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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:03,800 --> 00:00:10,280 It's September 10th 1961, and the Grand Prix circus descends upon the Italian town of Monza. 2 00:00:10,280 --> 00:00:18,280 German hero Wolfgang Von Trips lines his Ferrari up on the grid against British golden boy Jim Clark. 3 00:00:19,840 --> 00:00:23,160 At stake is the World Grand Prix crown. 4 00:00:27,400 --> 00:00:33,720 Moments later, 15 spectators and Von Trips would lie scattered and dead. 5 00:00:48,720 --> 00:00:53,720 Astonishingly, this horror at Monza had become the accepted face of Grand Prix in the early '60s, 6 00:00:53,720 --> 00:00:58,480 the race always continuing as the dead bodies were tidied away. 7 00:01:00,360 --> 00:01:03,440 This is the story of that terrifying era, 8 00:01:03,440 --> 00:01:07,040 and the slow, painful road to a safer future. 9 00:01:24,320 --> 00:01:26,920 In my period of driving, 10 00:01:26,920 --> 00:01:30,720 there was only a one out of three chance I was going to live. 11 00:01:30,720 --> 00:01:35,480 There was a two out of three chance I was going to die. 12 00:01:35,480 --> 00:01:39,880 To survive in that period of time, 13 00:01:39,880 --> 00:01:45,600 it's not a question of talent, it's just...a question of pure luck. 14 00:01:49,200 --> 00:01:53,120 It is probably difficult to comprehend today how one could 15 00:01:53,120 --> 00:01:57,960 continue to race with those sort of tragedies literally all around you. 16 00:02:14,160 --> 00:02:19,880 We counted, one night, my wife and I, Helen, at home, counted 57 people who had died. 17 00:02:19,880 --> 00:02:26,720 They thought at the time, "Oh, hell, that could happen to me," but it's like the fighter pilot's thing. 18 00:02:26,720 --> 00:02:30,360 Yes, sure, he's going to get shot down, he could get killed the next day. 19 00:02:30,360 --> 00:02:33,120 You had that mentality, that bravado. 20 00:02:34,120 --> 00:02:36,880 Fuel everywhere, the fuel pump going on. 21 00:02:36,880 --> 00:02:40,160 I say, "This thing is going to blow," because there is a lot of fire. 22 00:02:40,160 --> 00:02:44,440 Whoof, went up in flame. Big fireball. 23 00:02:45,920 --> 00:02:51,320 You're just a passenger when something happens that quickly. There's nothing you can do about it. 24 00:03:04,640 --> 00:03:09,880 And I start praying and asking God, "Should I still continue? 25 00:03:09,880 --> 00:03:11,800 "Should I still be doing this sport?" 26 00:03:11,800 --> 00:03:14,960 I love this sport, but something is wrong with this sport. 27 00:03:18,120 --> 00:03:22,840 It's not just sadness, you're just angry, you're shocked, 28 00:03:22,840 --> 00:03:26,760 you're angry the sport could be as bad as it is 29 00:03:26,760 --> 00:03:29,320 and as negative as this, to have such violence. 30 00:03:45,800 --> 00:03:50,920 15 streamlined thunderbolts roar from the starting line at the German Grand Prix, down Berlin's AVUS track. 31 00:03:50,920 --> 00:03:54,680 The course uses two parallel autobahn lanes... 32 00:03:54,680 --> 00:04:00,480 The 1950s brought together a combustible mix of daredevil drivers and cutting-edge technology. 33 00:04:00,480 --> 00:04:04,760 With cars approaching 200mph and scant regard for safety, 34 00:04:04,760 --> 00:04:08,520 audiences were flocking to the races. 35 00:04:08,520 --> 00:04:11,520 When Hans Herrmann was thrown from his somersaulting BRM 36 00:04:11,520 --> 00:04:16,080 at the 1959 German Grand Prix, the audience applauded his luck. 37 00:04:17,320 --> 00:04:20,560 It was all part of the show. 38 00:04:20,560 --> 00:04:25,760 And it was a show dominated by Mercedes, Maserati and Ferrari. 39 00:04:25,760 --> 00:04:29,480 Winning driver Tony Brooks, with a 139 mph average, 40 00:04:29,480 --> 00:04:31,280 a record for the perilous AVUS race. 41 00:04:32,800 --> 00:04:37,440 So when British driver Tony Brooks won in an historic Ferrari 1-2-3, 42 00:04:37,440 --> 00:04:40,280 few could see the revolution that was coming. 43 00:04:40,280 --> 00:04:45,040 Enzo Ferrari and his contemporaries were about to be toppled from their throne 44 00:04:45,040 --> 00:04:49,480 by a bunch of maverick British designers working out of sheds. 45 00:04:53,560 --> 00:04:56,960 The strong British teams started to come in 46 00:04:56,960 --> 00:04:59,160 to challenge the Italian dominance. 47 00:04:59,160 --> 00:05:03,240 All of a sudden the Coopers won the championship in '59 and '60 48 00:05:03,240 --> 00:05:06,040 with a rear-engined car, and by the end of 1960 49 00:05:06,040 --> 00:05:08,920 the front-engined car like the Ferrari was dead. 50 00:05:08,920 --> 00:05:11,880 Everybody had to go rear-engined. 51 00:05:11,880 --> 00:05:15,640 Charles and John Cooper had effectively rewritten the Grand Prix rule book 52 00:05:15,640 --> 00:05:19,320 by moving the engine from the front to the back. 53 00:05:19,320 --> 00:05:21,800 The road holding was so much better, 54 00:05:21,800 --> 00:05:24,280 you could position the rear-engined car 55 00:05:24,280 --> 00:05:26,440 so much easier, they were so much lighter. 56 00:05:26,440 --> 00:05:30,720 They responded so much more quickly to brakes because they were lighter. 57 00:05:32,240 --> 00:05:35,400 Cooper was a very practical guy, 58 00:05:35,400 --> 00:05:40,560 and I think almost the car was designed on the garage floor with chalk. 59 00:05:40,560 --> 00:05:44,400 Cooper did all this from a small Surbiton lock-up, 60 00:05:44,400 --> 00:05:49,480 proving that success was about fresh thinking, not industrial might. 61 00:05:49,480 --> 00:05:56,040 This gave Colin Chapman, boss of another upstart outfit, the confidence that he could do it, too. 62 00:05:56,040 --> 00:05:59,880 Lotus were about to change Grand Prix forever. 63 00:05:59,880 --> 00:06:02,600 Lotus was a massive threat to anyone. 64 00:06:02,600 --> 00:06:05,800 Chapman was much more of an innovator, lived on the edge. 65 00:06:05,800 --> 00:06:09,080 His philosophy was always push the limit on everything. 66 00:06:09,080 --> 00:06:14,520 We were sort of always in front of the opposition anyway. 67 00:06:14,520 --> 00:06:19,600 We were sort of leading, and the others were sort of following in our wake. 68 00:06:19,600 --> 00:06:23,680 As you approach there, you see these green transporters, 69 00:06:23,680 --> 00:06:26,720 and you think, "This is it, this is the world, 70 00:06:26,720 --> 00:06:29,600 "this is it, this is heaven," and you walk in 71 00:06:29,600 --> 00:06:32,880 and you're surprised. It's small, unbelievably small. 72 00:06:35,640 --> 00:06:38,800 And the smell of the cars, it was just unbelievable. 73 00:06:40,320 --> 00:06:43,600 Colin was a very infectious character. 74 00:06:43,600 --> 00:06:46,040 I always regretted that I didn't stay, 75 00:06:46,040 --> 00:06:53,040 because he showed so much enthusiasm and drive. 76 00:06:53,040 --> 00:06:55,480 He had this perception, 77 00:06:55,480 --> 00:07:00,040 very sensitive, how to improve a car, like intuition. 78 00:07:00,040 --> 00:07:04,720 He would put the hand here and start doing like this... 79 00:07:04,720 --> 00:07:08,160 and I knew something good was going to come out soon. 80 00:07:08,160 --> 00:07:14,040 Enzo Ferrari was a traditionalist, who believed that powerful engines were all you needed for success. 81 00:07:14,040 --> 00:07:16,360 But the British were proving him wrong. 82 00:07:16,360 --> 00:07:21,880 He began to disdainfully refer to them as garagistas - garage teams. 83 00:07:21,880 --> 00:07:25,880 I think he was probably deep down very irritated 84 00:07:25,880 --> 00:07:31,280 that with all his technical sophistication, 85 00:07:31,280 --> 00:07:37,240 that these garages could not only take him on, but beat him. 86 00:07:41,600 --> 00:07:45,360 Speaking technically, to get good acceleration 87 00:07:45,360 --> 00:07:49,880 you need the best possible power to weight ratio. 88 00:07:49,880 --> 00:07:54,720 Right now everyone is this country was using the same engine, 89 00:07:54,720 --> 00:07:58,640 and so everybody basically had the same power. 