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How many people over the years
have looked at the moon
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and longed to visit?
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This sight is one of the few
experiences that all of us,
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all around the world share.
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Over the centuries, it must have
inspired a lot of dreamers.
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Little wonder that as soon as
the moon fell within reach,
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we grasped for it.
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We choose to go to the moon in this
decade and do the other things,
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not because they are easy,
but because they are hard,
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because that challenge is one that
we're willing to accept,
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one we are unwilling to postpone
and one we intend to win.
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And director of flight
to operations...
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To what became known as his
"Moonshot" in 1962,
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President Kennedy set out a dream so
outrageous and ambitious,
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it demanded unparalleled,
urgent innovation
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and effort from
a huge multinational team.
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..two, one, zero.
We have commenced. We have lift off.
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And when the Moonshot was
accomplished within the decade,
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it was a success that inspired
people across the world.
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A defining achievement
of human history.
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But its greater lasting impact was
one that few in 1962 could foresee -
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the view back from up there.
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In reaching for the moon,
we found the Earth.
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For the first time, we could see
that the world we live on
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is finite and precious.
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Ultimately, it woke us to
a distressing truth
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we are still
trying to come to terms with.
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The modern world we have built is
at odds with the planet we live on.
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It's come to this,
our planet is now in crisis,
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its delicately balanced systems
are becoming more and more unstable
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with every passing year.
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So for the sake of future
generations, let's act now.
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Let's take inspiration
from the Moonshot
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and set ourselves
a global challenge for this decade,
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a common goal to unite behind,
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to mend our broken relationship
with our planet
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and build a better future for all.
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It is for this very reason
that I launched the Earthshot Prize,
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the most ambitious environmental
prize in history.
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Each year, until 2030,
we will award five £1 million prizes
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to those who we believe can
transform our chances
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of repairing our planet
within the decade.
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Five prizes because experts tell us
there are five great challenges
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we must urgently overcome
to turn the tide.
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Over the next ten years,
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we MUST work hard
to protect and restore nature
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so that the wild stops shrinking
and starts to grow...
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..fix our climate to stop the rising
global temperature...
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..clean our air so that
we can all breathe healthily...
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..revive our oceans to become
as rich and productive
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as they once were...
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..and we must build
a waste-free world
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by ensuring the waste of one process
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becomes the raw materials
of the next.
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As we work on these five Earthshots,
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the science tells us
they will help each other.
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In restoring nature,
we will help fix the climate.
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In removing waste,
we will help revive our oceans.
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To help me in this extraordinary
undertaking,
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I've gathered together a group of
remarkable experts, influencers
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and environmentalists -
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the Earthshot Prize Council.
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In this series, I will join some of
the prize council members
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in exploring the five Earthshots,
one by one.
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We will discover
the key problems we face...
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..introduce you to people
already working on solutions...
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..and finally, I'll tell you
about the new projects
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we've shortlisted for
this year's prize.
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This is a moment for hope, not fear.
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A better sustainable future
is within reach.
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We just have to grasp for it.
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We humans can achieve anything
we set our minds to.
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It's one small step for a man...
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..one giant leap for mankind.
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So let's all set our minds to this,
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a decade of action
to repower our planet.
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There's no time to waste.
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On with the first of
our five Earthshots.
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Here to tell the story of how we can
stop working against nature,
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and start working with it,
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is one member of our
Earthshot Prize Council -
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Sir David Attenborough.
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I've spent my life learning about
the natural world
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and our place within it.
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In doing so, I've been lucky enough
to see more of the wonders of nature
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that I could ever have dreamt
of doing.
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I've seen the greatest migrations...
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..travelled alongside the largest
animals that ever lived...
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..encountered our closest
relatives...
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..and been dazzled by the
beauty of nature.
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And I've tried to share much of
these experiences
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with audiences around the world.
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But now our planet is
a lot less wild than it was
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when I began my travels.
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Here in the British Isles, over the
centuries,
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we've long since turned
our natural wildernesses
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into a tamed, orderly landscape.
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The same is happening
right now across the globe.
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And this has consequences.
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A less wild world
is a less stable world.
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And that is a world less able
to support all species,
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including ourselves.
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That's why I agreed to join
the Earthshot Prize Council.
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We CAN protect and restore
the natural world,
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and as we do so, we start
to bring stability to our planet.
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Before we can understand
what's going wrong,
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we need to understand
how the system works
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when it's functioning as it should.
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The natural world,
of which we are an intrinsic part,
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is mind boggling
in its complexity...
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..teeming with billions of
individuals, of millions of species.
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No one organism lives in isolation.
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They work with others in
communities called "ecosystems",
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held together
by countless intimate relationships.
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Species may feed on one another...
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..pollinate others...
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..disperse seeds,
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compete for mates...
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..or for space in the sun.
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Biologists try to sum up this
remarkable variety of life
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in one term -
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biodiversity.
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All this life evolved
together over millions of years
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into the resilient
and stable natural communities
that we see today.
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We need the natural world to be
diverse and thrive in this way.
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That's because
a thriving natural world
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provides a long list of
services for us, for free.
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The services such as locking away
vast stores of carbon
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to keep the climate stable...
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..keeping the water cycle moving
to bring dependable rains...
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..providing the world with oxygen
and filtering the air we breathe,
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replenishing soils
and pollinating our crops...
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..not forgetting all the materials,
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foods and medicines
that ecosystems provide.
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Everything that humanity has
achieved is built
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on the foundation
of a healthy natural world.
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Without it, life as we enjoy it
could not happen.
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And yet, the life we now enjoy
is threatening biodiversity.
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This could prove catastrophic,
since ecosystems are held together
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by intimate relationships.
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When one element is removed,
the whole community may collapse.
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So what, of the things we do, pose
the biggest threats to biodiversity?
