thing that we're missing because we

one thing that we're missing because we

one thing that we're missing because we
converted that if statement

converted that if statement

converted that if statement
into try except is now we need to

into try except is now we need to

into try except is now we need to
validate the negative numbers again

validate the negative numbers again

validate the negative numbers again
because negative numbers will not cause

because negative numbers will not cause

because negative numbers will not cause
an error

an error

an error
in our application so they're not

in our application so they're not

in our application so they're not
covered by this

covered by this

covered by this
except block here so let's add back

except block here so let's add back

except block here so let's add back
our previous else block

our previous else block

our previous else block
and again if neither of these

and again if neither of these

and again if neither of these
are true it means automatically would

are true it means automatically would

are true it means automatically would
mean that it is a negative number

mean that it is a negative number

mean that it is a negative number
so let's

so let's

so let's
print that message for a user enter

print that message for a user enter

print that message for a user enter
negative number

so now we got all the cases covered

so now we got all the cases covered
again

again

again
so let's try that out -10

so let's try that out -10

so let's try that out -10
and there you go

now there is one minor problem with our

now there is one minor problem with our
application

application

application
and that is we can only use it once

and that is we can only use it once

and that is we can only use it once
so basically whenever we type in a value

so basically whenever we type in a value

so basically whenever we type in a value
it either calculates it or gives us

it either calculates it or gives us

it either calculates it or gives us
a message that we provided an invalid

a message that we provided an invalid

a message that we provided an invalid
value

value

value
then the program basically exits so if

then the program basically exits so if

then the program basically exits so if
we want to do a calculation

we want to do a calculation

we want to do a calculation
for another value then we have to

for another value then we have to

for another value then we have to
restart the application

restart the application

restart the application
provided value and then do the same

provided value and then do the same

provided value and then do the same
so that's not very convenient if we want

so that's not very convenient if we want

so that's not very convenient if we want
to use that program to

to use that program to

to use that program to
basically calculate a number of hours

basically calculate a number of hours

basically calculate a number of hours
for many different values so basically

for many different values so basically

for many different values so basically
we want to

we want to

we want to
keep fitting it some different values

keep fitting it some different values

keep fitting it some different values
for calculation

for calculation

for calculation
because we don't want to restart the

because we don't want to restart the

because we don't want to restart the
application over and over again

application over and over again

application over and over again
so how can we actually make the program

so how can we actually make the program

so how can we actually make the program
continue after it's calculated the first

continue after it's calculated the first

continue after it's calculated the first
value

value

value
so we want the program to basically just

so we want the program to basically just

so we want the program to basically just
keep running and

keep running and

keep running and
accepting our values so how do we do

accepting our values so how do we do

accepting our values so how do we do
that

that

that
and we can implement the logic using

and we can implement the logic using

and we can implement the logic using
something called

something called

something called
while loop concept of loops in

while loop concept of loops in

while loop concept of loops in
programming

programming

programming
is basically you do the same thing

is basically you do the same thing

is basically you do the same thing
so the same logic gets executed

so the same logic gets executed

so the same logic gets executed
multiple times in a loop and how many

multiple times in a loop and how many

multiple times in a loop and how many
times

times

times
that logic gets executed is basically

that logic gets executed is basically

that logic gets executed is basically
defined

defined

defined
in the condition of that loop and the

in the condition of that loop and the

in the condition of that loop and the
condition could be

condition could be

condition could be
it should run 10 times or condition

it should run 10 times or condition

it should run 10 times or condition
could also be

could also be

could also be
it should run until some specific

it should run until some specific

it should run until some specific
event happens in the application and

event happens in the application and

event happens in the application and
conditions you already know from if else

conditions you already know from if else

conditions you already know from if else
statement

statement

statement
conditions are basically logic that

conditions are basically logic that

conditions are basically logic that
gives you either true

gives you either true

gives you either true
or false so condition is checking some

or false so condition is checking some

or false so condition is checking some
logic and then

logic and then

logic and then
giving you a result which is either true

giving you a result which is either true

giving you a result which is either true
or false

or false

or false
so now the question is how many times do

so now the question is how many times do

so now the question is how many times do
we want this application to run

we want this application to run

we want this application to run
in our case let's say we want to run

in our case let's say we want to run

in our case let's say we want to run
indefinitely

indefinitely

indefinitely
right until we actually stop it from

right until we actually stop it from

right until we actually stop it from
here until we kill the program

here until we kill the program

here until we kill the program
so it means the condition for that

so it means the condition for that

so it means the condition for that
should

should

should
always be true and for our application

always be true and for our application

always be true and for our application
we're going to use a while loop which is

we're going to use a while loop which is

we're going to use a while loop which is
one

one

one
type of a loop and very simple syntax

type of a loop and very simple syntax

type of a loop and very simple syntax
while and while just like if actually

while and while just like if actually

while and while just like if actually
takes

takes

takes
a condition this is going to be the

a condition this is going to be the

a condition this is going to be the
condition for the loop

condition for the loop

condition for the loop
so basically we want to tell the while

so basically we want to tell the while

so basically we want to tell the while
loop how many times

loop how many times

loop how many times
it should run the logic coming after it

it should run the logic coming after it

it should run the logic coming after it
and again you know our familiar

and again you know our familiar

and again you know our familiar
indentation

indentation

indentation
these two lines should execute in a loop

these two lines should execute in a loop

these two lines should execute in a loop
over and over again with some condition

over and over again with some condition

over and over again with some condition
right here so how many times do we want

right here so how many times do we want

right here so how many times do we want
the program to execute

the program to execute

the program to execute
in our specific case well we want the

in our specific case well we want the

in our specific case well we want the
program to

program to

program to
run indefinitely until we actually stop

run indefinitely until we actually stop

run indefinitely until we actually stop
it from here

it from here

it from here
right from our editor so

right from our editor so

right from our editor so
that means that condition of the loop

that means that condition of the loop

that means that condition of the loop
that decides whether the next lines

that decides whether the next lines

that decides whether the next lines
should get executed or not in our case

should get executed or not in our case

should get executed or not in our case
should always be

should always be

should always be
true because if it's false then

true because if it's false then

true because if it's false then
the loop will stop right no execution

the loop will stop right no execution

the loop will stop right no execution
anymore

anymore

anymore
so how can we make sure it's always true

so how can we make sure it's always true

so how can we make sure it's always true
we just write

we just write

we just write
true right here and you remember i told

true right here and you remember i told

true right here and you remember i told
you that true and false in

you that true and false in

you that true and false in
programming languages have their own

programming languages have their own

programming languages have their own
data types well they are also reserved

data types well they are also reserved

data types well they are also reserved
words

words

words
even though this is just text

even though this is just text

even though this is just text
representation basically you see the

representation basically you see the

representation basically you see the
highlighting here

highlighting here

highlighting here
just like for these other words because

just like for these other words because

just like for these other words because
python knows

python knows

python knows
this is a boolean value of

this is a boolean value of

this is a boolean value of
true and note that again specifically

true and note that again specifically

true and note that again specifically
for python we actually

for python we actually

for python we actually
write true with capital t

write true with capital t

write true with capital t
unlike in other programming languages so

unlike in other programming languages so

unlike in other programming languages so
this

this

this
will basically be just a string

will basically be just a string

will basically be just a string
so python doesn't know what to do with

so python doesn't know what to do with

so python doesn't know what to do with
it but it recognizes

it but it recognizes

it but it recognizes
true width capital t so we're telling

true width capital t so we're telling

true width capital t so we're telling
our loop

our loop

our loop
our while loop the condition is always

our while loop the condition is always

our while loop the condition is always
true

true

true
so basically run these two lines

so basically run these two lines

so basically run these two lines
indefinitely because the condition

indefinitely because the condition

indefinitely because the condition
will never change it's always going to

will never change it's always going to

will never change it's always going to
be true and

be true and

be true and
the syntax is probably already familiar

the syntax is probably already familiar

the syntax is probably already familiar
to you

to you

to you
we have the keyword just like if

we have the keyword just like if

we have the keyword just like if
or try we can actually compare the

or try we can actually compare the

or try we can actually compare the
syntax to the if statement

syntax to the if statement

syntax to the if statement
so we have the while keyword here

so we have the while keyword here

so we have the while keyword here
then we have the condition so this is

then we have the condition so this is

then we have the condition so this is
the same type of condition

the same type of condition

the same type of condition
as this one right here it's just that

as this one right here it's just that

as this one right here it's just that
with us

with us

with us
is basically fixed true value

is basically fixed true value

is basically fixed true value
here it could be true or it could be

here it could be true or it could be

here it could be true or it could be
false based on the condition

false based on the condition

false based on the condition
and then we have the colon and then we

and then we have the colon and then we

and then we have the colon and then we
have the indentation

have the indentation

have the indentation
for the next lines so all of these

for the next lines so all of these

for the next lines so all of these
belong to

belong to

belong to
the while loop so that's basically it

the while loop so that's basically it

the while loop so that's basically it
we can now execute the application and

we can now execute the application and

we can now execute the application and
see that our program runs indefinitely

see that our program runs indefinitely

see that our program runs indefinitely
so this is the first one

so this is the first one

so this is the first one
let's say we enter 10 awesome we have a

let's say we enter 10 awesome we have a

let's say we enter 10 awesome we have a
result

result

result
and then we have again the next

and then we have again the next

and then we have again the next
execution where it's asking for our

execution where it's asking for our

execution where it's asking for our
input again

input again

input again
and we can do -10 now it's telling us we

and we can do -10 now it's telling us we

and we can do -10 now it's telling us we
provide a negative value

provide a negative value

provide a negative value
but we can enter the value again let's

but we can enter the value again let's

but we can enter the value again let's
enter some

enter some

enter some
invalid value that should be

invalid value that should be

invalid value that should be
handled by this value error block

handled by this value error block

handled by this value error block
execute

execute

execute
it's not a valid number and application

it's not a valid number and application

it's not a valid number and application
basically continues so again as you see

basically continues so again as you see

basically continues so again as you see
if you

if you

if you
have an application that should continue

have an application that should continue

have an application that should continue
running and basically get user input

running and basically get user input

running and basically get user input
over and over again

over and over again

over and over again
you don't want that application to be

you don't want that application to be

you don't want that application to be
crashed at some point by some

crashed at some point by some

crashed at some point by some
bad input you want to catch and handle

bad input you want to catch and handle

bad input you want to catch and handle
every type of input so that your

every type of input so that your

every type of input so that your
application

application

application
continues to run and if we want to stop

continues to run and if we want to stop

continues to run and if we want to stop
it

it

it
we can basically just shut it off here

we can basically just shut it off here

we can basically just shut it off here
and process finished

now we can do one optimization in our

now we can do one optimization in our
program

program

program
and this would be to allow users

and this would be to allow users

and this would be to allow users
themselves

themselves

themselves
to stop the application using

to stop the application using

to stop the application using
some specific input value so for example

some specific input value so for example

some specific input value so for example
when they type in exit for example the

when they type in exit for example the

when they type in exit for example the
application

application

application
should stop only for that specific

should stop only for that specific

should stop only for that specific
word so it shouldn't run anymore so how

word so it shouldn't run anymore so how

word so it shouldn't run anymore so how
can we do that

can we do that

can we do that
so basically instead of having a

so basically instead of having a

so basically instead of having a
condition that is

condition that is

condition that is
always true we want a condition that

always true we want a condition that

always true we want a condition that
says

says

says
if the user did not input

if the user did not input

if the user did not input
word exit then continue running the

word exit then continue running the

word exit then continue running the
program

program

program
if user entered exit then basically just

if user entered exit then basically just

if user entered exit then basically just
stop it right so we need to change our

stop it right so we need to change our

stop it right so we need to change our
condition right here

condition right here

condition right here
so here we want user input is not

so here we want user input is not

so here we want user input is not
exit right so user input

exit right so user input

exit right so user input
is not exit now we didn't learn

is not exit now we didn't learn

is not exit now we didn't learn
how to check for not equals

how to check for not equals

how to check for not equals
something right we have check for

something right we have check for

something right we have check for
equality so we check whether

equality so we check whether

equality so we check whether
input number equals zero or if it's

input number equals zero or if it's

input number equals zero or if it's
greater than

greater than

greater than
or smaller than however we didn't learn

or smaller than however we didn't learn

or smaller than however we didn't learn
how to check for

how to check for

how to check for
not equals not equals in programming and

not equals not equals in programming and

not equals not equals in programming and
this is not specific for

this is not specific for

this is not specific for
python is expressed like this

python is expressed like this

python is expressed like this
so instead of two equation

so instead of two equation

so instead of two equation
signs we have an exclamation mark and

signs we have an exclamation mark and

signs we have an exclamation mark and
equals

equals

equals
and if we want to compare it to a string

and if we want to compare it to a string

and if we want to compare it to a string
obviously

obviously

obviously
we type that string in our case it's

we type that string in our case it's

we type that string in our case it's
exit so basically this condition

exit so basically this condition

exit so basically this condition
tells our while loop while

tells our while loop while

tells our while loop while
user input is not exit

user input is not exit

user input is not exit
continue running the program so while

continue running the program so while

continue running the program so while
this is true

this is true

this is true
basically just keep moving on but if

basically just keep moving on but if

basically just keep moving on but if
user enters

user enters

user enters
exit this will not be true anymore it

exit this will not be true anymore it

exit this will not be true anymore it
will be false

will be false

will be false
so loop will basically break and

so loop will basically break and

so loop will basically break and
application will

application will

application will
end now you see that we have a warning

end now you see that we have a warning

end now you see that we have a warning
on this user input

on this user input

on this user input
that we're using here and if i hover

that we're using here and if i hover

that we're using here and if i hover
over it you see a message that says

over it you see a message that says

over it you see a message that says
name user input can be undefined

name user input can be undefined

name user input can be undefined
so it's not always undefined but it can

so it's not always undefined but it can

so it's not always undefined but it can
be and here i want to mention again

be and here i want to mention again

be and here i want to mention again
that pycharm because it's an intelligent

that pycharm because it's an intelligent

that pycharm because it's an intelligent
editor

editor

editor
can give you actually this warning when

can give you actually this warning when

can give you actually this warning when
otherwise

otherwise

otherwise
in a simple or normal code editor

in a simple or normal code editor

in a simple or normal code editor
you probably wouldn't get such a warning

you probably wouldn't get such a warning

you probably wouldn't get such a warning
so again it helps you

so again it helps you

so again it helps you
in avoiding some of the mistakes that

in avoiding some of the mistakes that

in avoiding some of the mistakes that
you might accidentally

you might accidentally

you might accidentally
make when writing code so basically it

make when writing code so basically it

make when writing code so basically it
detects the errors or possible errors

detects the errors or possible errors

detects the errors or possible errors
for you

for you

for you
and tells you to fix it so again

and tells you to fix it so again

and tells you to fix it so again
this kind of intelligent warnings and

this kind of intelligent warnings and

this kind of intelligent warnings and
error messages

error messages

error messages
can be a lot of help when programming an

can be a lot of help when programming an

can be a lot of help when programming an
application

application

application
and now let's fix that warning so what's

and now let's fix that warning so what's

and now let's fix that warning so what's
that all about

that all about

that all about
the problem is on the very very first

the problem is on the very very first

the problem is on the very very first
run of

run of

run of
this while loop user input

this while loop user input

this while loop user input
variable itself will not exist

variable itself will not exist

variable itself will not exist
why because we're creating that user

why because we're creating that user

why because we're creating that user
input variable

input variable

input variable
on this line first so our

on this line first so our

on this line first so our
application will basically complain

application will basically complain

application will basically complain
because

because

because
when our while loop runs for the first

when our while loop runs for the first

when our while loop runs for the first
time it will not be able to find

time it will not be able to find

time it will not be able to find
user input variable let's actually try

user input variable let's actually try

user input variable let's actually try
that

that

that
and as you see user input is not defined

and as you see user input is not defined

and as you see user input is not defined
so we need to create that user input

so we need to create that user input

so we need to create that user input
variable before

variable before

variable before
the first execution of the loop

the first execution of the loop

the first execution of the loop
so right here

we're going to create user input so

we're going to create user input so
we're going to create this user input

we're going to create this user input

we're going to create this user input
variable

variable

variable
before the while loops first run

before the while loops first run

before the while loops first run
and it doesn't really matter what the

and it doesn't really matter what the

and it doesn't really matter what the
value of that user input variable will

value of that user input variable will

value of that user input variable will
be because

be because

be because
what matters is the variable exists so

what matters is the variable exists so

what matters is the variable exists so
the value is basically just empty

the value is basically just empty

the value is basically just empty
and as long as it's not exit the

and as long as it's not exit the

and as long as it's not exit the
loop will start running and our

loop will start running and our

loop will start running and our
application will get executed

application will get executed

application will get executed
so again to go through the flow of this

so again to go through the flow of this

so again to go through the flow of this
we're creating a

we're creating a

we're creating a
user input variable then we're making

user input variable then we're making

user input variable then we're making
sure it's not

sure it's not

sure it's not
exit if it's not this line will get

exit if it's not this line will get

exit if it's not this line will get
executed so we get the

executed so we get the

executed so we get the
input from the user that's going to be

input from the user that's going to be

input from the user that's going to be
our first input

our first input

our first input
and then we call validate and execute

and then we call validate and execute

and then we call validate and execute
function

function

function
that basically does all the checks and

that basically does all the checks and

that basically does all the checks and
execution

execution

execution
so that's going to be the first run of

so that's going to be the first run of

so that's going to be the first run of
that loop

that loop

that loop
on the second run of the loop the

on the second run of the loop the

on the second run of the loop the
condition will get

condition will get

condition will get
re-evaluated so now the user input is

re-evaluated so now the user input is

re-evaluated so now the user input is
what the user provided so again python

what the user provided so again python

what the user provided so again python
will check is the user input

will check is the user input

will check is the user input
exit no cool let's execute the program

exit no cool let's execute the program

exit no cool let's execute the program
again user will have to enter another

again user will have to enter another

again user will have to enter another
value

value

value
and then that value will get

and then that value will get

and then that value will get
re-evaluated

re-evaluated

re-evaluated
so note that after each time

so note that after each time

so note that after each time
that this block of code has run and

that this block of code has run and

that this block of code has run and
executed

executed

executed
every single value that user will give

every single value that user will give

every single value that user will give
as an input

as an input

as an input
will be evaluated over and over again

will be evaluated over and over again

will be evaluated over and over again
in that condition and while user input

in that condition and while user input

in that condition and while user input
is something else then exit it will run

is something else then exit it will run

is something else then exit it will run
the program

the program

the program
if it is exit then the loop will break

if it is exit then the loop will break

if it is exit then the loop will break
so let's actually test that

so this is our first message and our

so this is our first message and our
first input

first input

first input
let's do 10 it got calculated

let's do 10 it got calculated

let's do 10 it got calculated
let's do minus

again calculate it and we can do that

again calculate it and we can do that
over and over and over again

over and over and over again

over and over and over again
and now let's actually enter exit and

and now let's actually enter exit and

and now let's actually enter exit and
let's see what happens

let's see what happens

let's see what happens
and as you see a process finished with

and as you see a process finished with

and as you see a process finished with
exit code so our application actually

exit code so our application actually

exit code so our application actually
stopped because this condition was not

stopped because this condition was not

stopped because this condition was not
true anymore it was

true anymore it was

true anymore it was
false because we entered exit

false because we entered exit

false because we entered exit
so that's how we can allow users to

so that's how we can allow users to

so that's how we can allow users to
finish the application and two takeaways

finish the application and two takeaways

finish the application and two takeaways
here

here

here
one is a conditional in a loop

one is a conditional in a loop

one is a conditional in a loop
and the second one is a negative equals

and the second one is a negative equals

and the second one is a negative equals
check

check

check
for values

for values

for values
great so now we have our application

great so now we have our application

great so now we have our application
that basically

that basically

that basically
allows inputs multiple times

allows inputs multiple times

allows inputs multiple times
and can be terminated with exit

and can be terminated with exit

and can be terminated with exit
input now what if i wanted to calculate

input now what if i wanted to calculate

input now what if i wanted to calculate
number of hours for several days but i

number of hours for several days but i

number of hours for several days but i
didn't want to

didn't want to

didn't want to
basically just pass it on one after

basically just pass it on one after

basically just pass it on one after
another because that's just

another because that's just

another because that's just
too much effort for me so let's say i

too much effort for me so let's say i

too much effort for me so let's say i
wanted to give it

wanted to give it

wanted to give it
10 different values but i don't want to

10 different values but i don't want to

10 different values but i don't want to
type it in

type it in

type it in
10 times right i want that application

10 times right i want that application

10 times right i want that application
to basically do the

to basically do the

to basically do the
whole calculation for all those 10

whole calculation for all those 10

whole calculation for all those 10
values but

values but

values but
i just want to enter that list once

i just want to enter that list once

i just want to enter that list once
instead of

instead of

instead of
entering each value separately

entering each value separately

entering each value separately
so in this part we're going to learn

so in this part we're going to learn

so in this part we're going to learn
another data type

another data type

another data type
in python called list

in python called list

in python called list
so till now we have learned several data

so till now we have learned several data

so till now we have learned several data
types

types

types
like strings for example

as well as integers and

as well as integers and
float numbers and

float numbers and

float numbers and
boolean true or false

boolean true or false

boolean true or false
and list is just another data type

and list is just another data type

and list is just another data type
and the syntax for list is

and the syntax for list is

and the syntax for list is
using square brackets and

using square brackets and

using square brackets and
inside the square brackets we have a

inside the square brackets we have a

inside the square brackets we have a
list of

list of

list of
elements and those elements can again be

elements and those elements can again be

elements and those elements can again be
either strings numbers or boolean values

either strings numbers or boolean values

either strings numbers or boolean values
in our case we want to provide our

in our case we want to provide our

in our case we want to provide our
application with a list of

application with a list of

application with a list of
number of days right so we're going to

number of days right so we're going to

number of days right so we're going to
have

have

have
a list of integers

a list of integers

a list of integers
like this

and you can have as many values inside

and you can have as many values inside
the list as you want

the list as you want

the list as you want
and these are going to be comma

and these are going to be comma

and these are going to be comma
separated and the syntax will look

separated and the syntax will look

separated and the syntax will look
like this but again as i said you can

like this but again as i said you can

like this but again as i said you can
have a list of strings

have a list of strings

have a list of strings
list of booleans etc so as i mentioned

list of booleans etc so as i mentioned

list of booleans etc so as i mentioned
we want to let user basically

we want to let user basically

we want to let user basically
provide inputs as a list

provide inputs as a list

provide inputs as a list
instead of those individual values one

instead of those individual values one

instead of those individual values one
at a time

at a time

at a time
so i'm going to copy this let's clean

so i'm going to copy this let's clean

so i'm going to copy this let's clean
this up

this up

this up
and let's actually see what happens if i

and let's actually see what happens if i

and let's actually see what happens if i
just

just

just
input that list as a value

input that list as a value

input that list as a value
right here and enter you see program

right here and enter you see program

right here and enter you see program
doesn't recognize that

doesn't recognize that

doesn't recognize that
as a valid number obviously because we

as a valid number obviously because we

as a valid number obviously because we
have the check

have the check

have the check
and causes a value error that's why we

and causes a value error that's why we

and causes a value error that's why we
get

get

get
your input is not a valid number don't

your input is not a valid number don't

your input is not a valid number don't
ruin my program

ruin my program

ruin my program
message right here so we want to change

message right here so we want to change

message right here so we want to change
that and

that and

that and
make our program actually accept that as

make our program actually accept that as

make our program actually accept that as
a valid

a valid

a valid
input so how do we actually implement it

input so how do we actually implement it

input so how do we actually implement it
and let's go through this logic

and let's go through this logic

and let's go through this logic
theoretically first

theoretically first

theoretically first
before we start implementing it what we

before we start implementing it what we

before we start implementing it what we
need here is that

need here is that

need here is that
we want to read this list and we want to

we want to read this list and we want to

we want to read this list and we want to
do

do

do
validation and execution for each

validation and execution for each

validation and execution for each
value one at a time so that means that

value one at a time so that means that

value one at a time so that means that
validate and execute function needs to

validate and execute function needs to

validate and execute function needs to
be called

be called

be called
for each value in that list right

for each value in that list right

for each value in that list right
so basically this function for all this

so basically this function for all this

so basically this function for all this
logic

logic

logic
needs to be executed for each element

needs to be executed for each element

needs to be executed for each element
now how do we get the individual

now how do we get the individual

now how do we get the individual
elements

elements

elements
of the list so you remember the

of the list so you remember the

of the list so you remember the
definition

definition

definition
of a loop loop is basically executing

of a loop loop is basically executing

of a loop loop is basically executing
same function with the same logic

same function with the same logic

same function with the same logic
multiple times

multiple times

multiple times
and the number of times basically

and the number of times basically

and the number of times basically
depends on the condition right

depends on the condition right

depends on the condition right
here we have a condition for while loop

here we have a condition for while loop

here we have a condition for while loop
and the condition

and the condition

and the condition
for executing the same logic for each of

for executing the same logic for each of

for executing the same logic for each of
those

those

those
elements is going to be the number of

elements is going to be the number of

elements is going to be the number of
elements in that list right so we want

elements in that list right so we want

elements in that list right so we want
to execute the logic

to execute the logic

to execute the logic
as many times as we have elements in the

as many times as we have elements in the

as many times as we have elements in the
list

list

list
and for that we have another type of

and for that we have another type of

and for that we have another type of
loop

loop

loop
called for loop and basically we want to

called for loop and basically we want to

called for loop and basically we want to
execute validate and execute function

execute validate and execute function

execute validate and execute function
using a for loop the syntax for

using a for loop the syntax for

using a for loop the syntax for
for loop is a little bit different first

for loop is a little bit different first

for loop is a little bit different first
of all we have four

of all we have four

of all we have four
keyword just like for while then we have

keyword just like for while then we have

keyword just like for while then we have
the

the

the
element is a variable so we can call

element is a variable so we can call

element is a variable so we can call
that

that

that
number of days

so this variable basically represents

so this variable basically represents
each

each

each
of those elements in the list

of those elements in the list

of those elements in the list
and then we have in which is again a

and then we have in which is again a

and then we have in which is again a
keyword of python

keyword of python

keyword of python
so for in basically puts together the

so for in basically puts together the

so for in basically puts together the
for loop

for loop

for loop
logic in python so python knows what we

logic in python so python knows what we

logic in python so python knows what we
are trying to execute

are trying to execute

are trying to execute
and finally we need the list

and finally we need the list

and finally we need the list
that we are executing this loop on

that we are executing this loop on

that we are executing this loop on
and our list is our user input

and our list is our user input

and our list is our user input
and that's our for loop however

and that's our for loop however

and that's our for loop however
again you remember the indentation the

again you remember the indentation the

again you remember the indentation the
logic

logic

logic
that for loop executes needs to be

that for loop executes needs to be

that for loop executes needs to be
indented so it should belong to for loop

indented so it should belong to for loop

indented so it should belong to for loop
so now we can read that for loop

so now we can read that for loop

so now we can read that for loop
statement as follows

statement as follows

statement as follows
for each element which we call we decide

for each element which we call we decide

for each element which we call we decide
to call number of days

to call number of days

to call number of days
in a list called user input

in a list called user input

in a list called user input
we want to execute this logic

we want to execute this logic

we want to execute this logic
exactly what i said before so for each

exactly what i said before so for each

exactly what i said before so for each
element

element

element
in this user input list we want to

in this user input list we want to

in this user input list we want to
execute

validate and execute function we don't

validate and execute function we don't
have a condition

have a condition

have a condition
written here like we did in while loop

written here like we did in while loop

written here like we did in while loop
or

or

or
if statement so the condition is

if statement so the condition is

if statement so the condition is
basically implicit

basically implicit

basically implicit
right the condition says however many

right the condition says however many

right the condition says however many
elements there

elements there

elements there
are in this list that many times that

are in this list that many times that

are in this list that many times that
function or that block of code here will

function or that block of code here will

function or that block of code here will
get executed

get executed

get executed
so if i provide five elements you will

so if i provide five elements you will

so if i provide five elements you will
be executed five times

be executed five times

be executed five times
if i provide 10 elements it will be

if i provide 10 elements it will be

if i provide 10 elements it will be
executed 10 times

executed 10 times

executed 10 times
and that's exactly what we want however

and that's exactly what we want however

and that's exactly what we want however
there are still

there are still

there are still
a couple of things we need to do for

a couple of things we need to do for

a couple of things we need to do for
this application to work

this application to work

this application to work
properly first of all validate and

properly first of all validate and

properly first of all validate and
execute

execute

execute
function still uses user input

function still uses user input

function still uses user input
right here so instead we want it to

right here so instead we want it to

right here so instead we want it to
use the individual values of the user

use the individual values of the user

use the individual values of the user
input because now it's going to be a

input because now it's going to be a

input because now it's going to be a
list

list

list
and not a number so this

and not a number so this

and not a number so this
element we can actually call it num of

element we can actually call it num of

element we can actually call it num of
days

days

days
element this value should be used here

element this value should be used here

element this value should be used here
instead

instead

instead
right so we're going to use that element

right so we're going to use that element

right so we're going to use that element
instead of the whole user input list

instead of the whole user input list

instead of the whole user input list
and paste it here so that fixes the

and paste it here so that fixes the

and paste it here so that fixes the
first problem

first problem

first problem
and the second one is as you know user

and the second one is as you know user

and the second one is as you know user
input is

input is

input is
always a string so even if we provide

always a string so even if we provide

always a string so even if we provide
a list of these it is still going to be

a list of these it is still going to be

a list of these it is still going to be
considered

considered

considered
as a string so we need something similar

as a string so we need something similar

as a string so we need something similar
to

to

to
this right here so the list of numbers

this right here so the list of numbers

this right here so the list of numbers
that are provided as input needs to be

that are provided as input needs to be

that are provided as input needs to be
converted

converted

converted
in at least in python and we can

in at least in python and we can

in at least in python and we can
actually do that

actually do that

actually do that
in a convenient way using user input

in a convenient way using user input

in a convenient way using user input
dot split and split is a function

dot split and split is a function

dot split and split is a function
that will take user input as a parameter

that will take user input as a parameter

that will take user input as a parameter
and will give us a list data type

and will give us a list data type

and will give us a list data type
so split function basically will return

so split function basically will return

so split function basically will return
a list

a list

a list
of all those input values

of all those input values

of all those input values
and again note the syntax of executing

and again note the syntax of executing

and again note the syntax of executing
the split function

the split function

the split function
we're not just calling a split function

we're not just calling a split function

we're not just calling a split function
like this

like this

like this
with user input as parameter instead we

with user input as parameter instead we

with user input as parameter instead we
are basically

are basically

are basically
calling it on user input and i'm going

calling it on user input and i'm going

calling it on user input and i'm going
to explain

to explain

to explain
more about this type of functions in

more about this type of functions in

more about this type of functions in
python

python

python
later but for now let's actually execute

later but for now let's actually execute

later but for now let's actually execute
this application

this application

this application
and see what happens so first of all

and see what happens so first of all

and see what happens so first of all
how am i going to provide a list

how am i going to provide a list

how am i going to provide a list
to this application so that

to this application so that

to this application so that
userinput.split

userinput.split

userinput.split
can actually convert it into a proper

can actually convert it into a proper

can actually convert it into a proper
list in python and the way i should

list in python and the way i should

list in python and the way i should
provide the values are

provide the values are

provide the values are
list of values with spaces between them

list of values with spaces between them

list of values with spaces between them
so basically like that so why spaces how

so basically like that so why spaces how

so basically like that so why spaces how
come it's not

come it's not

come it's not
a comma or something else the reason

a comma or something else the reason

a comma or something else the reason
is because split function by default

is because split function by default

is because split function by default
splits that provided list on

splits that provided list on

splits that provided list on
spaces and then creates a list value

spaces and then creates a list value

spaces and then creates a list value
out of them so that's the default

out of them so that's the default

out of them so that's the default
behavior of split

behavior of split

behavior of split
however we can override that behavior

however we can override that behavior

however we can override that behavior
and we can decide you know what

and we can decide you know what

and we can decide you know what
we want the input to be a list of

we want the input to be a list of

we want the input to be a list of
numbers that are comma separated instead

numbers that are comma separated instead

numbers that are comma separated instead
of

of

of
space separated so what we can do is

space separated so what we can do is

space separated so what we can do is
right here we can do split on a comma

right here we can do split on a comma

right here we can do split on a comma
so that's what our split function here

so that's what our split function here

so that's what our split function here
will do and now if i re-execute it

will do and now if i re-execute it

will do and now if i re-execute it
and i can do commas now

40 55.

40 55.
so that's going to be user input and

so that's going to be user input and

so that's going to be user input and
split

split

split
with comma should convert it into

with comma should convert it into

with comma should convert it into
a list value in python so let's execute

a list value in python so let's execute

a list value in python so let's execute
it

it

it
and as you see it worked fine we have

and as you see it worked fine we have

and as you see it worked fine we have
a calculation for each of those values

a calculation for each of those values

a calculation for each of those values
now let's actually play around with this

now let's actually play around with this

now let's actually play around with this
and let's say we provide

and let's say we provide

and let's say we provide
a list with some values

a list with some values

a list with some values
and somewhere in between we decide to

and somewhere in between we decide to

and somewhere in between we decide to
add a text

add a text

add a text
and then maybe a float so let's see what

and then maybe a float so let's see what

and then maybe a float so let's see what
happens now

happens now

happens now
and you see that for those two valid

and you see that for those two valid

and you see that for those two valid
numbers the calculation was done

numbers the calculation was done

numbers the calculation was done
properly and for the other two basically

properly and for the other two basically

properly and for the other two basically
the validation kicked in and it says

the validation kicked in and it says

the validation kicked in and it says
that these are invalid numbers

that these are invalid numbers

that these are invalid numbers
however again our application ran

however again our application ran

however again our application ran
without any problems

without any problems

without any problems
and we can even provide another input so

and we can even provide another input so

and we can even provide another input so
now let's actually

now let's actually

now let's actually
do 20 maybe a boolean even

do 20 maybe a boolean even

do 20 maybe a boolean even
and a negative number execute

and a negative number execute

and a negative number execute
and you see that for 20 the number of

and you see that for 20 the number of

and you see that for 20 the number of
hours got calculated

hours got calculated

hours got calculated
true is obviously not a valid number

true is obviously not a valid number

true is obviously not a valid number
and minus 100 is a negative number

and minus 100 is a negative number

and minus 100 is a negative number
so everything works perfect validations

so everything works perfect validations

so everything works perfect validations
in place

in place

in place
and we can provide a list here now and

and we can provide a list here now and

and we can provide a list here now and
as a final optimization

as a final optimization

as a final optimization
we can actually change this message here

we can actually change this message here

we can actually change this message here
that says

that says

that says
hey user enter

number of days as a

number of days as a
comma separated

comma separated

comma separated
list and i will convert it

list and i will convert it

list and i will convert it
to hours so now we can provide

to hours so now we can provide

to hours so now we can provide
either just one value and it works fine

either just one value and it works fine

either just one value and it works fine
or we can provide

or we can provide

or we can provide
multiple values

and again if we want to see how that

and again if we want to see how that
list

list

list
actually looks like and check the type

actually looks like and check the type

actually looks like and check the type
that it has in python let's actually

that it has in python let's actually

that it has in python let's actually
print it

print it

print it
so first i'm gonna print type

so first i'm gonna print type

so first i'm gonna print type
of user input called split

and then i'm just gonna print that list

and then i'm just gonna print that list
itself so let's execute

itself so let's execute

itself so let's execute
and let's provide

some values and here you see

some values and here you see
this is the class list so basically the

this is the class list so basically the

this is the class list so basically the
data type

data type

data type
list and that's how our list

list and that's how our list

list and that's how our list
looks like so we have these square

looks like so we have these square

looks like so we have these square
brackets here and each element inside

brackets here and each element inside

brackets here and each element inside
as a string because we have the quotes

as a string because we have the quotes

as a string because we have the quotes
here

here

here
and later our application then

and later our application then

and later our application then
transforms it or tries to

transforms it or tries to

transforms it or tries to
transform it into an integer

transform it into an integer

transform it into an integer
and you also see there are some

and you also see there are some

and you also see there are some
additional spaces here because

additional spaces here because

additional spaces here because
that's how we entered the values so

that's how we entered the values so

that's how we entered the values so
basically

basically

basically
the split splits the values on comma

the split splits the values on comma

the split splits the values on comma
so this space also becomes part of that

so this space also becomes part of that

so this space also becomes part of that
element

element

element
so to fix that leading space in each

so to fix that leading space in each

so to fix that leading space in each
value we can

value we can

value we can
basically just add a space here so it

basically just add a space here so it

basically just add a space here so it
will split on

will split on

will split on
comma and space

comma and space

comma and space
and let's test it out

and there you go we have our values

and there you go we have our values
without the space before them

so you saw an example of when we

so you saw an example of when we
actually need

actually need

actually need
to use list data types in this example

to use list data types in this example

to use list data types in this example
we wanted to allow users to basically

we wanted to allow users to basically

we wanted to allow users to basically
just input multiple values at once as a

just input multiple values at once as a

just input multiple values at once as a
list

list

list
but obviously this is just one of the

but obviously this is just one of the

but obviously this is just one of the
use cases

use cases

use cases
for a list and one of the specific

for a list and one of the specific

for a list and one of the specific
examples because throughout the

examples because throughout the

examples because throughout the
application you can create

application you can create

application you can create
lists and you can use the elements of

lists and you can use the elements of

lists and you can use the elements of
that list

that list

that list
in another function so you can use it

in another function so you can use it

in another function so you can use it
for multiple use cases

for multiple use cases

for multiple use cases
and just to show you some basic syntax

and just to show you some basic syntax

and just to show you some basic syntax
of

of

of
how to create lists within your code

how to create lists within your code

how to create lists within your code
inside your application so how to

inside your application so how to

inside your application so how to
initiate it and then how to use that

initiate it and then how to use that

initiate it and then how to use that
list

list

list
i will show you the examples here so

i will show you the examples here so

i will show you the examples here so
basically to create a

basically to create a

basically to create a
list in your code you would use that

list in your code you would use that

list in your code you would use that
syntax that i showed you earlier

syntax that i showed you earlier

syntax that i showed you earlier
with square brackets and inside that you

with square brackets and inside that you

with square brackets and inside that you
would have

would have

would have
list of elements and this could be

list of elements and this could be

list of elements and this could be
strings

strings

strings
so it could be for example names of

so it could be for example names of

so it could be for example names of
month

month

month
let's say like this

let's say like this

let's say like this
and then we would have to assign it to a

and then we would have to assign it to a

and then we would have to assign it to a
variable right

variable right

variable right
again just like we did for strings or

again just like we did for strings or

again just like we did for strings or
integers or other data types

integers or other data types

integers or other data types
so we can call it my list

so we can call it my list

so we can call it my list
and this will give us a list with

and this will give us a list with

and this will give us a list with
three string values inside

three string values inside

three string values inside
and once you have created a list you can

and once you have created a list you can

and once you have created a list you can
then

then

then
use it to read the values from the list

use it to read the values from the list

use it to read the values from the list
right

right

right
so basically to get the individual

so basically to get the individual

so basically to get the individual
values elements out of that list so for

values elements out of that list so for

values elements out of that list so for
example if we wanted to print out

example if we wanted to print out

example if we wanted to print out
the first element of my list

the first element of my list

the first element of my list
then we would access that

then we would access that

then we would access that
using my list and then following syntax

using my list and then following syntax

using my list and then following syntax
with again square brackets and then

with again square brackets and then

with again square brackets and then
index number of the element which is

index number of the element which is

index number of the element which is
starting from zero so this is the first

starting from zero so this is the first

starting from zero so this is the first
element with index zero this is

element with index zero this is

element with index zero this is
the element with index one index

the element with index one index

the element with index one index
two and so on right so it could be

two and so on right so it could be

two and so on right so it could be
confusing because it starts with zero

confusing because it starts with zero

confusing because it starts with zero
not with one but that's how the

not with one but that's how the

not with one but that's how the
specific element of a list can be

specific element of a list can be

specific element of a list can be
accessed right

accessed right

accessed right
so if i wanted the march value here the

so if i wanted the march value here the

so if i wanted the march value here the
third element then i would just

third element then i would just

third element then i would just
type in index two and this is a syntax

type in index two and this is a syntax

type in index two and this is a syntax
of

of

of
getting elements from a list if i just

getting elements from a list if i just

getting elements from a list if i just
want specific

want specific

want specific
values and not each element one by one

values and not each element one by one

values and not each element one by one
as we had in this example right so one

as we had in this example right so one

as we had in this example right so one
way to use a list

way to use a list

way to use a list
is to basically loop through it and get

is to basically loop through it and get

is to basically loop through it and get
one element at a time

one element at a time

one element at a time
and that's why we don't need to use

and that's why we don't need to use

and that's why we don't need to use
index here because it gives us

index here because it gives us

index here because it gives us
elements one after another or

elements one after another or

elements one after another or
maybe we don't want all the elements or

maybe we don't want all the elements or

maybe we don't want all the elements or
to do something for each element we just

to do something for each element we just

to do something for each element we just
want specific

want specific

want specific
values from the list for different use

values from the list for different use

values from the list for different use
cases in this case we can

cases in this case we can

cases in this case we can
access them individually like this and

access them individually like this and

access them individually like this and
in addition to accessing the values from

in addition to accessing the values from

in addition to accessing the values from
a list or basically reading the values

a list or basically reading the values

a list or basically reading the values
from release

from release

from release
we can also add values to a list

we can also add values to a list

we can also add values to a list
and we can do that by typing my list

and we can do that by typing my list

and we can do that by typing my list
and then on the my list we're going to

and then on the my list we're going to

and then on the my list we're going to
do dot

do dot

do dot
and use the append function

and use the append function

and use the append function
right so append will basically take the

right so append will basically take the

right so append will basically take the
next element

next element

next element
or another value basically and add it to

or another value basically and add it to

or another value basically and add it to
the list of elements already in the list