90 00:07:58,640 --> 00:08:04,880 So the only way to beat the opposition was to add lightness, 91 00:08:04,880 --> 00:08:07,920 and that is what we tried to do. 92 00:08:09,840 --> 00:08:16,720 Colin...most of the time carried it to extremes, 93 00:08:16,720 --> 00:08:24,480 and consequently his cars, although they were quick, were also very fragile... 94 00:08:25,560 --> 00:08:28,080 ..and tended to break. 95 00:08:29,600 --> 00:08:31,800 Lotus and its chief engineer Colin Chapman 96 00:08:31,800 --> 00:08:35,680 were fast gaining a reputation for making lethal machines. 97 00:08:35,680 --> 00:08:40,600 One race in 1960 would take a long time to forget. 98 00:08:40,600 --> 00:08:46,160 But if we look at the Belgian Grand Prix at Spa in 1960, there were four accidents. 99 00:08:46,160 --> 00:08:48,320 Three were Lotuses. 100 00:08:48,320 --> 00:08:52,120 Two drivers were killed and two could've been killed. 101 00:08:52,120 --> 00:08:58,200 They just confirmed my decision not to drive for them. 102 00:09:00,640 --> 00:09:05,360 British drivers Alan Stacey and Chris Bristow both perished at Spa, 103 00:09:05,360 --> 00:09:08,520 whilst Mike Taylor had been left badly injured. 104 00:09:08,520 --> 00:09:14,800 Taylor had been sent into a ditch at over 100mph when his Lotus's steering column sheared. 105 00:09:16,760 --> 00:09:22,000 But crucially, Taylor was the first driver ever to argue it was a manufacturing fault. 106 00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:25,280 He demanded compensation. 107 00:09:25,280 --> 00:09:28,960 Because he had bought the car in a commercial transaction, 108 00:09:28,960 --> 00:09:33,600 he was entitled to say it was defective. 109 00:09:33,600 --> 00:09:36,840 "You sold me something which was defective." 110 00:09:36,840 --> 00:09:40,240 Quite a different argument altogether. 111 00:09:40,240 --> 00:09:45,760 And he sued Chapman and it was settled out of court, apparently for a considerable amount of money. 112 00:09:45,760 --> 00:09:52,400 The cars were so fragile that it wasn't really funny sometimes 113 00:09:52,400 --> 00:09:53,960 to drive for him. 114 00:09:53,960 --> 00:09:58,040 Make it light and when it breaks make it lighter still. 115 00:09:58,040 --> 00:10:01,320 That was his attitude. It's always got to be the perfect machine. 116 00:10:04,120 --> 00:10:07,040 These cars were being made to go so fast, 117 00:10:07,040 --> 00:10:10,640 in places where you couldn't afford anything to go wrong 118 00:10:10,640 --> 00:10:12,520 or the driver to make a mistake, 119 00:10:12,520 --> 00:10:14,520 that it was lethal combination, 120 00:10:14,520 --> 00:10:18,360 and that was again part of the mentality that people accepted. 121 00:10:18,360 --> 00:10:23,560 This is the way it was, and there was nothing you could do about it except not do it. 122 00:10:23,560 --> 00:10:26,560 Chapman was very much a product of his time. 123 00:10:26,560 --> 00:10:30,320 Safety in Grand Prix racing was ill-conceived at best. 124 00:10:30,320 --> 00:10:34,160 Flammable straw bales lined tracks. Spectators free to stand anywhere. 125 00:10:34,160 --> 00:10:38,200 Pits open with petrol lying around in barrels. 126 00:10:38,200 --> 00:10:42,400 Overalls made of cotton, and helmets often made of leather. 127 00:10:42,400 --> 00:10:46,000 The drivers wore lucky charms rather than seat belts. 128 00:10:49,200 --> 00:10:55,920 In 1961 and 1962, yet another four drivers and three spectators would be killed. 129 00:10:55,920 --> 00:11:01,160 mechanical failure, trackside negligence and driver error all to blame. 130 00:11:01,160 --> 00:11:05,280 Grand Prix, it seemed, was spiralling out of control. 131 00:11:11,520 --> 00:11:15,920 Out of this atmosphere of risk and tragedy came a new Grand Prix darling. 132 00:11:15,920 --> 00:11:19,520 Clark takes the lead from Hill before the midway point. 133 00:11:22,760 --> 00:11:26,680 Jim Clark wins, averaging close to 121 mph. 134 00:11:26,680 --> 00:11:31,160 Jim Clark was a Scottish farmer's boy with a rare talent. 135 00:11:31,160 --> 00:11:34,960 Chapman had found the perfect driver to turn his team's fortunes around. 136 00:11:36,840 --> 00:11:41,880 Jimmy Clark had this extraordinary ability to drive round problems. 137 00:11:41,880 --> 00:11:44,920 His idea was to nurse the car as much as he could, 138 00:11:44,920 --> 00:11:51,040 and if you look, it was just his sheer class and speed and how he took so little out of the car. 139 00:11:51,040 --> 00:11:54,520 He had the car in perfect balance at all times. 140 00:11:54,520 --> 00:12:01,000 Jim Clark and his Lotus Climax cleaned up in 1963 and 1965. 141 00:12:01,000 --> 00:12:06,840 I had been third in the World Championship in my first year in Formula One in 1965, 142 00:12:06,840 --> 00:12:11,600 and that was an amazing experience for a young, up and coming driver to be on the podium with a fellow Scot. 143 00:12:11,600 --> 00:12:16,240 It began to be known as Batman and Robin, 144 00:12:16,240 --> 00:12:19,000 and there was no doubt who Batman was or who Robin was. 145 00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:27,040 Jim was best man at my wedding, but I said at that time it was the only time I will admit he was best man. 146 00:12:28,240 --> 00:12:30,160 He was a good lad, a good lad. 147 00:12:30,160 --> 00:12:32,120 Both on the track and off the track. 148 00:12:35,240 --> 00:12:37,760 Sandwiched between Clark's championships 149 00:12:37,760 --> 00:12:43,000 was a victory for John Surtees and the classic Ferrari 158. 150 00:12:43,000 --> 00:12:45,760 Lotus would not have it all their own way. 151 00:12:48,200 --> 00:12:53,080 Competition from the garagistas was taking Grand Prix to a new level, 152 00:12:53,080 --> 00:12:57,360 its appeal attracting fresh young blood into the sport. 153 00:12:57,360 --> 00:13:01,760 Jacky Ickx, Jo Siffert, Jackie Stewart, 154 00:13:01,760 --> 00:13:06,920 Jean-Pierre Beltoise, Jackie Oliver and Jochen Rindt were all prepared to disregard their fear 155 00:13:06,920 --> 00:13:10,400 for a taste of Grand Prix glory. 156 00:13:14,360 --> 00:13:16,360 You are there to be the best. 157 00:13:17,400 --> 00:13:19,760 You don't fight against the track, 158 00:13:19,760 --> 00:13:23,600 you fight against your competitors to be the best. 159 00:13:33,400 --> 00:13:37,560 I found that if I learned to be clinical, if I removed emotions, 160 00:13:37,560 --> 00:13:42,160 whether they were highs or lows, I could perform to a better level. 161 00:13:42,160 --> 00:13:44,600 Emotion's a very dangerous thing. 162 00:13:47,400 --> 00:13:50,320 It's a fantastic feeling when I was able to put in a quick lap, 163 00:13:50,320 --> 00:13:53,080 going to the corner, sliding the car, controlling, 164 00:13:53,080 --> 00:13:55,960 drifting the car, brake on the limit. 165 00:13:55,960 --> 00:14:03,040 To me, one of the biggest satisfactions is that relationship with that machinery. 166 00:14:03,040 --> 00:14:06,680 It has to be one where it virtually talks to you. 167 00:14:06,680 --> 00:14:11,560 Read it by the seat of the pants and by the feel it gives through you. 168 00:14:11,560 --> 00:14:16,080 So that when you approach a high speed corner and you get it right... 169 00:14:17,680 --> 00:14:19,000 ..it's exhilarating. 170 00:14:20,040 --> 00:14:26,440 You arrive at that corner and you think, "I can get through there without lifting." 171 00:14:26,440 --> 00:14:30,360 So you keep this foot down, like that. 172 00:14:33,080 --> 00:14:36,000 You always stay on the maximum performance. 173 00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:41,360 You know, over 100%, and to be 101, 102% on the edge. 174 00:14:41,360 --> 00:14:45,000 You have to be young, you shouldn't have any fear, 175 00:14:45,000 --> 00:14:52,480 you have to have plenty of dreams and no questions about difficulties. 