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The island of Borneo lies
across the equator...
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..which means its tropical forests
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have been constantly bathed in
regular sunshine, heat and rain.
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The perfect conditions
for life to flourish.
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Many species
are found nowhere else...
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Such is the case
with the island's largest primate,
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the Bornean orangutan.
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In recent years,
the increase of oil palm plantations
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has been one of the leading causes
of deforestation in Southeast Asia.
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In the process, an immensely
diverse ecosystem
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is exchanged for lines
of a single species of plant
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and little other wildlife.
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Over the last 50 years, Borneo has
lost 30% of its tropical forests
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and half of its orangutan.
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The reason wild areas across the
world are still being destroyed
is simple.
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In today's world, a wild habitat
brings less financial income
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than a cleared one.
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We place little value on nature,
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even though it is our
essential life support system.
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In Borneo, the felled hardwoods
are worth money
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and the palm oil that is then grown
on the land is worth more money.
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So there is double incentive
to cut down the forest.
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But Mislin has a different approach,
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one that she wants to see rolled out
across the island.
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She only grows oil palm
on existing farmland
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which lost its native trees
decades ago.
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Because of this, the palm oil she
produces can now be labelled
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"deforestation-free".
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Forest corridors help to provide
safe passage
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between larger patches of forest,
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as well as food and homes
for much of its wildlife.
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To stop the complete removal of
Borneo's tropical rainforests,
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conservationists like Mislin are
trying to change the palm oil trade.
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And that means changing
the entire chain
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from where the oil is produced,
to where it is consumed.
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I'm Cat Barton,
I'm a wildlife conservationist.
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My journey into palm oil started
in Borneo,
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but I quickly realised that
it was a battle
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that we could also fight
right here, in England.
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Palm oil's found in so many
different products on our
supermarket shelves.
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The biggest challenge
is educating people
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that deforestation-free
palm oil exists.
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Right now, only
a small portion of palm oil
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can be classified as
deforestation-free.
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But that can change,
if more consumers demand it.
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Cat's work has helped Chester to
claim the title
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of the world's first
Sustainable Palm Oil City.
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So far, more than 50 organisations
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have made a commitment
to use only sustainable palm oil.
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There is so much more to do,
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but we can only do that
if we work collectively
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with plantations on the ground,
all the way through to consumers
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that buy the products
in the supermarket.
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Although habitat loss today is most
obvious in the tropical rainforests,
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we need to remember that
natural habitats were lost
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across much of
the rest of the world centuries ago.
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Today,
we have a manicured landscape.
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We tamed our wild
a very long time ago.
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We don't want the same
to happen elsewhere.
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The conflict between humankind and
the wild habitats of the world
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goes back over 10,000 years
to the dawn of farming.
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And one source of food has
had a greater impact across the
world than any other.
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The single largest cause of
biodiversity loss
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comes from the land we cleared
to raise and feed livestock.
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00:19:10,120 --> 00:19:14,760
Dani Alves is the most decorated
footballer in history
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and has captained
Brazil's national team.
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Brazil produces
vast amounts of beef,
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and its 215 million cattle
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graze an area the size of France,
Spain and Germany combined.
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Farming the livestock
and the crops to feed livestock
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00:20:07,240 --> 00:20:10,920
is the country's leading cause
of its habitat loss,
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00:20:10,920 --> 00:20:15,240
including parts
of the unique Amazon rainforest.
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00:20:16,360 --> 00:20:19,880
Scientists predict that if the
Amazon forest is reduced
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by another 5%, it could fail to
create enough moisture
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to keep itself stable.
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And that could trigger
an unstoppable transformation
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into a far less biodiverse savannah.
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At current rates of deforestation,
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this process could begin
within the decade.
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Once that change happens,
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large parts of the ecosystem,
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with the greatest variety
of species on land,
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00:20:58,280 --> 00:21:02,240
which has existed for tens of
millions of years,
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00:21:02,240 --> 00:21:04,360
could be gone forever.
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In the UK, very little of our beef
comes from South America,
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00:21:13,440 --> 00:21:16,800
and some farmers do raise
livestock more sustainably,
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00:21:16,800 --> 00:21:21,080
such as grass-fed
free ranging herds,
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00:21:21,080 --> 00:21:24,240
and livestock as part of
regenerative farming.
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00:21:28,760 --> 00:21:32,760
The problem is that these methods
can't provide the huge volume
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00:21:32,760 --> 00:21:36,280
of meat that humanity currently
consumes.
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00:22:54,960 --> 00:23:00,320
Globally, the area we now use to
rear and feed livestock
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00:23:00,320 --> 00:23:05,960
takes up land equivalent to the size
of North and South America combined.
235
00:23:10,600 --> 00:23:15,120
Of course, on land,
this loss of the wild is obvious.
236
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But beneath the surface of
our planet's rivers and lakes,
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00:23:23,440 --> 00:23:27,640
it's surprisingly easy for changes
to go unnoticed.
238
00:23:36,200 --> 00:23:38,440
Travelling across the Earth's
surface,
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00:23:38,440 --> 00:23:43,640
rivers play a vital role
in nature's water cycle
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00:23:43,640 --> 00:23:47,240
and support their own
freshwater ecosystems,
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00:23:47,240 --> 00:23:51,800
rich with species that are often
unique to particular regions.
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00:23:56,720 --> 00:24:01,960
Rivers also transport
minerals along their length,
243
00:24:01,960 --> 00:24:05,160
feeding the plants of flood plains,
marshes and deltas
244
00:24:05,160 --> 00:24:07,400
with vital nutrients.
245
00:24:15,080 --> 00:24:19,200
The continual flow of freshwater is
essential to everything
246
00:24:19,200 --> 00:24:22,080
that lives on land,
including ourselves.