the list of elements already in the list

the list of elements already in the list
right

right

right
so let's say we want to add the next

so let's say we want to add the next

so let's say we want to add the next
month

month

month
and now if i print

and now if i print

and now if i print
my list we should actually see

my list we should actually see

my list we should actually see
this here with april as a fourth element

this here with april as a fourth element

this here with april as a fourth element
right so let's execute and there you go

right so let's execute and there you go

right so let's execute and there you go
so first we have march here printed out

so first we have march here printed out

so first we have march here printed out
which is

which is

which is
the third element right index two

the third element right index two

the third element right index two
and then we have my list append that

and then we have my list append that

and then we have my list append that
adds fourth month name into the list

adds fourth month name into the list

adds fourth month name into the list
so after append this is how my list

so after append this is how my list

so after append this is how my list
will look like and now again we can

will look like and now again we can

will look like and now again we can
access

access

access
the specific element for example if we

the specific element for example if we

the specific element for example if we
wanted to access

wanted to access

wanted to access
the newly edit element on index three

the newly edit element on index three

the newly edit element on index three
so that's going to be the fourth element

so that's going to be the fourth element

so that's going to be the fourth element
and there you go we have the new

and there you go we have the new

and there you go we have the new
element printed out and also an

element printed out and also an

element printed out and also an
interesting note is what happens

interesting note is what happens

interesting note is what happens
if we use an index here which is

if we use an index here which is

if we use an index here which is
too high so basically pointing an

too high so basically pointing an

too high so basically pointing an
element that doesn't exist right so

element that doesn't exist right so

element that doesn't exist right so
instead of three let's say we have

instead of three let's say we have

instead of three let's say we have
four here so this will point to the

four here so this will point to the

four here so this will point to the
fifth element and since we only have

fifth element and since we only have

fifth element and since we only have
four elements let's actually see what's

four elements let's actually see what's

four elements let's actually see what's
gonna happen so i'm gonna execute this

gonna happen so i'm gonna execute this

gonna happen so i'm gonna execute this
and there you go you see an error index

and there you go you see an error index

and there you go you see an error index
error that says a list index out of

error that says a list index out of

error that says a list index out of
range

range

range
so every time you access or you try to

so every time you access or you try to

so every time you access or you try to
access an

access an

access an
element at an index that doesn't exist

element at an index that doesn't exist

element at an index that doesn't exist
you will get this list index out of

you will get this list index out of

you will get this list index out of
range error

range error

range error
and this is actually something that may

and this is actually something that may

and this is actually something that may
happen pretty often

happen pretty often

happen pretty often
when working with lists if you're

when working with lists if you're

when working with lists if you're
accessing the values like this

accessing the values like this

accessing the values like this
so this is how you work with lists how

so this is how you work with lists how

so this is how you work with lists how
you create them and access

you create them and access

you create them and access
values in them as well as add some

values in them as well as add some

values in them as well as add some
values however

values however

values however
note that most of the time if you are

note that most of the time if you are

note that most of the time if you are
using lists

using lists

using lists
you're going to be using them in a for

you're going to be using them in a for

you're going to be using them in a for
loop because most of the time you would

loop because most of the time you would

loop because most of the time you would
want to do

want to do

want to do
something specific for each element in

something specific for each element in

something specific for each element in
the list

the list

the list
so this basically should give you an

so this basically should give you an

so this basically should give you an
idea of syntax of

idea of syntax of

idea of syntax of
lists and how to use them generally and

lists and how to use them generally and

lists and how to use them generally and
also how to use them in combination with

also how to use them in combination with

also how to use them in combination with
for loops here i want to take a few

for loops here i want to take a few

for loops here i want to take a few
seconds to thank jetbrains

seconds to thank jetbrains

seconds to thank jetbrains
the creators of the awesome pycharm and

the creators of the awesome pycharm and

the creators of the awesome pycharm and
intellij editors

intellij editors

intellij editors
for sponsoring this complete course

for sponsoring this complete course

for sponsoring this complete course
besides all the great existing products

besides all the great existing products

besides all the great existing products
they have

they have

they have
they recently introduced space which is

they recently introduced space which is

they recently introduced space which is
an

an

an
all-in-one team collaboration platform

all-in-one team collaboration platform

all-in-one team collaboration platform
covering software development

covering software development

covering software development
project and team management and the

project and team management and the

project and team management and the
great thing about space is that

great thing about space is that

great thing about space is that
every single tool you would need in a

every single tool you would need in a

every single tool you would need in a
company to collaborate and work together

company to collaborate and work together

company to collaborate and work together
in a team

in a team

in a team
is in one space so you have tools for

is in one space so you have tools for

is in one space so you have tools for
chats blogs planning and creating tasks

chats blogs planning and creating tasks

chats blogs planning and creating tasks
meetings but also software development

meetings but also software development

meetings but also software development
tools like

tools like

tools like
version control ci cd package

version control ci cd package

version control ci cd package
repositories and much more

repositories and much more

repositories and much more
so all these in one platform and in

so all these in one platform and in

so all these in one platform and in
terms of

terms of

terms of
productivity the great thing is you get

productivity the great thing is you get

productivity the great thing is you get
all the notifications in one place

all the notifications in one place

all the notifications in one place
like code review updates newly created

like code review updates newly created

like code review updates newly created
issues

issues

issues
new blog posts etc you get all of these

new blog posts etc you get all of these

new blog posts etc you get all of these
in

in

in
chats where you can react directly in

chats where you can react directly in

chats where you can react directly in
place

place

place
or add them to your to-do list

or add them to your to-do list

or add them to your to-do list
automatically

automatically

automatically
so i think the main value of space isn't

so i think the main value of space isn't

so i think the main value of space isn't
that it has all these tools

that it has all these tools

that it has all these tools
but rather the fact that it integrates

but rather the fact that it integrates

but rather the fact that it integrates
them in such an intelligent way

them in such an intelligent way

them in such an intelligent way
that it improves the team communication

that it improves the team communication

that it improves the team communication
and productivity overall

and productivity overall

and productivity overall
now let's go back to coding

now let's go back to coding

now let's go back to coding
now at this point here i want to mention

now at this point here i want to mention

now at this point here i want to mention
a pretty

a pretty

a pretty
minor and simple detail but something

minor and simple detail but something

minor and simple detail but something
that is also very

that is also very

that is also very
important and useful in programming and

important and useful in programming and

important and useful in programming and
that

that

that
is comments so how do we write comments

is comments so how do we write comments

is comments so how do we write comments
in python and why do we need or in which

in python and why do we need or in which

in python and why do we need or in which
cases

cases

cases
are comments actually useful one usage

are comments actually useful one usage

are comments actually useful one usage
of comments is basically to give

of comments is basically to give

of comments is basically to give
yourself

yourself

yourself
some notes on your own code so

some notes on your own code so

some notes on your own code so
basically if your code gets a little bit

basically if your code gets a little bit

basically if your code gets a little bit
complicated

complicated

complicated
and it's not really clear what the logic

and it's not really clear what the logic

and it's not really clear what the logic
or the function body is doing

or the function body is doing

or the function body is doing
it could be because of bad programming

it could be because of bad programming

it could be because of bad programming
but also because

but also because

but also because
the function logic is just a little too

the function logic is just a little too

the function logic is just a little too
complicated

complicated

complicated
so you want to add some textual notes to

so you want to add some textual notes to

so you want to add some textual notes to
that code

that code

that code
so that you understand what's going on

so that you understand what's going on

so that you understand what's going on
there even when you look at that code

there even when you look at that code

there even when you look at that code
days or maybe weeks after you wrote it

days or maybe weeks after you wrote it

days or maybe weeks after you wrote it
so for example right here we may want to

so for example right here we may want to

so for example right here we may want to
add

add

add
some notes about what

some notes about what

some notes about what
this part here is doing and comments in

this part here is doing and comments in

this part here is doing and comments in
python

python

python
are written with this character so for

are written with this character so for

are written with this character so for
example

example

example
i want to add a note here we want

i want to add a note here we want

i want to add a note here we want
to do conversion only

to do conversion only

to do conversion only
for positive integers

and that's basically my note that

and that's basically my note that
summarizes

summarizes

summarizes
all that logic right here and it is not

all that logic right here and it is not

all that logic right here and it is not
only useful for myself

only useful for myself

only useful for myself
in case i forget what this complex logic

in case i forget what this complex logic

in case i forget what this complex logic
actually does but also for your team

actually does but also for your team

actually does but also for your team
members so if you're working in a team

members so if you're working in a team

members so if you're working in a team
and your code gets really complex and

and your code gets really complex and

and your code gets really complex and
it's

it's

it's
difficult to keep an overview of

difficult to keep an overview of

difficult to keep an overview of
different functions and variables and

different functions and variables and

different functions and variables and
what all these things do

what all these things do

what all these things do
you can basically add these comments as

you can basically add these comments as

you can basically add these comments as
notes

notes

notes
to your team members so they can also

to your team members so they can also

to your team members so they can also
understand what you thought

understand what you thought

understand what you thought
or what kind of logic actually you were

or what kind of logic actually you were

or what kind of logic actually you were
thinking about when writing this code

thinking about when writing this code

thinking about when writing this code
so comments is a way of communicating

so comments is a way of communicating

so comments is a way of communicating
your thoughts and your logic on your

your thoughts and your logic on your

your thoughts and your logic on your
code so that's one use case for using

code so that's one use case for using

code so that's one use case for using
comments

comments

comments
and the second use case if you have a

and the second use case if you have a

and the second use case if you have a
piece of code that you do not want to

piece of code that you do not want to

piece of code that you do not want to
delete

delete

delete
because it has some logic or it has some

because it has some logic or it has some

because it has some logic or it has some
example that you want to

example that you want to

example that you want to
keep as a reference but you don't want

keep as a reference but you don't want

keep as a reference but you don't want
that code to be

that code to be

that code to be
executed so basically you can comment

executed so basically you can comment

executed so basically you can comment
out

out

out
code so that it still stays there but

code so that it still stays there but

code so that it still stays there but
doesn't get executed and the way to do

doesn't get executed and the way to do

doesn't get executed and the way to do
that is just basically

that is just basically

that is just basically
having this character before the line

having this character before the line

having this character before the line
and also

and also

and also
note the color of the comment in the

note the color of the comment in the

note the color of the comment in the
editor

editor

editor
is gray so it's immediately visible that

is gray so it's immediately visible that

is gray so it's immediately visible that
these are the comments

these are the comments

these are the comments
and now these two lines will not get

and now these two lines will not get

and now these two lines will not get
executed by the program

executed by the program

executed by the program
they will be ignored but they are for

they will be ignored but they are for

they will be ignored but they are for
your own reference

your own reference

your own reference
in case you want to keep it there for

in case you want to keep it there for

in case you want to keep it there for
example this could happen

example this could happen

example this could happen
if you are unsure about the change and

if you are unsure about the change and

if you are unsure about the change and
you want to delete that whole code

you want to delete that whole code

you want to delete that whole code
from your application because you might

from your application because you might

from your application because you might
actually need that

actually need that

actually need that
eventually so you're not sure about it

eventually so you're not sure about it

eventually so you're not sure about it
so temporary

so temporary

so temporary
comment the code before you permanently

comment the code before you permanently

comment the code before you permanently
delete that

delete that

delete that
so these are some of the use cases of

so these are some of the use cases of

so these are some of the use cases of
comments

comments

comments
now if you have multiple lines of code

now if you have multiple lines of code

now if you have multiple lines of code
that you want to comment out

that you want to comment out

that you want to comment out
or maybe hold text that you wrote as a

or maybe hold text that you wrote as a

or maybe hold text that you wrote as a
note so for example you want to comment

note so for example you want to comment

note so for example you want to comment
out all these four lines here

out all these four lines here

out all these four lines here
obviously you don't want to do this in

obviously you don't want to do this in

obviously you don't want to do this in
front of every line

front of every line

front of every line
so for multi-line comments you can

so for multi-line comments you can

so for multi-line comments you can
actually

actually

actually
use the following syntax which is three

use the following syntax which is three

use the following syntax which is three
quotes at the beginning and

quotes at the beginning and

quotes at the beginning and
at the end and again you see the

at the end and again you see the

at the end and again you see the
highlighting is

highlighting is

highlighting is
different here which basically is

different here which basically is

different here which basically is
highlighting of a string however it is

highlighting of a string however it is

highlighting of a string however it is
ignored

ignored

ignored
by the program and it will not be

by the program and it will not be

by the program and it will not be
executed

executed

executed
as a best practice you shouldn't have

as a best practice you shouldn't have

as a best practice you shouldn't have
too many comments in your code because

too many comments in your code because

too many comments in your code because
it will just add additional clutter

it will just add additional clutter

it will just add additional clutter
and your code will look basically

and your code will look basically

and your code will look basically
unclean so

unclean so

unclean so
you should use them only when needed

in this part i'm going to show you

in this part i'm going to show you
another data type in python

another data type in python

another data type in python
called set so what is a set let's start

called set so what is a set let's start

called set so what is a set let's start
our application again

our application again

our application again
and let's say i provide here input

and let's say i provide here input

and let's say i provide here input
values as a list let's say 20

values as a list let's say 20

values as a list let's say 20
40 and 20 again

40 and 20 again

40 and 20 again
so basically i have duplicate values in

so basically i have duplicate values in

so basically i have duplicate values in
my list

my list

my list
and when i execute it i see that

and when i execute it i see that

and when i execute it i see that
the program got executed for each

the program got executed for each

the program got executed for each
element

element

element
and i have duplicate results because i

and i have duplicate results because i

and i have duplicate results because i
passed in the same value

passed in the same value

passed in the same value
twice now again users

twice now again users

twice now again users
they can input any value they want

they can input any value they want

they can input any value they want
either

either

either
intentionally or accidentally this could

intentionally or accidentally this could

intentionally or accidentally this could
be bad values

be bad values

be bad values
or things that don't make any sense so

or things that don't make any sense so

or things that don't make any sense so
let's say

let's say

let's say
we want our program to behave in a way

we want our program to behave in a way

we want our program to behave in a way
that

that

that
if user provides the same values twice

if user provides the same values twice

if user provides the same values twice
or three times we only want to calculate

or three times we only want to calculate

or three times we only want to calculate
the number of hours for that value just

the number of hours for that value just

the number of hours for that value just
once

once

once
so basically for this input we want just

so basically for this input we want just

so basically for this input we want just
those

those

those
two lines and basically ignore the

two lines and basically ignore the

two lines and basically ignore the
execution again for the same value

execution again for the same value

execution again for the same value
and you probably already guessed that's

and you probably already guessed that's

and you probably already guessed that's
where set

where set

where set
data type will help us so set is

data type will help us so set is

data type will help us so set is
basically a list

basically a list

basically a list
of elements but with unique values

of elements but with unique values

of elements but with unique values
inside

inside

inside
so list data type allows duplicate

so list data type allows duplicate

so list data type allows duplicate
values

values

values
the same value multiple times set does

the same value multiple times set does

the same value multiple times set does
not allow duplicate values

not allow duplicate values

not allow duplicate values
so how do we use set instead of a list

so how do we use set instead of a list

so how do we use set instead of a list
and it's actually very easy to convert

and it's actually very easy to convert

and it's actually very easy to convert
an existing

an existing

an existing
list into a set and we can do that

list into a set and we can do that

list into a set and we can do that
using a function called set

using a function called set

using a function called set
and basically the parameter of our set

and basically the parameter of our set

and basically the parameter of our set
function will be

function will be

function will be
the list so if this list here contains

the list so if this list here contains

the list so if this list here contains
any duplicated values that will be

any duplicated values that will be

any duplicated values that will be
basically just filtered out

basically just filtered out

basically just filtered out
when we convert it into a set so that's

when we convert it into a set so that's

when we convert it into a set so that's
how it works

how it works

how it works
and again for demonstration let's

and again for demonstration let's

and again for demonstration let's
actually print out

actually print out

actually print out
how set value looks like

how set value looks like

how set value looks like
so i'm going to print the list first

so i'm going to print the list first

so i'm going to print the list first
so that we can compare then we're gonna

so that we can compare then we're gonna

so that we can compare then we're gonna
print out the set

and let's also print out the types

and let's also print out the types
and i don't want to repeat this

and i don't want to repeat this

and i don't want to repeat this
expression over and over again

expression over and over again

expression over and over again
so what we can do even though this is

so what we can do even though this is

so what we can do even though this is
just for demonstration

just for demonstration

just for demonstration
we can actually

extract it into a variable let's say

extract it into a variable let's say
list of days

like this and

like this and
we can use it everywhere we need and

we can use it everywhere we need and

we can use it everywhere we need and
this is a little bit cleaner because

this is a little bit cleaner because

this is a little bit cleaner because
we don't have to repeat the same

we don't have to repeat the same

we don't have to repeat the same
expression

expression

expression
over and over again and again let's

over and over again and again let's

over and over again and again let's
print out the type

print out the type

print out the type
of list of days and then print out

of list of days and then print out

of list of days and then print out
the type of a set

the type of a set

the type of a set
of lists of days and again you see that

of lists of days and again you see that

of lists of days and again you see that
nested function calls three times

nested function calls three times

nested function calls three times
and this should give us some interesting

and this should give us some interesting

and this should give us some interesting
value that we can compare

value that we can compare

value that we can compare
lists and sets and just a small note

lists and sets and just a small note

lists and sets and just a small note
here that whenever we have this nested

here that whenever we have this nested

here that whenever we have this nested
function calls

function calls

function calls
think of the execution from inside

think of the execution from inside

think of the execution from inside
out so the first function that will get

out so the first function that will get

out so the first function that will get
executed in this chain

executed in this chain

executed in this chain
is actually the set right so it starts

is actually the set right so it starts

is actually the set right so it starts
from the last function

from the last function

from the last function
in that chain so set function will get

in that chain so set function will get

in that chain so set function will get
executed and convert that list into a

executed and convert that list into a

executed and convert that list into a
set

set

set
then type function will get executed on

then type function will get executed on

then type function will get executed on
that resulting set value

that resulting set value

that resulting set value
and then print will get executed and

and then print will get executed and

and then print will get executed and
print basically the result

print basically the result

print basically the result
of the type so the order goes from

of the type so the order goes from

of the type so the order goes from
innermost function to the outer

innermost function to the outer

innermost function to the outer
functions

functions

functions
so let's save it and execute and now i'm

so let's save it and execute and now i'm

so let's save it and execute and now i'm
going to

going to

going to
again provide a list let's say 10

again provide a list let's say 10

again provide a list let's say 10
and then 45 and 30 and 10 again

and then 45 and 30 and 10 again

and then 45 and 30 and 10 again
and enter and first of all we see that

and enter and first of all we see that

and enter and first of all we see that
10 only got executed once and not twice

10 only got executed once and not twice

10 only got executed once and not twice
and we can also see the first one

and we can also see the first one

and we can also see the first one
is basically value of a list and you see

is basically value of a list and you see

is basically value of a list and you see
at least here the second one is a set

at least here the second one is a set

at least here the second one is a set
and you already notice the difference

and you already notice the difference

and you already notice the difference
that list basically uses square brackets

that list basically uses square brackets

that list basically uses square brackets
and set

and set

and set
is represented using curly braces right

is represented using curly braces right

is represented using curly braces right
and again it has value of 10 just once

and again it has value of 10 just once

and again it has value of 10 just once
and again we have the data type of a

and again we have the data type of a

and again we have the data type of a
list

list

list
and a set so just to demonstrate that

and a set so just to demonstrate that

and a set so just to demonstrate that
they are actually

they are actually

they are actually
own separate data types

and like we saw previously with lists we

and like we saw previously with lists we
can also

can also

can also
create sets as well as add an excess

create sets as well as add an excess

create sets as well as add an excess
values from it

values from it

values from it
so let's see an example here for example

so let's see an example here for example

so let's see an example here for example
if you want to create a set

if you want to create a set

if you want to create a set
the syntax for that will look like this

the syntax for that will look like this

the syntax for that will look like this
as we already saw again set can have

as we already saw again set can have

as we already saw again set can have
strings or numbers or booleans

strings or numbers or booleans

strings or numbers or booleans
as its elements let's use the same

as its elements let's use the same

as its elements let's use the same
example we use with lists so

example we use with lists so

example we use with lists so
i'm gonna just basically type in names

i'm gonna just basically type in names

i'm gonna just basically type in names
of the month here

of the month here

of the month here
so let's say we have again january

march and we're going to

march and we're going to
assign that again to a variable

assign that again to a variable

assign that again to a variable
so this will give us a set that we can

so this will give us a set that we can

so this will give us a set that we can
create ourselves

create ourselves

create ourselves
not just from the user input and now we

not just from the user input and now we

not just from the user input and now we
can access

can access

can access
the values the individual elements from

the values the individual elements from

the values the individual elements from
the set

the set

the set
and we can also add elements to the set

and we can also add elements to the set

and we can also add elements to the set
however

however

however
we cannot access the individual

we cannot access the individual

we cannot access the individual
elements of the set like we did on lists

elements of the set like we did on lists

elements of the set like we did on lists
right

right

right
you remember on lists we use the syntax

you remember on lists we use the syntax

you remember on lists we use the syntax
with square brackets and the index of

with square brackets and the index of

with square brackets and the index of
the element

the element

the element
in set we cannot actually do that

in set we cannot actually do that

in set we cannot actually do that
instead we can only access the elements

instead we can only access the elements

instead we can only access the elements
of a set

of a set

of a set
in a loop so for example in a for loop

in a loop so for example in a for loop

in a loop so for example in a for loop
we would write element

we would write element

we would write element
in my set and then

in my set and then

in my set and then
we can basically print that element so

we can basically print that element so

we can basically print that element so
let's

execute

execute
and right here you see all the elements

and right here you see all the elements

and right here you see all the elements
printed out

printed out

printed out
and again as i mentioned with lists also

and again as i mentioned with lists also

and again as i mentioned with lists also
previously

previously

previously
most of the time when you're working

most of the time when you're working

most of the time when you're working
with lists or sets

with lists or sets

with lists or sets
you're gonna want to look through the

you're gonna want to look through the

you're gonna want to look through the
elements because you probably would want

elements because you probably would want

elements because you probably would want
to do some operation

to do some operation

to do some operation
on individual elements or some of the

on individual elements or some of the

on individual elements or some of the
elements right instead of just grabbing

elements right instead of just grabbing

elements right instead of just grabbing
individual

individual

individual
one or two values from that now how do

one or two values from that now how do

one or two values from that now how do
we

we

we
add elements to a set

add elements to a set

add elements to a set
let's see it as well we can add elements

let's see it as well we can add elements

let's see it as well we can add elements
to my set

to my set

to my set
using my set so the

using my set so the

using my set so the
set itself the variable name and then if

set itself the variable name and then if

set itself the variable name and then if
you do

you do

you do
dot you see a bunch of built-in

dot you see a bunch of built-in

dot you see a bunch of built-in
functions again

functions again

functions again
set has its own built-in functions which

set has its own built-in functions which

set has its own built-in functions which
are completely different from what

are completely different from what

are completely different from what
list has and it has a function called

list has and it has a function called

list has and it has a function called
ed and here we can basically add

ed and here we can basically add

ed and here we can basically add
a new element again let's do april

a new element again let's do april

a new element again let's do april
and now we can print my set

and execute and there you go so we have

and execute and there you go so we have
here individual elements that are

here individual elements that are

here individual elements that are
printed out

printed out

printed out
and we have the new list after we edit

and we have the new list after we edit

and we have the new list after we edit
april now one thing you probably already

april now one thing you probably already

april now one thing you probably already
noticed

noticed

noticed
when working with the set like printing

when working with the set like printing

when working with the set like printing
its elements or

its elements or

its elements or
adding a new element it doesn't work

adding a new element it doesn't work

adding a new element it doesn't work
in the same sequence as with a list

in the same sequence as with a list

in the same sequence as with a list
right

right

right
so for list we basically had this

so for list we basically had this

so for list we basically had this
january february march in this

january february march in this

january february march in this
exact order and when we edit a new

exact order and when we edit a new

exact order and when we edit a new
element

element

element
basically it got added at the end right

basically it got added at the end right

basically it got added at the end right
as a fourth element

as a fourth element

as a fourth element
in set it's not ordered it's basically

in set it's not ordered it's basically

in set it's not ordered it's basically
in a random order right

in a random order right

in a random order right
so if i execute this again rerun

so if i execute this again rerun

so if i execute this again rerun
you see the order changed here and here

you see the order changed here and here

you see the order changed here and here
as well right

as well right

as well right
and if i do it again there you go so

and if i do it again there you go so

and if i do it again there you go so
this order and this order basically

this order and this order basically

this order and this order basically
changes right

changes right

changes right
so as you see working with sets

so as you see working with sets

so as you see working with sets
is actually pretty different from

is actually pretty different from

is actually pretty different from
working with lists

working with lists

working with lists
so this means that set

so this means that set

so this means that set
not having or not allowing duplicate

not having or not allowing duplicate

not having or not allowing duplicate
values is

values is

values is
basically just one of the differences

basically just one of the differences

basically just one of the differences
between

between

between
sets and lists and

sets and lists and

sets and lists and
of course you're probably wondering i

of course you're probably wondering i

of course you're probably wondering i
can add elements i can access elements

can add elements i can access elements

can add elements i can access elements
what about removing elements right from

what about removing elements right from

what about removing elements right from
lists or

lists or

lists or
sets and you can do that actually

sets and you can do that actually

sets and you can do that actually
the same way for both sets and

the same way for both sets and

the same way for both sets and
lists so for example if we want to

lists so for example if we want to

lists so for example if we want to
remove an element from a set

remove an element from a set

remove an element from a set
we can execute a built-in function

we can execute a built-in function

we can execute a built-in function
called remove

called remove

called remove
and remove basically takes a parameter

and remove basically takes a parameter

and remove basically takes a parameter
which is the value itself

which is the value itself

which is the value itself
so let's say if we want to remove

so let's say if we want to remove

so let's say if we want to remove
january from here

january from here

january from here
then we're going to pass the value to

then we're going to pass the value to

then we're going to pass the value to
remove function

remove function

remove function
and now if i print my set again

and now if i print my set again

and now if i print my set again
after the remove gets executed and let's

after the remove gets executed and let's

after the remove gets executed and let's
run it

run it

run it
and here you see the last print

and here you see the last print

and here you see the last print
basically doesn't have january

basically doesn't have january

basically doesn't have january
inside and as i said it works the same

inside and as i said it works the same

inside and as i said it works the same
for lists so let me demonstrate

for lists so let me demonstrate

for lists so let me demonstrate
this as well so on my list which has its

this as well so on my list which has its

this as well so on my list which has its
own

own

own
set of built-in functions one of them is

set of built-in functions one of them is

set of built-in functions one of them is
remove

remove

remove
which in this case is called the same

which in this case is called the same

which in this case is called the same
for both set and list

for both set and list

for both set and list
and this remove built-in function also

and this remove built-in function also

and this remove built-in function also
accepts

accepts

accepts
the value of the element you want to

the value of the element you want to

the value of the element you want to
remove

remove

remove
and let's print it again my list

and let's print it again my list

and let's print it again my list
and execute there you go this is a set

and execute there you go this is a set

and execute there you go this is a set
with the syntax with curly braces and

with the syntax with curly braces and

with the syntax with curly braces and
this is a list

this is a list

this is a list
which now doesn't have january inside

which now doesn't have january inside

which now doesn't have january inside
because we removed it

because we removed it

because we removed it
and as you know lists can have duplicate

and as you know lists can have duplicate

and as you know lists can have duplicate
values

values

values
so if we have january

so if we have january

so if we have january
again here so two times and

again here so two times and

again here so two times and
we do remove january it will actually

we do remove january it will actually

we do remove january it will actually
remove

remove

remove
the first occurrence of that value so if

the first occurrence of that value so if

the first occurrence of that value so if
i execute this

i execute this

i execute this
you see the first one got removed and

you see the first one got removed and

you see the first one got removed and
the last one or the second january value

the last one or the second january value

the last one or the second january value
is

is

is
still there so that's how you work

still there so that's how you work

still there so that's how you work
with sets basically and also how to

with sets basically and also how to

with sets basically and also how to
remove

remove

remove
elements from sets and lists

so at this point i want to take time and

so at this point i want to take time and
review the functions that we have used

review the functions that we have used

review the functions that we have used
from

from

from
python itself so the functions that we

python itself so the functions that we

python itself so the functions that we
ourselves didn't actually

ourselves didn't actually

ourselves didn't actually
write and the functions that python

write and the functions that python

write and the functions that python
basically makes

basically makes

basically makes
available for us to use are called

available for us to use are called

available for us to use are called
built-in functions

built-in functions

built-in functions
so till now we have used function

so till now we have used function

so till now we have used function
print which basically just takes

print which basically just takes

print which basically just takes
some input this could be a string this

some input this could be a string this

some input this could be a string this
could be a variable

could be a variable

could be a variable
this could be a number doesn't really

this could be a number doesn't really

this could be a number doesn't really
matter and

matter and

matter and
basically just prints it in the output

basically just prints it in the output

basically just prints it in the output
console right

console right

console right
in the terminal we also saw input

in the terminal we also saw input

in the terminal we also saw input
function that basically takes user input

function that basically takes user input

function that basically takes user input
again we can provide a parameter which

again we can provide a parameter which

again we can provide a parameter which
will be a message

will be a message

will be a message
or leave it empty we also in the

or leave it empty we also in the

or leave it empty we also in the
last example so an example of set

last example so an example of set

last example so an example of set
function which basically takes a list

function which basically takes a list

function which basically takes a list
and converts it into a set and another

and converts it into a set and another

and converts it into a set and another
example

example

example
is int again takes

is int again takes

is int again takes
a string as a parameter and converts it

a string as a parameter and converts it

a string as a parameter and converts it
into integer

into integer

into integer
and all of these are built-in functions

and all of these are built-in functions

and all of these are built-in functions
because python provides them to us

because python provides them to us

because python provides them to us
so that we can use it in our code and in

so that we can use it in our code and in

so that we can use it in our code and in
python

python

python
there are a lot of very useful built-in

there are a lot of very useful built-in

there are a lot of very useful built-in
functions for different purposes

functions for different purposes

functions for different purposes
and as i mentioned most of these

and as i mentioned most of these

and as i mentioned most of these
functions basically accept

functions basically accept

functions basically accept
a parameter and then do something with

a parameter and then do something with

a parameter and then do something with
that parameter

that parameter

that parameter
that input that we provide that function

that input that we provide that function

that input that we provide that function
and give us an

and give us an

and give us an
output again print basically

output again print basically

output again print basically
provides something here and gives us the

provides something here and gives us the

provides something here and gives us the
output

output

output
in the output window here

in the output window here

in the output window here
in input we can provide some message

that will again print an input here and

that will again print an input here and
the rest of them

the rest of them

the rest of them
are giving value inside the code

are giving value inside the code

are giving value inside the code
without displaying anything so in set we

without displaying anything so in set we

without displaying anything so in set we
can

can

can
provide a list

and the same way a parameter here which

and the same way a parameter here which
is logical because the purpose of a

is logical because the purpose of a

is logical because the purpose of a
function

function

function
usually is to take some input like

usually is to take some input like

usually is to take some input like
this as a parameter do something with

this as a parameter do something with

this as a parameter do something with
that input

that input

that input
and give us an output from that

and give us an output from that

and give us an output from that
parameter and we have created our own

parameter and we have created our own

parameter and we have created our own
functions

functions

functions
that also take some input and

that also take some input and

that also take some input and
give back some output like this and

give back some output like this and

give back some output like this and
in addition to built-in functions that

in addition to built-in functions that

in addition to built-in functions that
are called like this

are called like this

are called like this
and our own functions we have also used

and our own functions we have also used

and our own functions we have also used
third type of functions which is called

third type of functions which is called

third type of functions which is called
directly on a value right and this is an

directly on a value right and this is an

directly on a value right and this is an
example of that

example of that

example of that
so basically directly on a value this

so basically directly on a value this

so basically directly on a value this
could be a variable but

could be a variable but

could be a variable but
also the string representation of that

also the string representation of that

also the string representation of that
itself

itself

itself
so if i had a string like that so

so if i had a string like that so

so if i had a string like that so
basically directly on that value

basically directly on that value

basically directly on that value
call a function like this and these are

call a function like this and these are

call a function like this and these are
also built-in functions because

also built-in functions because

also built-in functions because
python makes them available to us other

python makes them available to us other

python makes them available to us other
than the syntax

than the syntax

than the syntax
there is one major difference between

there is one major difference between

there is one major difference between
these

these

these
type of functions that are called

type of functions that are called

type of functions that are called
directly like that

directly like that

directly like that
and the functions that are called on the

and the functions that are called on the

and the functions that are called on the
value itself

value itself

value itself
and the main difference is that each

and the main difference is that each

and the main difference is that each
data type

data type

data type
has its own set of functions

has its own set of functions

has its own set of functions
that can be executed like this so

that can be executed like this so

that can be executed like this so
again let's take example of a string

again let's take example of a string

again let's take example of a string
and if i do dot here you see

and if i do dot here you see

and if i do dot here you see
the ide pycharm basically gives me

the ide pycharm basically gives me

the ide pycharm basically gives me
a list of all the functions

a list of all the functions

a list of all the functions
again built-in functions in python but

again built-in functions in python but

again built-in functions in python but
functions that i can execute

functions that i can execute

functions that i can execute
on a string value and

on a string value and

on a string value and
again you see split is digit this is the

again you see split is digit this is the

again you see split is digit this is the
one that we used

one that we used

one that we used
in one of our previous examples that

in one of our previous examples that

in one of our previous examples that
basically checks if that string

basically checks if that string

basically checks if that string
is a representation of a digit or just a

is a representation of a digit or just a

is a representation of a digit or just a
regular string

regular string

regular string
and as you see lots of different

and as you see lots of different

and as you see lots of different
functions so all of these are provided

functions so all of these are provided

functions so all of these are provided
by python

by python

by python
to do different stuff like turn the

to do different stuff like turn the

to do different stuff like turn the
string literal to uppercase or

string literal to uppercase or

string literal to uppercase or
replace a letter for example in that

replace a letter for example in that

replace a letter for example in that
string

string

string
and so on but the main point here is

and so on but the main point here is

and so on but the main point here is
that those functions

that those functions

that those functions
are only for string but as i said

are only for string but as i said

are only for string but as i said
each data type has its own list of

each data type has its own list of

each data type has its own list of
functions

functions

functions
that can be called on that data type so

that can be called on that data type so

that can be called on that data type so
for a demonstration let's take a list

and if i do dot here

and if i do dot here
again you see a list of functions that i

again you see a list of functions that i

again you see a list of functions that i
can execute specifically

can execute specifically

can execute specifically
on list values and there are lots of

on list values and there are lots of

on list values and there are lots of
things that you can do with lists like

things that you can do with lists like

things that you can do with lists like
add elements to it remove elements from

add elements to it remove elements from

add elements to it remove elements from
it

it

it
sort the list copy and so on

sort the list copy and so on

sort the list copy and so on
so that's basically a major difference

so that's basically a major difference

so that's basically a major difference
between

between

between
these type of functions and functions

these type of functions and functions

these type of functions and functions
that can be executed on

that can be executed on

that can be executed on
specific data type values but the

specific data type values but the

specific data type values but the
concept is the same here

concept is the same here

concept is the same here
you also have a function that gets a

you also have a function that gets a

you also have a function that gets a
parameter an input

parameter an input

parameter an input
and gives you an output and the

and gives you an output and the

and gives you an output and the
parameter for this type of functions

parameter for this type of functions

parameter for this type of functions
is actually the value that we are

is actually the value that we are

is actually the value that we are
calling that function

calling that function

calling that function
on so this string here 2 3

on so this string here 2 3

on so this string here 2 3
is going to be parameter of the split

is going to be parameter of the split

is going to be parameter of the split
and in addition to that we can also

and in addition to that we can also

and in addition to that we can also
provide

provide

provide
additional parameters for example for

additional parameters for example for

additional parameters for example for
split you saw here that we were able to

split you saw here that we were able to

split you saw here that we were able to
add

add

add
a comma space to basically tell

a comma space to basically tell

a comma space to basically tell
the split function on which character to

the split function on which character to

the split function on which character to
split that text

split that text

split that text
so that was function comparisons in a

so that was function comparisons in a

so that was function comparisons in a
nutshell

in this part we're going to learn a new

in this part we're going to learn a new
data type in python

data type in python

data type in python
called a dictionary and we're going to

called a dictionary and we're going to

called a dictionary and we're going to
do that by modifying our application

do that by modifying our application

do that by modifying our application
and modifying how users can actually

and modifying how users can actually

and modifying how users can actually
input

input

input
the values now our program currently

the values now our program currently

the values now our program currently
takes the number of days and turns it

takes the number of days and turns it

takes the number of days and turns it
into a number of hours

into a number of hours

into a number of hours
what if we wanted to make our program a

what if we wanted to make our program a

what if we wanted to make our program a
little bit more advanced

little bit more advanced

little bit more advanced
a little fancier and basically allow

a little fancier and basically allow

a little fancier and basically allow
users to also decide

users to also decide

users to also decide
what units it should be converted to so

what units it should be converted to so

what units it should be converted to so
user gives us the number of days

user gives us the number of days

user gives us the number of days
and tells us whether to convert it into

and tells us whether to convert it into

and tells us whether to convert it into
hours

hours

hours
or minutes so instead of the whole list

or minutes so instead of the whole list

or minutes so instead of the whole list
now we're going to get just number of

now we're going to get just number of

now we're going to get just number of
days and

days and

days and
the conversion units and this change may

the conversion units and this change may

the conversion units and this change may
be a little bit complex

be a little bit complex

be a little bit complex
in terms of syntax so i will try to

in terms of syntax so i will try to

in terms of syntax so i will try to
explain everything step by step

explain everything step by step

explain everything step by step
so the first thing we need to do is

so the first thing we need to do is

so the first thing we need to do is
adjust

adjust

adjust
how we get input from the user so now we

how we get input from the user so now we

how we get input from the user so now we
want the user to

want the user to

want the user to
be able to give us the number of days

be able to give us the number of days

be able to give us the number of days
and units in one input so

and units in one input so

and units in one input so
first of all i'm going to adjust the

first of all i'm going to adjust the

first of all i'm going to adjust the
text here

text here

text here
enter a number of days

enter a number of days

enter a number of days
and conversion unit

and conversion unit

and conversion unit
now there are a lot of different ways we

now there are a lot of different ways we

now there are a lot of different ways we
can allow a user to do that

can allow a user to do that

