Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated:
1
00:00:05,440 --> 00:00:07,200
Rome.
2
00:00:07,200 --> 00:00:08,720
Holy City...
3
00:00:08,720 --> 00:00:10,320
Eternal City.
4
00:00:14,520 --> 00:00:19,560
A city with a sacred mission to rule
and minister to the world.
5
00:00:23,000 --> 00:00:25,720
Its stories of faith and violence
6
00:00:25,720 --> 00:00:31,160
forged by 3,000 years of tyrants,
saints and artists.
7
00:00:34,000 --> 00:00:37,720
From the Roman emperors and
the Christian popes
8
00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:40,320
to the Renaissance and fascism...
9
00:00:41,520 --> 00:00:45,440
..a holy city driven
more by power than piety.
10
00:00:50,160 --> 00:00:53,480
As a historian, I'm
fascinated by this place.
11
00:00:55,840 --> 00:00:58,840
I'm here to tell the history
of the Eternal City
12
00:00:58,840 --> 00:01:02,160
through its rulers,
its art, its shrines...
13
00:01:07,400 --> 00:01:10,040
In its first 2,000 years,
14
00:01:10,040 --> 00:01:14,680
Rome developed from the seat of
power of the pagan empire
15
00:01:14,680 --> 00:01:17,760
to the capital of one
of the great world faiths.
16
00:01:18,880 --> 00:01:21,440
But at the beginning of
its third millennium,
17
00:01:21,440 --> 00:01:24,000
we find Rome at its lowest ebb.
18
00:01:25,560 --> 00:01:29,560
Abandoned by the papacy,
the city resembled a wilderness.
19
00:01:33,320 --> 00:01:34,920
In this final episode,
20
00:01:34,920 --> 00:01:38,800
the Renaissance popes embark
on an incredible mission
21
00:01:38,800 --> 00:01:40,440
to transform the city.
22
00:01:41,640 --> 00:01:44,760
They harness the greatest
talents of the age
23
00:01:44,760 --> 00:01:47,560
to create a majestic new Rome.
24
00:01:49,000 --> 00:01:52,720
Stepping inside some of Rome's
most magnificent buildings,
25
00:01:52,720 --> 00:01:57,360
I witness how religion,
art, lust and greed
26
00:01:57,360 --> 00:02:00,800
vie to create the most splendid
city on Earth.
27
00:02:04,160 --> 00:02:05,880
But the hubris of the popes
28
00:02:05,880 --> 00:02:09,840
almost destroys the very city
they are creating.
29
00:02:11,040 --> 00:02:13,200
In the centuries that follow,
30
00:02:13,200 --> 00:02:17,400
Protestantism and nationalism
threaten Rome and the papacy.
31
00:02:17,400 --> 00:02:19,160
In order to prosper,
32
00:02:19,160 --> 00:02:23,520
the Eternal City would need to
adapt again and again.
33
00:02:25,240 --> 00:02:28,440
This is the blood-spattered,
dramatic story
34
00:02:28,440 --> 00:02:31,880
of how Rome emerged from
the turbulence of the early popes
35
00:02:31,880 --> 00:02:34,400
and the catastrophes
of the Middle Ages
36
00:02:34,400 --> 00:02:37,280
into the magnificent city
we see today.
37
00:03:01,960 --> 00:03:05,600
In 1350, Rome was
a desperate backwater.
38
00:03:12,000 --> 00:03:14,560
The kings of France dominated Rome
39
00:03:14,560 --> 00:03:17,760
and forced the election
of a French pope,
40
00:03:17,760 --> 00:03:20,560
who took up his residence
not in Rome,
41
00:03:20,560 --> 00:03:22,000
but in Avignon.
42
00:03:27,880 --> 00:03:32,360
Without the Pope, Rome lost
its financial and moral power.
43
00:03:35,760 --> 00:03:38,440
Crime thrived on its streets,
44
00:03:38,440 --> 00:03:41,560
dominated by two
aristocratic families,
45
00:03:41,560 --> 00:03:43,680
the Colonnas and the Orsinis,
46
00:03:43,680 --> 00:03:46,000
from their fortified palaces.
47
00:03:46,000 --> 00:03:49,520
They ruled the territories
in the city like gangster bosses...
48
00:03:51,720 --> 00:03:53,400
..Rome's real-life versions
49
00:03:53,400 --> 00:03:56,200
of Shakespeare's Montagues
and Capulets.
50
00:03:57,320 --> 00:04:00,680
There were now just
30,000 people living in Rome,
51
00:04:00,680 --> 00:04:03,600
compared to a million
in imperial times.
52
00:04:07,280 --> 00:04:09,960
The city that was once
the head of the world
53
00:04:09,960 --> 00:04:12,120
had become, wrote poet Petrarch,
54
00:04:12,120 --> 00:04:14,160
"The rubbish heap of history."
55
00:04:18,960 --> 00:04:22,280
But salvation would come from
an unlikely source.
56
00:04:32,000 --> 00:04:35,160
The church of Santa Maria
sopra Minerva
57
00:04:35,160 --> 00:04:38,000
is the final resting place
of the woman
58
00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:40,280
who would rescue Rome's fortunes.