247
00:25:00,600 --> 00:25:04,040
The Mekong River runs
almost 3,000 miles
248
00:25:04,040 --> 00:25:07,480
from the Tibetan Plateau
to the South China Sea.
249
00:25:09,760 --> 00:25:12,440
Here, straddling the border
with Laos,
250
00:25:12,440 --> 00:25:17,760
are 18,000 square kilometres
of flooded forests -
251
00:25:17,760 --> 00:25:23,120
essential nurseries for millions of
fish that migrate here to spawn.
252
00:25:30,080 --> 00:25:36,520
The nurseries underpin the world's
largest inland fishery,
253
00:25:36,520 --> 00:25:40,640
supporting the livelihoods of over
60 million people.
254
00:26:10,000 --> 00:26:14,600
In 2020, Don Sahong Dam
came online
255
00:26:14,600 --> 00:26:17,640
close to the
Laos-Cambodian border.
256
00:26:19,160 --> 00:26:24,760
The Mekong River has been dammed
more than many river systems -
257
00:26:24,760 --> 00:26:29,040
13 hydropower dams have been
built across it so far,
258
00:26:29,040 --> 00:26:31,160
and many more are planned.
259
00:26:36,160 --> 00:26:41,640
Hydropower can be a positive
renewable source of energy,
260
00:26:41,640 --> 00:26:49,040
but large dams on the main river
channel can be devastating,
261
00:26:49,040 --> 00:26:56,320
blocking the flow of fresh water
and its nutrient-rich sediment
262
00:26:56,320 --> 00:27:01,080
and creating a barrier
for the migrating fish.
263
00:27:04,520 --> 00:27:07,920
As more dams are built,
264
00:27:07,920 --> 00:27:13,800
the spawning grounds of the flooded
forests are emptying
265
00:27:13,800 --> 00:27:19,680
and the world's largest inland
fishery may simply collapse.
266
00:27:51,800 --> 00:27:55,640
Our impact on rivers globally
is staggering.
267
00:27:55,640 --> 00:27:59,760
In North America alone, two-thirds
of major rivers are dammed.
268
00:28:01,080 --> 00:28:05,640
What's more, across the world,
we extract ten billion tonnes
269
00:28:05,640 --> 00:28:07,560
of fresh water every day.
270
00:28:07,560 --> 00:28:11,680
Over 90% of it is used
in agriculture and industry.
271
00:28:13,720 --> 00:28:18,040
As a result,
the flow of fresh water can falter,
272
00:28:18,040 --> 00:28:22,880
threatening both the ecosystems
and the people that rely on them.
273
00:28:32,840 --> 00:28:35,080
The facts are clear,
274
00:28:35,080 --> 00:28:40,160
the natural world is in crisis
because of us.
275
00:28:45,560 --> 00:28:52,000
Humanity has left its mark on almost
95% of the Earth's land surface.
276
00:28:54,600 --> 00:28:57,280
In the short period since 1970,
277
00:28:57,280 --> 00:29:02,800
the populations of mammals, birds,
fish, reptiles and amphibians
278
00:29:02,800 --> 00:29:07,200
are thought to have declined,
on average, by 60%.
279
00:29:07,200 --> 00:29:10,360
We risk causing the biggest
extinction event
280
00:29:10,360 --> 00:29:14,480
since the end of the dinosaurs
65 million years ago.
281
00:29:17,720 --> 00:29:19,720
In the face of this onslaught,
282
00:29:19,720 --> 00:29:26,360
the interactions that tie species
together are untied
283
00:29:26,360 --> 00:29:30,920
and the planet's ecosystems
fall apart.
284
00:29:35,960 --> 00:29:39,040
In turn, the clean air, freshwater,
285
00:29:39,040 --> 00:29:43,880
fertile soil, stable climate
and foodstuffs
286
00:29:43,880 --> 00:29:48,280
that the natural world provides for
us will be jeopardised.
287
00:29:50,480 --> 00:29:54,520
That is the reality
of the road we are on.
288
00:29:57,080 --> 00:30:00,080
But we can change direction.
289
00:30:00,080 --> 00:30:02,280
It's not yet too late.
290
00:30:03,480 --> 00:30:07,680
We need a global response to pull us
back from the brink,
291
00:30:07,680 --> 00:30:09,840
and we all have a part to play.
292
00:30:11,920 --> 00:30:15,000
We need an Earthshot.
293
00:30:15,000 --> 00:30:18,600
Fortunately, there is
some cause for optimism.
294
00:30:18,600 --> 00:30:23,560
Individuals, communities,
companies and even governments
295
00:30:23,560 --> 00:30:27,120
are finding ways to protect
and restore nature
296
00:30:27,120 --> 00:30:29,880
that might be
rolled out across the world.
297
00:30:40,680 --> 00:30:42,720
Just 20 years ago,
298
00:30:42,720 --> 00:30:49,400
this land in southern England was
a typical modern arable dairy farm.
299
00:30:51,440 --> 00:30:56,080
But the two passionate landowners
embarked on an experiment.
300
00:30:57,800 --> 00:31:02,960
They decided to work with nature,
rather than against it.
301
00:31:04,040 --> 00:31:07,400
They stopped the spraying
and fertilising,
302
00:31:07,400 --> 00:31:11,360
they took down the fences between
the fields,
303
00:31:11,360 --> 00:31:14,240
they stocked the land with
a mix of livestock
304
00:31:14,240 --> 00:31:17,280
that resembled the animals that once
roamed wild
305
00:31:17,280 --> 00:31:18,880
in this part of the world.
306
00:31:21,680 --> 00:31:24,120
They harvested
some of the livestock as meat,
307
00:31:24,120 --> 00:31:27,520
in effect, replacing
the absent wild predators
308
00:31:27,520 --> 00:31:29,880
that kept the ecosystem in balance.