can allow a user to do that
but what we want to do is something like

this as an input so basically number of

this as an input so basically number of
days

days

days
colon and minutes or

colon and minutes or

colon and minutes or
number of days and hours again this is

number of days and hours again this is

number of days and hours again this is
our own decision

our own decision

our own decision
we decide how the user input should look

we decide how the user input should look

we decide how the user input should look
like

like

like
but this should be a nice way of

but this should be a nice way of

but this should be a nice way of
providing both of those values

providing both of those values

providing both of those values
basically colon separated so instead of

basically colon separated so instead of

basically colon separated so instead of
a list

a list

a list
we're going to have a single input with

we're going to have a single input with

we're going to have a single input with
two values that are

two values that are

two values that are
separated by a colon so on the next line

separated by a colon so on the next line

separated by a colon so on the next line
i'm going to change this split here

i'm going to change this split here

i'm going to change this split here
into a column and this will give us

into a column and this will give us

into a column and this will give us
user input this whole value split into

user input this whole value split into

user input this whole value split into
two values as a list this is going to be

two values as a list this is going to be

two values as a list this is going to be
day and days and

day and days and

day and days and
unit so least with these two

unit so least with these two

unit so least with these two
values and let's actually get rid of

values and let's actually get rid of

values and let's actually get rid of
this for loop because we're not

this for loop because we're not

this for loop because we're not
iterating through a list of numbers

iterating through a list of numbers

iterating through a list of numbers
anymore

anymore

anymore
and to begin with let's just print out

and to begin with let's just print out

and to begin with let's just print out
the output or the result

the output or the result

the output or the result
of days and unit variable

of days and unit variable

of days and unit variable
so i'm gonna refresh and let's do

so i'm gonna refresh and let's do

so i'm gonna refresh and let's do
two hours and enter

two hours and enter

two hours and enter
and this is what we get so basically

and this is what we get so basically

and this is what we get so basically
splitting this string

splitting this string

splitting this string
on column will give us a list with

on column will give us a list with

on column will give us a list with
elements

elements

elements
20 and hours and note that 20 is still

20 and hours and note that 20 is still

20 and hours and note that 20 is still
a string right because that's how we get

a string right because that's how we get

a string right because that's how we get
the input and now

the input and now

the input and now
from those two values we're going to

from those two values we're going to

from those two values we're going to
create

create

create
a value of a data type called

a value of a data type called

a value of a data type called
dictionary so in python we have another

dictionary so in python we have another

dictionary so in python we have another
data type

data type

data type
called the dictionary which basically

called the dictionary which basically

called the dictionary which basically
looks

looks

looks
like this so you have curly braces just

like this so you have curly braces just

like this so you have curly braces just
like we had for

like we had for

like we had for
a set and inside we have key

a set and inside we have key

a set and inside we have key
value pairs so we don't have just single

value pairs so we don't have just single

value pairs so we don't have just single
elements

elements

elements
like this but rather we have key value

like this but rather we have key value

like this but rather we have key value
pairs

pairs

pairs
so key in our case is

so key in our case is

so key in our case is
days and the value of that key

days and the value of that key

days and the value of that key
in our case would be 20. and then comma

in our case would be 20. and then comma

in our case would be 20. and then comma
separated another value would be

separated another value would be

separated another value would be
unit and

unit and

unit and
a string hours so basically this is

a string hours so basically this is

a string hours so basically this is
the syntax of a dictionary and obviously

the syntax of a dictionary and obviously

the syntax of a dictionary and obviously
the

the

the
difference between a list and a

difference between a list and a

difference between a list and a
dictionary is that we have

dictionary is that we have

dictionary is that we have
descriptions for each of our values

descriptions for each of our values

descriptions for each of our values
represented as key value pairs so we

represented as key value pairs so we

represented as key value pairs so we
want to

want to

want to
create this construct right here from

create this construct right here from

create this construct right here from
those two values

those two values

those two values
and since this is a data type we can

and since this is a data type we can

and since this is a data type we can
create a value and

create a value and

create a value and
assign it to a variable of that data

assign it to a variable of that data

assign it to a variable of that data
type so let's call it

type so let's call it

type so let's call it
days and unit

days and unit

days and unit
dictionary

equals and obviously we don't want those

equals and obviously we don't want those
values to be

values to be

values to be
hard coded here we want to get it from

hard coded here we want to get it from

hard coded here we want to get it from
the list

the list

the list
now how do we access an element

now how do we access an element

now how do we access an element
of a list how do we grab the first value

of a list how do we grab the first value

of a list how do we grab the first value
which is

which is

which is
20 out of that list

20 out of that list

20 out of that list
and to do that there is a syntax to

and to do that there is a syntax to

and to do that there is a syntax to
access the elements

access the elements

access the elements
in the list the list name and then you

in the list the list name and then you

in the list the list name and then you
have

have

have
square brackets and index of the element

square brackets and index of the element

square brackets and index of the element
which if you remember you already

which if you remember you already

which if you remember you already
learned in the section

learned in the section

learned in the section
of lists so again days of unit

of lists so again days of unit

of lists so again days of unit
list is this one right here and with

list is this one right here and with

list is this one right here and with
index 0 we are accessing the first

index 0 we are accessing the first

index 0 we are accessing the first
element

element

element
index 1 is the second element and so on

index 1 is the second element and so on

index 1 is the second element and so on
and

and

and
index is basically just location this is

index is basically just location this is

index is basically just location this is
location 0 location

location 0 location

location 0 location
1 and so on so this will give us the

1 and so on so this will give us the

1 and so on so this will give us the
first value

first value

first value
and obviously the second value is going

and obviously the second value is going

and obviously the second value is going
to be with the same syntax with index

to be with the same syntax with index

to be with the same syntax with index
one and let's actually print

one and let's actually print

one and let's actually print
that one out as well

that one out as well

that one out as well
so that we see the results restart the

so that we see the results restart the

so that we see the results restart the
application

application

application
let's do 20 hours

let's do 20 hours

let's do 20 hours
so again this is our list 20

so again this is our list 20

so again this is our list 20
hours as two separate values and this is

hours as two separate values and this is

hours as two separate values and this is
a dictionary that we

a dictionary that we

a dictionary that we
created using those two values

created using those two values

created using those two values
so we have key value pairs basically and

so we have key value pairs basically and

so we have key value pairs basically and
the same way

the same way

the same way
for minutes we would end up with a

for minutes we would end up with a

for minutes we would end up with a
dictionary that looks like this

dictionary that looks like this

dictionary that looks like this
so now we have these two pieces of

so now we have these two pieces of

so now we have these two pieces of
information in one variable

information in one variable

information in one variable
and now we can give that variable to our

and now we can give that variable to our

and now we can give that variable to our
function so that it does the validation

function so that it does the validation

function so that it does the validation
first of all of the number and

first of all of the number and

first of all of the number and
calculation based on the units so

calculation based on the units so

calculation based on the units so
on the next line we're going to call our

on the next line we're going to call our

on the next line we're going to call our
validate and execute function

validate and execute function

validate and execute function
and as you see we have this red line

and as you see we have this red line

and as you see we have this red line
here because something

here because something

here because something
is wrong first of all we don't have this

is wrong first of all we don't have this

is wrong first of all we don't have this
variable called num of days element

variable called num of days element

variable called num of days element
anymore

anymore

anymore
because we deleted the for loop instead

because we deleted the for loop instead

because we deleted the for loop instead
we have days and

we have days and

we have days and
unit dictionary and here we are

unit dictionary and here we are

unit dictionary and here we are
validating

validating

validating
the integer value of the input number

the integer value of the input number

the integer value of the input number
and the same way we need to validate

and the same way we need to validate

and the same way we need to validate
this input number here

this input number here

this input number here
as well so now the question is

as well so now the question is

as well so now the question is
how do we access a specific value in

how do we access a specific value in

how do we access a specific value in
this case

this case

this case
the value of days here in a dictionary

the value of days here in a dictionary

the value of days here in a dictionary
because we have to validate this value

because we have to validate this value

because we have to validate this value
as well because i might as well

as well because i might as well

as well because i might as well
have entered text instead of this number

have entered text instead of this number

have entered text instead of this number
so the way to access values

so the way to access values

so the way to access values
inside a dictionary is again

inside a dictionary is again

inside a dictionary is again
using the square brackets just like we

using the square brackets just like we

using the square brackets just like we
did for list

did for list

did for list
but instead of an index index 0 or index

but instead of an index index 0 or index

but instead of an index index 0 or index
1 we don't need to use an index because

1 we don't need to use an index because

1 we don't need to use an index because
we

we

we
actually have a key so instead of index

actually have a key so instead of index

actually have a key so instead of index
we're going to

we're going to

we're going to
use the key like days or

use the key like days or

use the key like days or
unit and this will give us

unit and this will give us

unit and this will give us
value of 40 which will then be

value of 40 which will then be

value of 40 which will then be
converted into an integer and then

converted into an integer and then

converted into an integer and then
validated right here

validated right here

validated right here
so again i'm gonna copy this

so again i'm gonna copy this

so again i'm gonna copy this
for comparison so to access

for comparison so to access

for comparison so to access
an element of a list let's say

an element of a list let's say

an element of a list let's say
my list here and let's do

my list here and let's do

my list here and let's do
20 30 doesn't matter in order to access

20 30 doesn't matter in order to access

20 30 doesn't matter in order to access
the elements

the elements

the elements
of that list

we can do that using an index so this

we can do that using an index so this
will basically

will basically

will basically
print number 30. again if we had

print number 30. again if we had

print number 30. again if we had
other elements here we can do index

other elements here we can do index

other elements here we can do index
2 so that will print out 100 and let's

2 so that will print out 100 and let's

2 so that will print out 100 and let's
actually

actually

actually
check that and remember to comment out

check that and remember to comment out

check that and remember to comment out
a multi-line code we can use

a multi-line code we can use

a multi-line code we can use
three quotes at the beginning and at the

three quotes at the beginning and at the

three quotes at the beginning and at the
end

end

end
let's refresh and there you go 100

let's refresh and there you go 100

let's refresh and there you go 100
was printed let's do the same with the

was printed let's do the same with the

was printed let's do the same with the
dictionary

days

days
like this and

like this and

like this and
to access an element inside

to access an element inside

to access an element inside
that dictionary we use the square

that dictionary we use the square

that dictionary we use the square
brackets

brackets

brackets
and instead of the index like here on

and instead of the index like here on

and instead of the index like here on
the list

the list

the list
we use the key itself

we use the key itself

we use the key itself
and again i'm going to print this

and there you go you see

and there you go you see
value 20 and i can also access

value 20 and i can also access

value 20 and i can also access
unit value and if i execute it i see

unit value and if i execute it i see

unit value and if i execute it i see
hours and so on and i can

hours and so on and i can

hours and so on and i can
add any number of key value pairs in my

add any number of key value pairs in my

add any number of key value pairs in my
dictionary as i want

dictionary as i want

dictionary as i want
so for example i can add a message here

so for example i can add a message here

so for example i can add a message here
all good and

all good and

all good and
i can access that message

i can access that message

i can access that message
like this so this is how you create a

like this so this is how you create a

like this so this is how you create a
dictionary and that's how you

dictionary and that's how you

dictionary and that's how you
access the values in a list or in a

access the values in a list or in a

access the values in a list or in a
dictionary

dictionary

dictionary
so let's clean this up

comment in our code again like this

comment in our code again like this
and get back to our code

and get back to our code

and get back to our code
so basically again this is how we access

so basically again this is how we access

so basically again this is how we access
the

the

the
number of days in our dictionary and

number of days in our dictionary and

number of days in our dictionary and
in our days to units function we need

in our days to units function we need

in our days to units function we need
both of those values and we can

both of those values and we can

both of those values and we can
pass in those values separately so we

pass in those values separately so we

pass in those values separately so we
already have a user input number

already have a user input number

already have a user input number
from the dictionary and the second value

from the dictionary and the second value

from the dictionary and the second value
would be

the unit from the dictionary

the unit from the dictionary
however we have to add that second

however we have to add that second

however we have to add that second
parameter to our function

parameter to our function

parameter to our function
so let's do that unit

so let's do that unit

so let's do that unit
let's call it conversion unit

let's call it conversion unit

let's call it conversion unit
so now we are passing both of these

so now we are passing both of these

so now we are passing both of these
values

values

values
to our function so we have the user

to our function so we have the user

to our function so we have the user
input number here

input number here

input number here
which is already converted into an

which is already converted into an

which is already converted into an
integer

integer

integer
and the second one which is the

and the second one which is the

and the second one which is the
conversion

conversion

conversion
unit and now we can finish

unit and now we can finish

unit and now we can finish
the logic in this function here

the logic in this function here

the logic in this function here
right now we are using this hard-coded

right now we are using this hard-coded

right now we are using this hard-coded
calculation to units which is

calculation to units which is

calculation to units which is
24 and number of units which is

24 and number of units which is

24 and number of units which is
hard-coded hours

hard-coded hours

hard-coded hours
so first of all i'm going to remove

so first of all i'm going to remove

so first of all i'm going to remove
those two we don't need them anymore

those two we don't need them anymore

those two we don't need them anymore
because we get those values from the

because we get those values from the

because we get those values from the
user

user

user
and now we have to substitute

and now we have to substitute

and now we have to substitute
those two so here we're going to check

those two so here we're going to check

those two so here we're going to check
if the conversion unit is

if the conversion unit is

if the conversion unit is
hours

equals hours

equals hours
then we're going to return calculation

then we're going to return calculation

then we're going to return calculation
with

with

with
hours it's going to be 24 and

hours it's going to be 24 and

hours it's going to be 24 and
conversion unit here we can also hard

conversion unit here we can also hard

conversion unit here we can also hard
code

code

code
hours here because we know it's hours

so if the conversion unit is

so if the conversion unit is
minutes

calculation for minutes and a text like

calculation for minutes and a text like
this

this

this
and it could also be that the conversion

and it could also be that the conversion

and it could also be that the conversion
unit that was provided

unit that was provided

unit that was provided
is none of those or maybe some invalid

is none of those or maybe some invalid

is none of those or maybe some invalid
text

text

text
and in this case we're gonna add final

and in this case we're gonna add final

and in this case we're gonna add final
validation so

validation so

validation so
if it's neither hours nor minutes

if it's neither hours nor minutes

if it's neither hours nor minutes
then we're just gonna say you know what

then we're just gonna say you know what

then we're just gonna say you know what
unsupported

so basically we don't do conversions

so basically we don't do conversions
other than those two

other than those two

other than those two
so we just tell the user that's an

so we just tell the user that's an

so we just tell the user that's an
unsupported unit

unsupported unit

unsupported unit
and now if we execute our

and now if we execute our

and now if we execute our
program and enter

program and enter

program and enter
value there you go we have

value there you go we have

value there you go we have
our output and same way if we do

our output and same way if we do

our output and same way if we do
90 days to hours

90 days to hours

90 days to hours
we have our calculation in hours so

we have our calculation in hours so

we have our calculation in hours so
that's how dictionaries work we can do

that's how dictionaries work we can do

that's how dictionaries work we can do
one final thing here and

one final thing here and

one final thing here and
as usual print out the type

as usual print out the type

as usual print out the type
of our dictionary

and there you go you see class of type

and there you go you see class of type
dictionary here

dictionary here

dictionary here
which is another data type and at this

which is another data type and at this

which is another data type and at this
point we can actually

point we can actually

point we can actually
summarize all the data types that we

summarize all the data types that we

summarize all the data types that we
have learned so far

have learned so far

have learned so far
so let's give us some space here so

so let's give us some space here so

so let's give us some space here so
first one was string so basically

first one was string so basically

first one was string so basically
a message or some output

that's our string then we have integers

that's our string then we have integers
example of that we saw already days

example of that we saw already days

example of that we saw already days
then we have float numbers which for

then we have float numbers which for

then we have float numbers which for
example can be used for

example can be used for

example can be used for
price or

price or

price or
weight of a product etc we also have

weight of a product etc we also have

weight of a product etc we also have
learned boolean data types when we check

learned boolean data types when we check

learned boolean data types when we check
some kind of condition whether if it's

some kind of condition whether if it's

some kind of condition whether if it's
true or not

true or not

true or not
so for example is it a valid number

or is the user input

or is the user input
exit

we also learned a data type of lists

we also learned a data type of lists
so for example usage list

so for example usage list

so for example usage list
of days

like this including duplicate values

like this including duplicate values
and list data type can be used for

and list data type can be used for

and list data type can be used for
strings as well

strings as well

strings as well
not only for numbers so for example we

not only for numbers so for example we

not only for numbers so for example we
can have list of month

can have list of month

can have list of month
like january

doesn't really matter we also learned a

doesn't really matter we also learned a
data type

data type

data type
called set and set basically

called set and set basically

called set and set basically
is very similar to list but it doesn't

is very similar to list but it doesn't

is very similar to list but it doesn't
allow

allow

allow
duplicate values and its syntax is

duplicate values and its syntax is

duplicate values and its syntax is
with curly braces so the same way we can

with curly braces so the same way we can

with curly braces so the same way we can
have

have

have
numbers or strings or booleans or any

numbers or strings or booleans or any

numbers or strings or booleans or any
other data types

other data types

other data types
inside a set and the last one that we

inside a set and the last one that we

inside a set and the last one that we
learned

learned

learned
was a dictionary

was a dictionary

was a dictionary
and let's take our own example

and let's take our own example

and let's take our own example
day in unit

and dictionary is basically a collection

and dictionary is basically a collection
of key value pairs and the syntax

of key value pairs and the syntax

of key value pairs and the syntax
is written like

is written like

is written like
this so why do we need all these

this so why do we need all these

this so why do we need all these
different data types

different data types

different data types
well depending on the use case or what

well depending on the use case or what

well depending on the use case or what
exactly you are trying to achieve in the

exactly you are trying to achieve in the

exactly you are trying to achieve in the
program

program

program
you're gonna need a different data type

you're gonna need a different data type

you're gonna need a different data type
to achieve exactly that

to achieve exactly that

to achieve exactly that
so each data type has its own specific

so each data type has its own specific

so each data type has its own specific
purpose

purpose

purpose
and throughout these days to units

and throughout these days to units

and throughout these days to units
calculator i try to

calculator i try to

calculator i try to
demonstrate the purpose of each data

demonstrate the purpose of each data

demonstrate the purpose of each data
type

type

type
and when we need to use them so these

and when we need to use them so these

and when we need to use them so these
are all the data types that we learned

are all the data types that we learned

are all the data types that we learned
these are also

these are also

these are also
most of the data types available in

most of the data types available in

most of the data types available in
python and the main ones

python and the main ones

python and the main ones
that you're going to be working with so

that you're going to be working with so

that you're going to be working with so
this should give you a good foundational

this should give you a good foundational

this should give you a good foundational
knowledge about data types

knowledge about data types

knowledge about data types
in python and also note that most of

in python and also note that most of

in python and also note that most of
these data

these data

these data
types you will also encounter in any

types you will also encounter in any

types you will also encounter in any
other programming languages

other programming languages

other programming languages
because as i said these are the core

because as i said these are the core

because as i said these are the core
data types and most of the programming

data types and most of the programming

data types and most of the programming
languages actually support these data

languages actually support these data

languages actually support these data
types as well

types as well

types as well
till now we have been writing all our

till now we have been writing all our

till now we have been writing all our
code

code

code
in one single file so basically we have

in one single file so basically we have

in one single file so basically we have
a project

a project

a project
with just one python file and we're

with just one python file and we're

with just one python file and we're
writing all the logic

writing all the logic

writing all the logic
inside that file however you can imagine

inside that file however you can imagine

inside that file however you can imagine
that

that

that
if you're writing a little bit more

if you're writing a little bit more

if you're writing a little bit more
complex applications

complex applications

complex applications
that have much more complex logic so

that have much more complex logic so

that have much more complex logic so
they end up having

they end up having

they end up having
lots of functions obviously you're gonna

lots of functions obviously you're gonna

lots of functions obviously you're gonna
end up with a python file that has

end up with a python file that has

end up with a python file that has
hundreds of lines of code maybe

hundreds of lines of code maybe

hundreds of lines of code maybe
thousands of lines of code

thousands of lines of code

thousands of lines of code
and it's not very practical to manage

and it's not very practical to manage

and it's not very practical to manage
all this logic and all this code in just

all this logic and all this code in just

all this logic and all this code in just
one file so instead you need to

one file so instead you need to

one file so instead you need to
structure your

structure your

structure your
code and divide your logic between

code and divide your logic between

code and divide your logic between
multiple different python files and you

multiple different python files and you

multiple different python files and you
do that

do that

do that
with modules to give an example

with modules to give an example

with modules to give an example
imagine a web application that has

imagine a web application that has

imagine a web application that has
basically many features like facebook

basically many features like facebook

basically many features like facebook
for example

for example

for example
obviously you can put all the facebook

obviously you can put all the facebook

obviously you can put all the facebook
logic in

logic in

logic in
one single python file right you will

one single python file right you will

one single python file right you will
have a structure

have a structure

have a structure
of facebook project with subfolders in

of facebook project with subfolders in

of facebook project with subfolders in
your project

your project

your project
which all contain multiple python files

which all contain multiple python files

which all contain multiple python files
so you would have

so you would have

so you would have
maybe packages for each feature

maybe packages for each feature

maybe packages for each feature
and each such feature has a lot of

and each such feature has a lot of

and each such feature has a lot of
functionalities

functionalities

functionalities
so they will be all grouped then again

so they will be all grouped then again

so they will be all grouped then again
in multiple

in multiple

in multiple
python files right so you would end up

python files right so you would end up

python files right so you would end up
with

with

with
a project with a hierarchy of folders

a project with a hierarchy of folders

a project with a hierarchy of folders
and lots of lots of python files inside

and lots of lots of python files inside

and lots of lots of python files inside
now the question is if i

now the question is if i

now the question is if i
have multiple python files in my project

have multiple python files in my project

have multiple python files in my project
how do i connect them together so for

how do i connect them together so for

how do i connect them together so for
example if i have

example if i have

example if i have
another file here and let's call it

another file here and let's call it

another file here and let's call it
helper

helper

helper
dot py

dot py

dot py
and if i have some logic here basically

and if i have some logic here basically

and if i have some logic here basically
functions defined here how do i use them

functions defined here how do i use them

functions defined here how do i use them
or how do i reference them

or how do i reference them

or how do i reference them
in another file and the way it works in

in another file and the way it works in

in another file and the way it works in
python is using the concept

python is using the concept

python is using the concept
called modules so a module is basically

called modules so a module is basically

called modules so a module is basically
a python file that contains

a python file that contains

a python file that contains
functions or variables that

functions or variables that

functions or variables that
you can use in another python file

you can use in another python file

you can use in another python file
so basically any python file that you

so basically any python file that you

so basically any python file that you
have in your project

have in your project

have in your project
both of these in this case are modules

both of these in this case are modules

both of these in this case are modules
and you can reference

and you can reference

and you can reference
one module from another so basically

one module from another so basically

one module from another so basically
the idea is that you can structure your

the idea is that you can structure your

the idea is that you can structure your
application

application

application
your program using modules so you can

your program using modules so you can

your program using modules so you can
make your project

make your project

make your project
modular so in this part we're going to

modular so in this part we're going to

modular so in this part we're going to
create our own module

create our own module

create our own module
in helper file and we're going to

in helper file and we're going to

in helper file and we're going to
reference that in main dot

reference that in main dot

reference that in main dot
python

python

python
and let's say in main.python i only want

and let's say in main.python i only want

and let's say in main.python i only want
the code

the code

the code
that basically starts the program right

that basically starts the program right

that basically starts the program right
all the functions

all the functions

all the functions
all the logic i kind of want it hidden

all the logic i kind of want it hidden

all the logic i kind of want it hidden
away

away

away
and grouped together in a separate file

and grouped together in a separate file

and grouped together in a separate file
so what we're going to do is copy this

so what we're going to do is copy this

so what we're going to do is copy this
entire thing

entire thing

entire thing
so both of these functions basically and

so both of these functions basically and

so both of these functions basically and
paste it in here so now you already see

paste it in here so now you already see

paste it in here so now you already see
a couple of

a couple of

a couple of
red lines here because now the reference

red lines here because now the reference

red lines here because now the reference
is obviously broken right

is obviously broken right

is obviously broken right
so main.python obviously doesn't know

so main.python obviously doesn't know

so main.python obviously doesn't know
anything about

anything about

anything about
validate and execute function right it

validate and execute function right it

validate and execute function right it
says unresolved

says unresolved

says unresolved
reference and the same way face to unit

reference and the same way face to unit

reference and the same way face to unit
dictionary is unresolved for helper

dictionary is unresolved for helper

dictionary is unresolved for helper
because it doesn't know anything about

because it doesn't know anything about

because it doesn't know anything about
main.python and the variables defined

main.python and the variables defined

main.python and the variables defined
right here so the first thing we need to

right here so the first thing we need to

right here so the first thing we need to
do is we need to tell

do is we need to tell

do is we need to tell
main note python file where to find this

main note python file where to find this

main note python file where to find this
validate and

validate and

validate and
execute function right we have defined

execute function right we have defined

execute function right we have defined
it in helper python so

it in helper python so

it in helper python so
that's what we need to define how we

that's what we need to define how we

that's what we need to define how we
do that is using something called an

do that is using something called an

do that is using something called an
import

import

import
statement so we basically import

statement so we basically import

statement so we basically import
this whole helper.pi module

this whole helper.pi module

this whole helper.pi module
inside main.python and we do that

inside main.python and we do that

inside main.python and we do that
very simply using import

very simply using import

very simply using import
helper right helper is the name of the

helper right helper is the name of the

helper right helper is the name of the
file

file

file
and therefore name of the module and

and therefore name of the module and

and therefore name of the module and
right now it's grey because we're not

right now it's grey because we're not

right now it's grey because we're not
using it

using it

using it
and the way to use it is helper dot

and the way to use it is helper dot

and the way to use it is helper dot
and the function name and you see the

and the function name and you see the

and the function name and you see the
red line disappeared

red line disappeared

red line disappeared
so again what we did is we told

so again what we did is we told

so again what we did is we told
main.python

main.python

main.python
there is a helper module in this project

there is a helper module in this project

there is a helper module in this project
and please import this whole module

and please import this whole module

and please import this whole module
and all the functions that this module

and all the functions that this module

and all the functions that this module
has and make it available

has and make it available

has and make it available
in main.pi and then once we have that

in main.pi and then once we have that

in main.pi and then once we have that
helper module

helper module

helper module
we can reference any functions if we had

we can reference any functions if we had

we can reference any functions if we had
any variables

any variables

any variables
using module name dot

using module name dot

using module name dot
function so this has to be the name and

function so this has to be the name and

function so this has to be the name and
if i hover over it you see that pycharm

if i hover over it you see that pycharm

if i hover over it you see that pycharm
actually displays the whole path

actually displays the whole path

actually displays the whole path
to that helper.pi file

to that helper.pi file

to that helper.pi file
and now note that here we still have

and now note that here we still have

and now note that here we still have
redline

redline

redline
because this is a variable which is

because this is a variable which is

because this is a variable which is
defined in main

defined in main

defined in main
dot pi but a helper module doesn't know

dot pi but a helper module doesn't know

dot pi but a helper module doesn't know
anything about it and that's an

anything about it and that's an

anything about it and that's an
important distinction here

important distinction here

important distinction here
because we imported helper module inside

because we imported helper module inside

because we imported helper module inside
main

main

main
so helper modules functions are

so helper modules functions are

so helper modules functions are
available here but not the other way

available here but not the other way

available here but not the other way
so in order to make this dictionary

so in order to make this dictionary

so in order to make this dictionary
available

available

available
invalidate and execute function we would

invalidate and execute function we would

invalidate and execute function we would
need to

need to

need to
pass it in as a variable like this

pass it in as a variable like this

pass it in as a variable like this
and this will work now now

and this will work now now

and this will work now now
note that in main.python

note that in main.python

note that in main.python
we actually only need this validate and

we actually only need this validate and

we actually only need this validate and
execute function

execute function

execute function
we don't need the days to units function

we don't need the days to units function

we don't need the days to units function
because

because

because
this function is only used by validate

this function is only used by validate

this function is only used by validate
and execute function

and execute function

and execute function
so that means that we don't need to

so that means that we don't need to

so that means that we don't need to
import the whole entire module inside

import the whole entire module inside

import the whole entire module inside
main.pi

main.pi

main.pi
we actually only need the validated

we actually only need the validated

we actually only need the validated
execute function

execute function

execute function
and this is a small example but if you

and this is a small example but if you

and this is a small example but if you
had a module with

had a module with

had a module with
20 30 functions and you just needed one

20 30 functions and you just needed one

20 30 functions and you just needed one
of them

of them

of them
you wouldn't need to import the whole

you wouldn't need to import the whole

you wouldn't need to import the whole
module just for that one function

module just for that one function

module just for that one function
so what you could do is you can pick and

so what you could do is you can pick and

so what you could do is you can pick and
choose which

choose which

choose which
specific functions you want to

specific functions you want to

specific functions you want to
make available inside another file

make available inside another file

make available inside another file
or another module and you can do that

or another module and you can do that

or another module and you can do that
very easily

very easily

very easily
using the following syntax we say from

using the following syntax we say from

using the following syntax we say from
helper that's the module again import

helper that's the module again import

helper that's the module again import
and the name of the function

like this and now because we are

like this and now because we are
accessing

accessing

accessing
and importing that specific function we

and importing that specific function we

and importing that specific function we
don't need

don't need

don't need
to use module name anymore we have that

to use module name anymore we have that

to use module name anymore we have that
function

function

function
available directly so we can delete the

available directly so we can delete the

available directly so we can delete the
module

module

module
reference here and we have that function

reference here and we have that function

reference here and we have that function
available

available

available
like this so again instead of having

like this so again instead of having

like this so again instead of having
entire

entire

entire
helper module with all of its functions

helper module with all of its functions

helper module with all of its functions
and

and

and
other stuff we only have one specific

other stuff we only have one specific

other stuff we only have one specific
function

function

function
available here so that means we wouldn't

available here so that means we wouldn't

available here so that means we wouldn't
be able to use

be able to use

be able to use
these two units for example now we saw

these two units for example now we saw

these two units for example now we saw
an example

an example

an example
of a module that has just functions

of a module that has just functions

of a module that has just functions
right

right

right
however module can have many other stuff

however module can have many other stuff

however module can have many other stuff
for example

for example

for example
variables and you can make those

variables and you can make those

variables and you can make those
variables also available

variables also available

variables also available
for another program and that's an

for another program and that's an

for another program and that's an
example here

example here

example here
i'm going to create a variable called

i'm going to create a variable called

i'm going to create a variable called
user input

message

message
and this is our user input message and

and this is our user input message and

and this is our user input message and
we can actually

we can actually

we can actually
put it into a variable instead of having

put it into a variable instead of having

put it into a variable instead of having
it defined like that

it defined like that

it defined like that
so i'm going to copy it

so i'm going to copy it

so i'm going to copy it
and paste it here so now we have

and paste it here so now we have

and paste it here so now we have
the user input in a variable in another

the user input in a variable in another

the user input in a variable in another
file

file

file
again how do we access it in main dot pi

again how do we access it in main dot pi

again how do we access it in main dot pi
in this statement at the top we can

in this statement at the top we can

in this statement at the top we can
actually import

actually import

actually import
several things from a module

several things from a module

several things from a module
right now we are importing a function we

right now we are importing a function we

right now we are importing a function we
can also

can also

can also
import our variable and we can do that

import our variable and we can do that

import our variable and we can do that
also very easily

also very easily

also very easily
like this and we can use that

like this and we can use that

like this and we can use that
user input message here so basically if

user input message here so basically if

user input message here so basically if
you have

you have

you have
again 20 functions and variables

again 20 functions and variables

again 20 functions and variables
from a module and you just need maybe

from a module and you just need maybe

from a module and you just need maybe
five of them

five of them

five of them
you can import them individually

you can import them individually

you can import them individually
like this just basically just list the

like this just basically just list the

like this just basically just list the
names

names

names
of functions and variables what you can

of functions and variables what you can

of functions and variables what you can
also do

also do

also do
is import all this is what this

is import all this is what this

is import all this is what this
asterisk sign represents so we're

asterisk sign represents so we're

asterisk sign represents so we're
basically importing

basically importing

basically importing
everything from the helper module again

everything from the helper module again

everything from the helper module again
this is kind of a waste if you just need

this is kind of a waste if you just need

this is kind of a waste if you just need
a couple of

a couple of

a couple of
functions and variables from that module

functions and variables from that module

functions and variables from that module
and not the entire thing

and not the entire thing

and not the entire thing
however with this syntax you can import

however with this syntax you can import

however with this syntax you can import
everything

everything

everything
and now you may be wondering what is a

and now you may be wondering what is a

and now you may be wondering what is a
difference between

difference between

difference between
importing everything from the module and

importing everything from the module and

importing everything from the module and
importing the whole module

importing the whole module

importing the whole module
because in both cases you have

because in both cases you have

because in both cases you have
everything in the module available

everything in the module available

everything in the module available
the difference is in the syntax because

the difference is in the syntax because

the difference is in the syntax because
note that if we

note that if we

note that if we
use this from import statement

use this from import statement

use this from import statement
you don't need to use name of the module

you don't need to use name of the module

you don't need to use name of the module
every time you're

every time you're

every time you're
accessing something defined in that

accessing something defined in that

accessing something defined in that
module right

module right

module right
so we don't need to do helper dot

so we don't need to do helper dot

so we don't need to do helper dot
function name or helper dot

function name or helper dot

function name or helper dot
variable name whereas if we imported

variable name whereas if we imported

variable name whereas if we imported
the module like this you see

the module like this you see

the module like this you see
we have red lines because we would need

we have red lines because we would need

we have red lines because we would need
to do

to do

to do
helper dot or module name dot

helper dot or module name dot

helper dot or module name dot
whenever we use something from the

whenever we use something from the

whenever we use something from the
module now this could be

module now this could be

module now this could be
a matter of taste so basically which one

a matter of taste so basically which one

a matter of taste so basically which one
you want to use i personally think that

you want to use i personally think that

you want to use i personally think that
this is the most efficient and also

this is the most efficient and also

this is the most efficient and also
cleaner way of

cleaner way of

cleaner way of
using specific functions variables etc

using specific functions variables etc

using specific functions variables etc
defined in a module

defined in a module

defined in a module
and as a side note the things that are

and as a side note the things that are

and as a side note the things that are
defined in a module

defined in a module

defined in a module
that you can use basically in another

that you can use basically in another

that you can use basically in another
file are called

file are called

file are called
definitions so all these those three

definitions so all these those three

definitions so all these those three
elements here

elements here

elements here
are definitions of a module and you can

are definitions of a module and you can

are definitions of a module and you can
use

use

use
any of those definitions in a file where

any of those definitions in a file where

any of those definitions in a file where
you

you

you
import that module what you can also do

import that module what you can also do

import that module what you can also do
when importing a module

when importing a module

when importing a module
is you can rename that module basically

is you can rename that module basically

is you can rename that module basically
to

to

to
whatever you want so if the name of the

whatever you want so if the name of the

whatever you want so if the name of the
module

module

module
is too long or you just want to use a

is too long or you just want to use a

is too long or you just want to use a
different name

different name

different name
you can do as and then basically write a

you can do as and then basically write a

you can do as and then basically write a
name whatever you want

name whatever you want

name whatever you want
like h for example and then obviously

like h for example and then obviously

like h for example and then obviously
you need to use that

you need to use that

you need to use that
new name everywhere you access

new name everywhere you access

new name everywhere you access
functions or variables of that module

functions or variables of that module

functions or variables of that module
so basically how you import a module and

so basically how you import a module and

so basically how you import a module and
whether you rename it

whether you rename it

whether you rename it
is a matter of taste basically how you

is a matter of taste basically how you

is a matter of taste basically how you
want

want

want
to do that in your code

to do that in your code

to do that in your code
however i think that importing specific

however i think that importing specific

however i think that importing specific
elements from a module like this is

elements from a module like this is

elements from a module like this is
most efficient and also cleanest way to

most efficient and also cleanest way to

most efficient and also cleanest way to
do that

do that

do that
so we saw how to create our own module

so we saw how to create our own module

so we saw how to create our own module
and use it in another file so basically

and use it in another file so basically

and use it in another file so basically
if you had hundred python files here

if you had hundred python files here

if you had hundred python files here
with each one of them having their own

with each one of them having their own

with each one of them having their own
functions and variables you can cross

functions and variables you can cross

functions and variables you can cross
reference them from each other using

reference them from each other using

reference them from each other using
the import statement very easily

now in addition to creating your own

now in addition to creating your own
modules

modules

modules
we can actually use modules that python

we can actually use modules that python

we can actually use modules that python
itself already includes so just like we

itself already includes so just like we

itself already includes so just like we
used some

used some

used some
functions that python gives us out of

functions that python gives us out of

functions that python gives us out of
the box

the box

the box
like inputs or ins so basically all of

like inputs or ins so basically all of

like inputs or ins so basically all of
those

those

those
the same way python also gives us

the same way python also gives us

the same way python also gives us
modules

modules

modules
for different scenarios so that we don't

for different scenarios so that we don't

for different scenarios so that we don't
have to write this logic

have to write this logic

have to write this logic
ourselves and there are a lot of useful

ourselves and there are a lot of useful

ourselves and there are a lot of useful
modules that python actually includes

modules that python actually includes

modules that python actually includes
for example math module for mathematical

for example math module for mathematical

for example math module for mathematical
operations

operations

operations
its own module for working with dates or

its own module for working with dates or

its own module for working with dates or
date times

date times

date times
module for working with specific files

module for working with specific files

module for working with specific files
and so on so basically

and so on so basically

and so on so basically
for many different use cases python

for many different use cases python

for many different use cases python
already gives you

already gives you

already gives you
ready modules and these modules will

ready modules and these modules will

ready modules and these modules will
then contain multiple functions

then contain multiple functions

then contain multiple functions
and variables for that specific use case

and variables for that specific use case

and variables for that specific use case
again if we take an example of a date

again if we take an example of a date

again if we take an example of a date
so if you have an application that works

so if you have an application that works

so if you have an application that works
with dates

with dates

with dates
and times you have this module from a

and times you have this module from a

and times you have this module from a
python

python

python
that gives you a bunch of useful

that gives you a bunch of useful

that gives you a bunch of useful
functions

functions

functions
for working with dates and again this

for working with dates and again this

for working with dates and again this
means you don't have to write this logic

means you don't have to write this logic

means you don't have to write this logic
yourself but rather use the existing one