59
00:04:44,440 --> 00:04:46,640
Her name was Caterina Benincasa,
60
00:04:46,640 --> 00:04:51,000
but she's better known
as St Catherine of Siena.
61
00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:54,960
She spent much of her life
in a state of feverish rapture,
62
00:04:54,960 --> 00:04:57,960
of long periods of deep meditation,
63
00:04:57,960 --> 00:05:02,000
and it was said that Jesus' wounds
bled from her body.
64
00:05:08,480 --> 00:05:11,920
In 1370, Catherine was 23.
65
00:05:13,600 --> 00:05:16,960
She was broken-hearted by
the fall of Rome.
66
00:05:16,960 --> 00:05:20,640
She believed the Pope had
betrayed Christianity itself
67
00:05:20,640 --> 00:05:22,240
by abandoning his city.
68
00:05:24,920 --> 00:05:27,400
It was an article of faith
for believers
69
00:05:27,400 --> 00:05:30,440
that the Pope was the natural
heir of St Peter,
70
00:05:30,440 --> 00:05:32,200
the first Bishop of Rome,
71
00:05:32,200 --> 00:05:37,040
and to properly exert his authority,
he had to rule from the Holy City.
72
00:05:38,760 --> 00:05:42,440
Catherine believed that in order to
save her precious Church,
73
00:05:42,440 --> 00:05:44,720
the Pope had to return.
74
00:05:45,880 --> 00:05:50,400
Catherine made it her life's mission
to bring the Pope back to Rome.
75
00:05:56,160 --> 00:06:00,240
Alone against the might of
the papacy and the rulers of Europe,
76
00:06:00,240 --> 00:06:03,240
Catherine fought to save
the Church and city.
77
00:06:11,200 --> 00:06:15,640
She wrote letter after letter
imploring the Pope to leave Avignon.
78
00:06:21,560 --> 00:06:26,200
Some of the earliest editions are
here at the Biblioteca Casanatense.
79
00:06:31,480 --> 00:06:34,560
Manuscript keeper
Isabella Ceccopieri
80
00:06:34,560 --> 00:06:36,640
has agreed to translate them for me.
81
00:06:41,840 --> 00:06:47,640
"Come, come, and resist no more
the will of God that calls you,
82
00:06:47,640 --> 00:06:52,760
"for you, as the vicar of Christ,
should rest in your own place
83
00:06:52,760 --> 00:06:56,400
"and fear not for anything
that might happen,
84
00:06:56,400 --> 00:06:58,640
"since God will be with you."
85
00:06:58,640 --> 00:07:02,120
I guess the first thing that strikes
you in this is that Catherine...
86
00:07:02,120 --> 00:07:05,320
She's saying, "Get a move on, Pope.
Get a move on, Holy Father.
87
00:07:05,320 --> 00:07:07,680
"Get down there. This is my
personal command..."
88
00:07:07,680 --> 00:07:10,280
As if they were equals. As equals.
Completely as equals.
89
00:07:10,280 --> 00:07:13,960
"So, I ask unto you, our father
and our shepherd,
90
00:07:13,960 --> 00:07:16,480
"begging you on behalf of Christ
91
00:07:16,480 --> 00:07:20,080
"to rescue the lost sheep,
the human race,
92
00:07:20,080 --> 00:07:22,040
"from the hands of the demons."
93
00:07:22,040 --> 00:07:24,960
And, of course, the demons are
those running riot in Rome
94
00:07:24,960 --> 00:07:26,400
when the Pope is away.
95
00:07:26,400 --> 00:07:29,200
And so, this is a very
powerful appeal.
96
00:07:29,200 --> 00:07:34,200
She believes more than anything that
the Pope's rightful place is in Rome
97
00:07:34,200 --> 00:07:38,520
and that she wants him with all
her will, backed by the Holy Spirit,
98
00:07:38,520 --> 00:07:40,320
to return there.
99
00:07:40,320 --> 00:07:42,080
Yeah. She's a strong will.
100
00:07:42,080 --> 00:07:44,840
She's got such a strong will.
Very powerful stuff.
101
00:07:48,840 --> 00:07:51,320
After years of Catherine's
letter-writing,
102
00:07:51,320 --> 00:07:54,760
the Pope showed
no sign of returning.
103
00:07:54,760 --> 00:07:59,560
She resolved to travel to Avignon
to confront the Pope directly.
104
00:08:06,280 --> 00:08:09,840
The fate of Rome rested on
the shoulders of this lone woman.
105
00:08:15,680 --> 00:08:17,200
In 1377,
106
00:08:17,200 --> 00:08:21,560
the Pope returned in a triumphant
procession to the Holy City
107
00:08:21,560 --> 00:08:24,480
with Catherine of Siena by his side.
108
00:08:35,880 --> 00:08:38,520
After 70 years of exile,
109
00:08:38,520 --> 00:08:41,360
the Pope was back
in his rightful place.
110
00:08:46,400 --> 00:08:49,640
Centuries later, Catherine
would be rewarded
111
00:08:49,640 --> 00:08:52,320
by being made patron saint
of Italy...
112
00:08:52,320 --> 00:08:53,920
AND Europe.