309
00:31:31,920 --> 00:31:36,560
They gave the natural world
the chance to rebuild.
310
00:31:38,160 --> 00:31:42,240
The Knepp Estate is once again
home to species that were
311
00:31:42,240 --> 00:31:45,560
long gone from its former
ploughed fields.
312
00:31:46,720 --> 00:31:48,320
Even in the British Isles,
313
00:31:48,320 --> 00:31:51,720
one of the most nature-depleted
countries in the world,
314
00:31:51,720 --> 00:31:54,440
biodiversity can recover.
315
00:31:55,480 --> 00:31:59,320
Knepp is just one small scale
solution,
316
00:31:59,320 --> 00:32:03,640
evidence that nature can return
quickly when given the chance.
317
00:32:08,400 --> 00:32:14,240
Yet, even some of the places
we already consider as being wild
318
00:32:14,240 --> 00:32:16,320
can do with a little help.
319
00:32:24,200 --> 00:32:28,320
My name is Kira Cassidy and I'm
a scientist studying grey wolves.
320
00:32:32,560 --> 00:32:36,320
The Yellowstone area
looks like a wonderful wilderness,
321
00:32:36,320 --> 00:32:39,000
America at its wildest...
322
00:32:43,120 --> 00:32:46,720
..but, in fact, until just recently,
it wasn't truly wild.
323
00:32:49,200 --> 00:32:53,280
In 1926, the last wolfpack
in Yellowstone was wiped out.
324
00:32:58,280 --> 00:33:00,760
Without its top predator,
325
00:33:00,760 --> 00:33:04,400
the Yellowstone ecosystem was
thrown out of balance.
326
00:33:04,400 --> 00:33:07,320
Elk numbers soared,
327
00:33:07,320 --> 00:33:10,440
and they overgrazed the plant life.
328
00:33:10,440 --> 00:33:13,400
This had knock-on effects throughout
the ecosystem,
329
00:33:13,400 --> 00:33:15,840
and reduced biodiversity.
330
00:33:18,960 --> 00:33:22,520
The park authority tried to
manage the elk,
331
00:33:22,520 --> 00:33:25,080
but even culling them
wasn't enough.
332
00:33:27,480 --> 00:33:31,240
It was time to bring back
the wolves.
333
00:33:33,400 --> 00:33:37,680
No-one had reintroduced this
kind of predator in the US before.
334
00:33:37,680 --> 00:33:40,280
But the wolves acted as
if they'd always been here.
335
00:33:44,200 --> 00:33:46,880
Right away they started hunting
and forming packs.
336
00:33:52,000 --> 00:33:54,440
I think I have the best job in the
world.
337
00:33:54,440 --> 00:33:58,000
I get to track the wolves.
338
00:33:58,000 --> 00:34:01,040
And that way we can see where
they're going,
339
00:34:01,040 --> 00:34:04,400
but most importantly,
we can find out what they're eating.
340
00:34:05,720 --> 00:34:08,560
We knew they'd reduce elk
and deer numbers,
341
00:34:08,560 --> 00:34:10,160
but that was just a start.
342
00:34:13,040 --> 00:34:17,080
With wolves about, the remaining elk
and deer could no longer
343
00:34:17,080 --> 00:34:22,160
stay in one place for long
browsing on the trees and shrubs.
344
00:34:22,160 --> 00:34:24,040
They had to keep moving.
345
00:34:25,760 --> 00:34:29,600
This simple change
brought about a transformation.
346
00:34:31,480 --> 00:34:33,920
Berry bushes grew back,
347
00:34:33,920 --> 00:34:36,200
which helped the bears.
348
00:34:38,680 --> 00:34:42,440
River banks sprouted
saplings like aspen and willow,
349
00:34:42,440 --> 00:34:46,520
which retained the soil and changed
the course of the rivers.
350
00:34:49,480 --> 00:34:51,440
This helped beaver populations,
351
00:34:51,440 --> 00:34:55,240
which in turn created pools that
provided homes for more fish.
352
00:34:59,760 --> 00:35:03,320
Moose flourished with
the returning vegetation.
353
00:35:06,960 --> 00:35:10,440
As did scavengers, like coyotes,
foxes and eagles,
354
00:35:10,440 --> 00:35:14,880
drawn to Yellowstone
by the carcasses left by the wolves.
355
00:35:18,880 --> 00:35:24,120
The wolves had brought order
back to the entire ecosystem.
356
00:35:27,640 --> 00:35:30,640
It has now been 25 years
since the wolves were released,
357
00:35:30,640 --> 00:35:33,600
and this area is the wildest
it's been in over 100 years.
358
00:35:36,040 --> 00:35:37,640
Removing wolves was a mistake,
359
00:35:37,640 --> 00:35:40,600
and I think we should correct
our mistakes whenever we can.
360
00:35:43,360 --> 00:35:48,000
An ecosystem runs best
when it has all its component parts.
361
00:35:49,760 --> 00:35:52,440
This also helps another of our
Earthshots,
362
00:35:52,440 --> 00:35:55,640
to fix our climate,
363
00:35:55,640 --> 00:36:00,240
because a healthy ecosystem means
more plants growing more rapidly
364
00:36:00,240 --> 00:36:03,240
and capturing more carbon
from the air.
365
00:36:07,120 --> 00:36:11,000
We often think about our impact on
the world as being pretty negative,
366
00:36:11,000 --> 00:36:15,000
but the Yellowstone reintroduction
is an example of a really positive
367
00:36:15,000 --> 00:36:16,800
impact that we've had on the world.
368
00:36:20,120 --> 00:36:22,160
Every time I step into this
wild place,
369
00:36:22,160 --> 00:36:24,960
I'm reminded that the biodiversity
loss we see across the whole
370
00:36:24,960 --> 00:36:28,840
planet can be changed,
and it can be reversed so quickly.