yourself but rather use the existing one

yourself but rather use the existing one
so to give you some examples of modules

so to give you some examples of modules

so to give you some examples of modules
that

that

that
python provides us with for example if

python provides us with for example if

python provides us with for example if
you want to

you want to

you want to
work with operating system there is an

work with operating system there is an

work with operating system there is an
os

os

os
module so

module so

module so
we can print out we can get the name

we can print out we can get the name

we can print out we can get the name
of the os for example

and run and you see the name of the os

and run and you see the name of the os
another useful module python offers is

another useful module python offers is

another useful module python offers is
logging so if you want to use logging in

logging so if you want to use logging in

logging so if you want to use logging in
your application

your application

your application
the logging module gives you different

the logging module gives you different

the logging module gives you different
functions to log

functions to log

functions to log
an error message or warning etc

an error message or warning etc

an error message or warning etc
as well as basically just configure how

as well as basically just configure how

as well as basically just configure how
the login will look like

the login will look like

the login will look like
again to see an example

again to see an example

again to see an example
again it may look a little bit complex

again it may look a little bit complex

again it may look a little bit complex
here but essentially

here but essentially

here but essentially
just using the name of the module and

just using the name of the module and

just using the name of the module and
then functions that

then functions that

then functions that
it gives you obviously you need to know

it gives you obviously you need to know

it gives you obviously you need to know
the functions

the functions

the functions
and you need to know how to use them and

and you need to know how to use them and

and you need to know how to use them and
you can get that information from

you can get that information from

you can get that information from
documentation

documentation

documentation
or if you're using pycharm

or if you're using pycharm

or if you're using pycharm
it actually gives you all the

it actually gives you all the

it actually gives you all the
information about these functions and

information about these functions and

information about these functions and
the module

the module

the module
if you just hover on it so you don't

if you just hover on it so you don't

if you just hover on it so you don't
even need to

even need to

even need to
google or check out the documentation

google or check out the documentation

google or check out the documentation
and basically we're

and basically we're

and basically we're
creating a logger and we're logging an

creating a logger and we're logging an

creating a logger and we're logging an
error message

error message

error message
so if i execute this now and here you

so if i execute this now and here you

so if i execute this now and here you
see

see

see
the output of the logger error happened

the output of the logger error happened

the output of the logger error happened
in the app and logging in application is

in the app and logging in application is

in the app and logging in application is
actually

actually

actually
a very important feature so that's why

a very important feature so that's why

a very important feature so that's why
logging module is available

logging module is available

logging module is available
by default in python any use case

by default in python any use case

by default in python any use case
in our application would be right here

in our application would be right here

in our application would be right here
if an

if an

if an
error happened for example instead of

error happened for example instead of

error happened for example instead of
using a print basically just

using a print basically just

using a print basically just
log and error so these were just

log and error so these were just

log and error so these were just
some basic examples but as i said python

some basic examples but as i said python

some basic examples but as i said python
comes

comes

comes
with lots of very useful modules that

with lots of very useful modules that

with lots of very useful modules that
you can

you can

you can
use in your applications for different

use in your applications for different

use in your applications for different
use cases

use cases

use cases
and that of course makes your work

and that of course makes your work

and that of course makes your work
easier

easier

easier
because you can just use the logic

because you can just use the logic

because you can just use the logic
instead of having to write it

instead of having to write it

instead of having to write it
yourself in the modules that are part of

yourself in the modules that are part of

yourself in the modules that are part of
python so that you can import them like

python so that you can import them like

python so that you can import them like
this

this

this
directly are called built-in modules we

directly are called built-in modules we

directly are called built-in modules we
learned about built-in functions

learned about built-in functions

learned about built-in functions
so these are the functions that python

so these are the functions that python

so these are the functions that python
makes available to us

makes available to us

makes available to us
directly and there are built-in modules

directly and there are built-in modules

directly and there are built-in modules
that we get from python

that we get from python

that we get from python
and by the way if you're wondering where

and by the way if you're wondering where

and by the way if you're wondering where
this module actually comes from so where

this module actually comes from so where

this module actually comes from so where
is the physical location

is the physical location

is the physical location
on our machine or where this module

on our machine or where this module

on our machine or where this module
files actually

files actually

files actually
leave if you're using pycharm you can

leave if you're using pycharm you can

leave if you're using pycharm you can
actually hover

actually hover

actually hover
over it and hold down a control key or

over it and hold down a control key or

over it and hold down a control key or
if you're a mac

if you're a mac

if you're a mac
command key and click inside

command key and click inside

command key and click inside
you see the file opens up which is the

you see the file opens up which is the

you see the file opens up which is the
module the logging module

module the logging module

module the logging module
since i said module is basically just a

since i said module is basically just a

since i said module is basically just a
python file that has

python file that has

python file that has
multiple functions variables etc

multiple functions variables etc

multiple functions variables etc
available and you see right here

available and you see right here

available and you see right here
on this top line the whole path

on this top line the whole path

on this top line the whole path
for that python file so that's the

for that python file so that's the

for that python file so that's the
location

location

location
of that module file locally on my

of that module file locally on my

of that module file locally on my
computer

computer

computer
and inside this python file basically

and inside this python file basically

and inside this python file basically
you again have python code

you again have python code

you again have python code
and if we look for get logger function

and if we look for get logger function

and if we look for get logger function
here like this

right here you will find the definition

right here you will find the definition
of that function right so somebody

of that function right so somebody

of that function right so somebody
implemented this function

implemented this function

implemented this function
and called it get logger

and this is basically the logic all the

and this is basically the logic all the
things that get

things that get

things that get
executed behind the scenes and

executed behind the scenes and

executed behind the scenes and
you as a user of python basically can

you as a user of python basically can

you as a user of python basically can
use the name of the function

use the name of the function

use the name of the function
and write your own programs with it

and write your own programs with it

and write your own programs with it
and let's also look for error

and let's also look for error

and let's also look for error
and there you go we have error function

and there you go we have error function

and there you go we have error function
as well right here

as well right here

as well right here
and obviously this is a more complex

and obviously this is a more complex

and obviously this is a more complex
code here

code here

code here
than what we write but just

than what we write but just

than what we write but just
to give you an idea that this is

to give you an idea that this is

to give you an idea that this is
actually a file on your machine

actually a file on your machine

actually a file on your machine
that comes with the python version that

that comes with the python version that

that comes with the python version that
you

you

you
install locally and all the functions

install locally and all the functions

install locally and all the functions
are defined already there by python

are defined already there by python

are defined already there by python
developers

developers

developers
and you can just use them like this

and you can just use them like this

and you can just use them like this
without worrying about

without worrying about

without worrying about
how the logic is actually implemented

how the logic is actually implemented

how the logic is actually implemented
and another interesting thing is if i

and another interesting thing is if i

and another interesting thing is if i
click here

click here

click here
in this python 3.9

in this python 3.9

in this python 3.9
like this logging is basically one

like this logging is basically one

like this logging is basically one
module

module

module
that we used and here you will see

that we used and here you will see

that we used and here you will see
the list of the complete list of all the

the list of the complete list of all the

the list of the complete list of all the
built-in modules

built-in modules

built-in modules
that you get from python so some of them

that you get from python so some of them

that you get from python so some of them
are folders

are folders

are folders
like logging for example email and bunch

like logging for example email and bunch

like logging for example email and bunch
of other stuff

of other stuff

of other stuff
and the operating system module for

and the operating system module for

and the operating system module for
example that we used

example that we used

example that we used
is a python file then you can find

is a python file then you can find

is a python file then you can find
right here so these are the built-in

right here so these are the built-in

right here so these are the built-in
modules

so now that we know what built-in

so now that we know what built-in
modules are and how to use them

modules are and how to use them

modules are and how to use them
let's actually see a realistic example

let's actually see a realistic example

let's actually see a realistic example
and

and

and
also write a little more interesting

also write a little more interesting

also write a little more interesting
application using

application using

application using
built-in module

so what i'm going to do is in my python

so what i'm going to do is in my python
project i'm going to create a new file

project i'm going to create a new file

project i'm going to create a new file
and i'm going to call this time to

and i'm going to call this time to

and i'm going to call this time to
deadline dot pi y

deadline dot pi y

deadline dot pi y
and we're going to write an application

and we're going to write an application

and we're going to write an application
that basically accepts a user input

that basically accepts a user input

that basically accepts a user input
of a goal and a date like a deadline

of a goal and a date like a deadline

of a goal and a date like a deadline
date

date

date
and then we're going to print out back

and then we're going to print out back

and then we're going to print out back
to the user

to the user

to the user
how much time it is remaining till that

how much time it is remaining till that

how much time it is remaining till that
deadline

deadline

deadline
and that deadline will be a date right

and that deadline will be a date right

and that deadline will be a date right
some date in the future so that means

some date in the future so that means

some date in the future so that means
that we're going to be working with

that we're going to be working with

that we're going to be working with
dates

and in order to work with dates we are

and in order to work with dates we are
going to need

going to need

going to need
python's built-in module that allows us

python's built-in module that allows us

python's built-in module that allows us
to call functions and do some processing

to call functions and do some processing

to call functions and do some processing
and stuff

and stuff

and stuff
on date values and that module

on date values and that module

on date values and that module
is called date time so

is called date time so

is called date time so
import date time

import date time

import date time
so let's have that import statement

so let's have that import statement

so let's have that import statement
right there and we're going to use it

right there and we're going to use it

right there and we're going to use it
in our program so the first thing we

in our program so the first thing we

in our program so the first thing we
want to do is

want to do is

want to do is
let the user give us an input about

let the user give us an input about

let the user give us an input about
their goal

their goal

their goal
and a date or deadline for that goal

and a date or deadline for that goal

and a date or deadline for that goal
so let's do that first

so let's do that first

so let's do that first
we already know how to ask for user

we already know how to ask for user

we already know how to ask for user
input

input

input
with a message so we're gonna say enter

with a message so we're gonna say enter

with a message so we're gonna say enter
your goal with a deadline

your goal with a deadline

your goal with a deadline
separated by colon and we also know this

separated by colon and we also know this

separated by colon and we also know this
already

already

already
basically what we want to do is user to

basically what we want to do is user to

basically what we want to do is user to
be able to

be able to

be able to
enter their goal like learn python

enter their goal like learn python

enter their goal like learn python
column and a date and let's say

column and a date and let's say

column and a date and let's say
again this is totally up to us to decide

again this is totally up to us to decide

again this is totally up to us to decide
we're the ones basically setting the

we're the ones basically setting the

we're the ones basically setting the
rules here so let's say we want the date

rules here so let's say we want the date

rules here so let's say we want the date
to be entered in following format

to be entered in following format

to be entered in following format
day month

day month

day month
and a full year like this

and a full year like this

and a full year like this
so that's the format that we're looking

so that's the format that we're looking

so that's the format that we're looking
for and this is how user

for and this is how user

for and this is how user
should input the value otherwise with a

should input the value otherwise with a

should input the value otherwise with a
different format it's not going to work

different format it's not going to work

different format it's not going to work
so we're going to save that input value

so we're going to save that input value

so we're going to save that input value
into a variable

into a variable

into a variable
let's call it user input

so we have the user input let's do the

so we have the user input let's do the
split again

split again

split again
on a colon remember we have this whole

on a colon remember we have this whole

on a colon remember we have this whole
thing as a string as one

thing as a string as one

thing as a string as one
string so we want to split it into two

string so we want to split it into two

string so we want to split it into two
parts

parts

parts
so we have the goal here and the

so we have the goal here and the

so we have the goal here and the
deadline and this will give

deadline and this will give

deadline and this will give
us a list with those two values

us a list with those two values

us a list with those two values
and let's call it input list

and let's call it input list

and let's call it input list
and now from that list we can actually

and now from that list we can actually

and now from that list we can actually
extract

extract

extract
or get those individual values using

or get those individual values using

or get those individual values using
a list syntax so accessing the elements

a list syntax so accessing the elements

a list syntax so accessing the elements
from a list

from a list

from a list
which is what we learned already using

which is what we learned already using

which is what we learned already using
an index

an index

an index
right so we have input list index

right so we have input list index

right so we have input list index
0 which is going to give us learn python

0 which is going to give us learn python

0 which is going to give us learn python
and let's save it as a goal variable

and let's save it as a goal variable

and let's save it as a goal variable
and let's create another variable which

and let's create another variable which

and let's create another variable which
is going to be

is going to be

is going to be
date let's call it deadline

and this will be the second

and this will be the second
value in our list now

value in our list now

value in our list now
let's actually print this out

now note that we are actually in a

now note that we are actually in a
different file we're not in the main.pi

different file we're not in the main.pi

different file we're not in the main.pi
anymore and we don't want to execute

anymore and we don't want to execute

anymore and we don't want to execute
main

main

main
python file instead we want to execute

python file instead we want to execute

python file instead we want to execute
this one right here we basically just

this one right here we basically just

this one right here we basically just
want to ignore everything else in this

want to ignore everything else in this

want to ignore everything else in this
project

project

project
so how do i go from main to this file

so how do i go from main to this file

so how do i go from main to this file
execution

execution

execution
very easy in this editor just to right

very easy in this editor just to right

very easy in this editor just to right
click

click

click
and you see here run time till deadline

and you see here run time till deadline

and you see here run time till deadline
and i'm going to execute this everything

and i'm going to execute this everything

and i'm going to execute this everything
else is ignored in the project we are

else is ignored in the project we are

else is ignored in the project we are
basically just working on this one right

basically just working on this one right

basically just working on this one right
here

here

here
so enter your goal with the deadline

so enter your goal with the deadline

so enter your goal with the deadline
separated by colon

separated by colon

separated by colon
let's do that i'm going to do pi learn

let's do that i'm going to do pi learn

let's do that i'm going to do pi learn
python

python

python
colon and then

let's enter some date and

let's enter some date and
enter and this is the output so we

enter and this is the output so we

enter and this is the output so we
basically split that into

basically split that into

basically split that into
two values and put it in a list right

two values and put it in a list right

two values and put it in a list right
here

here

here
and very important to note here that

and very important to note here that

and very important to note here that
both of these elements in this list

both of these elements in this list

both of these elements in this list
are strings because again user input is

are strings because again user input is

are strings because again user input is
always

always

always
interpreted as strings so this was a

interpreted as strings so this was a

interpreted as strings so this was a
string and it was split into two strings

string and it was split into two strings

string and it was split into two strings
which are learn python and this date

which are learn python and this date

which are learn python and this date
here

here

here
however we don't want date or deadline

however we don't want date or deadline

however we don't want date or deadline
as a string we want deadline as a date

as a string we want deadline as a date

as a string we want deadline as a date
and exactly for that functionality we

and exactly for that functionality we

and exactly for that functionality we
need

need

need
this date time module because we don't

this date time module because we don't

this date time module because we don't
want to implement it ourselves

want to implement it ourselves

want to implement it ourselves
we want python to give us a ready

we want python to give us a ready

we want python to give us a ready
function

function

function
from a module that will basically just

from a module that will basically just

from a module that will basically just
let us convert this string

let us convert this string

let us convert this string
into a date value and converting string

into a date value and converting string

into a date value and converting string
to date is just one example usage of

to date is just one example usage of

to date is just one example usage of
date time module but you can use this

date time module but you can use this

date time module but you can use this
module to work with dates

module to work with dates

module to work with dates
generally like creating new dates

generally like creating new dates

generally like creating new dates
formatting the dates updating the value

formatting the dates updating the value

formatting the dates updating the value
etc

etc

etc
and we're gonna see some of those

and we're gonna see some of those

and we're gonna see some of those
examples in this section

examples in this section

examples in this section
now if you're learning this type of

now if you're learning this type of

now if you're learning this type of
thing alone you don't have

thing alone you don't have

thing alone you don't have
me basically teaching you and giving you

me basically teaching you and giving you

me basically teaching you and giving you
an example the way you would do that

an example the way you would do that

an example the way you would do that
is you would basically research and

is you would basically research and

is you would basically research and
maybe google how this is done

maybe google how this is done

maybe google how this is done
in python and you would basically see

in python and you would basically see

in python and you would basically see
some examples

some examples

some examples
of using this date time and what the

of using this date time and what the

of using this date time and what the
name of this function is and how to use

name of this function is and how to use

name of this function is and how to use
that

that

that
as well as each module has its own

as well as each module has its own

as well as each module has its own
documentation page

documentation page

documentation page
where you can look up the syntax and

where you can look up the syntax and

where you can look up the syntax and
usage examples

usage examples

usage examples
because obviously you're not going to

because obviously you're not going to

because obviously you're not going to
know how to do that

know how to do that

know how to do that
by yourself so the way we convert a

by yourself so the way we convert a

by yourself so the way we convert a
string

string

string
into a date using this date

into a date using this date

into a date using this date
time module is on this datetime module

time module is on this datetime module

time module is on this datetime module
if i type in dot

if i type in dot

if i type in dot
i will see a list of all the definitions

i will see a list of all the definitions

i will see a list of all the definitions
that daytime module gives me right

that daytime module gives me right

that daytime module gives me right
so i have date daytime time etc

so i have date daytime time etc

so i have date daytime time etc
the one that we need is date time

the one that we need is date time

the one that we need is date time
because the function

because the function

because the function
that we need for conversion is inside

that we need for conversion is inside

that we need for conversion is inside
that definition and don't be confused

that definition and don't be confused

that definition and don't be confused
here because we have date time twice

here because we have date time twice

here because we have date time twice
here

here

here
the first one is a module and the second

the first one is a module and the second

the first one is a module and the second
one is a definition in that module and

one is a definition in that module and

one is a definition in that module and
we can actually check that as well

we can actually check that as well

we can actually check that as well
so if i jump into this date time module

so if i jump into this date time module

so if i jump into this date time module
and inside that if i look for

and inside that if i look for

and inside that if i look for
date time again so right here you see

date time again so right here you see

date time again so right here you see
this

this

this
date time definition and on that daytime

date time definition and on that daytime

date time definition and on that daytime
definition

definition

definition
we have now functions that we can use

we have now functions that we can use

we have now functions that we can use
and as you see this is not a function or

and as you see this is not a function or

and as you see this is not a function or
variable

variable

variable
it says class here which is another

it says class here which is another

it says class here which is another
concept in programming

concept in programming

concept in programming
we're gonna see later so just for now

we're gonna see later so just for now

we're gonna see later so just for now
think about this as a container of

think about this as a container of

think about this as a container of
functions

functions

functions
and variables inside that module

and variables inside that module

and variables inside that module
and that's why we have to access it like

and that's why we have to access it like

and that's why we have to access it like
this

this

this
and then on that daytime definition this

and then on that daytime definition this

and then on that daytime definition this
class

class

class
we now have functions that we can use to

we now have functions that we can use to

we now have functions that we can use to
do the conversion

do the conversion

do the conversion
so the function we need is called str

so the function we need is called str

so the function we need is called str
so string p time and this function will

so string p time and this function will

so string p time and this function will
take a string

take a string

take a string
representation of a date and we'll

representation of a date and we'll

representation of a date and we'll
convert it into a date format

convert it into a date format

convert it into a date format
so our string

so our string

so our string
representation is deadline and

representation is deadline and

representation is deadline and
we need to pass in the second parameter

we need to pass in the second parameter

we need to pass in the second parameter
because remember

because remember

because remember
i said we basically decided that the

i said we basically decided that the

i said we basically decided that the
date should be entered like this with

date should be entered like this with

date should be entered like this with
points and a full year here

points and a full year here

points and a full year here
and as you know there are lots of

and as you know there are lots of

and as you know there are lots of
different formats and types for dates

different formats and types for dates

different formats and types for dates
right

right

right
depending on a country or a language or

depending on a country or a language or

depending on a country or a language or
even within that language

even within that language

even within that language
we basically have multiple different

we basically have multiple different

we basically have multiple different
formats right we have formats

formats right we have formats

formats right we have formats
like this or we could also have

a shorter version of the ear etc so we

a shorter version of the ear etc so we
need to define here the format

need to define here the format

need to define here the format
that we want python or this method here

that we want python or this method here

that we want python or this method here
to use when converting this string into

to use when converting this string into

to use when converting this string into
a date

a date

a date
again because there are so many

again because there are so many

again because there are so many
different formats available

different formats available

different formats available
so what we have here is a day then we

so what we have here is a day then we

so what we have here is a day then we
have a

have a

have a
dot then we have a month again a dot

dot then we have a month again a dot

dot then we have a month again a dot
and then we have an ear so this is kind

and then we have an ear so this is kind

and then we have an ear so this is kind
of a

of a

of a
main structure of a format however

main structure of a format however

main structure of a format however
formats for dates have their own

formats for dates have their own

formats for dates have their own
specific syntax

specific syntax

specific syntax
and this is actually for all programming

and this is actually for all programming

and this is actually for all programming
languages so what we need to do

languages so what we need to do

languages so what we need to do
is put this percentage sign in front of

is put this percentage sign in front of

is put this percentage sign in front of
every

every

every
letter so again we have day month year

letter so again we have day month year

letter so again we have day month year
and

and

and
there is one more thing about this

there is one more thing about this

there is one more thing about this
format this format right here

format this format right here

format this format right here
matches

this date however we want the full date

this date however we want the full date
not just

not just

not just
the last two and the format for that

the last two and the format for that

the last two and the format for that
would be a capital y

would be a capital y

would be a capital y
again this is something that you would

again this is something that you would

again this is something that you would
look up in the documentation

look up in the documentation

look up in the documentation
of the module instead of knowing it by

of the module instead of knowing it by

of the module instead of knowing it by
heart but just know that this type of

heart but just know that this type of

heart but just know that this type of
formats

formats

formats
are used when working with dates and

are used when working with dates and

are used when working with dates and
this is not specific to python

this is not specific to python

this is not specific to python
you will actually see something very

you will actually see something very

you will actually see something very
similar in all the other different

similar in all the other different

similar in all the other different
programming languages and that will

programming languages and that will

programming languages and that will
do exactly what we want it will take

do exactly what we want it will take

do exactly what we want it will take
this date here

this date here

this date here
and give us a proper date format from it

and give us a proper date format from it

and give us a proper date format from it
let's actually test this so i'm going to

let's actually test this so i'm going to

let's actually test this so i'm going to
print this first

and i'm also going to print a type

and i'm also going to print a type
a data type of that value so let's

a data type of that value so let's

a data type of that value so let's
execute

i'm actually going to copy that so i

i'm actually going to copy that so i
don't have to retype it over and over

don't have to retype it over and over

don't have to retype it over and over
again

again

again
and enter

and here you see we printed first of all

and here you see we printed first of all
the

the

the
date not a string and now this looks

date not a string and now this looks

date not a string and now this looks
like a

like a

like a
proper date and not a string anymore

proper date and not a string anymore

proper date and not a string anymore
note the

note the

note the
change in the format plus we have these

change in the format plus we have these

change in the format plus we have these
zeros here

zeros here

zeros here
which represent hours minutes and

which represent hours minutes and

which represent hours minutes and
seconds

seconds

seconds
we didn't set any of those so these are

we didn't set any of those so these are

we didn't set any of those so these are
all zero and we have the date

all zero and we have the date

all zero and we have the date
time type again note date time

time type again note date time

time type again note date time
for a module name and date time of the

for a module name and date time of the

for a module name and date time of the
class name

class name

class name
so this is the type of our converted

so this is the type of our converted

so this is the type of our converted
date and the reason why we needed to

date and the reason why we needed to

date and the reason why we needed to
convert that

convert that

convert that
string into a date is because we want to

string into a date is because we want to

string into a date is because we want to
calculate

calculate

calculate
how many days or how many hours are

how many days or how many hours are

how many days or how many hours are
remaining

remaining

remaining
until the deadline from now starting

until the deadline from now starting

until the deadline from now starting
from

from

from
today and to do that calculation

today and to do that calculation

today and to do that calculation
we need to have date type because we

we need to have date type because we

we need to have date type because we
can't do that on a string

can't do that on a string

can't do that on a string
great so now we have our deadline

great so now we have our deadline

great so now we have our deadline
represented as

represented as

represented as
a date so let's actually assign this to

a date so let's actually assign this to

a date so let's actually assign this to
a variable

a variable

a variable
it's a deadline date

it's a deadline date

it's a deadline date
like this and remove this

like this and remove this

like this and remove this
and now we need to do a calculation

how many days from now

how many days from now
till the deadline

till the deadline

till the deadline
we already have the deadline we need now

we already have the deadline we need now

we already have the deadline we need now
again now is or today is also a date

again now is or today is also a date

again now is or today is also a date
and since we have this module date time

and since we have this module date time

and since we have this module date time
we can

we can

we can
also assume that this module will give

also assume that this module will give

also assume that this module will give
us some function

us some function

us some function
to tell us the date of today

to tell us the date of today

to tell us the date of today
and if i do date time

and if i do date time

and if i do date time
again daytime class

again daytime class

again daytime class
and today you see that we have this

and today you see that we have this

and today you see that we have this
function available

function available

function available
and this will basically give us the date

and this will basically give us the date

and this will basically give us the date
of today so depending obviously when you

of today so depending obviously when you

of today so depending obviously when you
execute this program

execute this program

execute this program
it will give you always the current date

so let's print it today

so let's print it today
for me it's 7th of february so if i

for me it's 7th of february so if i

for me it's 7th of february so if i
execute it now

execute it now

execute it now
i'm going to enter this and today is

i'm going to enter this and today is

i'm going to enter this and today is
7th of february for me so if i execute

7th of february for me so if i execute

7th of february for me so if i execute
this

this

this
let's actually comment this out

here i have the date for today which is

here i have the date for today which is
7th of february

7th of february

7th of february
plus the exact time it is now but we

plus the exact time it is now but we

plus the exact time it is now but we
don't care about the hours and minutes

don't care about the hours and minutes

don't care about the hours and minutes
and seconds

and seconds

and seconds
we just care about the day

so that means we already have deadline

so that means we already have deadline
and we have today let's also

and we have today let's also

and we have today let's also
add it to a variable

add it to a variable

add it to a variable
like this and now we can actually

like this and now we can actually

like this and now we can actually
do the calculation calculation is

do the calculation calculation is

do the calculation calculation is
super easy we just say deadline date

super easy we just say deadline date

super easy we just say deadline date
minus today date and this will actually

minus today date and this will actually

minus today date and this will actually
give us

give us

give us
the difference between

or time difference between today and

or time difference between today and
the deadline date in the future

the deadline date in the future

the deadline date in the future
again let's actually try this out

and you see that so this is 12th of

and you see that so this is 12th of
august for me today is 7th of february

august for me today is 7th of february

august for me today is 7th of february
so the program calculated that there are

so the program calculated that there are

so the program calculated that there are
185 days

185 days

185 days
until the time plus how many hours

until the time plus how many hours

until the time plus how many hours
minutes

minutes

minutes
seconds and milliseconds so that was a

seconds and milliseconds so that was a

seconds and milliseconds so that was a
pretty easy calculation

pretty easy calculation

pretty easy calculation
now what we want to do is

now what we want to do is

now what we want to do is
tell the user some kind of message and

tell the user some kind of message and

tell the user some kind of message and
we want the message to be

we want the message to be

we want the message to be
dear user the time remaining until the

dear user the time remaining until the

dear user the time remaining until the
deadline

deadline

deadline
for your goal whatever the goal was is

for your goal whatever the goal was is

for your goal whatever the goal was is
this so let's actually put that text and

this so let's actually put that text and

this so let's actually put that text and
message together

message together

message together
and bring it back to the user

so first i'm going to save it into a

so first i'm going to save it into a
variable

variable

variable
let's call it time

let's call it time

let's call it time
till

and the message dear user

and the message dear user
time remaining

for your goal and here we want to print

for your goal and here we want to print
what the goal actually is and you

what the goal actually is and you

what the goal actually is and you
remember how we format

remember how we format

remember how we format
a string when we want to use a variable

a string when we want to use a variable

a string when we want to use a variable
we put an f here and in curly braces now

we put an f here and in curly braces now

we put an f here and in curly braces now
we can use

we can use

we can use
variables or numbers or some other

variables or numbers or some other

variables or numbers or some other
expressions

expressions

expressions
which are not string so first of all

which are not string so first of all

which are not string so first of all
we're printing back

we're printing back

we're printing back
the goal so time remaining for your goal

the goal so time remaining for your goal

the goal so time remaining for your goal
whatever goal they entered

whatever goal they entered

whatever goal they entered
is time till

and let's give it some other value

and let's give it some other value
like this and enter and here we have

like this and enter and here we have

like this and enter and here we have
our message dear user time remaining for

our message dear user time remaining for

our message dear user time remaining for
your goal

your goal

your goal
learn python is 132 days

learn python is 132 days

learn python is 132 days
and this many hours minutes etc

and this many hours minutes etc

and this many hours minutes etc
now let's say we don't care about this

now let's say we don't care about this

now let's say we don't care about this
whole thing here we just want to know

whole thing here we just want to know

whole thing here we just want to know
how many

how many

how many
days are remaining so how do we get rid

days are remaining so how do we get rid

days are remaining so how do we get rid
of

of

of
this part here again very easy

this part here again very easy

this part here again very easy
and the time till if i do dot here

and the time till if i do dot here

and the time till if i do dot here
i get a list of suggestions for

i get a list of suggestions for

i get a list of suggestions for
functions or variables that i have

functions or variables that i have

functions or variables that i have
available

available

available
and one of them is days as you see here

and one of them is days as you see here

and one of them is days as you see here
so if i click here

so if i click here

so if i click here
and save and i'm going to reuse these

and save and i'm going to reuse these

and save and i'm going to reuse these
inputs

inputs

inputs
because i don't want to type and

because i don't want to type and

because i don't want to type and
as you see we got rid of this whole

as you see we got rid of this whole

as you see we got rid of this whole
thing here and we just have

thing here and we just have

thing here and we just have
days and let's actually write days

and there you go we have a cleaner

and there you go we have a cleaner
output now for

output now for

output now for
our user and finally what if the

our user and finally what if the

our user and finally what if the
deadline was

deadline was

deadline was
just a couple of days in the future and

just a couple of days in the future and

just a couple of days in the future and
the user wanted to know how many

the user wanted to know how many

the user wanted to know how many
hours are remaining till that deadline

hours are remaining till that deadline

hours are remaining till that deadline
we can do that

we can do that

we can do that
by getting rid of these days and again

by getting rid of these days and again

by getting rid of these days and again
type in dot and we have something called

type in dot and we have something called

type in dot and we have something called
total seconds here which gives us the

total seconds here which gives us the

total seconds here which gives us the
time different

time different

time different
in total seconds and now we can

in total seconds and now we can

in total seconds and now we can
reverse engineer and calculate the

reverse engineer and calculate the

reverse engineer and calculate the
number of hours

number of hours

number of hours
from this total seconds which is pretty

from this total seconds which is pretty

from this total seconds which is pretty
easy

easy

easy
like this calculate minutes and then

like this calculate minutes and then

like this calculate minutes and then
calculate hours

calculate hours

calculate hours
and i'm gonna execute this again

and here you see the number of hours

and here you see the number of hours
with a decimal precision so we have 4450

with a decimal precision so we have 4450

with a decimal precision so we have 4450
hours point

hours point

hours point
some fraction number here again we want

some fraction number here again we want

some fraction number here again we want
to get rid of this

to get rid of this

to get rid of this
extra stuff and as you see from the

extra stuff and as you see from the

extra stuff and as you see from the
syntax

syntax

syntax
it is actually a float number with a dot

it is actually a float number with a dot

it is actually a float number with a dot
here

here

here
so what we could do is basically convert

so what we could do is basically convert

so what we could do is basically convert
this whole thing

this whole thing

this whole thing
this float number into an integer so

this float number into an integer so

this float number into an integer so
convert this whole thing into an integer

convert this whole thing into an integer

convert this whole thing into an integer
using

using

using
int function and we need this whole

int function and we need this whole

int function and we need this whole
calculation here inside the int function

calculation here inside the int function

calculation here inside the int function
and let's execute it again learn

and let's execute it again learn

and let's execute it again learn
python and let's choose a date which is

python and let's choose a date which is

python and let's choose a date which is
near

near

near
and there you go we have a whole number

and there you go we have a whole number

and there you go we have a whole number
57 again

57 again

57 again
cleaner output and as a code

cleaner output and as a code

cleaner output and as a code
optimization

optimization

optimization
we could take this whole thing out

we could take this whole thing out

we could take this whole thing out
into a variable and call it hours

into a variable and call it hours

into a variable and call it hours
till to make our code a little bit

till to make our code a little bit

till to make our code a little bit
cleaner

cleaner

cleaner
so now we have the whole program that

so now we have the whole program that

so now we have the whole program that
takes user input

takes user input

takes user input
and basically prints back to them how

and basically prints back to them how

and basically prints back to them how
many

many

many
hours are remaining till the deadline

hours are remaining till the deadline

hours are remaining till the deadline
for their goal

for their goal

for their goal
and for this program we used a date time

and for this program we used a date time

and for this program we used a date time
module

module

module
a built-in date time module from python

a built-in date time module from python

a built-in date time module from python
and we also learned a new data type

and we also learned a new data type

and we also learned a new data type
which is date time and as we learned

which is date time and as we learned

which is date time and as we learned
from the module section

from the module section

from the module section
we can actually optimize the import of

we can actually optimize the import of

we can actually optimize the import of
the module because

the module because

the module because
obviously we're just using the date time

obviously we're just using the date time

obviously we're just using the date time
definition

definition

definition
and nothing else from that module

and nothing else from that module

and nothing else from that module
so what we could do is from date time

so what we could do is from date time

so what we could do is from date time
module

module

module
import date time definition

import date time definition

import date time definition
which is a class in this case so

which is a class in this case so

which is a class in this case so
now you don't need to use the module

now you don't need to use the module

now you don't need to use the module
name

name

name
so let's get rid of those and this could

so let's get rid of those and this could

so let's get rid of those and this could
make

make

make
the code cleaner as well as make the

the code cleaner as well as make the

the code cleaner as well as make the
import more efficient because we're not

import more efficient because we're not

import more efficient because we're not
importing the whole module even though

importing the whole module even though

importing the whole module even though
we just need one definition from there

when you install python it comes with a

when you install python it comes with a
set of

set of

set of
modules that are built in into python

modules that are built in into python

modules that are built in into python
however there are many more modules

however there are many more modules

however there are many more modules
for other different use cases like web

for other different use cases like web

for other different use cases like web
development or data science and machine

development or data science and machine

development or data science and machine
learning etc

learning etc

learning etc
that are not part of that installation

that are not part of that installation

that are not part of that installation
and these are basically

and these are basically

and these are basically
external modules not built-in modules

external modules not built-in modules

external modules not built-in modules
that you have to

that you have to

that you have to
install as you need and this makes sense

install as you need and this makes sense

install as you need and this makes sense
because the built-in modules are the

because the built-in modules are the

because the built-in modules are the
ones that

ones that

ones that
most of python programs will probably

most of python programs will probably

most of python programs will probably
need

need

need
and depending on what specifically you

and depending on what specifically you

and depending on what specifically you
are doing with your program

are doing with your program

are doing with your program
whether you are developing a web

whether you are developing a web

whether you are developing a web
application or creating some machine

application or creating some machine

application or creating some machine
learning

learning

learning
program you can then add and install

program you can then add and install

program you can then add and install
them as you need

them as you need

them as you need
and there are hundreds of such external

and there are hundreds of such external

and there are hundreds of such external
modules

modules

modules
for python out there and obviously it

for python out there and obviously it

for python out there and obviously it
wouldn't be practical

wouldn't be practical

wouldn't be practical
to have them all on your laptop when

to have them all on your laptop when

to have them all on your laptop when
you're just gonna use maybe a handful of

you're just gonna use maybe a handful of

you're just gonna use maybe a handful of
them right

them right

them right
now if i need to install an additional

now if i need to install an additional

now if i need to install an additional
module for example django for web

module for example django for web

module for example django for web
development

development

development
where do i find these modules and how do

where do i find these modules and how do

where do i find these modules and how do
i install them

i install them

i install them
python modules actually live in a module

python modules actually live in a module

python modules actually live in a module
repository

repository

repository
where you can find them and that module

where you can find them and that module

where you can find them and that module
repository is called

repository is called

repository is called
pipey so if i look for pipey

pipey so if i look for pipey

pipey so if i look for pipey
right here you see the python package

right here you see the python package

right here you see the python package
index

index

index
if i click inside you can search for any

if i click inside you can search for any

if i click inside you can search for any
module that you want to add or install

module that you want to add or install

module that you want to add or install
additionally for your application and

additionally for your application and

additionally for your application and
here you see this word

here you see this word

here you see this word
package everywhere instead of a module

package everywhere instead of a module

package everywhere instead of a module
so what is a package or what is the

so what is a package or what is the

so what is a package or what is the
difference between

difference between

difference between
package and a module

to give you a simple comparison module

to give you a simple comparison module
is basically

is basically

is basically
a python file like this one right here

a python file like this one right here

a python file like this one right here
that has

that has

that has
a name of that file right so we have an

a name of that file right so we have an

a name of that file right so we have an
ssl

ssl

ssl
module or the one that we used

module or the one that we used

module or the one that we used
earlier we have this os module right

earlier we have this os module right

earlier we have this os module right
so module is one python file that

so module is one python file that

so module is one python file that
contains all these functions and

contains all these functions and

contains all these functions and
variables that you can use

variables that you can use

variables that you can use
package is a collection of modules

package is a collection of modules

package is a collection of modules
so if we scroll up and logging

so if we scroll up and logging

so if we scroll up and logging
is actually one our example

is actually one our example

is actually one our example
so these are actually packages and

so these are actually packages and

so these are actually packages and
again let's go to logging so package

again let's go to logging so package

again let's go to logging so package
basically contains

basically contains

basically contains
multiple python files and use it in the

multiple python files and use it in the

multiple python files and use it in the
same way you basically

same way you basically

same way you basically
import the functions and definitions

import the functions and definitions

import the functions and definitions
from the module

from the module

from the module
and as you see clearly the difference is

and as you see clearly the difference is

and as you see clearly the difference is
that package

that package

that package
is more structured so for example the

is more structured so for example the

is more structured so for example the
code is not available in just one

code is not available in just one

code is not available in just one
single python file but it's divided like

single python file but it's divided like

single python file but it's divided like
this

this

this
in our case we have two python files and

in our case we have two python files and

in our case we have two python files and
package

package

package
always has this init python file

always has this init python file

always has this init python file
and this file basically differentiates a

and this file basically differentiates a

and this file basically differentiates a
normal folder

normal folder

normal folder
like we have right here with bunch of

like we have right here with bunch of

like we have right here with bunch of
python files

python files

python files
from an actual package with python files

from an actual package with python files

from an actual package with python files
so that's the difference between modules