176 00:14:52,480 --> 00:14:53,680 You go for it. 177 00:14:53,680 --> 00:15:00,800 But you are on the edge, if you take the pressure the wrong way, mentally it's a disaster. 178 00:15:00,800 --> 00:15:05,120 The pressure can destroy you, but you have to take it in a good way. 179 00:15:07,480 --> 00:15:12,840 In the '60s, Grand Prix tracks were chosen specially to intensify that pressure on the drivers, 180 00:15:12,840 --> 00:15:15,600 testing psychological strength as well as skill. 181 00:15:17,720 --> 00:15:24,600 One of the most notorious was the extreme challenge of the 14-kilometre loop at Spa in Belgium. 182 00:15:44,120 --> 00:15:49,720 Spa is a road circuit. High speed corners, doing 180, 200 mph. 183 00:15:49,720 --> 00:15:54,840 So, I mean, if you went off the road, you didn't know what you were going to hit. 184 00:15:55,920 --> 00:16:01,200 But you didn't think about it. It was just a piece of black strip where you just go flat out. 185 00:16:01,200 --> 00:16:03,680 The challenge of Spa was very special. 186 00:16:03,680 --> 00:16:10,240 To get it right was very satisfying, when you had the car or the bike just on the limit. 187 00:16:10,240 --> 00:16:16,240 Spa was the fastest track in Europe at the time, 188 00:16:16,240 --> 00:16:24,480 but the surrounding was not so easy because you are in the middle of the forest, the fields, houses, 189 00:16:24,480 --> 00:16:26,760 electric poles and all these things. 190 00:16:26,760 --> 00:16:29,720 - JACKIE STEWART: - From a racing driver's point of view, 191 00:16:29,720 --> 00:16:34,400 we could see what the trajectory would be if we got it wrong. 192 00:16:34,400 --> 00:16:37,800 And then Graham Hill and Jim Clark, unfamiliar... 193 00:16:37,800 --> 00:16:42,600 In 1966, Spa would host an extraordinary Grand Prix 194 00:16:42,600 --> 00:16:46,240 in monsoon conditions that would automatically cancel a race today. 195 00:16:46,240 --> 00:16:50,560 ..non-starter. And we're all set for the off. 196 00:16:50,560 --> 00:16:54,480 Into a slide on the inside. It's Jochen Rindt. 197 00:16:54,480 --> 00:16:57,520 Jochen Rindt with a Cooper Maserati just behind John Surtees. 198 00:16:57,520 --> 00:17:00,760 It's John Surtees with the three-litre V12... 199 00:17:00,760 --> 00:17:03,520 When it really rained, it could be rather difficult, 200 00:17:03,520 --> 00:17:07,920 and we had a dry start to this race, this 1966 Grand Prix. 201 00:17:07,920 --> 00:17:10,320 We started the race in dry weather. 202 00:17:10,320 --> 00:17:14,600 By the time we came to about the fourth corner, 203 00:17:14,600 --> 00:17:16,280 there was thunder rain. 204 00:17:16,280 --> 00:17:23,080 Well, now, Spa has a reputation for sensational racing at any stage, 205 00:17:23,080 --> 00:17:27,400 but this is the most extraordinary thing I have ever seen at a World Championship Grand Prix. 206 00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:31,160 And seven of the best drivers in the world went off in the very first corner. 207 00:17:31,160 --> 00:17:34,280 Aquaplaned off. I wasn't one of them. I'd made a bad start. 208 00:17:34,280 --> 00:17:38,760 Joe Bonnier and Mike Spence the two cars off the road. 209 00:17:38,760 --> 00:17:43,640 The two BRMs still haven't shown up and neither has Jim Clark's Lotus. 210 00:17:43,640 --> 00:17:48,680 - Mike Spence still... - Then he saw in the field the other BRM, that of Jackie Stewart, upside down. 211 00:17:48,680 --> 00:17:52,320 Most tyres can't accommodate the kind of water that was there that day. 212 00:17:52,320 --> 00:17:58,200 And I went off the road, I hit a woodcutter's hut, I knocked down a telegraph pole, 213 00:17:58,200 --> 00:18:03,800 I hit part of a wall and went down into a lower basement area of a farmyard, 214 00:18:03,800 --> 00:18:06,680 and I was knocked about, and it was the first lap. 215 00:18:06,680 --> 00:18:12,840 I was stuck in the car for about 30 minutes and, of course, it could've gone up at any time. 216 00:18:12,840 --> 00:18:18,520 I was conscious, unconscious, and Graham Hill fortunately came round 217 00:18:18,520 --> 00:18:22,240 and could've continued, but came to help me. 218 00:18:22,240 --> 00:18:27,720 Bob Bondurant and Graham borrowed spanners from spectators' cars 219 00:18:27,720 --> 00:18:31,560 to get the steering wheel removed in order to get me out of the car, 220 00:18:31,560 --> 00:18:38,080 and in fact had to go and find somebody to get an ambulance to come and pick me up. 221 00:18:38,080 --> 00:18:42,080 And the only person there to help was a nun. 222 00:18:43,840 --> 00:18:46,600 I was on a canvas stretcher, 223 00:18:46,600 --> 00:18:49,840 and I remember being laid down on the floor, 224 00:18:49,840 --> 00:18:53,080 and I remember seeing cigarette ends all around me on the floor. 225 00:18:53,080 --> 00:18:57,880 And I think the nun was there because she had first aid equipment. 226 00:18:57,880 --> 00:19:02,640 So that was, in effect, at each of the posts, 227 00:19:02,640 --> 00:19:06,440 what medical attention you could expect. 228 00:19:06,440 --> 00:19:08,600 They put me in the back of an ambulance 229 00:19:08,600 --> 00:19:14,320 and we took off, and the motorcycle policeman lost the ambulance, 230 00:19:14,320 --> 00:19:16,800 and the ambulance didn't know how to get to Liege. 231 00:19:16,800 --> 00:19:21,040 I mean, a parody of errors. 232 00:19:21,040 --> 00:19:25,920 It would be a funny story if it weren't serious. 233 00:19:25,920 --> 00:19:30,160 But when that happens to you, you realise that the system's way wrong. 234 00:19:30,160 --> 00:19:35,840 RACE COMMENTARY: 'Graham Hill took the steering wheel off with Bob Bondurant's help. 235 00:19:35,840 --> 00:19:38,440 'They got Jackie Stewart out of the car. 236 00:19:38,440 --> 00:19:41,160 '25 minutes it took before an ambulance got there 237 00:19:41,160 --> 00:19:44,680 'and Jackie Stewart has now been taken to hospital with a broken rib 238 00:19:44,680 --> 00:19:47,360 'and a broken shoulder...' COMMENTARY FADES 239 00:19:47,360 --> 00:19:49,360 With broken ribs and collarbone, 240 00:19:49,360 --> 00:19:51,040 Jackie Stewart was of the mind 241 00:19:51,040 --> 00:19:53,560 that if the sport wasn't taking care of him, 242 00:19:53,560 --> 00:19:55,280 he would take care of himself. 243 00:19:55,280 --> 00:19:57,720 He taped a spanner to his steering wheel 244 00:19:57,720 --> 00:20:00,040 and organised his own medical cover. 245 00:20:00,040 --> 00:20:03,480 Eventually the drivers paid for a mobile hospital that went to races. 246 00:20:03,480 --> 00:20:07,720 With respirators, heart machines, blood tanks, it was thought to have 247 00:20:07,720 --> 00:20:10,720 everything required for a life threatening accident. 248 00:20:10,720 --> 00:20:16,360 Despite this, three drivers were still to die within the next year. 249 00:20:16,360 --> 00:20:19,080 Bob Anderson skidding into a marshal's post, 250 00:20:19,080 --> 00:20:22,880 John Taylor and Lorenzo Bandini in horrific fires, 251 00:20:22,880 --> 00:20:26,960 Bandini's intensified by straw bales that surrounded the Monaco track. 252 00:20:30,080 --> 00:20:33,120 IN FRENCH: 253 00:20:41,520 --> 00:20:44,200 Bandini was a Ferrari driver. 254 00:20:44,200 --> 00:20:48,240 Enzo Ferrari used to talk about "my terrible joys", 255 00:20:48,240 --> 00:20:49,880 where you want to win, 256 00:20:49,880 --> 00:20:53,040 you're always pushing the limit in different ways, 257 00:20:53,040 --> 00:20:55,640 Chapman one way, Ferrari in another. 258 00:20:55,640 --> 00:20:59,840 People get killed and you have this kind of responsibility 259 00:20:59,840 --> 00:21:02,440 and you also have this will to win 260 00:21:02,440 --> 00:21:05,480 and the two don't always sit very comfortably. 261 00:21:05,480 --> 00:21:09,520 I mean, drivers basically lived on one shunt 262 00:21:09,520 --> 00:21:11,760 and they'd think, one big shunt would be it. 263 00:21:11,760 --> 00:21:17,280 The most dangerous aspect in the '60s and '70s was the risk of fire. 264 00:21:17,280 --> 00:21:19,480 Nine times out of ten if a car crashed, 265 00:21:19,480 --> 00:21:21,680 pretty soon it would be burning. 