371
00:36:32,200 --> 00:36:35,320
Sometimes we just need to give it
a little helping hand.
372
00:36:43,320 --> 00:36:47,400
Yellowstone was the world's
first national park.
373
00:36:47,400 --> 00:36:53,760
It's part of the 15% of our planet's
land that is protected.
374
00:36:53,760 --> 00:36:56,200
But it is publicly owned.
375
00:36:59,360 --> 00:37:03,960
Most of Earth's land surface
is in private hands,
376
00:37:03,960 --> 00:37:07,760
which means the land has to generate
income for its owners.
377
00:37:10,520 --> 00:37:13,520
So, how do we make wild places more
valuable
378
00:37:13,520 --> 00:37:16,680
to the people that own them?
379
00:37:16,680 --> 00:37:20,400
The Maasai, who occupy thousands
of square kilometres
380
00:37:20,400 --> 00:37:26,040
of wild savanna in East Africa,
have found a solution.
381
00:37:26,040 --> 00:37:28,160
A system that enables them
382
00:37:28,160 --> 00:37:31,760
to earn more income the wilder
their land becomes.
383
00:37:42,400 --> 00:37:44,120
When I was a little child,
384
00:37:44,120 --> 00:37:47,000
my grandfather told me about rhino.
385
00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:54,560
To me, it was like me telling my
children about dinosaurs.
386
00:37:56,080 --> 00:37:58,320
It was just a story.
387
00:38:00,680 --> 00:38:03,720
The rhino was gone from this place.
388
00:38:07,280 --> 00:38:10,680
Cattle are central to the
Maasai culture,
389
00:38:10,680 --> 00:38:13,600
a vital source of both food
and income.
390
00:38:14,760 --> 00:38:18,320
For centuries, their cattle have
roamed these areas,
391
00:38:18,320 --> 00:38:20,840
coexisting with local wildlife.
392
00:38:22,160 --> 00:38:25,720
But recently, as some traditional
lands were fragmented or
393
00:38:25,720 --> 00:38:27,320
turned into national parks,
394
00:38:27,320 --> 00:38:30,520
and as the Maasai population
and their herds increased,
395
00:38:30,520 --> 00:38:34,280
the balance with nature was lost.
396
00:38:34,280 --> 00:38:36,240
The land became overgrazed
397
00:38:36,240 --> 00:38:39,200
and both the cattle and local
wildlife
398
00:38:39,200 --> 00:38:41,600
struggled to find enough food.
399
00:38:41,600 --> 00:38:43,400
We all were suffering.
400
00:38:43,400 --> 00:38:45,080
Something had to change.
401
00:38:49,160 --> 00:38:53,000
The community conservancy idea is
that people living on the land
402
00:38:53,000 --> 00:38:56,520
are the guardians of the land.
403
00:38:56,520 --> 00:39:00,280
It means coming together to
agree on ways to use the area
404
00:39:00,280 --> 00:39:04,000
so that humans and nature
can benefit side-by-side.
405
00:39:05,920 --> 00:39:10,280
It protects wildlife
and our culture.
406
00:39:12,240 --> 00:39:16,440
The conservancy model, first
proposed by conservationists,
407
00:39:16,440 --> 00:39:19,920
helps communities to create
a new source of income
408
00:39:19,920 --> 00:39:23,320
from the land they own.
409
00:39:23,320 --> 00:39:29,440
A source that can also protect
and restore the wildlife.
410
00:39:29,440 --> 00:39:32,560
In this case, it was ecotourism.
411
00:39:36,880 --> 00:39:39,680
I was a young boy then
and I opposed it.
412
00:39:39,680 --> 00:39:43,080
Not because I knew what it was,
because I thought it was
413
00:39:43,080 --> 00:39:46,120
another way of somebody trying to
grab our land.
414
00:39:48,520 --> 00:39:51,320
It took us
almost two years to be convinced.
415
00:39:53,160 --> 00:39:55,200
Our community came together
416
00:39:55,200 --> 00:39:59,360
and built the Il Ngwesi
tourist lodge,
417
00:39:59,360 --> 00:40:01,920
which was the first in east Africa
418
00:40:01,920 --> 00:40:04,440
and still the only one that is
purely owned
419
00:40:04,440 --> 00:40:06,000
and run by the community.
420
00:40:09,280 --> 00:40:11,840
It overlooks the land that is
now protected.
421
00:40:13,520 --> 00:40:16,720
Grazing is controlled so that trees
and plants have recovered
422
00:40:16,720 --> 00:40:19,080
and the wild animals have come back.
423
00:40:21,240 --> 00:40:25,360
The idea took hold and snowballed.
424
00:40:25,360 --> 00:40:28,720
Now, other communities have
built conservancies,
425
00:40:28,720 --> 00:40:32,520
and wildlife can roam
more of its original habitat.
426
00:40:34,160 --> 00:40:38,320
As more wildlife returns,
it attracts more tourists
427
00:40:38,320 --> 00:40:39,720
and brings more income.
428
00:40:46,000 --> 00:40:49,480
Wildlife brought us tourism,
and tourism brought us jobs.
429
00:40:53,160 --> 00:40:55,680
Things have changed
so much in our community.
430
00:40:59,520 --> 00:41:01,480
Conservation brought
all of this to us.
431
00:41:05,080 --> 00:41:08,200
The future generation,
like my grandchildren,
432
00:41:08,200 --> 00:41:11,800
will not hear about rhinos
as a story,
433
00:41:11,800 --> 00:41:15,520
and they will not have to pay
to go and see them,
434
00:41:15,520 --> 00:41:18,680
because they will be
on their own land.
435
00:41:18,680 --> 00:41:20,960
And they will be proud
to have the most endangered
436
00:41:20,960 --> 00:41:22,640
animals within their land.