113
00:08:59,040 --> 00:09:01,640
But it would be years before
Rome recovered
114
00:09:01,640 --> 00:09:03,400
from the Avignon Exile.
115
00:09:10,200 --> 00:09:13,160
Rome was in need of a strong ruler,
116
00:09:13,160 --> 00:09:15,640
but the papacy was now
bizarrely weakened.
117
00:09:17,640 --> 00:09:21,800
The Pope may have been back in Rome,
but at the end of the 14th century,
118
00:09:21,800 --> 00:09:25,640
the French king elected
a rival pope, an antipope,
119
00:09:25,640 --> 00:09:26,960
over in Avignon.
120
00:09:29,560 --> 00:09:33,640
Kings and emperors now felt
they could appoint their own popes
121
00:09:33,640 --> 00:09:35,000
to suit themselves.
122
00:09:37,360 --> 00:09:40,720
The situation got so ridiculous
that, at times,
123
00:09:40,720 --> 00:09:43,840
there were three popes
in three different cities
124
00:09:43,840 --> 00:09:46,480
all claiming to be supreme pontiff.
125
00:09:49,120 --> 00:09:51,840
This became known
as the Western Schism.
126
00:09:56,800 --> 00:10:01,240
Rome would never reign supreme while
the papacy was a laughing stock.
127
00:10:04,560 --> 00:10:07,160
I've come to the place where
the schism ended
128
00:10:07,160 --> 00:10:08,680
and the resurgence began...
129
00:10:10,160 --> 00:10:12,840
..where the Romans claimed back
their papacy.
130
00:10:29,800 --> 00:10:32,600
This is the largest
private palace in Rome,
131
00:10:32,600 --> 00:10:35,920
and it's still the home of
the Colonna family.
132
00:10:35,920 --> 00:10:38,640
They've lived here for 700 years,
133
00:10:38,640 --> 00:10:41,400
and in the 13th and 14th centuries,
134
00:10:41,400 --> 00:10:43,680
they were one of the two
warring families
135
00:10:43,680 --> 00:10:46,760
fighting for control
of Rome's streets.
136
00:10:46,760 --> 00:10:52,280
But in 1417, the Colonna family
pulled off a major triumph.
137
00:10:59,640 --> 00:11:01,720
After centuries of dominating Rome
138
00:11:01,720 --> 00:11:04,080
with their private armies
and wealth,
139
00:11:04,080 --> 00:11:07,840
these swaggering warlords
were about to play a decisive role
140
00:11:07,840 --> 00:11:10,640
in restoring the papacy
and the city.
141
00:11:13,200 --> 00:11:16,400
There was one way to harness
their violent power.
142
00:11:16,400 --> 00:11:19,000
To elect a member
of the family as pope.
143
00:11:22,120 --> 00:11:23,640
And to this day,
144
00:11:23,640 --> 00:11:28,760
the palace displays a special piece
of furniture to mark this triumph.
145
00:11:30,680 --> 00:11:32,520
This is the throne room.
146
00:11:32,520 --> 00:11:35,480
Every dynasty with a pope
in the family
147
00:11:35,480 --> 00:11:39,600
had one just like this for
when future popes came to visit.
148
00:11:39,600 --> 00:11:41,480
And here's the throne itself.
149
00:11:41,480 --> 00:11:44,760
But as you can see, it's facing
the wrong way round,
150
00:11:44,760 --> 00:11:48,760
and that's because it was only
turned to face the right way
151
00:11:48,760 --> 00:11:51,520
when there was a pope
actually here to sit on it.
152
00:11:56,240 --> 00:12:00,960
It was the election of
the Colonna Pope, Martin V, in 1417
153
00:12:00,960 --> 00:12:03,520
that brought an end
to the Western Schism.
154
00:12:06,200 --> 00:12:10,520
The competing popes had turned
the papacy into a farce,
155
00:12:10,520 --> 00:12:14,680
and finally, a council persuaded
all the popes to resign.
156
00:12:14,680 --> 00:12:19,120
When they elected Martin V,
it was first time in years
157
00:12:19,120 --> 00:12:23,000
that the Pope had not only been
Italian, but a Roman,
158
00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:26,560
and a scion of the city's
most powerful family.
159
00:12:29,320 --> 00:12:35,480
From now on, the papacy was Roman,
and Rome would be the papal city.
160
00:12:35,480 --> 00:12:40,040
But the papacy was still vulnerable,
and the city was a mess.
161
00:12:40,040 --> 00:12:44,480
The Pope's task now was to restore
the authority of both,
162
00:12:44,480 --> 00:12:48,080
to make Rome the undisputed
capital of Christendom.
163
00:12:52,400 --> 00:12:56,320
From this point on, the popes
were united by a shared vision.
164
00:12:57,840 --> 00:12:59,880
Through the 15th and 16th centuries
165
00:12:59,880 --> 00:13:03,400
they embarked on a project
of breathtaking scope
166
00:13:03,400 --> 00:13:07,400
that would turn Rome into
a building site for 200 years.
167
00:13:13,920 --> 00:13:17,960
Pope Nicholas V declared that they
would create "great buildings"
168
00:13:17,960 --> 00:13:19,760
that would demonstrate that
169
00:13:19,760 --> 00:13:24,760
"the authority of the Roman Church
is the greatest and highest."