266 00:21:21,680 --> 00:21:27,120 I think the only way to make sense of motor racing at that time 267 00:21:27,120 --> 00:21:32,520 is to appreciate that the drivers, the officials, 268 00:21:32,520 --> 00:21:35,560 and the spectators had a completely different attitude 269 00:21:35,560 --> 00:21:37,320 to life and death. 270 00:21:37,320 --> 00:21:41,400 There were too many drivers getting killed 271 00:21:41,400 --> 00:21:43,440 and they'd soon sign another one up, 272 00:21:43,440 --> 00:21:47,720 you know, pretty quickly. Test days for the next one. 273 00:21:47,720 --> 00:21:50,320 I mean it was...expendable? 274 00:21:52,160 --> 00:21:54,000 Nearly. 275 00:22:06,320 --> 00:22:09,360 IN FRENCH: 276 00:22:32,040 --> 00:22:36,320 Jochen and I, we were driving in '64, '65, 277 00:22:36,320 --> 00:22:37,920 in a little Mini 278 00:22:37,920 --> 00:22:39,840 with his little van behind, with his car, 279 00:22:39,840 --> 00:22:41,960 and he did everything himself, 280 00:22:41,960 --> 00:22:45,360 and then he met his mechanic down at the circuit. 281 00:22:48,760 --> 00:22:50,840 It was a real hippy time. 282 00:23:32,760 --> 00:23:36,520 Colin Chapman and Lotus were amongst the first to realise 283 00:23:36,520 --> 00:23:39,480 the full potential of the monocoque chassis 284 00:23:39,480 --> 00:23:42,800 and the shift of the engine to the rear of the car. 285 00:23:42,800 --> 00:23:47,640 But in mid 1967, came the coup de grace. 286 00:23:47,640 --> 00:23:51,400 Chapman persuaded Ford to invest £100,000 in a Grand Prix engine 287 00:23:51,400 --> 00:23:53,640 from Keith Duckworth and Mike Costin. 288 00:23:55,480 --> 00:23:58,480 It would become the Grand Prix bargain of the century, 289 00:23:58,480 --> 00:24:00,280 never mind the decade. 290 00:24:00,280 --> 00:24:03,760 And it marked the first time that the engine and the chassis 291 00:24:03,760 --> 00:24:06,120 were put together as integrated units. 292 00:24:06,120 --> 00:24:09,320 So Duckworth and Costin designed the engine 293 00:24:09,320 --> 00:24:11,720 to suit what kind of installation 294 00:24:11,720 --> 00:24:16,280 Chapman and Morris Felipe envisaged in the Lotus 49. 295 00:24:16,280 --> 00:24:20,000 Chapman's genius was to incorporate the 400 Brake Horsepower engine 296 00:24:20,000 --> 00:24:23,800 in the actual structure of the car, making it lighter, yet stronger. 297 00:24:26,160 --> 00:24:28,520 And when the new Lotus 49 was unveiled, 298 00:24:28,520 --> 00:24:31,400 it destroyed the competition. 299 00:24:40,640 --> 00:24:43,360 Here's this wonderful car, that appears at Zandvoort, 300 00:24:43,360 --> 00:24:48,120 and has re-written the rule book on design overnight. 301 00:24:48,120 --> 00:24:50,400 The Cosworth engine was so dominant 302 00:24:50,400 --> 00:24:54,800 that Chapman to share his exclusive advantage with the other teams. 303 00:24:54,800 --> 00:24:59,720 But as the 1968 season began, Lotus remained unbeatable. 304 00:24:59,720 --> 00:25:03,840 They still had Jim Clark, now regarded as peerless. 305 00:25:05,800 --> 00:25:07,600 I don't reckon there's ever been 306 00:25:07,600 --> 00:25:09,960 a better partnership than those two guys. 307 00:25:14,440 --> 00:25:17,480 IN FRENCH: 308 00:25:25,280 --> 00:25:29,240 Out of the car or in the car, he was the same temperament. It was amazing. 309 00:25:31,600 --> 00:25:34,000 And he said, "Follow me around 310 00:25:34,000 --> 00:25:36,760 "and I'll show you a few tips." 311 00:25:36,760 --> 00:25:39,800 So for the first opening lap at the Nurburgring, 312 00:25:39,800 --> 00:25:41,840 I followed Jimmy Clark around. 313 00:25:49,720 --> 00:25:53,120 And then on the second lap he disappeared! 314 00:25:53,120 --> 00:25:55,520 I thought I was doing quite well until then. 315 00:25:56,640 --> 00:26:00,920 'I think that to drive very fast round a circuit 316 00:26:00,920 --> 00:26:04,440 'requires a tremendous amount of self control 317 00:26:04,440 --> 00:26:08,160 'because the limit of driving very fast and going over the limit 318 00:26:08,160 --> 00:26:10,920 'takes a tremendous amount of concentration.' 319 00:26:10,920 --> 00:26:14,560 In the event the 1968 season would hardly be underway 320 00:26:14,560 --> 00:26:17,640 before history was to be cruelly rewritten. 321 00:26:18,680 --> 00:26:24,600 Hockenheim was and is a very Teutonic track. 322 00:26:24,600 --> 00:26:27,040 No other word will do I'm afraid. 323 00:26:27,040 --> 00:26:31,640 It's got these huge concrete grandstands in a great bowl. 324 00:26:33,680 --> 00:26:35,440 It was basically a high speed run. 325 00:26:35,440 --> 00:26:38,120 The track, apart from the complex, 326 00:26:38,120 --> 00:26:41,720 really is like a corridor between tall trees, almost, 327 00:26:41,720 --> 00:26:45,080 and the mist and the rain hang in those trees, 328 00:26:45,080 --> 00:26:47,480 and make it even more miserable. 329 00:26:47,480 --> 00:26:51,720 It's the kind of place you want to get the race over and go home. 330 00:26:51,720 --> 00:26:54,520 On the 7th April 1968, 331 00:26:54,520 --> 00:26:58,640 Germany's second track welcomed spectators for a Formula Two race. 332 00:27:00,800 --> 00:27:03,840 It was a damp, miserable weekend 333 00:27:03,840 --> 00:27:09,760 that is enshrined in memory as the race that nobody wanted to be at. 334 00:27:09,760 --> 00:27:14,600 The teams scheduled to appear included Lotus, Matra and Ferrari. 335 00:27:14,600 --> 00:27:19,920 Accompanying them was a roster of top drivers, including Jim Clark. 336 00:27:19,920 --> 00:27:22,640 There were a lot of reasons why Jimmy was at Hockenheim. 337 00:27:22,640 --> 00:27:24,520 One of which, it was normal in those days 338 00:27:24,520 --> 00:27:27,280 for Formula One drivers to do Formula Two races. 339 00:27:27,280 --> 00:27:28,720 It happened all the time. 340 00:27:28,720 --> 00:27:33,600 However, at this particular race, something was unsettling Clark. 341 00:27:35,120 --> 00:27:37,600 Don't think the weather helped. 342 00:27:37,600 --> 00:27:41,720 He wasn't very happy all weekend, for him, 343 00:27:41,720 --> 00:27:45,200 although he was still his gentleman self. 344 00:27:45,200 --> 00:27:47,520 And Graham wasn't all that happy either. 345 00:27:47,520 --> 00:27:49,680 Graham Hill, who was in the other car. 346 00:27:49,680 --> 00:27:52,480 Clark's car had a misfire problem, 347 00:27:52,480 --> 00:27:56,560 crash damage from the previous week's race, 348 00:27:56,560 --> 00:28:00,080 and a young mechanic, Beaky Sims, to solve the problems. 349 00:28:00,080 --> 00:28:02,000 Jim had other worries, too. 350 00:28:03,640 --> 00:28:06,720 His last words were, "Don't expect me to be 351 00:28:06,720 --> 00:28:09,840 "up there in my usual position. 352 00:28:09,840 --> 00:28:12,800 "I don't trust the tyres. 353 00:28:12,800 --> 00:28:14,880 "I can't get no grip with them. 354 00:28:14,880 --> 00:28:16,600 "Can't get no heat in them." 355 00:28:18,120 --> 00:28:22,480 And we adjusted the car, we softened the shock absorbers, 356 00:28:22,480 --> 00:28:25,640 took the rear roll bars, disconnected to give it more grip, 357 00:28:25,640 --> 00:28:26,920 which is what he wanted, 358 00:28:26,920 --> 00:28:32,240 hoping it was going to be a dry race, but it wasn't. 359 00:28:35,680 --> 00:28:40,600 As the cars took off from the start, averaging speeds of 130 mph, 360 00:28:40,600 --> 00:28:45,600 they left the safety of the stadium area and disappeared into the woods. 361 00:28:45,600 --> 00:28:49,640 Clark was running a lowly 5th, to Jean Pierre Beltoise's Matra. 362 00:28:54,560 --> 00:28:57,240 Seven laps later, Clark failed to return. 363 00:28:58,960 --> 00:29:02,680 He started off and then didn't come round, 364 00:29:02,680 --> 00:29:08,360 and then a Porsche car came up, pace car. 365 00:29:08,360 --> 00:29:12,680 He said, "Can you come with me." I said, "Me? Yeah. OK." 366 00:29:12,680 --> 00:29:14,040 While the race was on, 367 00:29:14,040 --> 00:29:18,160 you joined the circuit and went round and I saw an ambulance there 368 00:29:18,160 --> 00:29:21,280 and thought, "Oh, dear." And then, "Where's the car? 369 00:29:21,280 --> 00:29:23,200 "Where's Jimmy?" 