437
00:41:26,920 --> 00:41:30,640
As the Maasai have found,
bio-diverse places,
438
00:41:30,640 --> 00:41:32,240
wherever they still exist,
439
00:41:32,240 --> 00:41:35,400
can become valuable to the people
who look after them.
440
00:41:41,920 --> 00:41:44,960
We need space to live
and feed ourselves,
441
00:41:44,960 --> 00:41:47,560
but we can certainly work
to be more efficient
442
00:41:47,560 --> 00:41:49,320
and use as little as possible...
443
00:41:51,080 --> 00:41:54,920
..like some pioneering
farmers in the Netherlands.
444
00:42:48,480 --> 00:42:50,720
These aren't simple greenhouses.
445
00:42:52,440 --> 00:42:56,600
They are super-efficient,
sustainable food factories...
446
00:42:58,600 --> 00:43:02,160
..just one of a pioneering group
of farming businesses
447
00:43:02,160 --> 00:43:05,720
that have helped this
relatively small nation
448
00:43:05,720 --> 00:43:09,440
to become one of the world's
biggest exporters of food.
449
00:43:26,120 --> 00:43:28,600
To create this much food as rapidly,
450
00:43:28,600 --> 00:43:32,240
this farm, together with
other farms and research labs,
451
00:43:32,240 --> 00:43:34,640
use state-of-the-art technology.
452
00:43:36,320 --> 00:43:40,520
From seeds in biodegradable pots
to fully grown plants,
453
00:43:40,520 --> 00:43:44,080
the growing cycle is
entirely automated.
454
00:44:14,080 --> 00:44:16,640
It's not just the Netherlands
developing new,
455
00:44:16,640 --> 00:44:20,400
efficient farming techniques -
it's happening across the globe.
456
00:44:21,480 --> 00:44:25,160
There are farms growing tomatoes
without soil...
457
00:44:25,160 --> 00:44:27,720
..vertical farms...
458
00:44:27,720 --> 00:44:30,160
..even farms in our oceans...
459
00:44:32,000 --> 00:44:33,920
..and laboratories researching
460
00:44:33,920 --> 00:44:36,320
strong and efficient
crops of the future.
461
00:44:52,720 --> 00:44:54,280
Across the globe,
462
00:44:54,280 --> 00:44:58,440
we could begin to restore an area of
land larger than North America
463
00:44:58,440 --> 00:45:01,480
and Brazil right now,
464
00:45:01,480 --> 00:45:05,040
just by changing how we farm
and what we eat.
465
00:45:13,160 --> 00:45:17,160
Pioneering farms like Siberia
are showing that there are
466
00:45:17,160 --> 00:45:21,600
more sustainable ways of producing
some fruit and vegetables en masse.
467
00:45:23,920 --> 00:45:27,480
And researchers are also exploring
new ways of producing
468
00:45:27,480 --> 00:45:31,160
more sustainable meat
from less land.
469
00:45:39,160 --> 00:45:41,040
My name is Shulamit Levenberg.
470
00:45:41,040 --> 00:45:44,720
I'm a professor at the
Israel Institute of Technology.
471
00:45:46,040 --> 00:45:48,480
Scientists around the world,
including myself,
472
00:45:48,480 --> 00:45:51,560
had succeeded in growing human
tissue for medical research.
473
00:45:53,920 --> 00:45:56,440
It's called tissue engineering.
474
00:45:56,440 --> 00:45:59,120
And that was the trigger
for the new direction.
475
00:46:00,480 --> 00:46:04,680
One of my students asked if we could
also try to grow tissue from cattle.
476
00:46:06,400 --> 00:46:09,200
We thought that
if we could grow cultured beef,
477
00:46:09,200 --> 00:46:11,680
it might have far-reaching,
positive impacts.
478
00:46:13,720 --> 00:46:16,960
Cultured meat refers to the
growing process.
479
00:46:19,440 --> 00:46:24,360
First, small sample cells are taken
from a healthy, living cow.
480
00:46:25,400 --> 00:46:27,640
These are placed in a culture,
481
00:46:27,640 --> 00:46:31,720
a soup of the nutrients that the
cells would normally be taking
482
00:46:31,720 --> 00:46:37,960
from the cow - proteins,
sugars, vitamins and minerals.
483
00:46:37,960 --> 00:46:41,360
In their culture,
the cells grow, multiply
484
00:46:41,360 --> 00:46:43,280
and connect together.
485
00:46:45,440 --> 00:46:51,360
So far, this work
has created a thin-cut steak
486
00:46:51,360 --> 00:46:54,760
and developed the technology to
make the world's first
487
00:46:54,760 --> 00:46:56,800
cultured ribeye steak.
488
00:46:57,880 --> 00:47:02,280
What's produced is not just similar
to beef - it is beef.
489
00:47:05,360 --> 00:47:08,240
Growing meat like this
is really fast.
490
00:47:08,240 --> 00:47:11,400
So, we take just three weeks,
compared with an average
491
00:47:11,400 --> 00:47:15,000
of two years using conventional
methods of growing meat.
492
00:47:15,000 --> 00:47:18,800
And it uses a fraction of the
resources required for raising
493
00:47:18,800 --> 00:47:20,840
an entire animal for meat.
494
00:47:24,920 --> 00:47:27,040
It's great to see the reaction
495
00:47:27,040 --> 00:47:29,520
when people try our cultured meat
for the first time.
496
00:47:29,520 --> 00:47:30,760
It's such a surprise.
497
00:47:32,200 --> 00:47:34,240
That realisation that this is meat
498
00:47:34,240 --> 00:47:36,440
but we've not killed
any cows to have it.
499
00:47:38,760 --> 00:47:42,240
Across the world, other companies
are producing cultured eggs,
500
00:47:42,240 --> 00:47:44,080
chickens and fish.