170
00:13:24,760 --> 00:13:29,280
Rome, said Pope Sixtus IV, would be
"the capital of the world."
171
00:13:31,360 --> 00:13:35,520
The mission was to create the most
magnificent city on Earth,
172
00:13:35,520 --> 00:13:38,040
so that pilgrims who
couldn't read or write
173
00:13:38,040 --> 00:13:40,720
could see in its churches
and palaces
174
00:13:40,720 --> 00:13:43,520
the glory of God
and his popes.
175
00:13:46,200 --> 00:13:48,480
Rome's renaissance had begun.
176
00:13:49,880 --> 00:13:54,520
Across the skyline, the domes of
grandiose churches started to rise.
177
00:13:56,800 --> 00:14:00,240
Popes and cardinals built the most
sumptuous palaces
178
00:14:00,240 --> 00:14:03,280
to display the impressive art
they'd commissioned.
179
00:14:05,400 --> 00:14:09,120
The most elaborate of these would be
the papal residence itself,
180
00:14:09,120 --> 00:14:10,480
the Vatican.
181
00:14:13,960 --> 00:14:17,360
It was an astonishing endeavour
that brought together
182
00:14:17,360 --> 00:14:19,960
the highest and lowest of
human appetites.
183
00:14:19,960 --> 00:14:25,880
Spirituality and art vied
with power, lust and greed.
184
00:14:25,880 --> 00:14:28,160
It took the patronage of many popes,
185
00:14:28,160 --> 00:14:31,640
the work of the greatest artists
that have ever lived,
186
00:14:31,640 --> 00:14:33,800
and incalculable sums of money.
187
00:14:37,600 --> 00:14:41,840
The ambition was boundless,
the vision splendid.
188
00:14:41,840 --> 00:14:43,680
The popes would stop at nothing
189
00:14:43,680 --> 00:14:46,120
to make Rome the most holy
city on Earth...
190
00:14:47,440 --> 00:14:48,760
..a new Jerusalem.
191
00:14:52,680 --> 00:14:56,440
But the men leading the mission
would be far from saintly.
192
00:15:01,720 --> 00:15:05,080
The Renaissance popes saw
no contradiction
193
00:15:05,080 --> 00:15:07,920
between their sacred role,
cut-throat politics,
194
00:15:07,920 --> 00:15:10,560
and the pursuit of wealth
and pleasure.
195
00:15:12,720 --> 00:15:16,920
There was one Pope who personifies
this merciless magnificence
196
00:15:16,920 --> 00:15:18,520
like no other.
197
00:15:27,040 --> 00:15:29,600
This is the Castel Sant'Angelo,
198
00:15:29,600 --> 00:15:33,760
the fortress, prison and
torture chamber of the papacy,
199
00:15:33,760 --> 00:15:37,840
and up there is the family crest
of Pope Alexander VI.
200
00:15:39,560 --> 00:15:43,920
But if you look closely, you'll see
that it's been totally vandalised.
201
00:15:43,920 --> 00:15:47,040
And this is because
Alexander VI was a member
202
00:15:47,040 --> 00:15:51,680
of the most notorious family in
the entire history of the papacy...
203
00:15:51,680 --> 00:15:53,120
the Borgias.
204
00:16:01,240 --> 00:16:05,920
The Borgia Pope was the nephew
of the Spanish Pope Callixtus III,
205
00:16:05,920 --> 00:16:08,800
who raised him to Cardinal.
206
00:16:10,080 --> 00:16:13,920
A brilliantly cunning
and effective politician,
207
00:16:13,920 --> 00:16:18,560
as Pope, he was ruthlessly effective
in promoting papal power.
208
00:16:21,000 --> 00:16:23,800
He was determined to make
Rome great
209
00:16:23,800 --> 00:16:25,720
and his family even greater.
210
00:16:27,280 --> 00:16:32,200
His son, Cesare Borgia, was a bishop
at 16 and a cardinal at 18,
211
00:16:32,200 --> 00:16:35,640
but he probably murdered
his own brother,
212
00:16:35,640 --> 00:16:38,760
whose death enabled him
to resign from the Church
213
00:16:38,760 --> 00:16:41,520
and become papal commander-in-chief,
214
00:16:41,520 --> 00:16:44,880
conquering new territories
for the family.
215
00:16:44,880 --> 00:16:49,440
He was brilliantly talented,
tireless and terrifying.
216
00:16:49,440 --> 00:16:53,080
His victims were found floating
in the Tiber every morning.
217
00:16:53,080 --> 00:16:57,800
But to Machiavelli, he was the ideal
of the Renaissance prince.
218
00:17:00,400 --> 00:17:04,600
Cesare Borgia was the Pope's
flamboyant enforcer and henchman.
219
00:17:06,360 --> 00:17:08,680
No-one was safe
in his reign of terror.
220
00:17:11,240 --> 00:17:13,520
Corruption, war and assassination
221
00:17:13,520 --> 00:17:17,680
were as much part of Rome's
renaissance as the exquisite art.