370 00:29:23,200 --> 00:29:27,480 He said, "Come with me" and then I saw what was left of a car. 371 00:29:29,880 --> 00:29:31,400 Where's the engine and gear box? 372 00:29:31,400 --> 00:29:33,280 Somebody's taken them. What's going on? 373 00:29:33,280 --> 00:29:35,240 You know, as a kid you're going... 374 00:29:35,240 --> 00:29:37,840 and then you start to get a little bit scared. 375 00:29:37,840 --> 00:29:40,960 Jim Clark was dead. 376 00:29:40,960 --> 00:29:47,080 Thrown from his car, smashed into trees 15 feet up, breaking his neck. 377 00:29:47,080 --> 00:29:51,240 As the ambulance took Clark's body away, his team mate Graham Hill 378 00:29:51,240 --> 00:29:54,440 was left to deal with the wreckage of the vehicle. 379 00:29:54,440 --> 00:29:56,440 The race in the meantime carried on, 380 00:29:56,440 --> 00:29:59,120 eventually won by Jean-Pierre Beltoise. 381 00:30:02,840 --> 00:30:05,880 IN FRENCH: 382 00:30:20,320 --> 00:30:26,200 There was no blatant mistake made by any individual, 383 00:30:26,200 --> 00:30:29,120 me, for certain, because I was his mechanic, 384 00:30:29,120 --> 00:30:31,160 the only one working on the car 385 00:30:33,440 --> 00:30:36,680 But still, to be associated with his death, 386 00:30:36,680 --> 00:30:39,600 will go with me for the rest of my life, 387 00:30:39,600 --> 00:30:41,560 that will never go away, ever. 388 00:30:45,320 --> 00:30:50,800 He is, to me, probably immortal, 389 00:30:50,800 --> 00:30:52,480 I'm still a big fan. 390 00:30:55,040 --> 00:30:56,880 I say that with feeling. 391 00:31:35,160 --> 00:31:38,200 # Three hours from sundown 392 00:31:38,200 --> 00:31:41,000 # Jeremy flies 393 00:31:45,360 --> 00:31:51,440 # Hoping to keep the sun from his eyes 394 00:31:55,240 --> 00:32:01,800 # East from the city and down to the cave 395 00:32:05,040 --> 00:32:08,680 # In search of a master 396 00:32:08,680 --> 00:32:10,800 # In search of a slave... # 397 00:32:19,400 --> 00:32:22,560 Jimmy was one of his closest friends 398 00:32:22,560 --> 00:32:25,120 and Chapman just couldn't handle it 399 00:32:25,120 --> 00:32:29,320 and he left everything to the mechanics and disappeared. 400 00:32:31,520 --> 00:32:35,640 Jimmy was not the kind of guy you ever expect to die in a race car, 401 00:32:35,640 --> 00:32:38,000 he was too good for that, 402 00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:40,680 and the fact that he did get killed in one 403 00:32:40,680 --> 00:32:43,680 shows again just how dangerous that era was. 404 00:32:43,680 --> 00:32:47,400 If Jimmy Clark could get killed it could happen to anyone. 405 00:32:47,400 --> 00:32:50,640 That's another telling thing, if you look at what Graham 406 00:32:50,640 --> 00:32:53,000 had to go through, because while Chapman, 407 00:32:53,000 --> 00:32:55,920 in his distress, wasn't there, Graham was. 408 00:32:55,920 --> 00:32:59,520 Here you are, you're actually carrying the shattered remains 409 00:32:59,520 --> 00:33:02,600 in which the greatest driver on Earth has been killed, 410 00:33:02,600 --> 00:33:06,480 back to the pits, knowing you're going to be racing one of these cars 411 00:33:06,480 --> 00:33:11,040 in a fortnight's time - that's courage. 412 00:33:11,040 --> 00:33:15,360 That's a very special character that can do that and carry on 413 00:33:15,360 --> 00:33:19,120 and then Graham won the championship for Lotus at the end of the year, 414 00:33:19,120 --> 00:33:21,240 deservedly so. 415 00:33:23,080 --> 00:33:26,840 Jim Clark's funeral was attended by over 50,000 people 416 00:33:26,840 --> 00:33:30,480 at his hometown church in Chirnside, Berwickshire. 417 00:33:30,480 --> 00:33:32,120 Amongst the drivers, 418 00:33:32,120 --> 00:33:36,120 there was sadness, disbelief and a growing anger. 419 00:33:36,120 --> 00:33:38,440 Now they all felt vulnerable. 420 00:33:40,480 --> 00:33:45,960 Jim Clark died almost certainly by a vehicle failure of some kind. 421 00:33:45,960 --> 00:33:51,840 There was no barrier, no fencing, in front of a forest, 422 00:33:51,840 --> 00:33:54,720 and Jim Clark died violently 423 00:33:54,720 --> 00:34:00,320 in a forest, being hit by young trees and big trees alike 424 00:34:00,320 --> 00:34:04,960 and his car was almost totally destroyed, and Jimmy died, 425 00:34:04,960 --> 00:34:07,320 it was just inconceivable. 426 00:34:07,320 --> 00:34:11,640 Over the next three months, these feelings of anger would intensify 427 00:34:11,640 --> 00:34:14,240 as Mike Spence, Ludovico Scarfiotti and Jo Schlesser 428 00:34:14,240 --> 00:34:16,720 would all die on the track, 429 00:34:16,720 --> 00:34:21,800 Schlesser in an experimental and controversial Honda. 430 00:34:21,800 --> 00:34:26,840 It was a concept car which had some interesting features on it 431 00:34:26,840 --> 00:34:29,600 and could have been quite useful 432 00:34:29,600 --> 00:34:33,240 to use as a research car, but it was not suitable for racing. 433 00:34:33,240 --> 00:34:37,320 Did that make you angry to see that car on the grid? 434 00:34:37,320 --> 00:34:42,080 I wasn't very pleased at the time, no. No. 435 00:34:45,280 --> 00:34:48,200 Schlesser was burned alive, the car's magnesium body 436 00:34:48,200 --> 00:34:51,800 burning with such ferocity it was impossible to put out. 437 00:34:53,800 --> 00:34:56,840 IN FRENCH: 438 00:35:03,440 --> 00:35:06,640 '68 was the turning point, 439 00:35:06,640 --> 00:35:10,200 because so many people died in such a short time. 440 00:35:10,200 --> 00:35:14,360 We felt like we were going from one funeral to the next, 441 00:35:14,360 --> 00:35:17,080 it was a bit drastic. 442 00:35:19,320 --> 00:35:24,200 And we weren't at war, we were performing in a sport, 443 00:35:24,200 --> 00:35:26,960 almost a leisure-time sport 444 00:35:26,960 --> 00:35:28,760 for public enjoyment. 445 00:35:28,760 --> 00:35:30,200 This wasn't a war. 446 00:35:30,200 --> 00:35:34,840 I was revolted, because we could save so much more lives, 447 00:35:34,840 --> 00:35:37,560 so many colleagues could be saved. 448 00:35:37,560 --> 00:35:40,800 Jackie Stewart set about revitalising 449 00:35:40,800 --> 00:35:43,960 the Grand Prix Drivers' Association. 450 00:35:43,960 --> 00:35:49,200 He quite rightly made the statement that too many guys 451 00:35:49,200 --> 00:35:53,040 were getting killed because the circuits were not safe enough 452 00:35:53,040 --> 00:35:57,640 and fighting the premise 453 00:35:57,640 --> 00:36:01,800 that part of the danger of losing your life 454 00:36:01,800 --> 00:36:07,160 was what proved you to be the best race driver. Rubbish! 455 00:36:07,160 --> 00:36:10,960 Stewart began pushing for the most rudimentary of safety considerations. 456 00:36:10,960 --> 00:36:14,560 For all drivers to wear fireproof overalls, 457 00:36:14,560 --> 00:36:18,720 certified helmets and a six-point safety harness. 458 00:36:18,720 --> 00:36:21,520 He then moved on to the circuits, 459 00:36:21,520 --> 00:36:24,400 demanding Armco barriers and catch fencing. 460 00:36:24,400 --> 00:36:27,400 But it was going to be a tough fight. 461 00:36:27,400 --> 00:36:29,920 In 1968 at the British Grand Prix, 462 00:36:29,920 --> 00:36:34,680 Jackie wanted some trees removed, and the answer from the RACMSA, 463 00:36:34,680 --> 00:36:37,880 which was the British national sporting authority, 464 00:36:37,880 --> 00:36:40,280 was, if Jackie Stewart wants trees cut down, 465 00:36:40,280 --> 00:36:41,840 he knows where the saws are. 466 00:36:43,080 --> 00:36:46,760 Even within the Grand Prix Drivers' Association, 467 00:36:46,760 --> 00:36:48,720 things were not clean cut. 468 00:36:48,720 --> 00:36:51,120 One of the problems with the GPDA 469 00:36:51,120 --> 00:36:54,280 is that so many people will go to a meeting 470 00:36:54,280 --> 00:36:56,720 and not say a bloody dickie word. 471 00:36:56,720 --> 00:37:00,880 You know, they wouldn't say anything, and then afterwards, 472 00:37:00,880 --> 00:37:04,200 they'd complain, and this was one of the things. 