so that's the difference between modules

so that's the difference between modules
and packages

and packages

and packages
and many external modules basically that

and many external modules basically that

and many external modules basically that
we want to use in our projects are

we want to use in our projects are

we want to use in our projects are
actually packages so basically package

actually packages so basically package

actually packages so basically package
is a

is a

is a
good way to define some hierarchy and

good way to define some hierarchy and

good way to define some hierarchy and
structure for your modules

structure for your modules

structure for your modules
and kind of group them together so

and kind of group them together so

and kind of group them together so
that's why you see

that's why you see

that's why you see
package here as a name instead of module

package here as a name instead of module

package here as a name instead of module
so now that we know the difference let's

so now that we know the difference let's

so now that we know the difference let's
actually search

actually search

actually search
for a package for our project so for

for a package for our project so for

for a package for our project so for
example if i type here

example if i type here

example if i type here
django you see django packages that we

django you see django packages that we

django you see django packages that we
can

can

can
use from here we also have numpy

use from here we also have numpy

use from here we also have numpy
and so on however in programming when

and so on however in programming when

and so on however in programming when
working with and using these external

working with and using these external

working with and using these external
packages a typical example would be

packages a typical example would be

packages a typical example would be
where

where

where
you need to implement some logic for

you need to implement some logic for

you need to implement some logic for
example you want

example you want

example you want
to write a program that basically talks

to write a program that basically talks

to write a program that basically talks
to aws maybe

to aws maybe

to aws maybe
and you don't know exactly the name of

and you don't know exactly the name of

and you don't know exactly the name of
that package

that package

that package
but you know what you're looking for so

but you know what you're looking for so

but you know what you're looking for so
in this case

in this case

in this case
instead of the exact name you would

instead of the exact name you would

instead of the exact name you would
actually type in here in the search

actually type in here in the search

actually type in here in the search
projects box

projects box

projects box
a description of what you're looking for

a description of what you're looking for

a description of what you're looking for
so let's say we're looking for

so let's say we're looking for

so let's say we're looking for
an aws api package right

an aws api package right

an aws api package right
something that will allow us to connect

something that will allow us to connect

something that will allow us to connect
to the aws api

to the aws api

to the aws api
and as you see here we get a list of

and as you see here we get a list of

and as you see here we get a list of
different packages for that to choose

different packages for that to choose

different packages for that to choose
from

from

from
so basically pipey is a repository

so basically pipey is a repository

so basically pipey is a repository
or storage for all of those modules and

or storage for all of those modules and

or storage for all of those modules and
packages

packages

packages
and people can also publish their own

and people can also publish their own

and people can also publish their own
libraries like individual developers for

libraries like individual developers for

libraries like individual developers for
example

example

example
they can publish their own packages and

they can publish their own packages and

they can publish their own packages and
modules there

modules there

modules there
and make it available for other

and make it available for other

and make it available for other
programmers to use

programmers to use

programmers to use
and that's one reason why large

and that's one reason why large

and that's one reason why large
community is

community is

community is
so great for a programming language

so great for a programming language

so great for a programming language
because then you can make

because then you can make

because then you can make
use of all these modules and packages

use of all these modules and packages

use of all these modules and packages
that others in the community have

that others in the community have

that others in the community have
developed so for any kind of

developed so for any kind of

developed so for any kind of
functionality you need in your

functionality you need in your

functionality you need in your
application

application

application
you could imagine that there is a module

you could imagine that there is a module

you could imagine that there is a module
or package that helps you do exactly

or package that helps you do exactly

or package that helps you do exactly
that

now let's say i need a django package

now let's say i need a django package
for my

for my

for my
web application so first i find the

web application so first i find the

web application so first i find the
package

package

package
and now i can actually check some of the

and now i can actually check some of the

and now i can actually check some of the
documentation for that specific package

documentation for that specific package

documentation for that specific package
so if i click inside i see some

so if i click inside i see some

so if i click inside i see some
description

description

description
for the project as well as documentation

for the project as well as documentation

for the project as well as documentation
and some other links

and some other links

and some other links
now the question is how do i actually

now the question is how do i actually

now the question is how do i actually
install this package

install this package

install this package
locally so that i can use it in my

locally so that i can use it in my

locally so that i can use it in my
project

project

project
in python we install packages

in python we install packages

in python we install packages
using a package manager tool called peep

using a package manager tool called peep

using a package manager tool called peep
and right here on top below the package

and right here on top below the package

and right here on top below the package
name you actually see a command

name you actually see a command

name you actually see a command
peep install django so this is actually

peep install django so this is actually

peep install django so this is actually
a command

a command

a command
that will install that package locally

that will install that package locally

that will install that package locally
on my laptop

on my laptop

on my laptop
so we install packages in python using

so we install packages in python using

so we install packages in python using
this pip command so

this pip command so

this pip command so
what is this command or where does it

what is this command or where does it

what is this command or where does it
come from

come from

come from
pip is a package manager for python

pip is a package manager for python

pip is a package manager for python
and if you know any other programming

and if you know any other programming

and if you know any other programming
language basically

language basically

language basically
the concept is the same every

the concept is the same every

the concept is the same every
programming language

programming language

programming language
has its own package manager tool

has its own package manager tool

has its own package manager tool
for javascript it's npm for java

for javascript it's npm for java

for javascript it's npm for java
it's maven or gradle and for python it

it's maven or gradle and for python it

it's maven or gradle and for python it
is

is

is
pip and one of the main tasks or usages

pip and one of the main tasks or usages

pip and one of the main tasks or usages
of a package manager tool

of a package manager tool

of a package manager tool
is to install external packages or

is to install external packages or

is to install external packages or
libraries

libraries

libraries
or also called dependencies for your

or also called dependencies for your

or also called dependencies for your
project

project

project
so if python needs this django package

so if python needs this django package

so if python needs this django package
basically it's the job of the package

basically it's the job of the package

basically it's the job of the package
manager

manager

manager
to install that package and make

to install that package and make

to install that package and make
available for python

available for python

available for python
now where did this command come from do

now where did this command come from do

now where did this command come from do
we have pip command available

we have pip command available

we have pip command available
well in python version 3 actually

well in python version 3 actually

well in python version 3 actually
pip is packaged inside the python so

pip is packaged inside the python so

pip is packaged inside the python so
when we install the python we actually

when we install the python we actually

when we install the python we actually
installed pip as well so basically we're

installed pip as well so basically we're

installed pip as well so basically we're
going to copy this command

going to copy this command

going to copy this command
peep install django and we're going to

peep install django and we're going to

peep install django and we're going to
execute it actually from the terminal

execute it actually from the terminal

execute it actually from the terminal
of pycharm so in pycharm editor we have

of pycharm so in pycharm editor we have

of pycharm so in pycharm editor we have
this

this

this
integrated terminal so this is actually

integrated terminal so this is actually

integrated terminal so this is actually
pretty much the same

pretty much the same

pretty much the same
terminal as you have outside like this

terminal as you have outside like this

terminal as you have outside like this
so we are going to execute this pip

so we are going to execute this pip

so we are going to execute this pip
install command directly

install command directly

install command directly
in this pycharm terminal so i'm going to

in this pycharm terminal so i'm going to

in this pycharm terminal so i'm going to
copy it

copy it

copy it
here and do peep install django

here and do peep install django

here and do peep install django
and you see it is downloading and

and you see it is downloading and

and you see it is downloading and
successfully

successfully

successfully
installed django 3.1.6

installed django 3.1.6

installed django 3.1.6
and we can actually see that package

and we can actually see that package

and we can actually see that package
from our editor directly

from our editor directly

from our editor directly
if i expand these external libraries

if i expand these external libraries

if i expand these external libraries
and site packages

and scroll a bit down here i have django

and scroll a bit down here i have django
316 version installed so i see that the

316 version installed so i see that the

316 version installed so i see that the
package is now

package is now

package is now
available in my project and to also test

available in my project and to also test

available in my project and to also test
it

it

it
in the code i can do import and

in the code i can do import and

in the code i can do import and
django and you see that pycharm actually

django and you see that pycharm actually

django and you see that pycharm actually
recognize that i have django packaged

recognize that i have django packaged

recognize that i have django packaged
locally

locally

locally
so it gives me that package as a

so it gives me that package as a

so it gives me that package as a
suggestion

suggestion

suggestion
so that will basically import the whole

so that will basically import the whole

so that will basically import the whole
django package

django package

django package
so we can now use it in our application

so we can now use it in our application

so we can now use it in our application
here you see pycharm

here you see pycharm

here you see pycharm
actually noticed you are using or want

actually noticed you are using or want

actually noticed you are using or want
to use

to use

to use
django web framework as i mentioned in

django web framework as i mentioned in

django web framework as i mentioned in
the beginning the pycharm professional

the beginning the pycharm professional

the beginning the pycharm professional
edition

edition

edition
has special support for different python

has special support for different python

has special support for different python
web frameworks

web frameworks

web frameworks
supporting you with syntax highlighting

supporting you with syntax highlighting

supporting you with syntax highlighting
suggestions

suggestions

suggestions
database integration and so on so again

database integration and so on so again

database integration and so on so again
if you want to try it out for free for

if you want to try it out for free for

if you want to try it out for free for
three months just use my code in the

three months just use my code in the

three months just use my code in the
video description

video description

video description
in the same way as we install the

in the same way as we install the

in the same way as we install the
package

package

package
we can also uninstall packages using pip

we can also uninstall packages using pip

we can also uninstall packages using pip
and let's also actually demonstrate that

and let's also actually demonstrate that

and let's also actually demonstrate that
pip uninstall

pip uninstall

pip uninstall
django and

django and

django and
let's confirm that

let's confirm that

let's confirm that
successfully uninstalled django now if

successfully uninstalled django now if

successfully uninstalled django now if
in the site packages i click inside

in the site packages i click inside

in the site packages i click inside
you see that django packages are gone so

you see that django packages are gone so

you see that django packages are gone so
this site packages folder got updated

this site packages folder got updated

this site packages folder got updated
django was removed

django was removed

django was removed
and you also see that in the code editor

and you also see that in the code editor

and you also see that in the code editor
now i have this

now i have this

now i have this
red line under django because pycharm

red line under django because pycharm

red line under django because pycharm
cannot find

cannot find

cannot find
a module called django and also if i do

a module called django and also if i do

a module called django and also if i do
this

this

this
obviously it won't give me any auto

obviously it won't give me any auto

obviously it won't give me any auto
suggestion for that

suggestion for that

suggestion for that
so that's how you can use peep to

so that's how you can use peep to

so that's how you can use peep to
install packages and also to uninstall

install packages and also to uninstall

install packages and also to uninstall
packages

packages

packages
for your application

now here i want to show you another cool

now here i want to show you another cool
alternative to installing and

alternative to installing and

alternative to installing and
uninstalling packages directly in the

uninstalling packages directly in the

uninstalling packages directly in the
pycharm ide

pycharm ide

pycharm ide
and this is actually a feature in the

and this is actually a feature in the

and this is actually a feature in the
latest pycharm release

latest pycharm release

latest pycharm release
and for this i need to switch to an

and for this i need to switch to an

and for this i need to switch to an
early access pycharm version so you see

early access pycharm version so you see

early access pycharm version so you see
here

here

here
it says pycharm eap early access

it says pycharm eap early access

it says pycharm eap early access
to show you the feature however when you

to show you the feature however when you

to show you the feature however when you
watch the tutorial it probably will

watch the tutorial it probably will

watch the tutorial it probably will
already be included in the latest

already be included in the latest

already be included in the latest
official pycharm version so you should

official pycharm version so you should

official pycharm version so you should
have that already

have that already

have that already
so instead of us basically finding this

so instead of us basically finding this

so instead of us basically finding this
package in pipey

package in pipey

package in pipey
and then executing peep install commands

and then executing peep install commands

and then executing peep install commands
right here what you can do is

right here what you can do is

right here what you can do is
down here you have another tab called

down here you have another tab called

down here you have another tab called
python packages so if we click inside

python packages so if we click inside

python packages so if we click inside
this is a place where you have

this is a place where you have

this is a place where you have
everything that you need to know

everything that you need to know

everything that you need to know
about the package the package search and

about the package the package search and

about the package the package search and
all these

all these

all these
features basically in one place so for

features basically in one place so for

features basically in one place so for
example

example

example
in order to install django we can just

in order to install django we can just

in order to install django we can just
search

search

search
for django right here and you see that

for django right here and you see that

for django right here and you see that
when i type in the first couple of

when i type in the first couple of

when i type in the first couple of
letters

letters

letters
i already get suggestions so this is a

i already get suggestions so this is a

i already get suggestions so this is a
list of all the packages

list of all the packages

list of all the packages
that start with this name that are

that start with this name that are

that start with this name that are
actually available in pipi

actually available in pipi

actually available in pipi
so let's type in django and we see that

so let's type in django and we see that

so let's type in django and we see that
right here

right here

right here
and on the right you see the

and on the right you see the

and on the right you see the
documentation

documentation

documentation
of the package that you would actually

of the package that you would actually

of the package that you would actually
see in

see in

see in
pipey ui so you have that in place as

pipey ui so you have that in place as

pipey ui so you have that in place as
well

well

well
and in addition to that what they added

and in addition to that what they added

and in addition to that what they added
is the documentation

is the documentation

is the documentation
link so this is actually the package

link so this is actually the package

link so this is actually the package
how-to guide

how-to guide

how-to guide
and the full documentation with examples

and the full documentation with examples

and the full documentation with examples
etc

etc

etc
so very convenient way to basically get

so very convenient way to basically get

so very convenient way to basically get
all the information about the package

all the information about the package

all the information about the package
search the package and then to install

search the package and then to install

search the package and then to install
the package

the package

the package
we can choose the version here so either

we can choose the version here so either

we can choose the version here so either
you can leave the latest

you can leave the latest

you can leave the latest
or basically select the specific version

or basically select the specific version

or basically select the specific version
and then once you have selected that you

and then once you have selected that you

and then once you have selected that you
can just click

can just click

can just click
install and here you see installing

install and here you see installing

install and here you see installing
package

package

package
and there you go so now in installed

and there you go so now in installed

and there you go so now in installed
view here so we just had pip and setup

view here so we just had pip and setup

view here so we just had pip and setup
tools

tools

tools
these two things installed and right

these two things installed and right

these two things installed and right
here we have now

here we have now

here we have now
django in the installed packages list

django in the installed packages list

django in the installed packages list
and again while you're now using the

and again while you're now using the

and again while you're now using the
installed

installed

installed
package or library in your code and

package or library in your code and

package or library in your code and
basically you want to look

basically you want to look

basically you want to look
up some examples or you want to check

up some examples or you want to check

up some examples or you want to check
some documentation

some documentation

some documentation
right you go back to the package click

right you go back to the package click

right you go back to the package click
inside and you have link to

inside and you have link to

inside and you have link to
documentation and

documentation and

documentation and
the package information as well and also

the package information as well and also

the package information as well and also
just by looking at this list you know

just by looking at this list you know

just by looking at this list you know
which versions of which packages you

which versions of which packages you

which versions of which packages you
have installed so i think it's really

have installed so i think it's really

have installed so i think it's really
cool way to manage all your packages to

cool way to manage all your packages to

cool way to manage all your packages to
install packages

install packages

install packages
and for example if you want to uninstall

and for example if you want to uninstall

and for example if you want to uninstall
packages

packages

packages
from your project then again just

from your project then again just

from your project then again just
clicking

clicking

clicking
to that specific package right here

to that specific package right here

to that specific package right here
you can just delete it and it will be

you can just delete it and it will be

you can just delete it and it will be
removed from your application

like this and no django anymore here

like this and no django anymore here
so a very cool addition to pycharm

so a very cool addition to pycharm

so a very cool addition to pycharm
because this will be very convenient to

because this will be very convenient to

because this will be very convenient to
work with the packages

work with the packages

work with the packages
so now i will switch back to my other

so now i will switch back to my other

so now i will switch back to my other
editor again

editor again

editor again
and continue from there

so basically i have just cleaned up my

so basically i have just cleaned up my
python project we have this main.pi

python project we have this main.pi

python project we have this main.pi
which is

which is

which is
empty and we're gonna write an

empty and we're gonna write an

empty and we're gonna write an
application that will read

application that will read

application that will read
a spreadsheet file from our local file

a spreadsheet file from our local file

a spreadsheet file from our local file
system

system

system
it will read some information from that

it will read some information from that

it will read some information from that
spreadsheet file and do

spreadsheet file and do

spreadsheet file and do
something with that data and this could

something with that data and this could

something with that data and this could
be a very useful

be a very useful

be a very useful
use case if you're working with lots of

use case if you're working with lots of

use case if you're working with lots of
files and you want to do some

files and you want to do some

files and you want to do some
data processing in those files and you

data processing in those files and you

data processing in those files and you
don't want to do that manually

don't want to do that manually

don't want to do that manually
by automating or writing a program in

by automating or writing a program in

by automating or writing a program in
python

python

python
that basically can do anything in a file

that basically can do anything in a file

that basically can do anything in a file
or across multiple files so let's see

or across multiple files so let's see

or across multiple files so let's see
exactly

exactly

exactly
what we are going to be doing with this

what we are going to be doing with this

what we are going to be doing with this
program so first of all

program so first of all

program so first of all
we're going to have an input file a

we're going to have an input file a

we're going to have an input file a
spreadsheet file that we're going to be

spreadsheet file that we're going to be

spreadsheet file that we're going to be
working with

working with

working with
and that spreadsheet will look like this

and that spreadsheet will look like this

and that spreadsheet will look like this
it's called inventory that's how it's

it's called inventory that's how it's

it's called inventory that's how it's
going to look like

going to look like

going to look like
so basically this file simulates

so basically this file simulates

so basically this file simulates
something that many companies would have

something that many companies would have

something that many companies would have
and employees of that company would be

and employees of that company would be

and employees of that company would be
working with

working with

working with
so we have this list of product numbers

so we have this list of product numbers

so we have this list of product numbers
inventory for each product price for the

inventory for each product price for the

inventory for each product price for the
product

product

product
and a supplier so this could be an

and a supplier so this could be an

and a supplier so this could be an
example file from a company that is

example file from a company that is

example file from a company that is
basically dealing with

basically dealing with

basically dealing with
selling or buying products so what we're

selling or buying products so what we're

selling or buying products so what we're
going to do is

going to do is

going to do is
we're going to read the information from

we're going to read the information from

we're going to read the information from
this file and we're going to do

this file and we're going to do

this file and we're going to do
something with that information

something with that information

something with that information
first we're going to write logic that

first we're going to write logic that

first we're going to write logic that
calculates

calculates

calculates
how many products we have per supplier

how many products we have per supplier

how many products we have per supplier
so we have three supplier companies here

so we have three supplier companies here

so we have three supplier companies here
and per supplier we're gonna calculate

and per supplier we're gonna calculate

and per supplier we're gonna calculate
number of

number of

number of
products from that specific company and

products from that specific company and

products from that specific company and
as a result we're gonna list

as a result we're gonna list

as a result we're gonna list
the company so all three companies with

the company so all three companies with

the company so all three companies with
their respective

their respective

their respective
number of products then we're going to

number of products then we're going to

number of products then we're going to
write another logic that

write another logic that

write another logic that
lists inventory products that have

lists inventory products that have

lists inventory products that have
inventory which is

inventory which is

inventory which is
less than 10 so basically those ones

less than 10 so basically those ones

less than 10 so basically those ones
the third exercise is going to be to

the third exercise is going to be to

the third exercise is going to be to
list

list

list
each company with their respective total

each company with their respective total

each company with their respective total
inventory value

inventory value

inventory value
and finally in the last exercise we will

and finally in the last exercise we will

and finally in the last exercise we will
calculate the inventory value for

calculate the inventory value for

calculate the inventory value for
each product so product count times

each product so product count times

each product so product count times
price and we're going to write that

price and we're going to write that

price and we're going to write that
value to

value to

value to
an additional column in the spreadsheet

an additional column in the spreadsheet

an additional column in the spreadsheet
and

and

and
after that we're going to save that

after that we're going to save that

after that we're going to save that
updated spreadsheet file

updated spreadsheet file

updated spreadsheet file
programmatically using python so we're

programmatically using python so we're

programmatically using python so we're
gonna see how to

gonna see how to

gonna see how to
update a file and then save it

update a file and then save it

update a file and then save it
programmatically

programmatically

programmatically
in python if any of these sounds a

in python if any of these sounds a

in python if any of these sounds a
little bit too complicated for you then

little bit too complicated for you then

little bit too complicated for you then
just bear with me

just bear with me

just bear with me
i'm gonna explain everything step by

i'm gonna explain everything step by

i'm gonna explain everything step by
step and

step and

step and
it's gonna become much clearer when we

it's gonna become much clearer when we

it's gonna become much clearer when we
actually start writing the

actually start writing the

actually start writing the
logic

so the first thing what i'm gonna do is

so the first thing what i'm gonna do is
i'm gonna take this

i'm gonna take this

i'm gonna take this
file that i have in the downloads folder

file that i have in the downloads folder

file that i have in the downloads folder
and i'm actually gonna

and i'm actually gonna

and i'm actually gonna
move that into my project so i'm gonna

move that into my project so i'm gonna

move that into my project so i'm gonna
copy that and i'm gonna drop it in here

copy that and i'm gonna drop it in here

copy that and i'm gonna drop it in here
so that we have the file right in our

so that we have the file right in our

so that we have the file right in our
project and so we can basically just

project and so we can basically just

project and so we can basically just
read it

read it

read it
easily and okay and here is

easily and okay and here is

easily and okay and here is
our inventory file so that's taken care

our inventory file so that's taken care

our inventory file so that's taken care
of so obviously what we want to do now

of so obviously what we want to do now

of so obviously what we want to do now
is read that file so basically let our

is read that file so basically let our

is read that file so basically let our
python program

python program

python program
read the contents of that file right

read the contents of that file right

read the contents of that file right
here

here

here
because we want to write some logic

because we want to write some logic

because we want to write some logic
based on the values

based on the values

based on the values
that are in this inventory file right we

that are in this inventory file right we

that are in this inventory file right we
want to calculate stuff we want to

want to calculate stuff we want to

want to calculate stuff we want to
list some stuff and so on so basically

list some stuff and so on so basically

list some stuff and so on so basically
we want to work with these values and in

we want to work with these values and in

we want to work with these values and in
order to do that we need to

order to do that we need to

order to do that we need to
read all of these values into our

read all of these values into our

read all of these values into our
program so that we have them available

program so that we have them available

program so that we have them available
so how do we do that now there is

so how do we do that now there is

so how do we do that now there is
actually a

actually a

actually a
built-in module in python that allows

built-in module in python that allows

built-in module in python that allows
you to work with files

you to work with files

you to work with files
generally right it's not specific for a

generally right it's not specific for a

generally right it's not specific for a
spreadsheet

spreadsheet

spreadsheet
or for any other file type it's for

or for any other file type it's for

or for any other file type it's for
different types of files

different types of files

different types of files
generally however there is an external

generally however there is an external

generally however there is an external
package

package

package
that allows you to work with

that allows you to work with

that allows you to work with
spreadsheets

spreadsheets

spreadsheets
specifically and the obvious advantage

specifically and the obvious advantage

specifically and the obvious advantage
is that

is that

is that
that external module that allows you to

that external module that allows you to

that external module that allows you to
work with spreadsheets or

work with spreadsheets or

work with spreadsheets or
was created to work with spreadsheets

was created to work with spreadsheets

was created to work with spreadsheets
specifically

specifically

specifically
has much more functions and is much

has much more functions and is much

has much more functions and is much
easier to use

easier to use

easier to use
if you are working with spreadsheets

if you are working with spreadsheets

if you are working with spreadsheets
compared to this built-in file module

compared to this built-in file module

compared to this built-in file module
so that's one of the cases where you may

so that's one of the cases where you may

so that's one of the cases where you may
have multiple ways of

have multiple ways of

have multiple ways of
actually implementing some functionality

actually implementing some functionality

actually implementing some functionality
for

for

for
application and then you have to make

application and then you have to make

application and then you have to make
this decision of maybe finding a better

this decision of maybe finding a better

this decision of maybe finding a better
package or better module

package or better module

package or better module
which is available externally that will

which is available externally that will

which is available externally that will
make it easier for you

make it easier for you

make it easier for you
to implement that functionality so

to implement that functionality so

to implement that functionality so
that's what we're gonna do for our

that's what we're gonna do for our

that's what we're gonna do for our
project

project

project
we're going to choose the package that

we're going to choose the package that

we're going to choose the package that
is actually made for working with

is actually made for working with

is actually made for working with
spreadsheets

spreadsheets

spreadsheets
we're going to use that one and it's

we're going to use that one and it's

we're going to use that one and it's
called open

called open

called open
pi xl and if i

pi xl and if i

pi xl and if i
search for it this is the package that

search for it this is the package that

search for it this is the package that
we're looking for

we're looking for

we're looking for
and if i click inside basically we have

and if i click inside basically we have

and if i click inside basically we have
some information

some information

some information
about this package so here we see a

about this package so here we see a

about this package so here we see a
description

description

description
let's actually make this bigger

let's actually make this bigger

let's actually make this bigger
description

description

description
library to read write excel

library to read write excel

library to read write excel
files with all these formats

files with all these formats

files with all these formats
so this is the library that we're going

so this is the library that we're going

so this is the library that we're going
to be using in the same way as we did

to be using in the same way as we did

to be using in the same way as we did
before

before

before
we're going to copy that command and

we're going to copy that command and

we're going to copy that command and
execute it from pycharms

execute it from pycharms

execute it from pycharms
integrated terminal so from here i'm

integrated terminal so from here i'm

integrated terminal so from here i'm
gonna

gonna

gonna
execute this pip command and install

execute this pip command and install

execute this pip command and install
our module and as you see

our module and as you see

our module and as you see
successfully installed open pi xl

successfully installed open pi xl

successfully installed open pi xl
and this is the version of the module

and this is the version of the module

and this is the version of the module
that we installed and

that we installed and

that we installed and
in external libraries site packages you

in external libraries site packages you

in external libraries site packages you
should be able to see

should be able to see

should be able to see
our open pi excel package

our open pi excel package

our open pi excel package
and now because the package is available

and now because the package is available

and now because the package is available
locally i can do

locally i can do

locally i can do
import and open

import and open

import and open
pi excel again i get a suggestion from

pi excel again i get a suggestion from

pi excel again i get a suggestion from
pycharm because the module is there

pycharm because the module is there

pycharm because the module is there
and now we are able to use that package

and now we are able to use that package

and now we are able to use that package
for our application and one small note

for our application and one small note

for our application and one small note
here if you're wondering

here if you're wondering

here if you're wondering
why there are some packages with

why there are some packages with

why there are some packages with
basically a dot

basically a dot

basically a dot
inside and some without these are the

inside and some without these are the

inside and some without these are the
packages

packages

packages
that we install python packages and we

that we install python packages and we

that we install python packages and we
know that because there's this

know that because there's this

know that because there's this
init python file inside and the ones

init python file inside and the ones

init python file inside and the ones
without the dot they're just folders

without the dot they're just folders

without the dot they're just folders
with bunch of files inside but they're

with bunch of files inside but they're

with bunch of files inside but they're
not python packages so to say

not python packages so to say

not python packages so to say
and inside some of those packages we see

and inside some of those packages we see

and inside some of those packages we see
other packages as well with their own

other packages as well with their own

other packages as well with their own
init file

init file

init file
so basically hierarchy of multiple

so basically hierarchy of multiple

so basically hierarchy of multiple
packages

packages

packages
and at this point i'm going to say that

and at this point i'm going to say that

and at this point i'm going to say that
the word

the word

the word
library basically describes package

library basically describes package

library basically describes package
that includes multiple other packages so

that includes multiple other packages so

that includes multiple other packages so
basically which has a hierarchy of

basically which has a hierarchy of

basically which has a hierarchy of
packages

packages

packages
so we have module which is basically

so we have module which is basically

so we have module which is basically
just one python file

just one python file

just one python file
that we can use in our project then we

that we can use in our project then we

that we can use in our project then we
have package which is

have package which is

have package which is
a hierarchy of multiple modules with an

a hierarchy of multiple modules with an

a hierarchy of multiple modules with an
init python file inside and then we have

init python file inside and then we have

init python file inside and then we have
library which is basically

library which is basically

library which is basically
multiple packages together in a

multiple packages together in a

multiple packages together in a
hierarchy

hierarchy

hierarchy
just like we see right here so note the

just like we see right here so note the

just like we see right here so note the
difference

difference

difference
so you don't get confused when you see

so you don't get confused when you see

so you don't get confused when you see
library package and module

library package and module

library package and module
especially if used interchangeably

great so now we have our module in place

great so now we have our module in place
so let's use it now to read our

so let's use it now to read our

so let's use it now to read our
spreadsheet file

spreadsheet file

spreadsheet file
and again you basically have to know the

and again you basically have to know the

and again you basically have to know the
function names

function names

function names
to do that if you don't you can do dot

to do that if you don't you can do dot

to do that if you don't you can do dot
and get suggestions

and get suggestions

and get suggestions
and load workbook is actually the

and load workbook is actually the

and load workbook is actually the
function that we need

function that we need

function that we need
in order to read our spreadsheet file so

in order to read our spreadsheet file so

in order to read our spreadsheet file so
i'm going to choose this

i'm going to choose this

i'm going to choose this
function and obviously we need to tell

function and obviously we need to tell

function and obviously we need to tell
this function

this function

this function
which file it should read so as a

which file it should read so as a

which file it should read so as a
parameter

parameter

parameter
we're going to say please

we're going to say please

we're going to say please
load inventory file and we even get a

load inventory file and we even get a

load inventory file and we even get a
suggestion because we have this

suggestion because we have this

suggestion because we have this
inventory file here

inventory file here

inventory file here
and there you go now this function will

and there you go now this function will

and there you go now this function will
load the workbook and all its contents

load the workbook and all its contents

load the workbook and all its contents
and later we obviously want to do

and later we obviously want to do

and later we obviously want to do
something with that content

something with that content

something with that content
so in order to be able to do that we

so in order to be able to do that we

so in order to be able to do that we
need to save it first as a variable

need to save it first as a variable

need to save it first as a variable
and let's actually call it inventory

and let's actually call it inventory

and let's actually call it inventory
file like this and this will give us the

file like this and this will give us the

file like this and this will give us the
file contents

file contents

file contents
now let's actually open that file again

and let's see exactly what we need so we

and let's see exactly what we need so we
can have multiple

can have multiple

can have multiple
such sheets basically per file so we

such sheets basically per file so we

such sheets basically per file so we
need to tell the program which one it

need to tell the program which one it

need to tell the program which one it
should use

should use

should use
exactly so for example if this was

exactly so for example if this was

exactly so for example if this was
called a product list

called a product list

called a product list
you would use that name but we're gonna

you would use that name but we're gonna

you would use that name but we're gonna
go with sheet

go with sheet

go with sheet
one so we're gonna use that name

one so we're gonna use that name

one so we're gonna use that name
basically

basically

basically
and we're gonna grab that using

and we're gonna grab that using

and we're gonna grab that using
following syntax and you remember this

following syntax and you remember this

following syntax and you remember this
syntax probably from using a dictionary

syntax probably from using a dictionary

syntax probably from using a dictionary
so this will give us this one specific

so this will give us this one specific

so this will give us this one specific
sheet and all the information inside

sheet and all the information inside

sheet and all the information inside
and we can also save that into a

and we can also save that into a

and we can also save that into a
variable so let's actually call that

variable so let's actually call that

variable so let's actually call that
product list so now we have read the

product list so now we have read the

product list so now we have read the
whole file then we have read this

whole file then we have read this

whole file then we have read this
specific sheet of that file

specific sheet of that file

specific sheet of that file
and now we have all this information in

and now we have all this information in

and now we have all this information in
that variable

that variable

that variable
so now we can read any of those values

so now we can read any of those values

so now we can read any of those values
and

and

and
do calculations etc using that variable

so let's get to our first task and the

so let's get to our first task and the
first task is basically to calculate

first task is basically to calculate

first task is basically to calculate
how many products we have per supplier

how many products we have per supplier

how many products we have per supplier
and then list the names of the suppliers

and then list the names of the suppliers

and then list the names of the suppliers
with that

with that

with that
respective number of products so let's

respective number of products so let's

respective number of products so let's
go back and do that

go back and do that

go back and do that
so the results what we want to get is

so the results what we want to get is

so the results what we want to get is
basically

basically

basically
products or number of products

products or number of products

products or number of products
per supplier right that's basically what

per supplier right that's basically what

per supplier right that's basically what
we want to get as a result

we want to get as a result

we want to get as a result
so we're going to create that variable

so we're going to create that variable

so we're going to create that variable
and we're going to set it

and we're going to set it

and we're going to set it
to an empty dictionary so

to an empty dictionary so

to an empty dictionary so
by the end our program should give us

by the end our program should give us

by the end our program should give us
something like this

something like this

something like this
a dictionary where the name of the

a dictionary where the name of the

a dictionary where the name of the
company is the key

company is the key

company is the key
and the value is basically product count

and the value is basically product count

and the value is basically product count
for that company and since we have

for that company and since we have

for that company and since we have
three suppliers or three companies we're

three suppliers or three companies we're

three suppliers or three companies we're
gonna end up with

gonna end up with

gonna end up with
a dictionary with three key value pairs

a dictionary with three key value pairs

a dictionary with three key value pairs
per

per

per
company so we're starting with an empty

company so we're starting with an empty

company so we're starting with an empty
dictionary for products per supplier and

dictionary for products per supplier and

dictionary for products per supplier and
now let's see how we can

now let's see how we can

now let's see how we can
programmatically calculate this

programmatically calculate this

programmatically calculate this
first of all what we need is we need to

first of all what we need is we need to

first of all what we need is we need to
go through each of these lines basically

go through each of these lines basically

go through each of these lines basically
so we have these rows so we need to go

so we have these rows so we need to go

so we have these rows so we need to go
through each and every

through each and every

through each and every
row in order in sequence and we need to

row in order in sequence and we need to

row in order in sequence and we need to
get

get

get
or check a supplier name for that row

or check a supplier name for that row

or check a supplier name for that row
and you remember whenever we execute a

and you remember whenever we execute a

and you remember whenever we execute a
logic

logic

logic
on multiple values over and over again

on multiple values over and over again

on multiple values over and over again
so basically same logic or same function

so basically same logic or same function

so basically same logic or same function
gets executed

gets executed

gets executed
for multiple different values for a

for multiple different values for a

for multiple different values for a
number of times

number of times

number of times
that's basically a use case for a loop

that's basically a use case for a loop

that's basically a use case for a loop
right so we're looping

right so we're looping

right so we're looping
through those rows and we're doing the

through those rows and we're doing the

through those rows and we're doing the
same thing

same thing

same thing
per row which is getting the name of the

per row which is getting the name of the

per row which is getting the name of the
supplier now

supplier now

supplier now
as you also remember loops have

as you also remember loops have

as you also remember loops have
conditions right

conditions right

conditions right
we need to tell the loop how many times

we need to tell the loop how many times

we need to tell the loop how many times
it should execute

it should execute

it should execute
that specific logic and if we check our

that specific logic and if we check our

that specific logic and if we check our
file here

file here

file here
how many times we want to execute the

how many times we want to execute the

how many times we want to execute the
logic the answer is

logic the answer is

logic the answer is
as many times as the number of products

as many times as the number of products

as many times as the number of products
so

so

so
if we scroll down we have 74

if we scroll down we have 74

if we scroll down we have 74
products so we need to do that 74 times

products so we need to do that 74 times

products so we need to do that 74 times
for each product so basically as many

for each product so basically as many

for each product so basically as many
times

times

times
as the number of product and obviously

as the number of product and obviously

as the number of product and obviously
we want this program to work for

we want this program to work for

we want this program to work for
any spreadsheet file right with any

any spreadsheet file right with any

any spreadsheet file right with any
number of products so we need to

number of products so we need to

number of products so we need to
calculate or we need to read that value

calculate or we need to read that value

calculate or we need to read that value
also from the file

also from the file

also from the file
so basically we need to read how many

so basically we need to read how many

so basically we need to read how many
products are on this list

products are on this list

products are on this list
so let's see how we can do that first of

so let's see how we can do that first of

so let's see how we can do that first of
all we're using

all we're using

all we're using
for loop to execute the logic for

for loop to execute the logic for

for loop to execute the logic for
specific

specific

specific
number of times and if you remember from

number of times and if you remember from

number of times and if you remember from
for loop syntax

for loop syntax

for loop syntax
four then we have the specific item

four then we have the specific item

four then we have the specific item
so what is an item in our case our item

so what is an item in our case our item

so what is an item in our case our item
is a row right product row is going to

is a row right product row is going to

is a row right product row is going to
be an

be an

be an
item of iteration so looping basically

item of iteration so looping basically

item of iteration so looping basically
so we can call our item

so we can call our item

so we can call our item
products row and then comes in

products row and then comes in

products row and then comes in
and now we need that condition how many

and now we need that condition how many

and now we need that condition how many
times and again this should be generic

times and again this should be generic

times and again this should be generic
so we need to calculate or we need to

so we need to calculate or we need to

so we need to calculate or we need to
read

read

read
the number of lines here number of rows

the number of lines here number of rows

the number of lines here number of rows
here from the file

here from the file

here from the file
and the way we can read that is remember

and the way we can read that is remember

and the way we can read that is remember
we have all the information we need in

we have all the information we need in

we have all the information we need in
that

that

that
one specific variable which is product

one specific variable which is product

one specific variable which is product
list

list

list
and that variable has

and that variable has

and that variable has
the value for number of rows which is

the value for number of rows which is

the value for number of rows which is
called

called

called
max row now how do i know that

max row now how do i know that

max row now how do i know that
max row attribute is available for

max row attribute is available for

max row attribute is available for
product

product

product
list i basically just looked it up on

list i basically just looked it up on

list i basically just looked it up on
the documentation of the module

the documentation of the module

the documentation of the module
and as i previously also mentioned

and as i previously also mentioned

and as i previously also mentioned
whenever you're using a

whenever you're using a

whenever you're using a
module this module will have a

module this module will have a

module this module will have a
documentation so

documentation so

documentation so
if you need some functionality if you

if you need some functionality if you

if you need some functionality if you
need some values

need some values

need some values
you can basically just search inside the

you can basically just search inside the

you can basically just search inside the
documentation

documentation

documentation
which functions and variables are

which functions and variables are

which functions and variables are
available to

available to

available to
get the functionality or values that you

get the functionality or values that you

get the functionality or values that you
need

need

need
and we can actually test it we can print

and we can actually test it we can print

and we can actually test it we can print
it out

it out

it out
like this

and as you see here 75 so basically max

and as you see here 75 so basically max
row will always give us the number of

row will always give us the number of

row will always give us the number of
lines or number of rows

lines or number of rows

lines or number of rows
in that specific sheet so we know how

in that specific sheet so we know how

in that specific sheet so we know how
many times to

many times to

many times to
iterate now whenever we're providing a

iterate now whenever we're providing a

iterate now whenever we're providing a
specific

specific

specific
number in a for loop like 75 for example

number in a for loop like 75 for example

number in a for loop like 75 for example
in this case we need to

in this case we need to

in this case we need to
put that number in a range like this

put that number in a range like this

put that number in a range like this
so we can't just say 70 or in this case

so we can't just say 70 or in this case

so we can't just say 70 or in this case
max row now why do we need a range here

max row now why do we need a range here

max row now why do we need a range here
and why is number just not enough

and why is number just not enough

and why is number just not enough
because the for loop is for iterating

because the for loop is for iterating

because the for loop is for iterating
over a list and the range will create

over a list and the range will create

over a list and the range will create
a list of numbers to iterate through

a list of numbers to iterate through

a list of numbers to iterate through
in our case range of 75

in our case range of 75

in our case range of 75
will create a list of numbers or

will create a list of numbers or

will create a list of numbers or
sequence of numbers

sequence of numbers

sequence of numbers
from 0 to 74. and with that we're going

from 0 to 74. and with that we're going

from 0 to 74. and with that we're going
to have

to have

to have
a valid for loop where for each

a valid for loop where for each

a valid for loop where for each
item in this list of numbers

item in this list of numbers

item in this list of numbers
some logic will be executed so that's

some logic will be executed so that's

some logic will be executed so that's
why we need a range here

why we need a range here

why we need a range here
and now there's one more thing that we

and now there's one more thing that we

and now there's one more thing that we
need to fix we go back to our

need to fix we go back to our

need to fix we go back to our
spreadsheet

spreadsheet

spreadsheet
you see that the first row so this is

you see that the first row so this is

you see that the first row so this is
going to be the first row basically

going to be the first row basically

going to be the first row basically
does not actually include the product

does not actually include the product

does not actually include the product
information

information

information
it just includes the titles for each

it just includes the titles for each

it just includes the titles for each
column

column

column
right so we actually do not want to read

right so we actually do not want to read

right so we actually do not want to read
this line we want to skip it and we want