222
00:17:19,560 --> 00:17:22,800
And the popes and cardinals
were often as debauched
223
00:17:22,800 --> 00:17:24,560
as they were priestly.
224
00:17:27,160 --> 00:17:30,000
The Borgias shamelessly
turned the Vatican
225
00:17:30,000 --> 00:17:31,720
into a palace of pleasure.
226
00:17:33,200 --> 00:17:38,000
The Pope himself had many lovers
and fathered many children.
227
00:17:38,000 --> 00:17:39,840
Historian Mary Hollingsworth
228
00:17:39,840 --> 00:17:43,240
has been studying an account
written by a senior courtier
229
00:17:43,240 --> 00:17:46,440
which provides a rather
interesting insight
230
00:17:46,440 --> 00:17:49,000
into Borgia life at the Vatican.
231
00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:51,680
The papal master of ceremonies
did describe
232
00:17:51,680 --> 00:17:54,360
a particularly lurid dinner party
that Cesare...
233
00:17:54,360 --> 00:17:57,960
not, I should say, the Borgia Pope,
but that Cesare held in the Vatican.
234
00:17:57,960 --> 00:17:59,560
And at the end of the meal,
235
00:17:59,560 --> 00:18:03,160
the guests removed all the big
silver candelabra onto the ground,
236
00:18:03,160 --> 00:18:05,880
and then scattered chestnuts
all over the floor
237
00:18:05,880 --> 00:18:08,800
and invited in a bevy
of naked ladies,
238
00:18:08,800 --> 00:18:10,800
who went around on their
hands and knees,
239
00:18:10,800 --> 00:18:12,360
bobbing up and down their heads
240
00:18:12,360 --> 00:18:14,360
to pick up these chestnuts
in their mouths.
241
00:18:14,360 --> 00:18:17,880
And then, at the end, once all
the chestnuts had been collected,
242
00:18:17,880 --> 00:18:21,200
and, presumably, all the wares,
as it were, had been displayed,
243
00:18:21,200 --> 00:18:24,440
then the male guest who had sex
244
00:18:24,440 --> 00:18:27,040
with the largest number
of these prostitutes
245
00:18:27,040 --> 00:18:30,680
was ceremonially given a present
of a very expensive pair of gloves.
246
00:18:30,680 --> 00:18:32,680
So, those things seem to be true.
247
00:18:32,680 --> 00:18:34,520
I mean, there are plenty
of later popes
248
00:18:34,520 --> 00:18:37,040
where things like that happened.
249
00:18:37,040 --> 00:18:40,280
Wasn't one of the great accusations
thrown at the Borgia Pope
250
00:18:40,280 --> 00:18:42,960
was that he had so many mistresses
and so many children?
251
00:18:42,960 --> 00:18:46,840
Was that usual for a for a religious
leader like the Pope at this time?
252
00:18:46,840 --> 00:18:51,040
Well, I suppose he wasn't the first
to do it and nor was he the last,
253
00:18:51,040 --> 00:18:55,160
but he was just slightly more so.
So, he was slightly more...
254
00:18:55,160 --> 00:18:57,840
He had rather more beautiful
mistresses and, you know,
255
00:18:57,840 --> 00:18:59,920
an awfully large bevy of children.
256
00:19:01,240 --> 00:19:05,360
How seriously did these Renaissance
popes take their Christianity?
257
00:19:05,360 --> 00:19:08,480
Well, I personally think
they took it very seriously.
258
00:19:08,480 --> 00:19:10,480
I mean, just because they're
extravagant,
259
00:19:10,480 --> 00:19:13,480
it's not that that they're not
religious. It's not either/or.
260
00:19:13,480 --> 00:19:15,440
It's a different way
of doing things.
261
00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:20,680
For the Renaissance popes,
262
00:19:20,680 --> 00:19:24,440
outrageous parties and
ostentatious displays of wealth
263
00:19:24,440 --> 00:19:27,880
were a tribute to the glory
of God and Church...
264
00:19:29,600 --> 00:19:33,400
..and a demonstration to the world
of their power and sanctity.
265
00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:42,040
In the mission to make Rome
great once more,
266
00:19:42,040 --> 00:19:45,840
there was one Pope whose ambitions
would exceed all others.
267
00:19:49,400 --> 00:19:51,280
The successor to the Borgia Pope
268
00:19:51,280 --> 00:19:55,000
would be the ultimate creator
of Renaissance Rome.
269
00:19:56,080 --> 00:19:59,120
His name was Giuliano della Rovera.
270
00:20:03,760 --> 00:20:05,440
Years before he became Pope,
271
00:20:05,440 --> 00:20:08,400
he began forming his great
vision for the city.
272
00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:14,080
And in the entrance to the church
outside his old home
273
00:20:14,080 --> 00:20:17,480
is a clue to his master plan
for the new Rome.
274
00:20:20,400 --> 00:20:22,520
He erected a relief of an eagle...
275
00:20:23,960 --> 00:20:26,560
..the mighty symbol of Ancient Rome.
276
00:20:28,400 --> 00:20:31,800
Giuliano had rescued
the great eagle from the ruins,
277
00:20:31,800 --> 00:20:35,560
and he wanted to do the same
to Rome itself.