501
00:47:45,760 --> 00:47:47,760
It makes me feel proud
to be doing this.
502
00:47:47,760 --> 00:47:50,760
We are helping give people choices
that help the planet.
503
00:47:53,520 --> 00:47:55,880
Cultured meat is still
in its infancy
504
00:47:55,880 --> 00:47:57,480
and will become cheaper
505
00:47:57,480 --> 00:48:00,560
when production scales up
in the near future.
506
00:48:01,640 --> 00:48:04,280
And if we are able to create
solutions like this,
507
00:48:04,280 --> 00:48:08,160
which move us away from intensive
livestock production,
508
00:48:08,160 --> 00:48:13,040
it gives us hope that we can stop
causing any more biodiversity loss.
509
00:48:17,360 --> 00:48:22,520
There is no single solution to
restoring the natural world.
510
00:48:22,520 --> 00:48:27,520
Every patch of land will
require its own tailored approach
511
00:48:27,520 --> 00:48:32,080
so that we can both feed ourselves
and increase biodiversity.
512
00:48:33,560 --> 00:48:36,000
If we choose to spend
the next ten years
513
00:48:36,000 --> 00:48:39,000
perfecting all the new ideas
we've seen,
514
00:48:39,000 --> 00:48:41,320
and searching for many others,
515
00:48:41,320 --> 00:48:43,600
just imagine what might be possible.
516
00:48:46,120 --> 00:48:50,760
A world in which landowners gain
more from building diverse,
517
00:48:50,760 --> 00:48:53,800
wild habitats
than destroying them...
518
00:48:57,640 --> 00:48:59,840
..a world in which we can work with
519
00:48:59,840 --> 00:49:02,440
rather than against
natural cycles...
520
00:49:05,360 --> 00:49:08,480
..a world in which we've become
so efficient at providing
521
00:49:08,480 --> 00:49:11,920
for ourselves that we can spare
enough space
522
00:49:11,920 --> 00:49:14,480
for the rest of life on Earth.
523
00:49:19,480 --> 00:49:25,240
Tomorrow's world could be more
diverse, more stable, more wild.
524
00:49:25,240 --> 00:49:31,240
It's within our power if we start
making the right choices from today.
525
00:49:54,320 --> 00:49:57,400
It's clear that a thriving natural
world is essential to our own
526
00:49:57,400 --> 00:49:59,320
existence on Earth.
527
00:49:59,320 --> 00:50:01,640
It therefore worries me
deeply that nature is in decline
528
00:50:01,640 --> 00:50:04,280
in so many parts of the world.
529
00:50:04,280 --> 00:50:08,280
But it's entirely within our gift
to turn the situation around.
530
00:50:08,280 --> 00:50:11,640
We can protect and restore
nature on a global scale.
531
00:50:11,640 --> 00:50:14,680
And the Earthshot Prize is here
to celebrate and scale
532
00:50:14,680 --> 00:50:17,040
the best solutions to achieve this.
533
00:50:17,040 --> 00:50:18,920
I'm delighted to be able
to introduce you now
534
00:50:18,920 --> 00:50:21,960
to the three finalists in the
running for the first-ever
535
00:50:21,960 --> 00:50:25,000
Earthshot Prize
to protect and restore nature.
536
00:50:27,680 --> 00:50:31,360
First, we head to the
Democratic Republic of the Congo,
537
00:50:31,360 --> 00:50:33,760
where the Pole Pole Foundation is
helping to protect
538
00:50:33,760 --> 00:50:37,640
the local population of gorillas
from bush meat poaching
539
00:50:37,640 --> 00:50:41,120
by encouraging people to eat
a plant-based diet instead.
540
00:50:50,880 --> 00:50:53,840
The numbers of the local gorilla,
the Grauer's gorilla,
541
00:50:53,840 --> 00:50:57,320
have more than halved since 1995.
542
00:50:57,320 --> 00:51:00,560
The main cause of this decline
is that they were hunted
543
00:51:00,560 --> 00:51:03,560
for bush meat, and even heavy fines
weren't a deterrent.
544
00:51:05,080 --> 00:51:08,080
Perhaps that's not surprising
in an area where many people
545
00:51:08,080 --> 00:51:11,680
live in poverty and are unable to
afford regular, healthy meals.
546
00:51:25,200 --> 00:51:28,160
Pole Pole are providing families
with an alternative source
547
00:51:28,160 --> 00:51:33,200
of protein by growing
a nutrient-rich blue-green algae,
548
00:51:33,200 --> 00:51:37,240
called spirulina, that can be
cheaply and easily produced
549
00:51:37,240 --> 00:51:39,000
from little land.
550
00:51:39,000 --> 00:51:43,240
It is grown in pools rich with salts
and other nutrients,
551
00:51:43,240 --> 00:51:45,720
then dried in the sun,
552
00:51:45,720 --> 00:51:49,360
and made into a nutritious paste
that is spread onto cookies.
553
00:52:16,760 --> 00:52:19,360
Pole Pole is an impressive
and humbling project...
554
00:52:20,840 --> 00:52:25,280
..created and operated by a local
team who understand all the issues.
555
00:52:28,480 --> 00:52:30,640
Thanks, in part,
to the work of Pole Pole,
556
00:52:30,640 --> 00:52:34,640
the gorilla numbers in the local
National Park are now on the rise.
557
00:52:37,480 --> 00:52:39,600
With the support of
the Earthshot Prize,
558
00:52:39,600 --> 00:52:42,960
Pole Pole want to help in other
areas where food is scarce
559
00:52:42,960 --> 00:52:44,440
and wildlife is threatened...
560
00:52:45,480 --> 00:52:49,080
..by teaching locals how to produce
their own plant-based super foods.