473 00:37:04,200 --> 00:37:07,560 The GPDA could have done with more input 474 00:37:07,560 --> 00:37:11,520 and one of the reasons why perhaps Jackie was allowed 475 00:37:11,520 --> 00:37:16,040 to get away with excesses on some of the views he put forward 476 00:37:16,040 --> 00:37:22,640 was because others were willing to not take the whole thing seriously. 477 00:37:22,640 --> 00:37:24,080 It's always the same. 478 00:37:24,080 --> 00:37:26,760 Out of 24 drivers, there were three or four 479 00:37:26,760 --> 00:37:28,480 that were the leading edge 480 00:37:28,480 --> 00:37:30,280 of which, Jackie Stewart, 481 00:37:30,280 --> 00:37:35,440 and there were deals done, compromise. 482 00:37:35,440 --> 00:37:38,480 IN FRENCH: 483 00:37:47,000 --> 00:37:50,960 We had some conflicts at the time 484 00:37:50,960 --> 00:37:57,680 on the timing of the way to make these moves forward. 485 00:37:59,520 --> 00:38:01,720 In the end, the race always goes ahead 486 00:38:01,720 --> 00:38:05,920 because of the commercial implications of it not. 487 00:38:07,920 --> 00:38:11,520 This rationale had to be challenged and it came to a head 488 00:38:11,520 --> 00:38:15,520 as the drivers contemplated another Belgian Grand Prix, 489 00:38:15,520 --> 00:38:18,000 at the infamous Spa-Francorchamp. 490 00:38:18,000 --> 00:38:21,720 The Grand Prix Drivers' Association went to inspect the track. 491 00:38:24,120 --> 00:38:27,080 When any of the drivers, including myself, 492 00:38:27,080 --> 00:38:30,360 went back to Spa, we weren't warmly welcomed 493 00:38:30,360 --> 00:38:34,400 because what we were asking for was money to be spent 494 00:38:34,400 --> 00:38:37,000 - to take off barbed wire fencing, 495 00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:40,440 which was designed to keep cows in fields. 496 00:38:40,440 --> 00:38:43,480 IN FRENCH: 497 00:38:57,280 --> 00:38:59,080 What's the price of life? 498 00:38:59,080 --> 00:39:02,880 What price do you put on a man or a woman's life? 499 00:39:02,880 --> 00:39:06,040 Because we weren't just talking about the drivers themselves, 500 00:39:06,040 --> 00:39:09,640 we were talking about spectator protection, a car reaching spectators. 501 00:39:24,240 --> 00:39:27,720 We wanted change, they didn't want a change because it costs money. 502 00:39:27,720 --> 00:39:29,200 Who's going to pay for it? 503 00:39:29,200 --> 00:39:35,360 Well, the track owner has to pay for it, they just didn't want to do it, they thought they had more power 504 00:39:35,360 --> 00:39:41,600 than the drivers had, they thought that the teams would capitulate and make their drivers drive. 505 00:39:41,600 --> 00:39:43,920 Well, in fact we didn't do that. 506 00:39:43,920 --> 00:39:47,200 The drivers voted to boycott the race. 507 00:39:47,200 --> 00:39:49,360 Spa was cancelled. 508 00:39:49,360 --> 00:39:54,040 It was a crucial turning point on the journey to making Grand Prix safer. 509 00:39:54,040 --> 00:39:59,680 It was an uphill battle - safety did not come easily and it didn't come cheap. 510 00:39:59,680 --> 00:40:04,440 The motoring press' response to the boycotting of Spa was less than encouraging, 511 00:40:04,440 --> 00:40:10,160 suggesting Grand Prix drivers should "take up knitting using needles without sharp points" 512 00:40:10,160 --> 00:40:16,360 and dismissing Jackie Stewart as "a pious little Scot with beady eyes". 513 00:40:16,360 --> 00:40:19,960 I didn't laugh at them, but I didn't take them seriously. 514 00:40:19,960 --> 00:40:23,120 When you see the grief that's brought to the wife or the girlfriend, 515 00:40:23,120 --> 00:40:26,400 the mother, the father, the brother, the sister, the close friends, 516 00:40:26,400 --> 00:40:31,320 when you see that and you are doing the same thing and you're going out to do the same thing again, 517 00:40:31,320 --> 00:40:35,560 you have to have an immense amount of focus and commitment to do that. 518 00:40:35,560 --> 00:40:39,240 And for anybody to turn round and start telling me that I'm chicken, 519 00:40:39,240 --> 00:40:42,240 well, I was still winning Grand Prix races at that time 520 00:40:42,240 --> 00:40:47,160 and I was still winning world championships, so I really didn't have an awful lot of time for them. 521 00:40:47,160 --> 00:40:51,240 If the safety campaign needed any more justification, 522 00:40:51,240 --> 00:40:54,760 it came at the 1969 American Grand Prix, 523 00:40:54,760 --> 00:40:59,400 when Graham Hill crashed out, horrifically breaking both legs. 524 00:40:59,400 --> 00:41:04,120 The part-time ambulance driver took him to a hospital that was closed. 525 00:41:07,280 --> 00:41:12,440 But while the debate struggled to move up a gear, the cars were still getting faster. 526 00:41:13,440 --> 00:41:16,880 Teams had started to experiment with aerodynamics, 527 00:41:16,880 --> 00:41:20,920 and the next thing to appear on the grid was the aerofoil. 528 00:41:47,800 --> 00:41:51,320 The race to capitalise on downforce was hotting up. 529 00:41:51,320 --> 00:41:59,120 At the Barcelona Grand Prix of 1969, Colin Chapman was confident he had found the holy grail of Grand Prix. 530 00:41:59,120 --> 00:42:02,040 Bigger wings, bigger wings, bigger wings, 531 00:42:02,040 --> 00:42:05,600 massive wings, huge plan area and tiny little struts 532 00:42:05,600 --> 00:42:12,000 that carried the wings where they were much smaller. And then suddenly they snap and break in Spain. 533 00:42:12,000 --> 00:42:15,320 Barcelona, we had the big wing and Chapman said, 534 00:42:15,320 --> 00:42:19,520 "I want to make it wider, with styrofoam and aluminium". 535 00:42:19,520 --> 00:42:24,200 And we put six inches each side from that to this, 536 00:42:24,200 --> 00:42:27,600 and it put so much downforce on, the wings bent in the race 537 00:42:27,600 --> 00:42:33,400 and it put Jochen into the barrier, big time. Huge shunt, it bent the car like a banana. 538 00:42:35,280 --> 00:42:40,160 So you did things at the track without testing, which you can't do now. 539 00:42:40,160 --> 00:42:44,200 It shows that Chapman was always going to push to the limits, and sometimes 540 00:42:44,200 --> 00:42:49,920 you didn't know where the limit was until you'd got empirical evidence. 541 00:42:54,000 --> 00:42:57,480 You know, there's so many things that can go wrong with a racing car, 542 00:42:57,480 --> 00:43:01,880 that the unusual one really is the one that finishes, rather than the one that doesn't. 543 00:43:02,880 --> 00:43:06,440 Wing design had quickly become a dangerous joke 544 00:43:06,440 --> 00:43:10,720 and after his spectacular near-miss, rising star Jochen Rindt 545 00:43:10,720 --> 00:43:14,560 gave voice to his concern in an open letter to the press. 546 00:43:14,560 --> 00:43:19,360 "Formula One is meant to be a serious business, not a hot rod show. 547 00:43:19,360 --> 00:43:22,720 "Wings are dangerous to drivers and spectators, 548 00:43:22,720 --> 00:43:24,720 "they should be banned." 549 00:43:24,720 --> 00:43:30,240 But, you know, it was like, indirectly to Colin. 550 00:43:30,240 --> 00:43:31,880 Indirectly. 551 00:43:31,880 --> 00:43:38,000 He just wanted to show Colin that, "I can tell the world what's going on." 552 00:43:39,520 --> 00:43:41,760 I don't think Colin cared. 553 00:43:45,680 --> 00:43:52,840 The 1969 Grand Prix World Championship was eventually won by Jackie Stewart in the Tyrell Matra. 554 00:43:52,840 --> 00:43:55,560 Ken Tyrell was another British garagista. 555 00:43:55,560 --> 00:44:00,720 He developed Stewart's car around a French Matra chassis. 556 00:44:00,720 --> 00:44:04,160 But in 1970, Stewart and Tyrell's success was cut short. 557 00:44:04,160 --> 00:44:07,560 It was Jochen Rindt, building on his early promise, 558 00:44:07,560 --> 00:44:12,880 now promoted to Lotus's number one, who was the man to beat. 559 00:44:12,880 --> 00:44:14,720 Jochen was, at that time... 560 00:44:16,280 --> 00:44:20,160 ..the fastest driver out there, he was tremendous. 