278
00:20:35,560 --> 00:20:38,760
His vision was to restore
the Eternal City
279
00:20:38,760 --> 00:20:40,640
to its ancient glories.
280
00:20:40,640 --> 00:20:43,960
And he himself would be
its Julius Caesar.
281
00:20:43,960 --> 00:20:46,680
So it's no wonder that
when elected Pope,
282
00:20:46,680 --> 00:20:49,560
the name he chose was Julius II.
283
00:21:04,800 --> 00:21:06,880
Deep inside the Vatican Palace,
284
00:21:06,880 --> 00:21:10,600
the walls of Julius's
private apartments ring out
285
00:21:10,600 --> 00:21:12,480
with the story of his reign.
286
00:21:17,920 --> 00:21:22,280
This high priest saw himself
as a warrior pope...
287
00:21:23,440 --> 00:21:26,840
..who would don armour to lead
his troops into battle...
288
00:21:28,480 --> 00:21:31,040
..like the emperors of old.
289
00:21:34,480 --> 00:21:38,840
He became know as Papa Terribile,
the fearsome Pope.
290
00:21:45,800 --> 00:21:51,080
But his most effective foot soldiers
would be his army of artists.
291
00:21:51,080 --> 00:21:55,120
He assembled a team of
the greatest artists in history
292
00:21:55,120 --> 00:21:58,920
to equal, and even out-do,
the glory of imperial Rome.
293
00:22:02,480 --> 00:22:04,280
The artist Raphael
294
00:22:04,280 --> 00:22:07,120
would be commissioned to decorate
his living quarters,
295
00:22:07,120 --> 00:22:10,440
which many consider
Raphael's finest work.
296
00:22:14,200 --> 00:22:17,240
Classical, as well as
Christian, scenes
297
00:22:17,240 --> 00:22:19,680
dominate the Papal Apartments.
298
00:22:19,680 --> 00:22:22,760
The pagan God Apollo has
pride of place,
299
00:22:22,760 --> 00:22:26,840
surrounded by the finest poets,
from Homer to Dante.
300
00:22:28,480 --> 00:22:32,280
Not all Christians were comfortable
with the pagan imagery,
301
00:22:32,280 --> 00:22:34,680
but this classical/Christian fusion
302
00:22:34,680 --> 00:22:37,160
was the true spirit of
the Renaissance.
303
00:22:40,800 --> 00:22:45,200
Julius was channelling
the greatest human achievements
throughout history
304
00:22:45,200 --> 00:22:49,680
to promote the power of the papacy
and Christian Rome.
305
00:22:49,680 --> 00:22:53,000
But it was Julius' partnership
with one particular artist
306
00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:56,560
that would come to define the
Renaissance more than any other.
307
00:22:57,640 --> 00:23:01,800
An artist so revered that even
his rival, Raphael, painted him...
308
00:23:03,120 --> 00:23:04,880
Michelangelo.
309
00:23:08,840 --> 00:23:11,600
Michelangelo was
impossible to deal with.
310
00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:15,440
He was obsessive,
paranoid and avaricious.
311
00:23:15,440 --> 00:23:19,680
Tormented by his artistic rivalries,
his religious doubts,
312
00:23:19,680 --> 00:23:24,080
the demands of his greedy family,
and his own homosexuality.
313
00:23:24,080 --> 00:23:28,160
But Julius's commission would
produce a peerless masterpiece,
314
00:23:28,160 --> 00:23:30,600
the jewel of the Renaissance.
315
00:23:35,720 --> 00:23:38,520
500 years after its creation,
316
00:23:38,520 --> 00:23:42,400
it is still regarded as one of
the world's finest works.
317
00:23:55,320 --> 00:23:58,840
Even amidst the other splendours
of the Sistine Chapel,
318
00:23:58,840 --> 00:24:01,800
it's the ceiling that takes
your breath away.
319
00:24:07,760 --> 00:24:12,240
Painting the ceiling was a physical
and creative challenge.
320
00:24:12,240 --> 00:24:16,200
Michelangelo was tormented
by neck and eye pain.
321
00:24:18,160 --> 00:24:22,600
And Julius was a harsh taskmaster.
He beat Michelangelo
with a stick,
322
00:24:22,600 --> 00:24:27,000
but the haughty artist was every bit
as volcanic as his patron.
323
00:24:29,200 --> 00:24:34,680
Julius even used his own epithet to
describe him - Il Terribile.
324
00:24:38,240 --> 00:24:41,920
But from this fiery relationship
came perfection.
325
00:24:44,320 --> 00:24:47,880
In 1512, a heavenly vision
was unveiled.
326
00:24:54,400 --> 00:24:56,680
The creation narrative of Genesis
327
00:24:56,680 --> 00:24:59,240
has never been
so sublimely rendered.
328
00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:06,760
This is truly
the pinnacle of the Renaissance.
329
00:25:08,640 --> 00:25:11,080
It's just amazing to be here.
330
00:25:12,560 --> 00:25:16,880
One really feels
one's...in the company of genius.
331
00:25:20,320 --> 00:25:24,560
As you see God giving life to Adam,
332
00:25:24,560 --> 00:25:29,920
you feel, too, how Michelangelo
gave life to the Renaissance.