this line we want to skip it and we want

this line we want to skip it and we want
to start from the second row

to start from the second row

to start from the second row
so instead of starting for loop from the

so instead of starting for loop from the

so instead of starting for loop from the
first row

first row

first row
we want to start it from the second row

we want to start it from the second row

we want to start it from the second row
and in order to

and in order to

and in order to
tell python to start at row 2

tell python to start at row 2

tell python to start at row 2
in the range function we're going to

in the range function we're going to

in the range function we're going to
pass first parameter

pass first parameter

pass first parameter
2. so basically this will give us a new

2. so basically this will give us a new

2. so basically this will give us a new
range of numbers

range of numbers

range of numbers
starting from 2 instead of starting from

starting from 2 instead of starting from

starting from 2 instead of starting from
0. and since we're using those

0. and since we're using those

0. and since we're using those
numbers in the range as an index for the

numbers in the range as an index for the

numbers in the range as an index for the
rows

rows

rows
the first number is going to be 2 so

the first number is going to be 2 so

the first number is going to be 2 so
we're going to start iterating from the

we're going to start iterating from the

we're going to start iterating from the
second row

second row

second row
so this will be the start point and this

so this will be the start point and this

so this will be the start point and this
will be the end point

will be the end point

will be the end point
so basically from here to the end

so basically from here to the end

so basically from here to the end
now there are two things specific

now there are two things specific

now there are two things specific
to a range that you should be aware of

to a range that you should be aware of

to a range that you should be aware of
first of all when we do not

first of all when we do not

first of all when we do not
provide the start index basically

provide the start index basically

provide the start index basically
the start number in the range by default

the start number in the range by default

the start number in the range by default
it's actually

it's actually

it's actually
zero so it's not one but it's zero

zero so it's not one but it's zero

zero so it's not one but it's zero
and obviously we don't have a line zero

and obviously we don't have a line zero

and obviously we don't have a line zero
here

here

here
so if we executed it with the default

so if we executed it with the default

so if we executed it with the default
one

one

one
we would get an error so that's one

we would get an error so that's one

we would get an error so that's one
thing to consider that

thing to consider that

thing to consider that
range actually by default starts at 0

range actually by default starts at 0

range actually by default starts at 0
and not 1. but for us it doesn't matter

and not 1. but for us it doesn't matter

and not 1. but for us it doesn't matter
because we're skipping the first one

because we're skipping the first one

because we're skipping the first one
anyways and we're starting from line 2

anyways and we're starting from line 2

anyways and we're starting from line 2
because our spreadsheet doesn't have

because our spreadsheet doesn't have

because our spreadsheet doesn't have
line 0

line 0

line 0
obviously another specific of the range

obviously another specific of the range

obviously another specific of the range
is that

is that

is that
the second value here basically the last

the second value here basically the last

the second value here basically the last
number of execution in the loop in our

number of execution in the loop in our

number of execution in the loop in our
case this is going to be 75

case this is going to be 75

case this is going to be 75
because we have 75 lines and we printed

because we have 75 lines and we printed

because we have 75 lines and we printed
that out here

that out here

that out here
that number is actually exclusive

that number is actually exclusive

that number is actually exclusive
it's not inclusive that means that

it's not inclusive that means that

it's not inclusive that means that
the range will execute from line 2

the range will execute from line 2

the range will execute from line 2
to 75 exclusive so basically

to 75 exclusive so basically

to 75 exclusive so basically
till here this line will not be included

till here this line will not be included

till here this line will not be included
in the loop

in the loop

in the loop
again that's a specification of the

again that's a specification of the

again that's a specification of the
range

range

range
which we need to fix and

which we need to fix and

which we need to fix and
basically want to tell you know what we

basically want to tell you know what we

basically want to tell you know what we
want that iteration

want that iteration

want that iteration
including the last number as well

including the last number as well

including the last number as well
including that max row

including that max row

including that max row
and a simple fix for that is going to be

and a simple fix for that is going to be

and a simple fix for that is going to be
to

to

to
do plus one here so basically whatever

do plus one here so basically whatever

do plus one here so basically whatever
the max row is we want to include that

the max row is we want to include that

the max row is we want to include that
one as well

one as well

one as well
so we want to add one to it so now we

so we want to add one to it so now we

so we want to add one to it so now we
have a range

have a range

have a range
starting from two and ending in 76

starting from two and ending in 76

starting from two and ending in 76
exclusive so obviously the 76th

exclusive so obviously the 76th

exclusive so obviously the 76th
line will not be red and

line will not be red and

line will not be red and
this will now give us a range that we

this will now give us a range that we

this will now give us a range that we
need

and now that we have condition for the

and now that we have condition for the
loop and we have set

loop and we have set

loop and we have set
how many times it should execute let's

how many times it should execute let's

how many times it should execute let's
actually execute the logic

actually execute the logic

actually execute the logic
itself so what is the first information

itself so what is the first information

itself so what is the first information
we need from that

we need from that

we need from that
product row for each row we basically

product row for each row we basically

product row for each row we basically
need the supplier name

need the supplier name

need the supplier name
so that we can increment or start

so that we can increment or start

so that we can increment or start
counting how many

counting how many

counting how many
products this supplier has so we need

products this supplier has so we need

products this supplier has so we need
this

this

this
one two three fourth column and the

one two three fourth column and the

one two three fourth column and the
value in that fourth column

value in that fourth column

value in that fourth column
for each and every row right

for each and every row right

for each and every row right
let's go back to editor how do we get a

let's go back to editor how do we get a

let's go back to editor how do we get a
value

value

value
in the cell you have to imagine when we

in the cell you have to imagine when we

in the cell you have to imagine when we
iterate we have

iterate we have

iterate we have
one row per iteration

one row per iteration

one row per iteration
so right here we actually have this

so right here we actually have this

so right here we actually have this
product row which is just

product row which is just

product row which is just
one row and we have four columns here

one row and we have four columns here

one row and we have four columns here
and we want

and we want

and we want
value in this specific cell and

value in this specific cell and

value in this specific cell and
we can get it using first of all product

we can get it using first of all product

we can get it using first of all product
list

list

list
because again we have all the

because again we have all the

because again we have all the
information here so in this list

information here so in this list

information here so in this list
we need a cell right we need a value of

we need a cell right we need a value of

we need a cell right we need a value of
a

a

a
cell so that's the name of the function

cell so that's the name of the function

cell so that's the name of the function
and the cell basically takes two

and the cell basically takes two

and the cell basically takes two
parameters again product list

parameters again product list

parameters again product list
contains the whole sheet here so the

contains the whole sheet here so the

contains the whole sheet here so the
whole list

whole list

whole list
with all the rows and columns and we can

with all the rows and columns and we can

with all the rows and columns and we can
get a specific

get a specific

get a specific
cell value so whatever we are doesn't

cell value so whatever we are doesn't

cell value so whatever we are doesn't
really matter

really matter

really matter
from that variable by providing two

from that variable by providing two

from that variable by providing two
values

values

values
the row number and the column number

the row number and the column number

the row number and the column number
that's it

that's it

that's it
so row nine column one basically will be

so row nine column one basically will be

so row nine column one basically will be
this specific value row five column

this specific value row five column

this specific value row five column
four will be this specific value so

four will be this specific value so

four will be this specific value so
for each iteration we're gonna do

for each iteration we're gonna do

for each iteration we're gonna do
exactly

exactly

exactly
that so for our case the supplier is

that so for our case the supplier is

that so for our case the supplier is
always column four

always column four

always column four
and the row is dynamic because we are

and the row is dynamic because we are

and the row is dynamic because we are
iterating

iterating

iterating
and therefore we're going to use

and therefore we're going to use

and therefore we're going to use
whatever row we're at at the current

whatever row we're at at the current

whatever row we're at at the current
iteration

iteration

iteration
so that's the first parameter and column

so that's the first parameter and column

so that's the first parameter and column
4 as i said and this will give us

4 as i said and this will give us

4 as i said and this will give us
the supplier name for each and every

the supplier name for each and every

the supplier name for each and every
row so we can grab that value like this

row so we can grab that value like this

row so we can grab that value like this
and this is going to be supplier

name so we can save it in a variable

name so we can save it in a variable
as a next step we're going to start

as a next step we're going to start

as a next step we're going to start
building

building

building
how many products each supplier has

how many products each supplier has

how many products each supplier has
we're going to start building a

we're going to start building a

we're going to start building a
dictionary

dictionary

dictionary
with the name of the supplier and then

with the name of the supplier and then

with the name of the supplier and then
how many products they have

how many products they have

how many products they have
so we're going to be building this

so we're going to be building this

so we're going to be building this
dictionary here

dictionary here

dictionary here
so this is a reminder now for what i

so this is a reminder now for what i

so this is a reminder now for what i
said previously

said previously

said previously
that you don't need knowledge of math in

that you don't need knowledge of math in

that you don't need knowledge of math in
programming

programming

programming
rather you need logical thinking right

rather you need logical thinking right

rather you need logical thinking right
so you're going to get tasks like this

so you're going to get tasks like this

so you're going to get tasks like this
where you have to

where you have to

where you have to
basically logically decide how you are

basically logically decide how you are

basically logically decide how you are
going to do a certain task

going to do a certain task

going to do a certain task
and think all this through right so

and think all this through right so

and think all this through right so
programming is more about logic rather

programming is more about logic rather

programming is more about logic rather
than pure calculation or math

than pure calculation or math

than pure calculation or math
which is actually more interesting and

which is actually more interesting and

which is actually more interesting and
cooler and that's exactly

cooler and that's exactly

cooler and that's exactly
what we're going to need in this example

what we're going to need in this example

what we're going to need in this example
we're going to need some

we're going to need some

we're going to need some
logical thinking to basically build this

logical thinking to basically build this

logical thinking to basically build this
application

application

application
so bear with me on this one the first

so bear with me on this one the first

so bear with me on this one the first
thing we need to check here

thing we need to check here

thing we need to check here
so think about this iteration on the

so think about this iteration on the

so think about this iteration on the
first time

first time

first time
and second time the first time the list

and second time the first time the list

and second time the first time the list
or the dictionary is actually

or the dictionary is actually

or the dictionary is actually
empty so we want to add the first

empty so we want to add the first

empty so we want to add the first
supplier to the list right away right

supplier to the list right away right

supplier to the list right away right
so we're gonna grab that and the syntax

so we're gonna grab that and the syntax

so we're gonna grab that and the syntax
for

for

for
adding a new entry in a dictionary is

adding a new entry in a dictionary is

adding a new entry in a dictionary is
like this where we have a key

like this where we have a key

like this where we have a key
and a value here so basically what we

and a value here so basically what we

and a value here so basically what we
want to end up with

want to end up with

want to end up with
is supplier name like a

is supplier name like a

is supplier name like a
company and

company and

company and
number of products for that supplier

number of products for that supplier

number of products for that supplier
that's the

that's the

that's the
dictionary that we want to end up with

dictionary that we want to end up with

dictionary that we want to end up with
then it's going to be

then it's going to be

then it's going to be
bbb company and so on

so the very first supplier goes directly

so the very first supplier goes directly
into the list

into the list

into the list
and we're going to need the name of that

and we're going to need the name of that

and we're going to need the name of that
supplier we don't know what it's going

supplier we don't know what it's going

supplier we don't know what it's going
to be

to be

to be
so name as a key

so name as a key

so name as a key
and value is going to be

and value is going to be

and value is going to be
1 at the beginning right this is the

1 at the beginning right this is the

1 at the beginning right this is the
very first iteration

very first iteration

very first iteration
so after the first it iteration we're

so after the first it iteration we're

so after the first it iteration we're
gonna have

gonna have

gonna have
the first company name supplier name and

the first company name supplier name and

the first company name supplier name and
count one for that on the second loop

count one for that on the second loop

count one for that on the second loop
second iteration basically if

second iteration basically if

second iteration basically if
the next line is a different supplier

the next line is a different supplier

the next line is a different supplier
like here for example then a new entry

like here for example then a new entry

like here for example then a new entry
will be added

will be added

will be added
because we have a new key now with

because we have a new key now with

because we have a new key now with
count one right so now we're gonna have

count one right so now we're gonna have

count one right so now we're gonna have
company a

company a

company a
with one product company b with one

with one product company b with one

with one product company b with one
product

product

product
now what happens when on the next

now what happens when on the next

now what happens when on the next
iteration

iteration

iteration
we get company a again right

we get company a again right

we get company a again right
what we want to happen is

what we want to happen is

what we want to happen is
company a the product count to

company a the product count to

company a the product count to
increase to two right because now we

increase to two right because now we

increase to two right because now we
found another product that

found another product that

found another product that
is supplied by the same company however

is supplied by the same company however

is supplied by the same company however
with this land we are actually

with this land we are actually

with this land we are actually
overriding and setting it

overriding and setting it

overriding and setting it
back to one so how do we make sure that

back to one so how do we make sure that

back to one so how do we make sure that
number of products gets incremented

number of products gets incremented

number of products gets incremented
instead of always setting it to one

instead of always setting it to one

instead of always setting it to one
what we're going to do is before we

what we're going to do is before we

what we're going to do is before we
execute this line

execute this line

execute this line
we're going to check is it a new

we're going to check is it a new

we're going to check is it a new
supplier or

supplier or

supplier or
an existing one because that makes a

an existing one because that makes a

an existing one because that makes a
difference

difference

difference
so how do we know if it's a new one or

so how do we know if it's a new one or

so how do we know if it's a new one or
an existing one

an existing one

an existing one
we can look that name up in the

we can look that name up in the

we can look that name up in the
dictionary

dictionary

dictionary
if we have already edited that name in

if we have already edited that name in

if we have already edited that name in
the dictionary then it's going to be

the dictionary then it's going to be

the dictionary then it's going to be
there

there

there
and we can do that very easily again

and we can do that very easily again

and we can do that very easily again
with the syntax

with the syntax

with the syntax
if supplier name in

if supplier name in

if supplier name in
the dictionary it's actually very

the dictionary it's actually very

the dictionary it's actually very
readable syntax that says is the

readable syntax that says is the

readable syntax that says is the
supplier

supplier

supplier
already added to the list or is it a new

already added to the list or is it a new

already added to the list or is it a new
one

one

one
so if this is true again

so if this is true again

so if this is true again
remember if conditional so if this

remember if conditional so if this

remember if conditional so if this
is true statement if the supplier name

is true statement if the supplier name

is true statement if the supplier name
is already there

is already there

is already there
then it is an existing one so we need to

then it is an existing one so we need to

then it is an existing one so we need to
increment

increment

increment
the product number instead of setting it

the product number instead of setting it

the product number instead of setting it
to one

to one

to one
so instead of assigning a new value we

so instead of assigning a new value we

so instead of assigning a new value we
want to

want to

want to
grab that value the existing one and

grab that value the existing one and

grab that value the existing one and
basically add

basically add

basically add
one to it right just increment by one so

one to it right just increment by one so

one to it right just increment by one so
getting a value from a dictionary you

getting a value from a dictionary you

getting a value from a dictionary you
probably remember the syntax already

probably remember the syntax already

probably remember the syntax already
using the key and we can save it into

using the key and we can save it into

using the key and we can save it into
a variable let's call it current

a variable let's call it current

a variable let's call it current
number of products

like this remember we're using a key

like this remember we're using a key
in order to get the value and the key is

in order to get the value and the key is

in order to get the value and the key is
the supplier name

the supplier name

the supplier name
value is the product count so this will

value is the product count so this will

value is the product count so this will
give us

give us

give us
the current number of products on the

the current number of products on the

the current number of products on the
first iteration this will be one

first iteration this will be one

first iteration this will be one
or after the first iteration we're going

or after the first iteration we're going

or after the first iteration we're going
to have one product for that specific

to have one product for that specific

to have one product for that specific
supplier

supplier

supplier
and if we already have that supplier

and if we already have that supplier

and if we already have that supplier
in the dictionary we want to increment

in the dictionary we want to increment

in the dictionary we want to increment
the number of products for that specific

the number of products for that specific

the number of products for that specific
supplier by one

supplier by one

supplier by one
because we just found another product

because we just found another product

because we just found another product
from that supplier

from that supplier

from that supplier
so we want this value to now be

so we want this value to now be

so we want this value to now be
plus one right so current number of

plus one right so current number of

plus one right so current number of
products

products

products
plus one so that's the new value that we

plus one so that's the new value that we

plus one so that's the new value that we
want

want

want
for the existing for this current

for the existing for this current

for the existing for this current
supplier and how do we assign it back

supplier and how do we assign it back

supplier and how do we assign it back
to the dictionary again we grab that

to the dictionary again we grab that

to the dictionary again we grab that
and assign it so as you see

and assign it so as you see

and assign it so as you see
taking the value from the dictionary has

taking the value from the dictionary has

taking the value from the dictionary has
the same syntax as

the same syntax as

the same syntax as
setting that value in the dictionary

setting that value in the dictionary

setting that value in the dictionary
in fact we could actually use a shortcut

in fact we could actually use a shortcut

in fact we could actually use a shortcut
here

here

here
so instead of current numproducts we

so instead of current numproducts we

so instead of current numproducts we
could just

could just

could just
take that value and add plus to it and

take that value and add plus to it and

take that value and add plus to it and
then

then

then
set it back as a new value and

set it back as a new value and

set it back as a new value and
this will basically just give us a

this will basically just give us a

this will basically just give us a
one-liner for the logic

one-liner for the logic

one-liner for the logic
depends on the taste whether this looks

depends on the taste whether this looks

depends on the taste whether this looks
nice or not

nice or not

nice or not
or whether it's better to have a new

or whether it's better to have a new

or whether it's better to have a new
variable and

variable and

variable and
increment the value like this let's

increment the value like this let's

increment the value like this let's
actually leave it like this

actually leave it like this

actually leave it like this
so this logic will take care of adding a

so this logic will take care of adding a

so this logic will take care of adding a
product count

product count

product count
every time we find another product for

every time we find another product for

every time we find another product for
the same supplier

the same supplier

the same supplier
however now we have to decide what

however now we have to decide what

however now we have to decide what
happens

happens

happens
when it's a new supplier so if this

when it's a new supplier so if this

when it's a new supplier so if this
condition

condition

condition
is false if the supplier name is not on

is false if the supplier name is not on

is false if the supplier name is not on
the list

the list

the list
and this is going to be the case on the

and this is going to be the case on the

and this is going to be the case on the
very first iteration

very first iteration

very first iteration
as well because the dictionary is

as well because the dictionary is

as well because the dictionary is
basically

basically

basically
empty so there are no supplier names and

empty so there are no supplier names and

empty so there are no supplier names and
for that case

for that case

for that case
else we're going to do what we had

else we're going to do what we had

else we're going to do what we had
before

before

before
which is just setting that number to one

which is just setting that number to one

which is just setting that number to one
right this is going to be the first

right this is going to be the first

right this is going to be the first
value so this will do

value so this will do

value so this will do
two things basically it will create

two things basically it will create

two things basically it will create
a new entry in this dictionary for this

a new entry in this dictionary for this

a new entry in this dictionary for this
new supplier

new supplier

new supplier
and it will set the product count number

and it will set the product count number

and it will set the product count number
to one for that new supplier and that's

to one for that new supplier and that's

to one for that new supplier and that's
it that's actually our logic

it that's actually our logic

it that's actually our logic
and let's actually try this out and

and let's actually try this out and

and let's actually try this out and
print it out

print it out

print it out
so right here i'm gonna print

so right here i'm gonna print

so right here i'm gonna print
adding a new supplier

adding a new supplier

adding a new supplier
and this is going to happen three times

and this is going to happen three times

and this is going to happen three times
because we have three suppliers

because we have three suppliers

because we have three suppliers
so we can safely print it because just

so we can safely print it because just

so we can safely print it because just
gonna happen three times

gonna happen three times

gonna happen three times
there is one more thing we need to fix

there is one more thing we need to fix

there is one more thing we need to fix
here and that is

here and that is

here and that is
getting the value from the cell so if we

getting the value from the cell so if we

getting the value from the cell so if we
actually

actually

actually
execute this now let's comment this out

execute this now let's comment this out

execute this now let's comment this out
and actually print out

and actually print out

and actually print out
what the supplier name here is

what the supplier name here is

what the supplier name here is
let's actually get rid of this line we

let's actually get rid of this line we

let's actually get rid of this line we
don't need this

don't need this

don't need this
and run the program you see here we have

and run the program you see here we have

and run the program you see here we have
cell information so it's not actually

cell information so it's not actually

cell information so it's not actually
the

the

the
the value the name of the supplier but

the value the name of the supplier but

the value the name of the supplier but
it's just

it's just

it's just
the object cell and the reason for that

the object cell and the reason for that

the object cell and the reason for that
is because we're accessing a cell but

is because we're accessing a cell but

is because we're accessing a cell but
we're not actually extracting or getting

we're not actually extracting or getting

we're not actually extracting or getting
the value out of it

the value out of it

the value out of it
and we can do that using this value

and we can do that using this value

and we can do that using this value
attribute on that complete object

attribute on that complete object

attribute on that complete object
again something that you can look up in

again something that you can look up in

again something that you can look up in
the documentation of

the documentation of

the documentation of
this open pi xl module

this open pi xl module

this open pi xl module
so now let's run it again and now we

so now let's run it again and now we

so now let's run it again and now we
have

have

have
the actual values of that cell

the actual values of that cell

the actual values of that cell
and this will take care of that small

and this will take care of that small

and this will take care of that small
problem and now we are ready to

problem and now we are ready to

problem and now we are ready to
execute our

execute our

execute our
program and after the for loop actually

program and after the for loop actually

program and after the for loop actually
let's print out the

let's print out the

let's print out the
dictionary because we want to see the

dictionary because we want to see the

dictionary because we want to see the
results of the dictionary that we are

results of the dictionary that we are

results of the dictionary that we are
building here

building here

building here
and i'm going to execute it now

and i'm going to execute it now

and i'm going to execute it now
and there you go first of all we have

and there you go first of all we have

and there you go first of all we have
three times adding a new supplier

three times adding a new supplier

three times adding a new supplier
because we have three suppliers and this

because we have three suppliers and this

because we have three suppliers and this
is the

is the

is the
resulting dictionary and it looks

resulting dictionary and it looks

resulting dictionary and it looks
actually very good

actually very good

actually very good
first we have company a because this was

first we have company a because this was

first we have company a because this was
the first on the list

the first on the list

the first on the list
and we have number of products that were

and we have number of products that were

and we have number of products that were
counted

counted

counted
for that company then we have the second

for that company then we have the second

for that company then we have the second
one

one

one
with number of products and the third

with number of products and the third

with number of products and the third
one

one

one
so it looks like our program did exactly

so it looks like our program did exactly

so it looks like our program did exactly
what we wanted

so that takes care of the first exercise

so that takes care of the first exercise
now i want to note here

now i want to note here

now i want to note here
one small thing which is an alternative

one small thing which is an alternative

one small thing which is an alternative
syntax for

syntax for

syntax for
getting values from a dictionary which

getting values from a dictionary which

getting values from a dictionary which
is actually

is actually

is actually
a more recommended way of doing it which

a more recommended way of doing it which

a more recommended way of doing it which
is instead of

is instead of

is instead of
having these brackets here

having these brackets here

having these brackets here
to have a get method right

to have a get method right

to have a get method right
to use a get function

with the key name so now you see the

with the key name so now you see the
difference between those two

difference between those two

difference between those two
so this is setting the value of that key

so this is setting the value of that key

so this is setting the value of that key
again remember key is this one here and

again remember key is this one here and

again remember key is this one here and
this is the value

this is the value

this is the value
so we are accessing the value of the

so we are accessing the value of the

so we are accessing the value of the
dictionary using that key

dictionary using that key

dictionary using that key
and get function is actually

and get function is actually

and get function is actually
another way of grabbing this value out

another way of grabbing this value out

another way of grabbing this value out
of a dictionary using the key name

of a dictionary using the key name

of a dictionary using the key name
again if i execute this i should see

again if i execute this i should see

again if i execute this i should see
the same result

after the first exercise basically we

after the first exercise basically we
see from which company

see from which company

see from which company
from which supplier we have the most

from which supplier we have the most

from which supplier we have the most
product or the highest number of

product or the highest number of

product or the highest number of
products now in the second exercise

products now in the second exercise

products now in the second exercise
we're going to calculate

we're going to calculate

we're going to calculate
the total inventory value per supplier

the total inventory value per supplier

the total inventory value per supplier
meaning in our list for each product we

meaning in our list for each product we

meaning in our list for each product we
have

have

have
number of units for the product and the

number of units for the product and the

number of units for the product and the
price so basically for

price so basically for

price so basically for
each supplier we want to calculate how

each supplier we want to calculate how

each supplier we want to calculate how
much is the total

much is the total

much is the total
value of inventory of their products

value of inventory of their products

value of inventory of their products
of all their products and again as a

of all their products and again as a

of all their products and again as a
result

result

result
we want to create a dictionary that

we want to create a dictionary that

we want to create a dictionary that
basically tells

basically tells

basically tells
us that value per company let's go ahead

us that value per company let's go ahead

us that value per company let's go ahead
and do that

and do that

and do that
so this was calculation

calculation for number

calculation for number
of products per

of products per

of products per
supplier

and here we're going to give us some

and here we're going to give us some
space

and do calculation

and do calculation
total value per

total value per

total value per
supplier or total value of inventory

supplier or total value of inventory

supplier or total value of inventory
per supplier that's what we want to

per supplier that's what we want to

per supplier that's what we want to
calculate

calculate

calculate
so just like we did before we're going

so just like we did before we're going

so just like we did before we're going
to create a new dictionary now

to create a new dictionary now

to create a new dictionary now
and we're going to call it appropriately

and we're going to call it appropriately

and we're going to call it appropriately
total value

total value

total value
per supplier

per supplier

per supplier
and start with an empty dictionary

and start with an empty dictionary

and start with an empty dictionary
again for starting in an easy way let's

again for starting in an easy way let's

again for starting in an easy way let's
consider the first

consider the first

consider the first
very first iteration for the first

very first iteration for the first

very first iteration for the first
supplier

supplier

supplier
how are we going to calculate for the

how are we going to calculate for the

how are we going to calculate for the
first supplier

first supplier

first supplier
for the first product so i'm going to

for the first product so i'm going to

for the first product so i'm going to
take this new dictionary and

take this new dictionary and

take this new dictionary and
with our familiar syntax i'm gonna do

with our familiar syntax i'm gonna do

with our familiar syntax i'm gonna do
supplier name so that's gonna be our key

supplier name so that's gonna be our key

supplier name so that's gonna be our key
and the value

and the value

and the value
of the very first iteration for the

of the very first iteration for the

of the very first iteration for the
first product

first product

first product
is going to be inventory

is going to be inventory

is going to be inventory
times price so for the first product

times price so for the first product

times price so for the first product
we're going to calculate how much

we're going to calculate how much

we're going to calculate how much
or how many of the product items we have

or how many of the product items we have

or how many of the product items we have
and

and

and
number of price right that will give us

number of price right that will give us

number of price right that will give us
value of the total inventory for

value of the total inventory for

value of the total inventory for
that one specific product and that means

that one specific product and that means

that one specific product and that means
we need those two values

we need those two values

we need those two values
right now we're just getting the value

right now we're just getting the value

right now we're just getting the value
of the supplier

of the supplier

of the supplier
so we need inventory

i'm actually going to copy this so we

i'm actually going to copy this so we
need

need

need
cell for product row and

cell for product row and

cell for product row and
column inventory is on column two

column inventory is on column two

column inventory is on column two
and value so whatever the product row is

and value so whatever the product row is

and value so whatever the product row is
going to be so for each product

going to be so for each product

going to be so for each product
basically for each row

basically for each row

basically for each row
we need always the second column so all

we need always the second column so all

we need always the second column so all
these values here

these values here

these values here
and then we need price which

and then we need price which

and then we need price which
going to be product list cell

going to be product list cell

going to be product list cell
and we are looking for

the third column for every row

the third column for every row
number three and value

number three and value

number three and value
so now we have inventory and price per

so now we have inventory and price per

so now we have inventory and price per
product and the way to calculate

product and the way to calculate

product and the way to calculate
value is basically inventory that's the

value is basically inventory that's the

value is basically inventory that's the
number of

number of

number of
product items times price very easy

product items times price very easy

product items times price very easy
that will give us the first value

that will give us the first value

that will give us the first value
for the first supplier now again the

for the first supplier now again the

for the first supplier now again the
same way

same way

same way
if we are getting a new supplier so

if we are getting a new supplier so

if we are getting a new supplier so
basically in the next iteration

basically in the next iteration

basically in the next iteration
if it's a new supplier then this line

if it's a new supplier then this line

if it's a new supplier then this line
will get executed and everything is fine

will get executed and everything is fine

will get executed and everything is fine
however if it's an existing supplier

however if it's an existing supplier

however if it's an existing supplier
that we already have in the dictionary

that we already have in the dictionary

that we already have in the dictionary
then we have to add to that previous

then we have to add to that previous

then we have to add to that previous
value right instead of setting a new one

value right instead of setting a new one

value right instead of setting a new one
so we're going to do very similar logic

so we're going to do very similar logic

so we're going to do very similar logic
as we did here

as we did here

as we did here
so we have the supplier name we're

so we have the supplier name we're

so we have the supplier name we're
checking

checking

checking
is it a new supplier or an old one an

is it a new supplier or an old one an

is it a new supplier or an old one an
existing one

existing one

existing one
this time in our new dictionary

this time in our new dictionary

this time in our new dictionary
and if it is we're gonna

and if it is we're gonna

and if it is we're gonna
grab that old or existing value

grab that old or existing value

grab that old or existing value
again using this get syntax here

existing value now is hundred we want to

existing value now is hundred we want to
add to that hundred right

add to that hundred right

add to that hundred right
so we're gonna grab that value this is

so we're gonna grab that value this is

so we're gonna grab that value this is
going to be current

going to be current

going to be current
total value

total value

total value
and then we're going to add to that

and then we're going to add to that

and then we're going to add to that
current total value

the inventory value for the current

the inventory value for the current
product and assign it back to

product and assign it back to

product and assign it back to
our dictionary

now our variable names a little bit

now our variable names a little bit
long so the code kind of looks a bit

long so the code kind of looks a bit

long so the code kind of looks a bit
cluttered

cluttered

cluttered
but it's easy to read and descriptive so

but it's easy to read and descriptive so

but it's easy to read and descriptive so
you can also go for shorter variable

you can also go for shorter variable

you can also go for shorter variable
names to have a cleaner code

names to have a cleaner code

names to have a cleaner code
again matter of taste i usually name the

again matter of taste i usually name the

again matter of taste i usually name the
variables

variables

variables
something descriptive something that

something descriptive something that

something descriptive something that
basically really

basically really

basically really
differentiates or says what the value is

differentiates or says what the value is

differentiates or says what the value is
about

about

about
and that basically takes care of

and that basically takes care of

and that basically takes care of
existing suppliers or the suppliers that

existing suppliers or the suppliers that

existing suppliers or the suppliers that
we already

we already

we already
have in the dictionary else we do

have in the dictionary else we do

have in the dictionary else we do
this and this is complaining about

this and this is complaining about

this and this is complaining about
too many blank lines so let's fix that

too many blank lines so let's fix that

too many blank lines so let's fix that
and

and

and
that's basically our logic again to go

that's basically our logic again to go

that's basically our logic again to go
through it once

through it once

through it once
for new suppliers again this is going to

for new suppliers again this is going to

for new suppliers again this is going to
happen three times because we have three