561 00:44:21,680 --> 00:44:26,000 Lotus were, at that time, bedding in another new design, the 72. 562 00:44:26,000 --> 00:44:29,880 Wings, though modified, were still on the agenda. 563 00:44:29,880 --> 00:44:33,160 Progress, it seemed, could not be undone. 564 00:44:33,160 --> 00:44:36,880 If it's going to go as quick as it looks, I think's it's going to be a good car. 565 00:44:36,880 --> 00:44:42,120 But despite the drivers' best efforts, safety on the track was still proving elusive, 566 00:44:42,120 --> 00:44:48,880 drivers sitting between two lethal fuel tanks, frequently with disastrous consequences. 567 00:44:48,880 --> 00:44:53,640 And then I steered across the track and I caught Jacky Ickx full side 568 00:44:53,640 --> 00:44:57,880 leading the Spanish Grand Prix on the first lap, in the side tanks. 569 00:45:03,160 --> 00:45:07,080 Wooof, went up in flames, big fireball. 570 00:45:08,400 --> 00:45:13,640 Jacky got out of the Ferrari, and ran into my car and fell over. 571 00:45:20,280 --> 00:45:24,840 This accident was followed by the death of the popular Bruce McLaren. 572 00:45:24,840 --> 00:45:29,360 While testing in England, his Can-Am car lost bodywork and destabilised. 573 00:45:29,360 --> 00:45:33,080 It span off the track, hitting a redundant marshal's post. 574 00:45:33,080 --> 00:45:38,720 Only three weeks later, Piers Courage was killed at the Dutch Grand Prix at Zandvoort. 575 00:45:38,720 --> 00:45:45,000 Crashing heavily, the marshals were unable to put out the ensuing inferno. 576 00:45:45,000 --> 00:45:49,040 The memorial service for Bruce McLaren took place in St Paul's Cathedral, 577 00:45:49,040 --> 00:45:51,960 a very big event, and we were all in attendance. 578 00:45:51,960 --> 00:45:55,440 After the memorial service, we went back to the Dorchester Hotel 579 00:45:55,440 --> 00:45:58,480 and we had a GPDA meeting, and we were all there. 580 00:45:58,480 --> 00:46:02,320 Jochen had gone to the Nurburgring, 581 00:46:02,320 --> 00:46:06,520 and asked for a whole list of things that we wanted them to do. 582 00:46:06,520 --> 00:46:12,040 Now, the Nurburgring was 14.7 miles around, 583 00:46:12,040 --> 00:46:16,280 it had 187 corners, you took off 13 times. 584 00:46:16,280 --> 00:46:19,560 Racing cars weren't designed to fly. 585 00:46:19,560 --> 00:46:22,600 Now, this is the temple 586 00:46:22,600 --> 00:46:26,960 of the most challenging race track in the world 587 00:46:26,960 --> 00:46:29,560 and we are suggesting we might not go there. 588 00:46:29,560 --> 00:46:33,880 There was a lot of concern that, "Oh, you can't do that to the Nurburgring." 589 00:46:33,880 --> 00:46:38,600 Jack Brabham, who was at that time the senior member 590 00:46:38,600 --> 00:46:43,280 of the Grand Prix Drivers' Association, I mean, thoroughly experienced racing driver, 591 00:46:43,280 --> 00:46:47,560 had already won the World Championship, by then had won it three times. 592 00:46:47,560 --> 00:46:51,600 And he... Very quiet, never spoke out on anything, 593 00:46:51,600 --> 00:46:54,440 and he stood up and he said "We've got to go with Jackie, 594 00:46:54,440 --> 00:46:59,440 "we can't go to the Nurburgring, this is ridiculous. Look at the number of people we've killed." 595 00:46:59,440 --> 00:47:03,200 In that week we had services for Piers Courage and Bruce McLaren, 596 00:47:03,200 --> 00:47:06,040 and here we were going back to race at the Nurburgring 597 00:47:06,040 --> 00:47:10,000 after they had said, "We'll do nothing that you ask". 598 00:47:10,000 --> 00:47:14,560 It was a ridiculous situation, and they were just holding a pistol to our head 599 00:47:14,560 --> 00:47:18,080 and thinking that we couldn't do it to the Nurburgring. 600 00:47:18,080 --> 00:47:23,480 And the vote went on our favour and we did not race at the Nurburgring. 601 00:47:26,800 --> 00:47:32,440 The German Grand Prix was hastily switched to Hockenheim, Jochen Rindt taking an easy victory. 602 00:47:33,960 --> 00:47:38,000 Rindt was now setting the pace, and as the championship moved to Monza, 603 00:47:38,000 --> 00:47:41,600 he looked forward to clinching the world crown. 604 00:47:41,600 --> 00:47:44,880 But Rindt remained unimpressed by Chapman's latest design, 605 00:47:44,880 --> 00:47:50,360 the Lotus 72, and he asked for his favourite Lotus 49 to be shipped to Italy. 606 00:47:50,360 --> 00:47:54,600 So we get to Monza, and Colin just stands and says, 607 00:47:54,600 --> 00:47:59,200 "Well, the 49 is not here, either you drive the 72 or you don't." 608 00:48:01,680 --> 00:48:04,920 But you are very close to the world championship, you know. 609 00:48:08,680 --> 00:48:13,320 So against his better wishes, Jochen Rindt took the wheel of the Lotus 72. 610 00:48:13,320 --> 00:48:16,880 Soon after, one of his brake shafts failed. 611 00:48:16,880 --> 00:48:22,280 He lost control and veered off the track at 185 miles per hour. 612 00:48:26,520 --> 00:48:31,400 He was very special to me. 613 00:48:31,400 --> 00:48:34,720 He was a very generous, kind man. 614 00:48:36,360 --> 00:48:40,200 I remember being very angry that the world could go on, 615 00:48:40,360 --> 00:48:44,080 when he had to die, but I'm sure that's a very normal feeling, you know? 616 00:48:45,080 --> 00:48:51,320 He did what he loved doing and you can't fight that, you can't argue with that. 617 00:48:51,320 --> 00:48:54,560 Life goes on, and I have a daughter and you have to... 618 00:48:55,720 --> 00:48:57,720 She sort of... 619 00:48:57,720 --> 00:49:01,760 misses a lot, not to have had a father. 620 00:49:01,760 --> 00:49:04,760 She worked in Formula One for four years 621 00:49:04,760 --> 00:49:09,360 and she tried to understand the whole world of motor racing, 622 00:49:09,360 --> 00:49:10,600 I think she did. 623 00:49:12,360 --> 00:49:16,320 You can't ever put the finger on why you like somebody, it's just 624 00:49:16,320 --> 00:49:21,640 the way it is, you either like somebody, love somebody, you can't explain. 625 00:49:25,200 --> 00:49:28,360 Rindt's accident summed up many of the era's shortcomings. 626 00:49:28,360 --> 00:49:31,240 As well as the car's mechanical failure, 627 00:49:31,240 --> 00:49:37,440 the Armco barrier was not properly secured, his car sliding under it, hitting a vertical support. 628 00:49:37,440 --> 00:49:44,120 Also, Rindt himself had not properly fastened his harness, sealing his fate. 629 00:49:44,120 --> 00:49:46,160 Here they have Jochen Rindt, 630 00:49:46,160 --> 00:49:50,080 no-one knew what to do, they're all standing round... 631 00:49:53,560 --> 00:49:55,360 ..taking pictures. 632 00:49:57,640 --> 00:49:59,960 And no-one in control. 633 00:49:59,960 --> 00:50:03,840 Jochen was dead, I believe, by the time I got to him. 634 00:50:03,840 --> 00:50:07,520 And the last rites had not been given to him by the priest 635 00:50:07,520 --> 00:50:09,400 but he did so when I was there. 636 00:50:10,400 --> 00:50:12,080 What do we do now? 637 00:50:12,080 --> 00:50:14,360 Chapman, does he carry on? 638 00:50:15,480 --> 00:50:17,080 Yes, of course he carries on. 639 00:50:17,080 --> 00:50:22,600 He did care after the accident because he was charged for manslaughter in Italy 640 00:50:22,600 --> 00:50:24,120 but not in England. 641 00:50:25,800 --> 00:50:27,840 So he couldn't go back for a while. 642 00:50:27,840 --> 00:50:31,440 So Jochen Rindt became the first ever 643 00:50:31,440 --> 00:50:33,720 posthumous World Champion. 644 00:50:33,720 --> 00:50:35,720 I mean, the trophy is there... 645 00:50:37,920 --> 00:50:42,360 ..and I went to pick it up for him, 646 00:50:42,360 --> 00:50:44,640 but... 647 00:50:44,640 --> 00:50:47,640 then I was always on tranquilisers, you know. 648 00:50:47,640 --> 00:50:50,600 I couldn't face all that, it was awful. 649 00:51:02,920 --> 00:51:07,480 As the 1970s progressed, the landscape of Grand Prix changed. 