333
00:25:33,440 --> 00:25:35,400
Rome was reborn.
334
00:25:37,240 --> 00:25:40,640
Michelangelo projects his vision
of the human body
335
00:25:40,640 --> 00:25:43,040
as an expression of God's design.
336
00:25:44,160 --> 00:25:48,360
While for Julius, this was
the declaration of papal Rome
337
00:25:48,360 --> 00:25:51,240
as all-powerful
and divinely blessed.
338
00:25:53,960 --> 00:25:56,280
But Julius wasn't prepared
to stop here.
339
00:25:58,920 --> 00:26:00,760
Seven years earlier,
340
00:26:00,760 --> 00:26:03,800
Julius had set in motion
an even more ambitious project...
341
00:26:05,760 --> 00:26:08,520
..right next door
to the Vatican Palace.
342
00:26:13,120 --> 00:26:16,600
An endeavour so colossal,
it would outlast Julius
343
00:26:16,600 --> 00:26:20,040
and the final days
of the Renaissance itself.
344
00:26:21,920 --> 00:26:24,880
Inside the Church
of San Martino ai Monti
345
00:26:24,880 --> 00:26:28,560
is an image of what was once
the most sacred building in Rome...
346
00:26:31,720 --> 00:26:36,520
..the original St Peter's Basilica,
built by Constantine the Great.
347
00:26:38,440 --> 00:26:41,520
It was already 1,000 years old.
348
00:26:41,520 --> 00:26:45,400
The very legitimacy and sanctity
of the popes themselves
349
00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:47,680
were based on their connection
to the place
350
00:26:47,680 --> 00:26:50,880
where St Peter had been
crucified and buried.
351
00:26:50,880 --> 00:26:55,520
But in 1505, Pope Julius II
decided to destroy it.
352
00:26:58,160 --> 00:27:00,440
Many of the clergy were outraged.
353
00:27:02,960 --> 00:27:05,560
To destroy the basilica
was sacrilege.
354
00:27:10,360 --> 00:27:13,560
Julius wanted to build
a bigger, better St Peter's,
355
00:27:13,560 --> 00:27:18,080
that would be fittingly magnificent
for the capital of Christendom.
356
00:27:18,080 --> 00:27:20,280
But he was taking a huge gamble.
357
00:27:20,280 --> 00:27:23,520
He was demolishing Rome's
most beloved building
358
00:27:23,520 --> 00:27:27,560
and the only church that linked
the city and the papacy
359
00:27:27,560 --> 00:27:31,560
to the early days of Christianity,
and St Peter himself.
360
00:27:35,480 --> 00:27:39,680
The rebuilding of St Peter's
would last 120 years.
361
00:27:41,440 --> 00:27:44,360
It would take the commitment
of another 20 popes
362
00:27:44,360 --> 00:27:46,120
to deliver Julius's vision.
363
00:27:47,960 --> 00:27:51,440
But this would be a period of
astonishing activity,
364
00:27:51,440 --> 00:27:54,400
during which the values
of Renaissance Rome
365
00:27:54,400 --> 00:27:56,200
would be severely tested.
366
00:28:02,120 --> 00:28:03,720
Hello. Hi there.
367
00:28:03,720 --> 00:28:06,800
'The challenge began with
the astronomical cost
368
00:28:06,800 --> 00:28:08,800
'of building the new St Peter's.'
369
00:28:10,320 --> 00:28:13,720
The Renaissance had attracted
many more pilgrims to Rome,
370
00:28:13,720 --> 00:28:16,160
and they brought in massive
new revenues,
371
00:28:16,160 --> 00:28:20,040
but they were soon spent and
the Church needed much, much more.
372
00:28:24,520 --> 00:28:26,600
'And so, in the early 16th century,
373
00:28:26,600 --> 00:28:29,680
'the popes began exploiting
a uniquely papal practice
374
00:28:29,680 --> 00:28:31,000
'to raise more money...'
375
00:28:31,000 --> 00:28:34,160
Can I have this, please? Yes, sure.
How much is it?
376
00:28:34,160 --> 00:28:35,720
20 Euro. 20 Euro, OK.
377
00:28:35,720 --> 00:28:37,800
'..the selling of indulgences.'
378
00:28:41,080 --> 00:28:43,680
The practice had been around
since the 6th century.
379
00:28:43,680 --> 00:28:47,520
It was simple. People would pay
to have their sins forgiven.
380
00:28:47,520 --> 00:28:51,400
And it raised so much money that
they had an even brighter idea.
381
00:28:51,400 --> 00:28:54,440
People would pay for sins they
hadn't even committed yet.
382
00:28:57,240 --> 00:28:58,560
OK? 25, sir.
383
00:28:58,560 --> 00:29:01,120
25, perfect. There we are.
384
00:29:01,120 --> 00:29:04,800
'The papacy had turned sin
into a business.'
385
00:29:08,440 --> 00:29:11,880
This abuse, taking place in
the heart of God's city,
386
00:29:11,880 --> 00:29:13,960
outraged many Christians.
387
00:29:18,240 --> 00:29:20,120
For years, the Renaissance popes
388
00:29:20,120 --> 00:29:23,040
had thrived through decadence
and corruption.