happen three times because we have three

happen three times because we have three
suppliers

suppliers

suppliers
we are basically setting the total

we are basically setting the total

we are basically setting the total
inventory price or inventory value for

inventory price or inventory value for

inventory price or inventory value for
that specific product

that specific product

that specific product
because remember we are iterating

because remember we are iterating

because remember we are iterating
through products

through products

through products
and then every time a new product

and then every time a new product

and then every time a new product
iteration happens for the same supplier

iteration happens for the same supplier

iteration happens for the same supplier
we basically just

we basically just

we basically just
add an inventory price or total value

add an inventory price or total value

add an inventory price or total value
for that specific product

for that specific product

for that specific product
for what we already have in the

for what we already have in the

for what we already have in the
dictionary

dictionary

dictionary
for that specific supplier so now

for that specific supplier so now

for that specific supplier so now
let's again print out

let's again print out

let's again print out
our dictionary

our dictionary

our dictionary
let's actually print both values

so the first dictionary is this one

so the first dictionary is this one
right here

right here

right here
supplier and number of products second

supplier and number of products second

supplier and number of products second
one

one

one
is going to be supplier and total value

is going to be supplier and total value

is going to be supplier and total value
of all the products they have in the

of all the products they have in the

of all the products they have in the
inventory

inventory

inventory
with us execute and there you go we have

with us execute and there you go we have

with us execute and there you go we have
both dictionaries printed here and here

both dictionaries printed here and here

both dictionaries printed here and here
you see

you see

you see
for each company we have the value

for each company we have the value

for each company we have the value
in price basically right here the value

in price basically right here the value

in price basically right here the value
for the total inventory of all the

for the total inventory of all the

for the total inventory of all the
products they have

products they have

products they have
on this list and we see that value

on this list and we see that value

on this list and we see that value
per supplier and the values are

per supplier and the values are

per supplier and the values are
decimal numbers with cent precision so

decimal numbers with cent precision so

decimal numbers with cent precision so
95

95

95
cents 47 cents because the prices

cents 47 cents because the prices

cents 47 cents because the prices
are obviously like this as well and if

are obviously like this as well and if

are obviously like this as well and if
you're wondering this

you're wondering this

you're wondering this
comma here is actually a german format

comma here is actually a german format

comma here is actually a german format
for number precision so this is going to

for number precision so this is going to

for number precision so this is going to
be actually equivalent to

be actually equivalent to

be actually equivalent to
english dot and we don't have to worry

english dot and we don't have to worry

english dot and we don't have to worry
about this actually because

about this actually because

about this actually because
python reads it and

python reads it and

python reads it and
interprets it correctly so no problem

interprets it correctly so no problem

interprets it correctly so no problem
with

with

with
different language formats so that takes

different language formats so that takes

different language formats so that takes
care of

care of

care of
our second calculation

our second calculation

our second calculation
now the third logic we're going to write

now the third logic we're going to write

now the third logic we're going to write
is basically printing out

is basically printing out

is basically printing out
all the products that have inventory

all the products that have inventory

all the products that have inventory
less than 10

less than 10

less than 10
like this ones here for example so

like this ones here for example so

like this ones here for example so
the logic for that is actually going to

the logic for that is actually going to

the logic for that is actually going to
be pretty easy

be pretty easy

be pretty easy
what we need as a result is again a

what we need as a result is again a

what we need as a result is again a
dictionary

dictionary

dictionary
let's call it products which have

let's call it products which have

let's call it products which have
inventory under 10

like this and the value in the

like this and the value in the
dictionary

dictionary

dictionary
should be the product number

should be the product number

should be the product number
which we have in the first column and

which we have in the first column and

which we have in the first column and
the inventory count so let's get rid of

the inventory count so let's get rid of

the inventory count so let's get rid of
these print statements

these print statements

these print statements
and let's do calculation

and let's do calculation

and let's do calculation
or we can do logic products

or we can do logic products

or we can do logic products
with inventory less than

with inventory less than

with inventory less than
10. so basically as i said for each

10. so basically as i said for each

10. so basically as i said for each
product

product

product
which has inventory under 10 we want to

which has inventory under 10 we want to

which has inventory under 10 we want to
print out

print out

print out
or we want to save in a dictionary the

or we want to save in a dictionary the

or we want to save in a dictionary the
product number

product number

product number
and the inventory count so

and the inventory count so

and the inventory count so
we have the inventory count already the

we have the inventory count already the

we have the inventory count already the
value

value

value
from the cell but we don't have the

from the cell but we don't have the

from the cell but we don't have the
product number

product number

product number
we're not accessing it so let's actually

we're not accessing it so let's actually

we're not accessing it so let's actually
do that

do that

do that
product number

product number

product number
and we already know how this works

and we already know how this works

and we already know how this works
this is going to be the first column

this is going to be the first column

this is going to be the first column
right

right

right
this one here and this gives us

this one here and this gives us

this one here and this gives us
product number and now in our dictionary

product number and now in our dictionary

product number and now in our dictionary
products under 10

products under 10

products under 10
we want to add value like this product

we want to add value like this product

we want to add value like this product
number

number

number
and it's going to be set to value of the

and it's going to be set to value of the

and it's going to be set to value of the
inventory

inventory

inventory
like this however we don't want it for

like this however we don't want it for

like this however we don't want it for
every

every

every
product we wanted only for products with

product we wanted only for products with

product we wanted only for products with
inventory less than 10

inventory less than 10

inventory less than 10
and that's going to be an easy if

and that's going to be an easy if

and that's going to be an easy if
conditional here

conditional here

conditional here
if inventory again remember

if inventory again remember

if inventory again remember
this logic all this logic happens for

this logic all this logic happens for

this logic all this logic happens for
each product row right so all these get

each product row right so all these get

each product row right so all these get
executed

executed

executed
for each of these rows so basically we

for each of these rows so basically we

for each of these rows so basically we
have inventory number

have inventory number

have inventory number
on each iteration for each specific

on each iteration for each specific

on each iteration for each specific
product

product

product
and that's why we can just say if

and that's why we can just say if

and that's why we can just say if
inventory is less than 10

inventory is less than 10

inventory is less than 10
so if the value on that specific row is

so if the value on that specific row is

so if the value on that specific row is
less than 10

less than 10

less than 10
we want to add that product

we want to add that product

we want to add that product
the current product that we are

the current product that we are

the current product that we are
iterating on

iterating on

iterating on
on the list and set the value of

on the list and set the value of

on the list and set the value of
inventory as well

inventory as well

inventory as well
again we have some complaining here

again we have some complaining here

again we have some complaining here
because of the lines

because of the lines

because of the lines
and this will be the logic basically

and this will be the logic basically

and this will be the logic basically
and a use case for this type of

and a use case for this type of

and a use case for this type of
calculation would be

calculation would be

calculation would be
if we find products that have inventory

if we find products that have inventory

if we find products that have inventory
which are less than 10

which are less than 10

which are less than 10
means we need to reorder them right

means we need to reorder them right

means we need to reorder them right
because they're going to get out of

because they're going to get out of

because they're going to get out of
stock soon

stock soon

stock soon
and now at the end

and now at the end

and now at the end
let's print the list of all the products

let's print the list of all the products

let's print the list of all the products
that have

that have

that have
inventory less than 10. so i'm going to

inventory less than 10. so i'm going to

inventory less than 10. so i'm going to
execute it

execute it

execute it
and here we have the product number and

and here we have the product number and

and here we have the product number and
inventory count so we have three

inventory count so we have three

inventory count so we have three
products basically

products basically

products basically
which have inventory less than 10 and

which have inventory less than 10 and

which have inventory less than 10 and
let's actually

let's actually

let's actually
check that product number 25 right here

check that product number 25 right here

check that product number 25 right here
which has inventory of seven and product

which has inventory of seven and product

which has inventory of seven and product
number

number

number
30 inventory of six

30 inventory of six

30 inventory of six
and the third one as well now you're

and the third one as well now you're

and the third one as well now you're
probably wondering why we have this dot

probably wondering why we have this dot

probably wondering why we have this dot
zero here because by default those

zero here because by default those

zero here because by default those
values are interpreted as

values are interpreted as

values are interpreted as
float numbers and not integers if we

float numbers and not integers if we

float numbers and not integers if we
wanted to we can actually fix that

wanted to we can actually fix that

wanted to we can actually fix that
using the integer function

using the integer function

using the integer function
in both cases like this

in both cases like this

in both cases like this
let's execute it again and we have the

let's execute it again and we have the

let's execute it again and we have the
integers and not floats

and finally as a last exercise what

and finally as a last exercise what
we're going to do is we're going to

we're going to do is we're going to

we're going to do is we're going to
actually

actually

actually
add some value inside that spreadsheet

add some value inside that spreadsheet

add some value inside that spreadsheet
till now we have been reading the values

till now we have been reading the values

till now we have been reading the values
and doing some calculations and just

and doing some calculations and just

and doing some calculations and just
printing the result

printing the result

printing the result
on the terminal as the last exercise

on the terminal as the last exercise

on the terminal as the last exercise
we're actually going to create a new

we're actually going to create a new

we're actually going to create a new
column here for every row and we're

column here for every row and we're

column here for every row and we're
going to

going to

going to
calculate basically the total price of

calculate basically the total price of

calculate basically the total price of
inventory

inventory

inventory
right the number of units times the

right the number of units times the

right the number of units times the
price and we're going to

price and we're going to

price and we're going to
basically set the value for each product

basically set the value for each product

basically set the value for each product
inventory multiplied by price so

inventory multiplied by price so

inventory multiplied by price so
how do we add a column or how do we make

how do we add a column or how do we make

how do we add a column or how do we make
changes

changes

changes
to a file it's actually pretty easy

to a file it's actually pretty easy

to a file it's actually pretty easy
the same way as we were grabbing the

the same way as we were grabbing the

the same way as we were grabbing the
value from this

value from this

value from this
file and basically reading the values we

file and basically reading the values we

file and basically reading the values we
can

can

can
add values to it and add columns and

add values to it and add columns and

add values to it and add columns and
rows etc

rows etc

rows etc
so to add a fifth column

so to add a fifth column

so to add a fifth column
we're gonna do product list cell

we're gonna do product list cell

we're gonna do product list cell
product row this is going to be the

product row this is going to be the

product row this is going to be the
number of the row and

number of the row and

number of the row and
a column number so the same way we

a column number so the same way we

a column number so the same way we
accessed

accessed

accessed
the cells for all other values we can

the cells for all other values we can

the cells for all other values we can
basically

basically

basically
access the cell on column five

access the cell on column five

access the cell on column five
which has an empty value right so

which has an empty value right so

which has an empty value right so
we're not actually creating a new column

we're not actually creating a new column

we're not actually creating a new column
we're just grabbing

we're just grabbing

we're just grabbing
a value of a column five which happens

a value of a column five which happens

a value of a column five which happens
to be

to be

to be
empty and we are overriding that value

empty and we are overriding that value

empty and we are overriding that value
and we could

and we could

and we could
do the same actually for any other

do the same actually for any other

do the same actually for any other
columns here right we can overwrite all

columns here right we can overwrite all

columns here right we can overwrite all
these values

these values

these values
if we wanted to so that's basically what

if we wanted to so that's basically what

if we wanted to so that's basically what
we're doing

we're doing

we're doing
so we're grabbing that cell and we can

so we're grabbing that cell and we can

so we're grabbing that cell and we can
now save it into a variable

now save it into a variable

now save it into a variable
let's actually call it inventory

price so now that cell

price so now that cell
is saved into that variable so we can

is saved into that variable so we can

is saved into that variable so we can
reference it

reference it

reference it
and note here that i didn't add dot

and note here that i didn't add dot

and note here that i didn't add dot
value at the end

value at the end

value at the end
because if we want to update the cell

because if we want to update the cell

because if we want to update the cell
we need the whole cell object right so

we need the whole cell object right so

we need the whole cell object right so
that we can

that we can

that we can
actually set a value on that so how do

actually set a value on that so how do

actually set a value on that so how do
we set a value

we set a value

we set a value
for that specific cell so again note

for that specific cell so again note

for that specific cell so again note
that this is

that this is

that this is
iteration so for each product row

iteration so for each product row

iteration so for each product row
the value will be set so how do we set

the value will be set so how do we set

the value will be set so how do we set
the cell value i'm just going to grab

the cell value i'm just going to grab

the cell value i'm just going to grab
this

this

this
variable here inventory price which is

variable here inventory price which is

variable here inventory price which is
representing the cell

representing the cell

representing the cell
in column five for each iteration

in column five for each iteration

in column five for each iteration
and right here at the end because this

and right here at the end because this

and right here at the end because this
is our last exercise

is our last exercise

is our last exercise
let's write this is a logic

let's write this is a logic

let's write this is a logic
or basically add value for

or basically add value for

or basically add value for
total inventory price

total inventory price

total inventory price
and the way we set the value in a cell

and the way we set the value in a cell

and the way we set the value in a cell
is dot value equals

is dot value equals

is dot value equals
and the calculation for that is actually

and the calculation for that is actually

and the calculation for that is actually
very easy we already did it here

very easy we already did it here

very easy we already did it here
inventory times the price for that

inventory times the price for that

inventory times the price for that
specific product

specific product

specific product
and that's it so we're using that dot

and that's it so we're using that dot

and that's it so we're using that dot
value here

value here

value here
in order to set the value instead of

in order to set the value instead of

in order to set the value instead of
grabbing the value

grabbing the value

grabbing the value
and that will actually update and

and that will actually update and

and that will actually update and
add this calculation a result of the

add this calculation a result of the

add this calculation a result of the
calculation

calculation

calculation
on each line on this column but note

on each line on this column but note

on each line on this column but note
that this will only

that this will only

that this will only
change the value in a temporary file but

change the value in a temporary file but

change the value in a temporary file but
it's not going to save

it's not going to save

it's not going to save
anything right so what we want to do at

anything right so what we want to do at

anything right so what we want to do at
the end

the end

the end
if we want this change to persist to

if we want this change to persist to

if we want this change to persist to
actually be

actually be

actually be
saved we want to explicitly save the

saved we want to explicitly save the

saved we want to explicitly save the
file

file

file
so for example if i manually did

so for example if i manually did

so for example if i manually did
something here added some value

something here added some value

something here added some value
i would need to save it here as well

i would need to save it here as well

i would need to save it here as well
right so that's exactly what we need to

right so that's exactly what we need to

right so that's exactly what we need to
do

do

do
here but programmatically using python

here but programmatically using python

here but programmatically using python
so how do we save a file using python

so how do we save a file using python

so how do we save a file using python
again

again

again
this package or this module that we use

this package or this module that we use

this package or this module that we use
here

here

here
also gives us a function that we can use

also gives us a function that we can use

also gives us a function that we can use
to save the file

to save the file

to save the file
and since we're doing an operation on a

and since we're doing an operation on a

and since we're doing an operation on a
file and not a sheet here

file and not a sheet here

file and not a sheet here
we're going to grab that variable in

we're going to grab that variable in

we're going to grab that variable in
file

file

file
and here at the end we're going to call

and here at the end we're going to call

and here at the end we're going to call
a save function on it and this will save

a save function on it and this will save

a save function on it and this will save
the file changes

the file changes

the file changes
however we're not overriding the same

however we're not overriding the same

however we're not overriding the same
file the existing inventory file

file the existing inventory file

file the existing inventory file
we're creating a new one and because of

we're creating a new one and because of

we're creating a new one and because of
that we need to provide

that we need to provide

that we need to provide
a name of the new file that is going to

a name of the new file that is going to

a name of the new file that is going to
be created

be created

be created
with the save function and we're going

with the save function and we're going

with the save function and we're going
to call that

to call that

to call that
file let's say inventory

with total value

with total value
and extension

the same extension as we have here so

the same extension as we have here so
this line will now save the changes and

this line will now save the changes and

this line will now save the changes and
create a new file

create a new file

create a new file
from the original one which has these

from the original one which has these

from the original one which has these
values generated basically

values generated basically

values generated basically
so now that we are done with the fourth

so now that we are done with the fourth

so now that we are done with the fourth
exercise let's actually print out

exercise let's actually print out

exercise let's actually print out
everything

that we've done so far i'm gonna take

that we've done so far i'm gonna take
all those values

so this is going to be execution of all

so this is going to be execution of all
our logic

our logic

our logic
printing these three dictionaries here

printing these three dictionaries here

printing these three dictionaries here
and then updating

and then updating

and then updating
the spreadsheet file and saving it into

the spreadsheet file and saving it into

the spreadsheet file and saving it into
a new file

a new file

a new file
so with this let's actually execute our

so with this let's actually execute our

so with this let's actually execute our
program and see what happened

program and see what happened

program and see what happened
first of all we have all those three

first of all we have all those three

first of all we have all those three
dictionaries listed here

dictionaries listed here

dictionaries listed here
or printed here with the values

or printed here with the values

or printed here with the values
and if we pull this aside

and if we pull this aside

and if we pull this aside
here you see a new file got generated

here you see a new file got generated

here you see a new file got generated
with the name

with the name

with the name
inventory with total value and if we

inventory with total value and if we

inventory with total value and if we
open this file

open this file

open this file
we should see that for each row a new

we should see that for each row a new

we should see that for each row a new
column was generated and filled with

column was generated and filled with

column was generated and filled with
values

values

values
which is calculated for each product's

which is calculated for each product's

which is calculated for each product's
inventory and price

inventory and price

inventory and price
so that's basically our project that's

so that's basically our project that's

so that's basically our project that's
how you work with

how you work with

how you work with
files in python specifically with

files in python specifically with

files in python specifically with
spreadsheet

spreadsheet

spreadsheet
files and as i said at the beginning

files and as i said at the beginning

files and as i said at the beginning
this could be actually very useful

this could be actually very useful

this could be actually very useful
automation logic when you're working at

automation logic when you're working at

automation logic when you're working at
a company where there are lots of

a company where there are lots of

a company where there are lots of
excel files or spreadsheet files that

excel files or spreadsheet files that

excel files or spreadsheet files that
employees have to work with

employees have to work with

employees have to work with
and manually update stuff inside

in this part we're going to learn the

in this part we're going to learn the
concept of objects and

concept of objects and

concept of objects and
classes in python and generally object

classes in python and generally object

classes in python and generally object
oriented

oriented

oriented
let's consider an example of an

let's consider an example of an

let's consider an example of an
application with

application with

application with
lots of users for example linkedin right

lots of users for example linkedin right

lots of users for example linkedin right
we have

we have

we have
users and each user will have some

users and each user will have some

users and each user will have some
information for example

information for example

information for example
email address

password

password
maybe a current job title

maybe a current job title

maybe a current job title
work experience a set of skills and so

work experience a set of skills and so

work experience a set of skills and so
on

on

on
right so each user will have all this

right so each user will have all this

right so each user will have all this
information but

information but

information but
obviously the actual values the actual

obviously the actual values the actual

obviously the actual values the actual
information will be different

information will be different

information will be different
for each user in addition to that users

for each user in addition to that users

for each user in addition to that users
are able to do something with their own

are able to do something with their own

are able to do something with their own
information right

information right

information right
so for example a user can change their

so for example a user can change their

so for example a user can change their
password

change their current job title add a new

change their current job title add a new
skill

and again basically do stuff with their

and again basically do stuff with their
own

own

own
personal information and our program

personal information and our program

personal information and our program
will be

will be

will be
able to handle this user information

able to handle this user information

able to handle this user information
plus

plus

plus
user changing their information right so

user changing their information right so

user changing their information right so
this will be

this will be

this will be
user data and in order to do something

user data and in order to do something

user data and in order to do something
so to perform some action we would have

so to perform some action we would have

so to perform some action we would have
functions for that right

functions for that right

functions for that right
so all of these will actually be

so all of these will actually be

so all of these will actually be
functions however as i mentioned

functions however as i mentioned

functions however as i mentioned
every user will have their own data and

every user will have their own data and

every user will have their own data and
whenever a new user basically registers

whenever a new user basically registers

whenever a new user basically registers
for an application

for an application

for an application
all these data should be gathered for

all these data should be gathered for

all these data should be gathered for
that new user

that new user

that new user
and saved in the application so

and saved in the application so

and saved in the application so
basically that means that

basically that means that

basically that means that
in our program we need some way to

in our program we need some way to

in our program we need some way to
define

define

define
kind of a blueprint for a user for all

kind of a blueprint for a user for all

kind of a blueprint for a user for all
the data

the data

the data
user information and user behavior right

user information and user behavior right

user information and user behavior right
things that the user can do in the

things that the user can do in the

things that the user can do in the
application

application

application
because if we have thousand users in our

because if we have thousand users in our

because if we have thousand users in our
application obviously we can't

application obviously we can't

application obviously we can't
write the same logic and same variables

write the same logic and same variables

write the same logic and same variables
thousand times right we want to have a

thousand times right we want to have a

thousand times right we want to have a
blueprint once

blueprint once

blueprint once
and then we can use the blueprint for

and then we can use the blueprint for

and then we can use the blueprint for
all those thousand users

all those thousand users

all those thousand users
and that blueprint for a user is called

and that blueprint for a user is called

and that blueprint for a user is called
a class

a class

a class
and the specific implementation of that

and the specific implementation of that

and the specific implementation of that
blueprint

blueprint

blueprint
is called an object so think of this

is called an object so think of this

is called an object so think of this
like a blueprint of a building right you

like a blueprint of a building right you

like a blueprint of a building right you
can have a blueprint

can have a blueprint

can have a blueprint
once which is like a general description

once which is like a general description

once which is like a general description
of

of

of
building with doors and windows and

building with doors and windows and

building with doors and windows and
everything that

everything that

everything that
every single building has and then the

every single building has and then the

every single building has and then the
specific implementation

specific implementation

specific implementation
of that blueprint will be the actual

of that blueprint will be the actual

of that blueprint will be the actual
built ready buildings right

built ready buildings right

built ready buildings right
so that's the same concept we're going

so that's the same concept we're going

so that's the same concept we're going
to create a class

to create a class

to create a class
blueprint for a user and the user class

blueprint for a user and the user class

blueprint for a user and the user class
blueprint will define

blueprint will define

blueprint will define
what information a user has

what information a user has

what information a user has
and what actions user can perform in the

and what actions user can perform in the

and what actions user can perform in the
application

application

application
and object then will contain the actual

and object then will contain the actual

and object then will contain the actual
information

information

information
like this information right here

like this information right here

like this information right here
for each specific user so let's clean

for each specific user so let's clean

for each specific user so let's clean
all these up

all these up

all these up
and let's now actually create class

and let's now actually create class

and let's now actually create class
user

so let's create a new file in our

so let's create a new file in our
project and let's actually call it

project and let's actually call it

project and let's actually call it
user dot pi so this is going to be our

user dot pi so this is going to be our

user dot pi so this is going to be our
user class

user class

user class
and inside that i'm going to paste in

and inside that i'm going to paste in

and inside that i'm going to paste in
this piece of code that basically will

this piece of code that basically will

this piece of code that basically will
represent

represent

represent
data for the user and some behavior

data for the user and some behavior

data for the user and some behavior
these pieces of data are also called

these pieces of data are also called

these pieces of data are also called
attributes

attributes

attributes
for that class so now let's turn

for that class so now let's turn

for that class so now let's turn
all of these into a class so first of

all of these into a class so first of

all of these into a class so first of
all

all

all
we create a class using class special

we create a class using class special

we create a class using class special
work and you also see the syntax

work and you also see the syntax

work and you also see the syntax
highlighting

highlighting

highlighting
and we're going to call that user

and we're going to call that user

and we're going to call that user
and you know the syntax already for

and you know the syntax already for

and you know the syntax already for
functions um etc

functions um etc

functions um etc
with indentation so this is going to be

with indentation so this is going to be

with indentation so this is going to be
where our class definition goes

where our class definition goes

where our class definition goes
now note here the capital letter for u

now note here the capital letter for u

now note here the capital letter for u
for user

for user

for user
and lowercase user in the

and lowercase user in the

and lowercase user in the
python file name so a standard

python file name so a standard

python file name so a standard
convention is that we call classes with

convention is that we call classes with

convention is that we call classes with
a capital letter

a capital letter

a capital letter
and the file names are written in

and the file names are written in

and the file names are written in
lowercase letters

lowercase letters

lowercase letters
and now all of these should actually go

and now all of these should actually go

and now all of these should actually go
inside that

inside that

inside that
indentation right like this now we said

indentation right like this now we said

indentation right like this now we said
that

that

that
class is a blueprint for specific

class is a blueprint for specific

class is a blueprint for specific
objects

objects

objects
and blueprint cannot actually have

and blueprint cannot actually have

and blueprint cannot actually have
specific

specific

specific
values right so all these needs to

values right so all these needs to

values right so all these needs to
be removed so in the blueprint we don't

be removed so in the blueprint we don't

be removed so in the blueprint we don't
have any specific values we just have

have any specific values we just have

have any specific values we just have
the attributes

the attributes

the attributes
so basically we say this user will have

so basically we say this user will have

so basically we say this user will have
an email

an email

an email
name password and current job title the

name password and current job title the

name password and current job title the
actual values of those attributes

actual values of those attributes

actual values of those attributes
will be then set when we create an

will be then set when we create an

will be then set when we create an
object from the blueprint

object from the blueprint

object from the blueprint
however we need a function that will

however we need a function that will

however we need a function that will
actually

actually

actually
take those specific values and assign

take those specific values and assign

take those specific values and assign
them

them

them
to an object which is created from the

to an object which is created from the

to an object which is created from the
blueprint

blueprint

blueprint
and we're gonna create that function

and we're gonna create that function

and we're gonna create that function
right here in the class

right here in the class

right here in the class
and that function actually is called

and that function actually is called

and that function actually is called
init with

init with

init with
underscore or two underscores at the

underscore or two underscores at the

underscore or two underscores at the
beginning and

beginning and

beginning and
at the end a couple of notes here first

at the end a couple of notes here first

at the end a couple of notes here first
of all you see the syntax highlighting

of all you see the syntax highlighting

of all you see the syntax highlighting
just changed

just changed

just changed
to this different color second note is

to this different color second note is

to this different color second note is
that these

that these

that these
functions that start with underscore in

functions that start with underscore in

functions that start with underscore in
python are special functions

python are special functions

python are special functions
so python basically gives them some

so python basically gives them some

so python basically gives them some
special meaning so it knows

special meaning so it knows

special meaning so it knows
exactly what this init function is and

exactly what this init function is and

exactly what this init function is and
we also have to call it init we can't

we also have to call it init we can't

we also have to call it init we can't
just call it whatever we want and final

just call it whatever we want and final

just call it whatever we want and final
note is that this init function in

note is that this init function in

note is that this init function in
python is

python is

python is
something called a constructor again we

something called a constructor again we

something called a constructor again we
have a blueprint and we're constructing

have a blueprint and we're constructing

have a blueprint and we're constructing
objects from the blueprint and this init

objects from the blueprint and this init

objects from the blueprint and this init
function

function

function
the constructive function will help us

the constructive function will help us

the constructive function will help us
construct

construct

construct
objects from that user class and now

objects from that user class and now

objects from that user class and now
for a function syntax you know that we

for a function syntax you know that we

for a function syntax you know that we
use

use

use
these brackets right and when i

these brackets right and when i

these brackets right and when i
start writing the bracket you see that

start writing the bracket you see that

start writing the bracket you see that
self

self

self
got automatically created as the

got automatically created as the

got automatically created as the
parameter here

parameter here

parameter here
and the reason is as i mentioned python

and the reason is as i mentioned python

and the reason is as i mentioned python
knows what the init function is and that

knows what the init function is and that

knows what the init function is and that
it's a

it's a

it's a
constructor so it knows that it needs

constructor so it knows that it needs

constructor so it knows that it needs
this

this

this
self as a parameter again self is also a

self as a parameter again self is also a

self as a parameter again self is also a
special

special

special
word in python it has a special meaning

word in python it has a special meaning

word in python it has a special meaning
and it actually

and it actually

and it actually
refers to this class here

refers to this class here

refers to this class here
right this entire class if i hover over

right this entire class if i hover over

right this entire class if i hover over
it

it

it
you see self points to the user class

you see self points to the user class

you see self points to the user class
and it will basically just help us

and it will basically just help us

and it will basically just help us
access

access

access
and reference all the attributes and

and reference all the attributes and

and reference all the attributes and
functions within that class

functions within that class

functions within that class
so it's for special usage within that

so it's for special usage within that

so it's for special usage within that
user class

user class

user class
and we're going to see examples of how

and we're going to see examples of how

and we're going to see examples of how
to use that in a second

to use that in a second

to use that in a second
now you can think of those attributes as

now you can think of those attributes as

now you can think of those attributes as
variables

variables

variables
within the class because they belong to

within the class because they belong to

within the class because they belong to
the class right they describe basically

the class right they describe basically

the class right they describe basically
what attributes or what characteristics

what attributes or what characteristics

what attributes or what characteristics
this

this

this
class has and in order to define that

class has and in order to define that

class has and in order to define that
these

these

these
variables belong to the class we need to

variables belong to the class we need to

variables belong to the class we need to
use

use

use
self here so

and you see again syntax highlighting

and you see again syntax highlighting
changed

changed

changed
and the red line disappeared so

and the red line disappeared so

and the red line disappeared so
basically we are defining

basically we are defining

basically we are defining
that email name password and current job

that email name password and current job

that email name password and current job
title

title

title
belong to this class using this self

belong to this class using this self

belong to this class using this self
keyword and now the last thing remaining

keyword and now the last thing remaining

keyword and now the last thing remaining
in this constructor again remember

in this constructor again remember

in this constructor again remember
constructor

constructor

constructor
is to construct new objects so whenever

is to construct new objects so whenever

is to construct new objects so whenever
a new object is created

a new object is created

a new object is created
the specific values will be assigned

the specific values will be assigned

the specific values will be assigned
to all these four variables right and

to all these four variables right and

to all these four variables right and
those

those

those
values those specific values will be

values those specific values will be

values those specific values will be
passed into the constructor as

passed into the constructor as

passed into the constructor as
parameters so email name

parameters so email name

parameters so email name
password and current

password and current

password and current
job title those four values

job title those four values

job title those four values
must be provided to the constructor

must be provided to the constructor

must be provided to the constructor
whenever we're creating

whenever we're creating

whenever we're creating
a new object note that these

a new object note that these

a new object note that these
names here could be different from this

names here could be different from this

names here could be different from this
these are not the same these are just

these are not the same these are just

these are not the same these are just
parameters and using these parameter

parameters and using these parameter

parameters and using these parameter
values we are going to

values we are going to

values we are going to
basically set the variables or

basically set the variables or

basically set the variables or
attributes

attributes

attributes
of the class like this

of the class like this

of the class like this
and the warning is gone as well again as

and the warning is gone as well again as

and the warning is gone as well again as
i mentioned this could be something else