650 00:51:07,480 --> 00:51:12,600 In came major sponsors, and with them, a kaleidoscope of colour. 651 00:51:15,320 --> 00:51:19,600 The teething problems with early aerodynamics were a distant memory, 652 00:51:19,600 --> 00:51:27,080 Colin Chapman refining the Lotus 72 into one of the most iconic Grand Prix cars of all time. 653 00:51:27,080 --> 00:51:32,000 With it, Emerson Fittipaldi became the youngest-ever Grand Prix champion. 654 00:51:32,000 --> 00:51:36,200 The best car I ever drove in my racing career was the Lotus 72 655 00:51:36,200 --> 00:51:39,200 because it was a car that I could talk to him, 656 00:51:39,200 --> 00:51:42,720 he talks to me, we understand each other, we love each other. 657 00:51:47,440 --> 00:51:52,480 Chapman was still the kingmaker, but it was now with a heavy heart. 658 00:51:52,480 --> 00:51:54,680 One day he come to me and say "Emerson, 659 00:51:54,680 --> 00:51:58,480 "you know I like you very much, but I don't want to get too close to you, 660 00:51:58,480 --> 00:52:03,440 "I have great loss, I don't want to happen again", he told me this personally. 661 00:52:06,520 --> 00:52:09,880 He was worried about his drivers, like any human being was. 662 00:52:09,880 --> 00:52:15,920 I think the impact when he lost Jimmy was devastating for him. 663 00:52:15,920 --> 00:52:22,160 The sadness that was consuming Chapman, and to some degree the sport itself, was not over yet. 664 00:52:22,160 --> 00:52:25,080 Jo Siffert died at Brands Hatch in 1971, 665 00:52:25,080 --> 00:52:30,600 and Jo Bonnier, who helped push safety issues, perished at Le Mans. 666 00:52:31,960 --> 00:52:37,600 It seemed as though the spectre of death had now established itself within the very DNA of the sport 667 00:52:37,600 --> 00:52:40,240 and its grip could not be shaken loose. 668 00:52:43,720 --> 00:52:45,640 You haven't come to see an accident? 669 00:52:45,640 --> 00:52:48,960 Oh yes, we enjoy accidents as well. 670 00:52:48,960 --> 00:52:51,000 But we like to see the boys drive well. 671 00:52:51,000 --> 00:52:56,200 When you're young, the sport is made for young people, you have dreams, 672 00:52:56,200 --> 00:53:00,160 you have your dreams and you're ready for it. 673 00:53:00,160 --> 00:53:05,440 Don't confuse things - nobody forced us to do it, 674 00:53:05,440 --> 00:53:10,240 there is a time for it, you do it because you are good at it. 675 00:53:10,240 --> 00:53:11,520 Point. 676 00:53:11,520 --> 00:53:14,760 Do you have any favourites amongst the drivers? 677 00:53:14,760 --> 00:53:16,600 No, not any more. 678 00:53:16,600 --> 00:53:20,520 The Drivers' Association tried to exert more pressure with strikes, 679 00:53:20,520 --> 00:53:22,800 or threats of strikes as the years passed. 680 00:53:22,800 --> 00:53:28,320 Starting initiatives such as donating old fireproofs to marshals who had none. 681 00:53:28,320 --> 00:53:33,120 Sponsorship began to exert its own influence. 682 00:53:33,120 --> 00:53:36,920 It brought an external pressure with it that had never been there before, 683 00:53:36,920 --> 00:53:41,080 namely, if you sponsor a car and your name is all over the car, 684 00:53:41,080 --> 00:53:44,640 you perhaps don't want to see a young man being burned to death in it. 685 00:53:44,640 --> 00:53:48,520 However, it would take one heartbreaking incident, 686 00:53:48,520 --> 00:53:51,320 screened across the world on international television, 687 00:53:51,320 --> 00:53:54,360 to finally shame the sport to its senses. 688 00:53:54,360 --> 00:54:00,080 Some 12 lethal years since Wolfgang Von Trips and 15 spectators had lost their lives at Monza. 689 00:54:01,760 --> 00:54:08,760 The tragedy would be played out at Zandvoort, the quirky Dutch seaside track in the dunes. 690 00:54:08,760 --> 00:54:12,280 As a results of Drivers' Association pressure in the early '70s, 691 00:54:12,280 --> 00:54:17,680 Zandvoort had been condemned, and then rebuilt at a cost of £2.5 million. 692 00:54:17,680 --> 00:54:20,800 It was now completely Armco-lined, had a new control tower 693 00:54:20,800 --> 00:54:24,360 and was thought to easily meet the new safety standards. 694 00:54:24,360 --> 00:54:28,800 They'd had Piers Courage's accident in 1970, 695 00:54:28,800 --> 00:54:32,160 they missed the race in '72, did all these changes. 696 00:54:32,160 --> 00:54:36,560 Everybody was there thinking, "This is good, we've moved it forward." 697 00:54:36,560 --> 00:54:40,080 And we drove in the morning to Zandvoort, and we saw all the crowds, 698 00:54:40,080 --> 00:54:44,600 80,000 people, and we were so happy. 699 00:54:44,600 --> 00:54:47,640 Nothing could go wrong, nothing. 700 00:54:48,760 --> 00:54:52,480 The weather was nice, the spectators were there, 701 00:54:52,480 --> 00:54:55,000 the racing cars were on the grid, 702 00:54:55,000 --> 00:55:02,840 we got a beautiful cup from the Royal Automobile Club for all the work we had been doing. 703 00:55:04,480 --> 00:55:06,240 Unbelievable, fantastic. 704 00:55:06,240 --> 00:55:11,880 There was a carnival atmosphere, just like there is at any race, but it was extra special there 705 00:55:11,880 --> 00:55:17,280 because it nearly didn't happen, so everybody was really stoked that they've got their circuit back, 706 00:55:17,280 --> 00:55:21,520 they've got a top-line field, it's all going forward again. 707 00:55:21,520 --> 00:55:26,520 The ship was like building the Titanic, fantastic. 708 00:55:26,520 --> 00:55:29,040 A new track with everything in and on it. 709 00:55:29,040 --> 00:55:33,200 So you feel very happy, and... 710 00:55:33,200 --> 00:55:35,560 everybody was happy. 711 00:55:35,560 --> 00:55:38,680 Maybe the guy on the back of the grid, 712 00:55:38,680 --> 00:55:41,720 not so happy, but the first three anyway. 713 00:55:41,720 --> 00:55:46,000 One of those drivers near the back of the grid was Roger Williamson, 714 00:55:46,000 --> 00:55:50,280 tipped as a future champion, but this would be his last race. 715 00:55:50,280 --> 00:55:55,520 On the eighth lap in only his second Grand Prix, Roger's tyre burst. 716 00:55:55,520 --> 00:56:00,240 His car was hurled upside down and exploded into flames. 717 00:56:00,240 --> 00:56:06,080 The driver of the following car, David Purley, would try to save Roger. 718 00:56:06,080 --> 00:56:08,560 But still the race would not be stopped, 719 00:56:08,560 --> 00:56:13,440 the marshals would be ill-equipped, and communications would fail. 720 00:56:13,440 --> 00:56:16,120 The fire engine would not arrive in time. 721 00:57:09,200 --> 00:57:13,680 I think it's the greatest stain on Formula One's reputation. 722 00:57:15,040 --> 00:57:18,280 When you think of what happened and what was allowed to happen, 723 00:57:18,280 --> 00:57:21,960 nobody comes out of that with any credit apart from David Purley. 724 00:57:21,960 --> 00:57:24,560 Even to the point where the drivers 725 00:57:24,560 --> 00:57:26,840 kept going. 726 00:57:26,840 --> 00:57:32,400 But when you look back at those days and you think, this just happens all the time. 727 00:57:32,400 --> 00:57:36,360 And that was part of the crusade as well. We cannot let this continue. 728 00:57:52,480 --> 00:57:58,120 # Put a candle in the window, ooh 729 00:58:00,280 --> 00:58:05,880 # But I feel I've got to move 730 00:58:07,600 --> 00:58:09,120 # Though I'm gone 731 00:58:09,120 --> 00:58:11,640 # Gone 732 00:58:11,640 --> 00:58:13,800 # I'll be coming home soon 733 00:58:14,800 --> 00:58:18,760 # Long as I can see the light 734 00:58:22,480 --> 00:58:26,560 # Pack my bag and let's get moving 735 00:58:29,600 --> 00:58:35,600 # Cos I'm bound to drift a while, ooh 736 00:58:37,400 --> 00:58:39,520 # Though I'm gone 737 00:58:39,520 --> 00:58:41,200 # Gone 738 00:58:41,200 --> 00:58:43,920 # You don't have to worry, no 739 00:58:45,000 --> 00:58:49,280 # Long as I can see the light. # 740 00:58:49,280 --> 00:58:52,320 Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd 741 00:58:52,320 --> 00:58:55,360 Email subtitling@bbc.co.uk 64733

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