561
00:52:55,600 --> 00:52:59,080
Our next finalist is the Republic
of Costa Rica government,
562
00:52:59,080 --> 00:53:01,600
which has overseen perhaps
the most successful
563
00:53:01,600 --> 00:53:06,200
ecological restoration
project in the world.
564
00:53:06,200 --> 00:53:10,120
In the 1990s, financial incentives
began to be offered to anyone
565
00:53:10,120 --> 00:53:13,960
protecting and restoring the
nation's heavily depleted forests.
566
00:53:16,960 --> 00:53:20,240
At that moment,
our economic model supported people
567
00:53:20,240 --> 00:53:22,120
cutting down forests.
568
00:53:22,120 --> 00:53:24,960
We've realised that,
to have a healthy economy
569
00:53:24,960 --> 00:53:28,800
and a healthy society,
we need healthy ecosystems.
570
00:53:28,800 --> 00:53:31,840
We have learned to value nature
rather than take from it.
571
00:53:33,440 --> 00:53:37,200
The government pays people
to preserve their ecosystems,
572
00:53:37,200 --> 00:53:41,600
with experts advising people
on how to sustainably manage
573
00:53:41,600 --> 00:53:43,600
and generate
an income from their land.
574
00:54:06,400 --> 00:54:10,120
The initiative has doubled forest
cover in just 25 years...
575
00:54:11,400 --> 00:54:14,080
..and boosted the economy
through a boom in ecotourism.
576
00:54:16,360 --> 00:54:18,760
This nomination will
hopefully help to inspire
577
00:54:18,760 --> 00:54:22,400
communities all over the world to
follow in Costa Rica's footsteps.
578
00:54:27,600 --> 00:54:29,960
If other countries followed what
we have done,
579
00:54:29,960 --> 00:54:33,080
we can not only stop tropical forest
loss globally,
580
00:54:33,080 --> 00:54:36,840
we can reverse it
and have a healthier planet.
581
00:54:39,560 --> 00:54:44,600
Our final idea is a free online
resource called Restor,
582
00:54:44,600 --> 00:54:48,240
which can help anyone anywhere bring
back more biodiversity
583
00:54:48,240 --> 00:54:49,600
to their land.
584
00:54:51,080 --> 00:54:55,360
Its creator is ecologist
Tom Crowther.
585
00:54:55,360 --> 00:54:58,400
Restor is like a Google Maps
for nature,
586
00:54:58,400 --> 00:55:00,920
but instead of seeing coffee shops
and restaurants,
587
00:55:00,920 --> 00:55:04,480
you see conservation
and restoration initiatives.
588
00:55:04,480 --> 00:55:07,840
And it's underpinned by a huge
amount of scientific data
589
00:55:07,840 --> 00:55:12,360
that can help users to re-wild any
terrestrial location on Earth.
590
00:55:13,760 --> 00:55:16,920
You could be an individual wanting
to re-wild your garden,
591
00:55:16,920 --> 00:55:19,720
a government looking to meet
carbon targets,
592
00:55:19,720 --> 00:55:23,040
or a farmer trying to integrate
biodiversity into your practice.
593
00:55:24,320 --> 00:55:28,800
The map helps identify what native
species to plant,
594
00:55:28,800 --> 00:55:31,120
and can predict the amount of
carbon dioxide
595
00:55:31,120 --> 00:55:33,080
a rewilding project would capture.
596
00:55:34,960 --> 00:55:38,360
It also connects an international
network of environmentalists.
597
00:55:40,280 --> 00:55:43,280
There are thousands of local
initiatives across the globe,
598
00:55:43,280 --> 00:55:46,280
protecting and revitalising biodiversity,
599
00:55:46,280 --> 00:55:48,640
but they're doing it alone.
600
00:55:48,640 --> 00:55:51,440
We need to connect an immense
network of local,
601
00:55:51,440 --> 00:55:55,880
sustainable projects with
governments, funders and consumers.
602
00:55:57,960 --> 00:56:01,040
Though still in its infancy,
Restor is already helping
603
00:56:01,040 --> 00:56:04,160
thousands of sites across the planet
to bring back nature.
604
00:56:09,560 --> 00:56:13,000
Tom and his team hope that winning
the Earthshot Prize could help them
605
00:56:13,000 --> 00:56:15,920
supercharge the growth of
their budding global network.
606
00:56:23,520 --> 00:56:24,960
Those who work to protect
607
00:56:24,960 --> 00:56:29,200
and restore the natural world
are doing us all a great service.
608
00:56:29,200 --> 00:56:32,800
The winner of this Earthshot Prize
will get investment, support
609
00:56:32,800 --> 00:56:35,520
and a global platform
to fully realise
610
00:56:35,520 --> 00:56:37,760
the potential of their solution.
611
00:56:37,760 --> 00:56:41,440
And, over the coming years,
till 2030,
612
00:56:41,440 --> 00:56:45,200
nine more transformational
solutions for protecting
613
00:56:45,200 --> 00:56:47,760
and restoring nature
will receive the same.
614
00:56:48,840 --> 00:56:53,040
The natural world can return with
vigour if we choose to protect it.
615
00:56:54,760 --> 00:56:57,480
And in return, it will protect us.
616
00:56:58,600 --> 00:57:01,440
In the next episode,
we will discover how,
617
00:57:01,440 --> 00:57:05,760
with the story of our second great
Earthshot - Fix Our Climate.
618
00:57:09,000 --> 00:57:11,160
We'll learn about a community
leader who triggered
619
00:57:11,160 --> 00:57:13,600
the transition of a whole nation
to renewables...
620
00:57:15,760 --> 00:57:19,000
..meet a man capturing carbon
from the atmosphere as diamonds...
621
00:57:20,440 --> 00:57:24,000
..and discover other emerging
innovations aiming to stop
622
00:57:24,000 --> 00:57:25,560
climate change in its tracks.
53806
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