i mentioned this could be something else

i mentioned this could be something else
we could call it user email so it

we could call it user email so it

we could call it user email so it
doesn't actually have to be

doesn't actually have to be

doesn't actually have to be
the same it's just for convenience so

the same it's just for convenience so

the same it's just for convenience so
this function will construct an object

this function will construct an object

this function will construct an object
with parameters that we provide when we

with parameters that we provide when we

with parameters that we provide when we
actually create it

actually create it

actually create it
and we're going to see how to create an

and we're going to see how to create an

and we're going to see how to create an
object later this is just the definition

object later this is just the definition

object later this is just the definition
as remember when you define a function

as remember when you define a function

as remember when you define a function
nothing actually happens

nothing actually happens

nothing actually happens
until you call or you use that function

until you call or you use that function

until you call or you use that function
so

so

so
right here we're just defining that

right here we're just defining that

right here we're just defining that
function so that we can use it

function so that we can use it

function so that we can use it
later so constructor logic is

later so constructor logic is

later so constructor logic is
done now we have these two functions

done now we have these two functions

done now we have these two functions
that any user in our application

that any user in our application

that any user in our application
can do right any user can change their

can do right any user can change their

can do right any user can change their
password or change their job title

password or change their job title

password or change their job title
and logically when change password

and logically when change password

and logically when change password
happens

happens

happens
by user basically user provides a new

by user basically user provides a new

by user basically user provides a new
password

password

password
in order to override the old one so the

in order to override the old one so the

in order to override the old one so the
flow will be following

flow will be following

flow will be following
the object will be created for the

the object will be created for the

the object will be created for the
specific user

specific user

specific user
so the initial data for that object will

so the initial data for that object will

so the initial data for that object will
be provided

be provided

be provided
so we'll have the user email name

so we'll have the user email name

so we'll have the user email name
password and current job title

password and current job title

password and current job title
and later at some point user may decide

and later at some point user may decide

and later at some point user may decide
to change their password

to change their password

to change their password
and their current job title and that

and their current job title and that

and their current job title and that
means the

means the

means the
initial data will be changed and that

initial data will be changed and that

initial data will be changed and that
means

means

means
that we're actually changing the

that we're actually changing the

that we're actually changing the
attributes

self.password with a new password

self.password with a new password
right so logic will be like this

right so logic will be like this

right so logic will be like this
now we have red lines here why because

now we have red lines here why because

now we have red lines here why because
we need

we need

we need
this self as a parameter first of all we

this self as a parameter first of all we

this self as a parameter first of all we
also have that

also have that

also have that
as um note right here

as um note right here

as um note right here
so just like here we need to actually

so just like here we need to actually

so just like here we need to actually
pass that self as a parameter that's

pass that self as a parameter that's

pass that self as a parameter that's
just how it is

just how it is

just how it is
because we need to access attributes

because we need to access attributes

because we need to access attributes
of that class in that function and

of that class in that function and

of that class in that function and
new password will be

new password will be

new password will be
new password variable will be the new

new password variable will be the new

new password variable will be the new
password

password

password
basically that user wants to set so this

basically that user wants to set so this

basically that user wants to set so this
will change

will change

will change
the initial password with the new one

the initial password with the new one

the initial password with the new one
and the same way

and the same way

and the same way
in change.title we have self as a first

in change.title we have self as a first

in change.title we have self as a first
parameter

parameter

parameter
we always need it in all the functions

we always need it in all the functions

we always need it in all the functions
because

because

because
otherwise we cannot access the

otherwise we cannot access the

otherwise we cannot access the
attributes in the class

attributes in the class

attributes in the class
and new job

so now let's review this class that we

so now let's review this class that we
created

created

created
first of all we have this class keyword

first of all we have this class keyword

first of all we have this class keyword
here with a capital letter

here with a capital letter

here with a capital letter
for user you already know the syntax

for user you already know the syntax

for user you already know the syntax
with colon and then

with colon and then

with colon and then
indentation so this all of these

indentation so this all of these

indentation so this all of these
inside this indentation is class body

inside this indentation is class body

inside this indentation is class body
so part of the class logic first we have

so part of the class logic first we have

so part of the class logic first we have
this

this

this
init constructor that sets the initial

init constructor that sets the initial

init constructor that sets the initial
values

values

values
of that class attributes whenever we

of that class attributes whenever we

of that class attributes whenever we
create

create

create
a specific object for that class right

a specific object for that class right

a specific object for that class right
so this happens only when we construct a

so this happens only when we construct a

so this happens only when we construct a
new object

new object

new object
and then on that constructed object we

and then on that constructed object we

and then on that constructed object we
can change password we can change

can change password we can change

can change password we can change
job title and note that right now we

job title and note that right now we

job title and note that right now we
have

have

have
nothing basically hard coded we have no

nothing basically hard coded we have no

nothing basically hard coded we have no
specific

specific

specific
values here right everything is just

values here right everything is just

values here right everything is just
parameterized

parameterized

parameterized
and also this is just a definition for

and also this is just a definition for

and also this is just a definition for
class and its functions nothing will

class and its functions nothing will

class and its functions nothing will
actually happen when we execute this

actually happen when we execute this

actually happen when we execute this
because we're not creating any user

because we're not creating any user

because we're not creating any user
objects

objects

objects
so if i right click here and execute

so if i right click here and execute

so if i right click here and execute
this

this

this
run user you see that

run user you see that

run user you see that
nothing happened because the class

nothing happened because the class

nothing happened because the class
definition was created

definition was created

definition was created
but we're not doing anything with that

but we're not doing anything with that

but we're not doing anything with that
class definition we're not creating

class definition we're not creating

class definition we're not creating
new users so now let's actually go ahead

new users so now let's actually go ahead

new users so now let's actually go ahead
and

and

and
do that

in the same file in user.py

in the same file in user.py
i would actually use that class

i would actually use that class

i would actually use that class
blueprint to construct a new

blueprint to construct a new

blueprint to construct a new
user object and creating an object from

user object and creating an object from

user object and creating an object from
a class is actually very simple

a class is actually very simple

a class is actually very simple
we just write name of the class and

we just write name of the class and

we just write name of the class and
parentheses this is actually the same

parentheses this is actually the same

parentheses this is actually the same
syntax as

syntax as

syntax as
calling the function with parameters

calling the function with parameters

calling the function with parameters
and the parameters that we need to give

and the parameters that we need to give

and the parameters that we need to give
that

that

that
class are these four values here

class are these four values here

class are these four values here
and note that calling this user

and note that calling this user

and note that calling this user
class function basically in the

class function basically in the

class function basically in the
background we'll call

background we'll call

background we'll call
init function right so the constructor

init function right so the constructor

init function right so the constructor
will be called whenever we write this

will be called whenever we write this

will be called whenever we write this
syntax with class name and parentheses

syntax with class name and parentheses

syntax with class name and parentheses
and this init constructor as you see

and this init constructor as you see

and this init constructor as you see
expects

expects

expects
four parameters so we have to provide

four parameters so we have to provide

four parameters so we have to provide
all those parameters

all those parameters

all those parameters
right here in the parenthesis so let's

right here in the parenthesis so let's

right here in the parenthesis so let's
actually provide them

actually provide them

actually provide them
let's do user email

let's do user email

let's do user email
like this

and a current job title again very

and a current job title again very
similar to calling a function

similar to calling a function

similar to calling a function
and this will actually construct a new

and this will actually construct a new

and this will actually construct a new
object from the user class which has

object from the user class which has

object from the user class which has
these four attributes with

these four attributes with

these four attributes with
values that we just provided here and

values that we just provided here and

values that we just provided here and
has these

has these

has these
two functions that we can use

two functions that we can use

two functions that we can use
to either change a password or change

to either change a password or change

to either change a password or change
job title

job title

job title
one note here is that functions that

one note here is that functions that

one note here is that functions that
belong to a class

belong to a class

belong to a class
are actually called methods so there's a

are actually called methods so there's a

are actually called methods so there's a
special name for functions

special name for functions

special name for functions
which are part of a class so we can

which are part of a class so we can

which are part of a class so we can
refer to them as

refer to them as

refer to them as
methods so user object basically gives

methods so user object basically gives

methods so user object basically gives
us

us

us
two methods that we can use now again if

two methods that we can use now again if

two methods that we can use now again if
we execute this program now

we execute this program now

we execute this program now
we will not see anything even though

we will not see anything even though

we will not see anything even though
user will be created because

user will be created because

user will be created because
we're not printing anything to the

we're not printing anything to the

we're not printing anything to the
console we're not doing anything so

console we're not doing anything so

console we're not doing anything so
let's do that run user nothing happens

let's do that run user nothing happens

let's do that run user nothing happens
because

because

because
we need to print a message or some kind

we need to print a message or some kind

we need to print a message or some kind
of information

of information

of information
so what i'm going to do now is inside

so what i'm going to do now is inside

so what i'm going to do now is inside
that class

that class

that class
i'm going to create a function or a

i'm going to create a function or a

i'm going to create a function or a
method as we learned now

method as we learned now

method as we learned now
that basically prints back some user

that basically prints back some user

that basically prints back some user
information right

information right

information right
prints me the name email and current job

prints me the name email and current job

prints me the name email and current job
title because we don't want to display

title because we don't want to display

title because we don't want to display
password so let's give us some space

password so let's give us some space

password so let's give us some space
here

here

here
and let's create a function called get

and let's create a function called get

and let's create a function called get
user info so that we can see something

user info so that we can see something

user info so that we can see something
and again as soon as i typed in

and again as soon as i typed in

and again as soon as i typed in
these first parentheses self got

these first parentheses self got

these first parentheses self got
generated

generated

generated
because we need self in every function

because we need self in every function

because we need self in every function
within the class

within the class

within the class
and in the function body we're gonna

and in the function body we're gonna

and in the function body we're gonna
print user information

print user information

print user information
so let's say user

so let's say user

so let's say user
and name of the user which we can access

and name of the user which we can access

and name of the user which we can access
using self

using self

using self
remember all the attributes that the

remember all the attributes that the

remember all the attributes that the
object has can be accessed with

object has can be accessed with

object has can be accessed with
this special word here so self

this special word here so self

this special word here so self
dot name

dot name

dot name
so user whatever the user's name is

so user whatever the user's name is

so user whatever the user's name is
currently works

currently works

currently works
as a and now we need the job description

as a and now we need the job description

as a and now we need the job description
or job title

and you can contact

and you can contact
them at and now we can

them at and now we can

them at and now we can
use the email

so this message will be printed for the

so this message will be printed for the
user

user

user
again because this will be used for

again because this will be used for

again because this will be used for
any user of our application the message

any user of our application the message

any user of our application the message
these parts will be the same but each

these parts will be the same but each

these parts will be the same but each
user will have their own different name

user will have their own different name

user will have their own different name
different job title and different email

different job title and different email

different job title and different email
address

address

address
so all of these are

so all of these are

so all of these are
and written as variables because we

and written as variables because we

and written as variables because we
don't know these values up front

don't know these values up front

don't know these values up front
so now we can actually use this function

so now we can actually use this function

so now we can actually use this function
or method to print out information of a

or method to print out information of a

or method to print out information of a
specific

specific

specific
user so how do we use or how do we call

user so how do we use or how do we call

user so how do we use or how do we call
that function of the user

that function of the user

that function of the user
we first save it into a variable

we first save it into a variable

we first save it into a variable
app user one

app user one

app user one
or nana doesn't really matter let's call

or nana doesn't really matter let's call

or nana doesn't really matter let's call
it app user one so it's generic

it app user one so it's generic

it app user one so it's generic
so how do we use that function

so how do we use that function

so how do we use that function
to print out the information about the

to print out the information about the

to print out the information about the
user if i do

user if i do

user if i do
app user one and dot

app user one and dot

app user one and dot
you see that i have the attributes here

you see that i have the attributes here

you see that i have the attributes here
the four attributes that

the four attributes that

the four attributes that
our user object has or user class

our user object has or user class

our user object has or user class
and we have these three methods of the

and we have these three methods of the

and we have these three methods of the
class get user infor

class get user infor

class get user infor
change job title and change password so

change job title and change password so

change job title and change password so
using get

using get

using get
info we can call this function

and if i execute this right here you see

and if i execute this right here you see
user

user

user
nanogenasia currently works as a devops

nanogenasia currently works as a devops

nanogenasia currently works as a devops
engineer

engineer

engineer
you can contact them at this email

you can contact them at this email

you can contact them at this email
and now let's say we want to change

and now let's say we want to change

and now let's say we want to change
job title of that user we do that in the

job title of that user we do that in the

job title of that user we do that in the
same way

same way

same way
app user one dot

app user one dot

app user one dot
change job title and

change job title and

change job title and
we're gonna provide the job title

we're gonna provide the job title

we're gonna provide the job title
parameter

parameter

parameter
note that even though you see two

note that even though you see two

note that even though you see two
parameters here on that function

parameters here on that function

parameters here on that function
this first parameter is passed in

this first parameter is passed in

this first parameter is passed in
automatically so we don't have to

automatically so we don't have to

automatically so we don't have to
basically pass that self right it's

basically pass that self right it's

basically pass that self right it's
already done automatically we just have

already done automatically we just have

already done automatically we just have
to worry about these parameters

to worry about these parameters

to worry about these parameters
so new job title is let's say

so new job title is let's say

so new job title is let's say
devops trainer

and now we can call that

and now we can call that
user info method again

user info method again

user info method again
and execute and you see first

and execute and you see first

and execute and you see first
message printed here before we change

message printed here before we change

message printed here before we change
the job title

the job title

the job title
now it's devops trainer

now it's devops trainer

now it's devops trainer
so that's how we can create a new

so that's how we can create a new

so that's how we can create a new
object from a class and we can

object from a class and we can

object from a class and we can
use methods of that object by first

use methods of that object by first

use methods of that object by first
saving that object into a variable and

saving that object into a variable and

saving that object into a variable and
then calling that function

then calling that function

then calling that function
on that variable and obviously now this

on that variable and obviously now this

on that variable and obviously now this
is just

is just

is just
one user but if we had another one

user two that's actually

user two that's actually
clean this up we can create

clean this up we can create

clean this up we can create
a new user with different values

a new user with different values

a new user with different values
like this

like this

like this
they have their own email

own password and on

own password and on
job title and again

we can create that user and basically

we can create that user and basically
just use the methods defined in the

just use the methods defined in the

just use the methods defined in the
class

class

class
and in two different cases or for two

and in two different cases or for two

and in two different cases or for two
different users

different users

different users
obviously the user info will be

obviously the user info will be

obviously the user info will be
different

different

different
so let's execute this and right here you

so let's execute this and right here you

so let's execute this and right here you
see the user

see the user

see the user
information for both users and obviously

information for both users and obviously

information for both users and obviously
if you have an application like

if you have an application like

if you have an application like
linkedin you don't have two users or a

linkedin you don't have two users or a

linkedin you don't have two users or a
thousand users

thousand users

thousand users
you probably have millions of users and

you probably have millions of users and

you probably have millions of users and
having

having

having
a user definition once and

a user definition once and

a user definition once and
reusing it every time a new user gets

reusing it every time a new user gets

reusing it every time a new user gets
created or

created or

created or
basically existing users do something in

basically existing users do something in

basically existing users do something in
application

application

application
is only possible when using classes

is only possible when using classes

is only possible when using classes
and objects instead of just having all

and objects instead of just having all

and objects instead of just having all
these logic

these logic

these logic
non-structured throughout the code and

non-structured throughout the code and

non-structured throughout the code and
again in this type of applications

again in this type of applications

again in this type of applications
you would not have four attributes and

you would not have four attributes and

you would not have four attributes and
three methods you will have

three methods you will have

three methods you will have
probably hundreds of attributes and

probably hundreds of attributes and

probably hundreds of attributes and
hundreds of such

hundreds of such

hundreds of such
methods now as you see here

methods now as you see here

methods now as you see here
we have created this user.pi

we have created this user.pi

we have created this user.pi
file for user class but we're also

file for user class but we're also

file for user class but we're also
creating these

creating these

creating these
objects in the same file which actually

objects in the same file which actually

objects in the same file which actually
doesn't make sense because

doesn't make sense because

doesn't make sense because
the file should be only for defining the

the file should be only for defining the

the file should be only for defining the
class right

class right

class right
so all of this logic actually needs to

so all of this logic actually needs to

so all of this logic actually needs to
move out from here

move out from here

move out from here
and this should be just only for class

and this should be just only for class

and this should be just only for class
definition

definition

definition
so in the application again using an

so in the application again using an

so in the application again using an
example of linkedin

example of linkedin

example of linkedin
we would have class user and then we

we would have class user and then we

we would have class user and then we
would have

would have

would have
a class post right whenever someone

a class post right whenever someone

a class post right whenever someone
posts something

posts something

posts something
each post will have their own attributes

each post will have their own attributes

each post will have their own attributes
like the actual

like the actual

like the actual
message or text in that post the author

message or text in that post the author

message or text in that post the author
who wrote the post how many likes it has

who wrote the post how many likes it has

who wrote the post how many likes it has
etc

etc

etc
as well as specific functions right for

as well as specific functions right for

as well as specific functions right for
example

example

example
changing the post commenting on the post

changing the post commenting on the post

changing the post commenting on the post
etc

etc

etc
so you will have separate file for each

so you will have separate file for each

so you will have separate file for each
such class right in the application and

such class right in the application and

such class right in the application and
then you would have

then you would have

then you would have
one file somewhere else this could be a

one file somewhere else this could be a

one file somewhere else this could be a
main dot pi

main dot pi

main dot pi
where you would actually use all those

where you would actually use all those

where you would actually use all those
different classes and create

different classes and create

different classes and create
objects from those classes and that

objects from those classes and that

objects from those classes and that
means that logic that we wrote here

means that logic that we wrote here

means that logic that we wrote here
constructing a user object and then

constructing a user object and then

constructing a user object and then
calling some functions on that

calling some functions on that

calling some functions on that
will actually happen in another file in

will actually happen in another file in

will actually happen in another file in
our case let's use

our case let's use

our case let's use
main.pi and now let's see how we're

main.pi and now let's see how we're

main.pi and now let's see how we're
going to do that

going to do that

going to do that
i'm going to paste in the code that i

i'm going to paste in the code that i

i'm going to paste in the code that i
copied from there

copied from there

copied from there
and as soon as i paste in you see those

and as soon as i paste in you see those

and as soon as i paste in you see those
red lines

red lines

red lines
so basically main.pi says that it cannot

so basically main.pi says that it cannot

so basically main.pi says that it cannot
find

find

find
a reference to user so this file doesn't

a reference to user so this file doesn't

a reference to user so this file doesn't
know anything about the user class

know anything about the user class

know anything about the user class
so how do we fix that or how do we make

so how do we fix that or how do we make

so how do we fix that or how do we make
this user class available

this user class available

this user class available
in another file and if you remember

in another file and if you remember

in another file and if you remember
when we needed to use modules or

when we needed to use modules or

when we needed to use modules or
basically functions

basically functions

basically functions
variables whatever from other files in

variables whatever from other files in

variables whatever from other files in
python

python

python
we use import to basically import those

we use import to basically import those

we use import to basically import those
functions

functions

functions
and make them available here or import

and make them available here or import

and make them available here or import
the whole module

the whole module

the whole module
to make its functions and variables

to make its functions and variables

to make its functions and variables
available here

available here

available here
and the same way we can import classes

and the same way we can import classes

and the same way we can import classes
from another file import

from another file import

from another file import
user and note here that i'm using the

user and note here that i'm using the

user and note here that i'm using the
name of the file

name of the file

name of the file
user lowercase and not the class name

user lowercase and not the class name

user lowercase and not the class name
with capital user right

with capital user right

with capital user right
so we are importing that file so now we

so we are importing that file so now we

so we are importing that file so now we
can use

can use

can use
anything that is defined in that file

anything that is defined in that file

anything that is defined in that file
and one of them

and one of them

and one of them
is class called user and the way we can

is class called user and the way we can

is class called user and the way we can
access that class now is using the name

access that class now is using the name

access that class now is using the name
of module and not the class

of module and not the class

of module and not the class
user itself and this is basically

user itself and this is basically

user itself and this is basically
exactly the same concept as we saw

exactly the same concept as we saw

exactly the same concept as we saw
before

before

before
because we are importing a module called

because we are importing a module called

because we are importing a module called
user

user

user
remember every python file that has

remember every python file that has

remember every python file that has
functions or variables or classes inside

functions or variables or classes inside

functions or variables or classes inside
is a module so we are importing a module

is a module so we are importing a module

is a module so we are importing a module
and once we have that module imported

and once we have that module imported

and once we have that module imported
now we can use

now we can use

now we can use
and access functions variables or

and access functions variables or

and access functions variables or
classes

classes

classes
of that module and we can do that by

of that module and we can do that by

of that module and we can do that by
copying the name of the module

copying the name of the module

copying the name of the module
dot and there you go in the same way

dot and there you go in the same way

dot and there you go in the same way
here so exactly the same concept whether

here so exactly the same concept whether

here so exactly the same concept whether
this is a function or a class doesn't

this is a function or a class doesn't

this is a function or a class doesn't
matter

matter

matter
we use it the same way remember when we

we use it the same way remember when we

we use it the same way remember when we
use the date

use the date

use the date
time module with the syntax

time module with the syntax

time module with the syntax
datetime.daytime

datetime.daytime

datetime.daytime
and that was an example of using a class

and that was an example of using a class

and that was an example of using a class
from a module now user.user may

from a module now user.user may

from a module now user.user may
look a little bit weird so we can use

look a little bit weird so we can use

look a little bit weird so we can use
our

our

our
familiar import statement where instead

familiar import statement where instead

familiar import statement where instead
of

of

of
importing the whole module we can pick

importing the whole module we can pick

importing the whole module we can pick
and choose and import specific

and choose and import specific

and choose and import specific
definitions or specific elements of that

definitions or specific elements of that

definitions or specific elements of that
module

module

module
in our case we just have one element

in our case we just have one element

in our case we just have one element
which is the class

which is the class

which is the class
so we're going to say from user module

so we're going to say from user module

so we're going to say from user module
import

import

import
user class and now we don't need the

user class and now we don't need the

user class and now we don't need the
module name anymore because we imported

module name anymore because we imported

module name anymore because we imported
the

the

the
class itself and now if we

class itself and now if we

class itself and now if we
execute main dot p y

execute main dot p y

execute main dot p y
let's do it again here we have the same

let's do it again here we have the same

let's do it again here we have the same
result

result

result
for two of our users

for two of our users

for two of our users
and again as i said in applications you

and again as i said in applications you

and again as i said in applications you
will have multiple classes

will have multiple classes

will have multiple classes
that are connected to each other so for

that are connected to each other so for

that are connected to each other so for
example if we have a post here

example if we have a post here

example if we have a post here
post blueprint basically whenever a new

post blueprint basically whenever a new

post blueprint basically whenever a new
post gets created

post gets created

post gets created
with some specific values like the

with some specific values like the

with some specific values like the
actual message

actual message

actual message
and creation date time etc

and creation date time etc

and creation date time etc
it will also have an author and that

it will also have an author and that

it will also have an author and that
author will

author will

author will
actually be one of those user objects

actually be one of those user objects

actually be one of those user objects
right

right

right
so you will have some functions here

so you will have some functions here

so you will have some functions here
that actually

that actually

that actually
reference the post and we can also see

reference the post and we can also see

reference the post and we can also see
that in action

that in action

that in action
let's actually create a post class

let's actually create a post class

let's actually create a post class
let's give it just two attributes to

let's give it just two attributes to

let's give it just two attributes to
keep it simple

keep it simple

keep it simple
so we need a constructor here

so we need a constructor here

so we need a constructor here
in it

and we're gonna pass in message

and we're gonna pass in message
and author right this is gonna be the

and author right this is gonna be the

and author right this is gonna be the
user who wrote it

user who wrote it

user who wrote it
and you know the drill already

and let's create another function

and let's create another function
which displays a post with its

which displays a post with its

which displays a post with its
respective author so let's do get

respective author so let's do get

respective author so let's do get
post info

post info

post info
again we have self here and let's print

and the author name so this is going to

and the author name so this is going to
be our simple

be our simple

be our simple
post class and user

post class and user

post class and user
is able to create new posts so we have

is able to create new posts so we have

is able to create new posts so we have
the blueprint for a post

the blueprint for a post

the blueprint for a post
and the same way we can create that post

and the same way we can create that post

and the same way we can create that post
inside the main dot pi so first let's

inside the main dot pi so first let's

inside the main dot pi so first let's
import

and then here we're going to create a

and then here we're going to create a
new post

new post

new post
in pycharm you get this nice display of

in pycharm you get this nice display of

in pycharm you get this nice display of
parameters

parameters

parameters
that function or class basically

that function or class basically

that function or class basically
expects so we have message and author

expects so we have message and author

expects so we have message and author
let's do some

message or post and as a second

message or post and as a second
parameter

parameter

parameter
we have the author and we can use

we have the author and we can use

we have the author and we can use
the name of a user so let's do

the name of a user so let's do

the name of a user so let's do
app user to dot name and this will

app user to dot name and this will

app user to dot name and this will
create

create

create
an object also called instance in

an object also called instance in

an object also called instance in
programming

programming

programming
special instance of that post class

special instance of that post class

special instance of that post class
and then we can print the information

and then we can print the information

and then we can print the information
of that post first assign it

of that post first assign it

of that post first assign it
to a variable let's say it's a new post

to a variable let's say it's a new post

to a variable let's say it's a new post
and on a new post we're gonna call get

and on a new post we're gonna call get

and on a new post we're gonna call get
post info let's actually run this

post info let's actually run this

post info let's actually run this
application now and see the result

application now and see the result

application now and see the result
and here we have our post message that

and here we have our post message that

and here we have our post message that
gets

gets

gets
printed by this get post info method

printed by this get post info method

printed by this get post info method
in the post class

and at the beginning i mentioned object

and at the beginning i mentioned object
oriented programming

oriented programming

oriented programming
which basically means that when you're

which basically means that when you're

which basically means that when you're
writing your code with

writing your code with

writing your code with
objects and classes like this to create

objects and classes like this to create

objects and classes like this to create
blueprints and then

blueprints and then

blueprints and then
use those blueprints for specific

use those blueprints for specific

use those blueprints for specific
instances

instances

instances
that's called object-oriented

that's called object-oriented

that's called object-oriented
programming and also an

programming and also an

programming and also an
interesting note here is that in python

interesting note here is that in python

interesting note here is that in python
almost

almost

almost
everything is actually an object for

everything is actually an object for

everything is actually an object for
example the data types like string

example the data types like string

example the data types like string
integer list set etc when we printed

integer list set etc when we printed

integer list set etc when we printed
them out we saw

them out we saw

them out we saw
class of string or class of

class of string or class of

class of string or class of
list so these data types are also

list so these data types are also

list so these data types are also
classes in python

classes in python

classes in python
and this int or sdr for string functions

and this int or sdr for string functions

and this int or sdr for string functions
we called

we called

we called
where actually the constructor we called

where actually the constructor we called

where actually the constructor we called
to create a string

to create a string

to create a string
or integer object and the constructor of

or integer object and the constructor of

or integer object and the constructor of
int for example took a string

int for example took a string

int for example took a string
representation of a number

representation of a number

representation of a number
and in its init function and constructed

and in its init function and constructed

and in its init function and constructed
an integer out of it now for us in terms

an integer out of it now for us in terms

an integer out of it now for us in terms
of

of

of
using these data types and variables etc

using these data types and variables etc

using these data types and variables etc
it doesn't actually matter but it's just

it doesn't actually matter but it's just

it doesn't actually matter but it's just
an interesting thing to know

an interesting thing to know

an interesting thing to know
about how this whole thing works in

about how this whole thing works in

about how this whole thing works in
python

in this part we're going to learn how to

in this part we're going to learn how to
use

use

use
python to talk to external applications

python to talk to external applications

python to talk to external applications
in our case we're going to use gitlab

in our case we're going to use gitlab

in our case we're going to use gitlab
and then application and just

and then application and just

and then application and just
note here that communication between

note here that communication between

note here that communication between
two applications in our case our python

two applications in our case our python

two applications in our case our python
application

application

application
and a gitlab application usually happens

and a gitlab application usually happens

and a gitlab application usually happens
using a common protocol like http

using a common protocol like http

using a common protocol like http
so basically our python application will

so basically our python application will

so basically our python application will
send an http request

send an http request

send an http request
to gitlab application and from the

to gitlab application and from the

to gitlab application and from the
gitlab application it will get

gitlab application it will get

gitlab application it will get
an http response for that request

an http response for that request

an http response for that request
so just know that http is just a

so just know that http is just a

so just know that http is just a
protocol

protocol

protocol
that these two applications can

that these two applications can

that these two applications can
communicate with

communicate with

communicate with
over the internet i have a couple of

over the internet i have a couple of

over the internet i have a couple of
projects on gitlab

projects on gitlab

projects on gitlab
so we're gonna write a very simple

so we're gonna write a very simple

so we're gonna write a very simple
python application

python application

python application
that basically goes to gitlab and asks

that basically goes to gitlab and asks

that basically goes to gitlab and asks
for the list

for the list

for the list
of projects for my user and

of projects for my user and

of projects for my user and
then just prints it here in our run

then just prints it here in our run

then just prints it here in our run
window

window

window
and the concept of one application

and the concept of one application

and the concept of one application
talking to another is basically done

talking to another is basically done

talking to another is basically done
using

using

using
something called api requests so the

something called api requests so the

something called api requests so the
remote

remote

remote
application in this case gitlab has an

application in this case gitlab has an

application in this case gitlab has an
api

api

api
so these are functions basically that

so these are functions basically that

so these are functions basically that
gitlab

gitlab

gitlab
makes available for other applications

makes available for other applications

makes available for other applications
to call

to call

to call
and we're going to call those functions

and we're going to call those functions

and we're going to call those functions
from our python application

from our python application

from our python application
in order to get the list of projects for

in order to get the list of projects for

in order to get the list of projects for
my user and that

my user and that

my user and that
communication or python basically asking

communication or python basically asking

communication or python basically asking
for this information

for this information

for this information
is going to be an api request or api

is going to be an api request or api

is going to be an api request or api
call and what we get in response from

call and what we get in response from

call and what we get in response from
this gitlab

this gitlab

this gitlab
api is going to be api response

api is going to be api response

api is going to be api response
so let's go ahead and do that

in python in order to make those

in python in order to make those
external requests

external requests

external requests
to remote applications we're going to

to remote applications we're going to

to remote applications we're going to
need a module

need a module

need a module
called requests this is a generic module

called requests this is a generic module

called requests this is a generic module
that you can use for

that you can use for

that you can use for
any external application and as i

any external application and as i

any external application and as i
mentioned at the beginning the

mentioned at the beginning the

mentioned at the beginning the
communication happens

communication happens

communication happens
using http protocol between two

using http protocol between two

using http protocol between two
applications

applications

applications
and as you see here also in the module

and as you see here also in the module

and as you see here also in the module
description it says

description it says

description it says
an http library which allows you to send

an http library which allows you to send

an http library which allows you to send
http requests and then receive http

http requests and then receive http

http requests and then receive http
responses

responses

responses
from another application and that's

from another application and that's

from another application and that's
exactly what we're going to be doing

exactly what we're going to be doing

exactly what we're going to be doing
and this request module is not part of

and this request module is not part of

and this request module is not part of
python

python

python
so we're going to install it using pip

so we're going to install it using pip

so we're going to install it using pip
again remember that we're using pip

again remember that we're using pip

again remember that we're using pip
that actually comes packaged with the

that actually comes packaged with the

that actually comes packaged with the
pycharm

pycharm

pycharm
so in the terminal window of my ide of

so in the terminal window of my ide of

so in the terminal window of my ide of
pycharm

pycharm

pycharm
i'm going to execute peep install

i'm going to execute peep install

i'm going to execute peep install
requests

successfully installed request this is

successfully installed request this is
the version of that module

and if i expand this external library's

and if i expand this external library's
site packages

site packages

site packages
i'm going to see the requests package

i'm going to see the requests package

i'm going to see the requests package
in the list great

in the list great

in the list great
so once we have the module available

so once we have the module available

so once we have the module available
locally we can

locally we can

locally we can
import that module in our file

import that module in our file

import that module in our file
and this requests module now has or

and this requests module now has or

and this requests module now has or
package actually

package actually

package actually
has functions variables and objects

has functions variables and objects

has functions variables and objects
that we can use to talk to these remote

that we can use to talk to these remote

that we can use to talk to these remote
applications like gitlab

applications like gitlab

applications like gitlab
as i said gitlab is just one example you

as i said gitlab is just one example you

as i said gitlab is just one example you
can talk to any

can talk to any

can talk to any
remote application that has an api and

remote application that has an api and

remote application that has an api and
we can not only do

we can not only do

we can not only do
requests for getting the existing

requests for getting the existing

requests for getting the existing
information but we can also make

information but we can also make

information but we can also make
requests

requests

requests
to change something in that remote

to change something in that remote

to change something in that remote
application so for example

application so for example

application so for example
i can write a python application that

i can write a python application that

i can write a python application that
will actually create

will actually create

will actually create
a new project on my gitlab account

a new project on my gitlab account

a new project on my gitlab account
but to keep the demo simple we're just

but to keep the demo simple we're just

but to keep the demo simple we're just
going to be

going to be

going to be
fetching information from gitlab so

fetching information from gitlab so

fetching information from gitlab so
how do we make requests to an api of an

how do we make requests to an api of an

how do we make requests to an api of an
application

application

application
with this requests module we get a

with this requests module we get a

with this requests module we get a
function called

function called

function called
get and get takes one main parameter

get and get takes one main parameter

get and get takes one main parameter
which is url so basically we need to

which is url so basically we need to

which is url so basically we need to
tell python where to find that remote

tell python where to find that remote

tell python where to find that remote
application

application

application
or again in our case where to find

or again in our case where to find

or again in our case where to find
gitlab

gitlab

gitlab
to talk to it so we need the url of

to talk to it so we need the url of

to talk to it so we need the url of
gitlab

gitlab

gitlab
and where do you find this url

and where do you find this url

and where do you find this url
information of a remote application

information of a remote application

information of a remote application
you can basically google that every

you can basically google that every

you can basically google that every
application has their own documentation

application has their own documentation

application has their own documentation
where you can see the urls

where you can see the urls

where you can see the urls
so for example for gitlab i actually

so for example for gitlab i actually

so for example for gitlab i actually
googled it

googled it

googled it
so if i do gitlab api documentation

so if i do gitlab api documentation

so if i do gitlab api documentation
like this

let's make it bigger so you have

let's make it bigger so you have
basically description

basically description

basically description
for the api and what type of information

for the api and what type of information

for the api and what type of information
you can get from gitlab

you can get from gitlab

you can get from gitlab
and also what kind of things you can

and also what kind of things you can

and also what kind of things you can
create in gitlab

create in gitlab

create in gitlab
and you see an example api here that

and you see an example api here that

and you see an example api here that
basically

basically

basically
just lists all the projects however we

just lists all the projects however we

just lists all the projects however we
want to list

want to list

want to list
projects of one specific user in this

projects of one specific user in this

projects of one specific user in this
case i want to list my own projects

case i want to list my own projects

case i want to list my own projects
and in this documentation i found this

and in this documentation i found this

and in this documentation i found this
list user project

list user project

list user project
section where i have an example

section where i have an example

section where i have an example
of how to use projects for a specific

of how to use projects for a specific

of how to use projects for a specific
user

user

user
so we have slash users and the user id

so we have slash users and the user id

so we have slash users and the user id
so that's going to be my gitlab user id

so that's going to be my gitlab user id

so that's going to be my gitlab user id
and projects so basically the url will

and projects so basically the url will

and projects so basically the url will
now look like this

now look like this

now look like this
first we're gonna have this base url so

first we're gonna have this base url so

first we're gonna have this base url so
that's basically

that's basically

that's basically
https gitlab.com api v4

https gitlab.com api v4

https gitlab.com api v4
and all the things that we want to do is

and all the things that we want to do is

and all the things that we want to do is
going to be

going to be

going to be
at this base api and

at this base api and

at this base api and
after that we can basically depending on

after that we can basically depending on

after that we can basically depending on
what exactly we want to do

what exactly we want to do

what exactly we want to do
we can choose one specific action

we can choose one specific action

we can choose one specific action
and again going back this is

and again going back this is

and again going back this is
the action we want to execute

the action we want to execute

the action we want to execute
on this base url so from gitlab we want

on this base url so from gitlab we want

on this base url so from gitlab we want
projects that belong to user and right

projects that belong to user and right

projects that belong to user and right
here i'm going to add

here i'm going to add

here i'm going to add
my own gitlab user id

my own gitlab user id

my own gitlab user id
so if you have a github account you

so if you have a github account you

so if you have a github account you
should add your own user id here

should add your own user id here

should add your own user id here
and that's going to be an api url for

and that's going to be an api url for

and that's going to be an api url for
user projects and this will actually

user projects and this will actually

user projects and this will actually
give us

give us

give us
some kind of response so requests.get

some kind of response so requests.get

some kind of response so requests.get
will make that request

will make that request

will make that request
to gitlab and it will return some kind

to gitlab and it will return some kind

to gitlab and it will return some kind
of response and we can save that

of response and we can save that

of response and we can save that
response into a variable

response into a variable

response into a variable
so let's call this variable response

so let's call this variable response

so let's call this variable response
because that's what it is

because that's what it is

because that's what it is
and on the next line let's actually

and on the next line let's actually

and on the next line let's actually
print and see what's in that response

let's run our application and

let's run our application and
right here you see we have an object

right here you see we have an object

right here you see we have an object
response

response

response
with a code here 200 is a code for a

with a code here 200 is a code for a

with a code here 200 is a code for a
successful

successful

successful
request but we're not seeing the actual

request but we're not seeing the actual

request but we're not seeing the actual
contents right we want to see the

contents right we want to see the

contents right we want to see the
projects with their

projects with their

projects with their
details and in order to get that we're

details and in order to get that we're

details and in order to get that we're
gonna

gonna

gonna
do dot and text and let's actually

do dot and text and let's actually

do dot and text and let's actually
execute this now

execute this now

execute this now
and now you see these square brackets

and now you see these square brackets

and now you see these square brackets
which means it is a list because we have

which means it is a list because we have

which means it is a list because we have
a list of projects

a list of projects

a list of projects
and this whole bunch of information

and this whole bunch of information

and this whole bunch of information
about projects there

about projects there

about projects there
and you also see curly braces so this is

and you also see curly braces so this is

and you also see curly braces so this is
a list of

a list of

a list of
dictionaries and each dictionary holds

dictionaries and each dictionary holds

dictionaries and each dictionary holds
information

information

information
of one specific project now

of one specific project now

of one specific project now
if i actually print the type of that

if i actually print the type of that

if i actually print the type of that
response text

like this see that it is a

like this see that it is a
string so even though we see the format

string so even though we see the format

string so even though we see the format
is actually

is actually

is actually
a list of dictionaries we're getting a

a list of dictionaries we're getting a

a list of dictionaries we're getting a
string because we're accessing

string because we're accessing

string because we're accessing
text attribute now there is actually

text attribute now there is actually

text attribute now there is actually
another attribute which will give us

another attribute which will give us

another attribute which will give us
the same thing but as an actual list of

the same thing but as an actual list of

the same thing but as an actual list of
dictionaries instead of string and this

dictionaries instead of string and this

dictionaries instead of string and this
will be actually a better way to get

will be actually a better way to get

will be actually a better way to get
that information because then we can

that information because then we can

that information because then we can
work on it so we can

work on it so we can

work on it so we can
look through it and get the individual

look through it and get the individual

look through it and get the individual
elements

elements

elements
and access the values so what i'm gonna

and access the values so what i'm gonna

and access the values so what i'm gonna
do now instead of

do now instead of

do now instead of
dot text i'm gonna

dot text i'm gonna

dot text i'm gonna
use json json is a standard format that

use json json is a standard format that

use json json is a standard format that
all programming languages

all programming languages

all programming languages
understand and usually when two

understand and usually when two

understand and usually when two
applications

applications

applications
communicate with each other which are

communicate with each other which are

communicate with each other which are
written in different languages

written in different languages

written in different languages
and with different technologies with

and with different technologies with

and with different technologies with
json they have a common format

json they have a common format

json they have a common format
for communication and this requests

for communication and this requests

for communication and this requests
module basically gives us this

module basically gives us this

module basically gives us this
json function to read the json format

json function to read the json format

json function to read the json format
that

that

that
gitlab sent us so json function will

gitlab sent us so json function will

gitlab sent us so json function will
read the json response

read the json response

read the json response
from gitlab and turn it into one of the

from gitlab and turn it into one of the

from gitlab and turn it into one of the
python data types

python data types

python data types
so i'm going to execute this now and now

so i'm going to execute this now and now

so i'm going to execute this now and now
you see that response.json actually

you see that response.json actually

you see that response.json actually
gave us list data type instead of string

gave us list data type instead of string

gave us list data type instead of string
so again for demonstration

since this is a list i'm going to

since this is a list i'm going to
access the first element of that list

access the first element of that list

access the first element of that list
and print that out and right here you

and print that out and right here you

and print that out and right here you
see

see

see
that is actually the first element

that is actually the first element

that is actually the first element
just the first one from the list and

just the first one from the list and

just the first one from the list and
that element

that element

that element
is a dictionary as you see so all these

is a dictionary as you see so all these

is a dictionary as you see so all these
just to give you an idea

just to give you an idea

just to give you an idea
of what we're getting back from that

of what we're getting back from that

of what we're getting back from that
gitlab

gitlab

gitlab
api and what we can do with that

api and what we can do with that

api and what we can do with that
response or how we can actually work

response or how we can actually work

response or how we can actually work
with that response

with that response

with that response
so i'm gonna clean all this up and we

so i'm gonna clean all this up and we

so i'm gonna clean all this up and we
saw that

saw that

saw that
response.json gives us exactly what we

response.json gives us exactly what we

response.json gives us exactly what we
want

want

want
and that is a list of my projects so

and that is a list of my projects so

and that is a list of my projects so
let's call this

variable my projects and now what i want

variable my projects and now what i want
to do with this

to do with this

to do with this
is i want to print out

is i want to print out

is i want to print out
in our window for each project

in our window for each project

in our window for each project
project name and project url so

project name and project url so

project name and project url so
basically the repository url for that

basically the repository url for that

basically the repository url for that
project

project

project
so i don't want to have any other values

so i don't want to have any other values

so i don't want to have any other values
like id

like id

like id
or description or whatever

or description or whatever

or description or whatever
other stuff i have in this dictionary i

other stuff i have in this dictionary i

other stuff i have in this dictionary i
just want name

just want name

just want name
and project url for every single

and project url for every single

and project url for every single
project and i want that information

project and i want that information

project and i want that information
printed out in this

printed out in this

printed out in this
window so how do we do that

window so how do we do that

window so how do we do that
we have a list so we're gonna loop

we have a list so we're gonna loop

we have a list so we're gonna loop
through that list

through that list

through that list
to access each element inside that list

to access each element inside that list

to access each element inside that list
so you remember we have for loop to loop

so you remember we have for loop to loop

so you remember we have for loop to loop
through

through

through
or iterate through a list and give us

or iterate through a list and give us

or iterate through a list and give us
access to each element

access to each element

access to each element
one at a time so here i'm going to write

one at a time so here i'm going to write

one at a time so here i'm going to write
for loop and if you remember the syntax

for loop and if you remember the syntax

for loop and if you remember the syntax
of for loop we have

of for loop we have

of for loop we have
four and then a variable which will

four and then a variable which will

four and then a variable which will
represent the single element in that

represent the single element in that

represent the single element in that
list

list

list
and in this case it's going to be a

and in this case it's going to be a

and in this case it's going to be a
project a single project

project a single project

project a single project
and then we have in

and then we have in

and then we have in
list so for project in my projects

list so for project in my projects

list so for project in my projects
do something so for every project

do something so for every project

do something so for every project
element

element

element
in this my projects list we want to

in this my projects list we want to

in this my projects list we want to
print out the name and the url

print out the name and the url

print out the name and the url
so right here i will do print

so right here i will do print

so right here i will do print
and let's do our formatted string here

and let's do our formatted string here

and let's do our formatted string here
and let's start writing our message

and let's start writing our message

and let's start writing our message
let's do

let's do

let's do
project name

project name

project name
and the project name will be this one

and the project name will be this one

and the project name will be this one
right here

right here

right here
now how do we actually access

now how do we actually access

now how do we actually access
the name of the project in each project

the name of the project in each project

the name of the project in each project
element as you see here these project

element as you see here these project

element as you see here these project
elements are actually

elements are actually

elements are actually
dictionaries and how do we access a

dictionaries and how do we access a

dictionaries and how do we access a
value in a dictionary

value in a dictionary

value in a dictionary
using the name of the dictionary in this

using the name of the dictionary in this

using the name of the dictionary in this
case

case

case
our variable project so this whole thing

our variable project so this whole thing

our variable project so this whole thing
is going to be

is going to be

is going to be
saved into a variable called project and

saved into a variable called project and

saved into a variable called project and
then on that

then on that

then on that
variable on the dictionary we're going

variable on the dictionary we're going

variable on the dictionary we're going
to pass in

to pass in

to pass in
the name of the key which is name

the name of the key which is name

the name of the key which is name
now i've been using double quotes

now i've been using double quotes

now i've been using double quotes
throughout our project

throughout our project

throughout our project
and for a syntax for dictionaries as

and for a syntax for dictionaries as

and for a syntax for dictionaries as
well

well

well
like this

right however here we have a small

right however here we have a small
problem which is

problem which is

problem which is
we have double quotes inside the double

we have double quotes inside the double

we have double quotes inside the double
quotes but as you remember

quotes but as you remember

quotes but as you remember
for string representation we can

for string representation we can

for string representation we can
actually use

actually use

actually use
single quotes as well as double quotes

single quotes as well as double quotes

single quotes as well as double quotes
and this is one of the

and this is one of the

and this is one of the
really important use cases for why we

really important use cases for why we

really important use cases for why we
can actually use

can actually use

can actually use
both single and double quotes for a

both single and double quotes for a

both single and double quotes for a
string

string

string
and that is if we have a string inside

and that is if we have a string inside

and that is if we have a string inside
another string

another string

another string
like right here we can actually use that

like right here we can actually use that

like right here we can actually use that
interchangeably so that we don't have

interchangeably so that we don't have

interchangeably so that we don't have
this problem here

this problem here

this problem here
so now as you see back to normal

so now as you see back to normal

so now as you see back to normal
everything works because

everything works because

everything works because
now python knows okay this is another

now python knows okay this is another

now python knows okay this is another
string

string

string
which we're using inside this string

which we're using inside this string

which we're using inside this string
so we can use these interchangeably as

so we can use these interchangeably as

so we can use these interchangeably as
we want so this could be single quotes

we want so this could be single quotes

we want so this could be single quotes
and this could be double quotes

and this could be double quotes

and this could be double quotes
wouldn't really matter but that's a

wouldn't really matter but that's a

wouldn't really matter but that's a
really good use case why we need

really good use case why we need

really good use case why we need
both types of quotes so we have the

both types of quotes so we have the

both types of quotes so we have the
project name

project name

project name
now we need a project url

and let's see where the project url is

and let's see where the project url is
in our dictionary

in our dictionary

in our dictionary
this is one element one dictionary right

this is one element one dictionary right

this is one element one dictionary right
so

so

so
i'm gonna scroll it to the left

i'm gonna scroll it to the left

i'm gonna scroll it to the left
and we have web url this is what we

and we have web url this is what we

and we have web url this is what we
could use

could use

could use
or we could also use http url to repo

or we could also use http url to repo

or we could also use http url to repo
let's go with the web url so again this

let's go with the web url so again this

let's go with the web url so again this
is a

is a

is a
key inside the dictionary so we can

key inside the dictionary so we can

key inside the dictionary so we can
access

access

access
the value so this is actually the value

the value so this is actually the value

the value so this is actually the value
we need and we can access that using

we need and we can access that using

we need and we can access that using
the dictionary name projects

and the key name which is web url and

and the key name which is web url and
this is actually project

this is actually project

this is actually project
not projects and this code will now

not projects and this code will now

not projects and this code will now
print

print

print
name and url for each project so let's

name and url for each project so let's

name and url for each project so let's
actually execute our program

actually execute our program

actually execute our program
and as you see we have project name and

and as you see we have project name and

and as you see we have project name and
project url

project url

project url
for each project we can make the output

for each project we can make the output

for each project we can make the output
a little bit cleaner

a little bit cleaner

a little bit cleaner
let's do a new line here

let's do a new line here

let's do a new line here
and a new line here so we can separate

and a new line here so we can separate

and a new line here so we can separate
the projects from each other and

the projects from each other and

the projects from each other and
run again and there you go this looks a

run again and there you go this looks a

run again and there you go this looks a
little bit cleaner

little bit cleaner

little bit cleaner
for each project we have a name and a

for each project we have a name and a

for each project we have a name and a
url

url

url
so if i click inside i'll go directly to

so if i click inside i'll go directly to

so if i click inside i'll go directly to
this

this

this
project so that's basically a very

project so that's basically a very

project so that's basically a very
simple example of how to use

simple example of how to use

simple example of how to use
requests module to talk to external

requests module to talk to external

requests module to talk to external
applications

applications

applications
or external urls and then do something

or external urls and then do something

or external urls and then do something
with the response that we get

with the response that we get

with the response that we get
from that external application by first

from that external application by first

from that external application by first
converting that into an actual data type

converting that into an actual data type

converting that into an actual data type
that we're getting using json function

that we're getting using json function

that we're getting using json function
so in our case it was a list

so in our case it was a list

so in our case it was a list
and that's why json function actually

and that's why json function actually

and that's why json function actually
converted it into

converted it into

converted it into
a list if the response was a dictionary

a list if the response was a dictionary

a list if the response was a dictionary
instead of at least

instead of at least

instead of at least
then json would convert it into a

then json would convert it into a

then json would convert it into a
dictionary

dictionary

dictionary
and then we can do something with that

and then we can do something with that

and then we can do something with that
response value

congratulations you made it till the end

congratulations you made it till the end
i hope you learned a lot

i hope you learned a lot

i hope you learned a lot
and got some valuable knowledge from

and got some valuable knowledge from

and got some valuable knowledge from
this course if you like the course

this course if you like the course

this course if you like the course
please leave a thumbs up on this video

please leave a thumbs up on this video

please leave a thumbs up on this video
on my channel i actually cover

on my channel i actually cover

on my channel i actually cover
lots of different devops topics like

lots of different devops topics like

lots of different devops topics like
docker ci cd

docker ci cd

docker ci cd
terraform and more so be sure to check

terraform and more so be sure to check

terraform and more so be sure to check
out

out

out
my tutorials if you're learning python

my tutorials if you're learning python

my tutorials if you're learning python
to become a devops engineer

to become a devops engineer

to become a devops engineer
i actually have a complete devops

i actually have a complete devops

i actually have a complete devops
bootcamp

bootcamp

bootcamp
with all the technologies you need to

with all the technologies you need to

with all the technologies you need to
learn as a devops engineer

learn as a devops engineer

learn as a devops engineer
which also includes a module for

which also includes a module for

which also includes a module for
automation with python

automation with python

automation with python
with several cool demo projects to

with several cool demo projects to

with several cool demo projects to
automate some

automate some

automate some
common devops tasks like application and

common devops tasks like application and

common devops tasks like application and
server monitoring

server monitoring

server monitoring
cloud automation tasks with aws

cloud automation tasks with aws

cloud automation tasks with aws
jenkins etc so if you're interested

jenkins etc so if you're interested

jenkins etc so if you're interested
check out more info in the description

check out more info in the description

check out more info in the description
also happy to connect with you on social

also happy to connect with you on social

also happy to connect with you on social
media

media

media
so i would love to see you there with

so i would love to see you there with

so i would love to see you there with
that said

that said

that said
thank you for watching and see you in

thank you for watching and see you in

thank you for watching and see you in
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