389
00:29:24,920 --> 00:29:29,000
But the selling of indulgences
would prove one step too far.
390
00:29:42,040 --> 00:29:44,600
I've come to a palace
that defines the moment
391
00:29:44,600 --> 00:29:46,840
Renaissance Rome came tumbling down.
392
00:29:52,560 --> 00:29:56,120
The Villa Farnesina was
known as the Villa of Pleasure,
393
00:29:56,120 --> 00:30:00,000
and was frequently visited
by Julius's successor, Leo X.
394
00:30:05,800 --> 00:30:10,120
Pope Leo was better at parties
than he was at politics.
395
00:30:10,120 --> 00:30:12,880
"God has given us the papacy,"
he said,
396
00:30:12,880 --> 00:30:14,720
"so let us enjoy it!"
397
00:30:14,720 --> 00:30:16,800
And enjoy it he did.
398
00:30:16,800 --> 00:30:19,880
He was a member of
the Medici banking family,
399
00:30:19,880 --> 00:30:24,320
but in one year, he squandered
the entire savings of the papacy
400
00:30:24,320 --> 00:30:27,880
on pleasures, on art,
and on gambling.
401
00:30:27,880 --> 00:30:30,840
His reign marks the delicious climax
402
00:30:30,840 --> 00:30:33,880
of the debauchery
of the Renaissance papacy.
403
00:30:40,240 --> 00:30:42,880
The popes believed
they were invincible.
404
00:30:42,880 --> 00:30:44,160
But they were wrong.
405
00:30:46,280 --> 00:30:48,720
Their decadent version
of Christianity
406
00:30:48,720 --> 00:30:51,960
did not go unnoticed by
Christians outside of Rome...
407
00:30:54,840 --> 00:30:59,000
..and the Renaissance was about
to reach an explosive finale.
408
00:31:00,640 --> 00:31:04,680
One German monk visiting Rome
was particularly outraged.
409
00:31:06,160 --> 00:31:08,280
His name was Martin Luther.
410
00:31:10,000 --> 00:31:14,160
Everything that the Renaissance
popes valued and nurtured for Rome,
411
00:31:14,160 --> 00:31:16,360
Luther loathed.
412
00:31:16,360 --> 00:31:20,160
Sexual pleasure, the beauty
of the human body,
413
00:31:20,160 --> 00:31:22,120
the admiration for pagan art.
414
00:31:27,360 --> 00:31:29,360
And most disturbing of all,
415
00:31:29,360 --> 00:31:32,640
the selling of the forgiveness
of sins.
416
00:31:35,680 --> 00:31:40,680
The worst perpetrator of these
abominations was the Pope himself.
417
00:31:40,680 --> 00:31:44,320
Luther said that far from being
God's representative on Earth,
418
00:31:44,320 --> 00:31:46,880
he was an agent of the devil.
419
00:31:46,880 --> 00:31:49,280
Luther returned
to his home town in Germany
420
00:31:49,280 --> 00:31:52,440
and nailed his protest
to the church door,
421
00:31:52,440 --> 00:31:57,360
thereby launching the movement
that became known as Protestantism.
422
00:31:57,360 --> 00:32:00,760
He defied the Church, and
his Protestantism
423
00:32:00,760 --> 00:32:06,160
would be the greatest challenge to
papal supremacy in all its history.
424
00:32:20,600 --> 00:32:23,560
The papacy had little time
for Luther,
425
00:32:23,560 --> 00:32:26,360
but it would not be long
before his protests
426
00:32:26,360 --> 00:32:29,040
would shake the Church
to its foundations
427
00:32:29,040 --> 00:32:31,080
and bring catastrophe to Rome.
428
00:32:42,120 --> 00:32:45,360
Just upstairs is a long-hidden
piece of evidence
429
00:32:45,360 --> 00:32:48,600
of the horrific conclusion
of the Renaissance.
430
00:33:02,280 --> 00:33:07,120
In the late 1990s, some art
restorers working on this room
431
00:33:07,120 --> 00:33:10,560
uncovered some totally
fascinating graffiti...
432
00:33:12,480 --> 00:33:17,560
..which dates back to the year 1528.
433
00:33:17,560 --> 00:33:20,360
Now, it's very hard
to decipher this,
434
00:33:20,360 --> 00:33:24,200
and with apologies for
my hopeless German, it says,
435
00:33:24,200 --> 00:33:27,000
"Was soll ich die schreiben
436
00:33:27,000 --> 00:33:33,080
nit lachen die Landsknechten
haben den Papst laufen machen."
437
00:33:36,280 --> 00:33:40,240
The man who wrote this graffiti
is congratulating himself
438
00:33:40,240 --> 00:33:41,640
and his mates.
439
00:33:41,640 --> 00:33:44,720
He says, "Why shouldn't I laugh?
440
00:33:44,720 --> 00:33:48,720
"We, the Landsknecht,
have set the Pope on the run."
441
00:33:55,000 --> 00:33:58,880
The Landsknecht were a force
of German mercenaries
442
00:33:58,880 --> 00:34:02,120
sent to Italy by Emperor Charles V
443
00:34:02,120 --> 00:34:06,120
as a warning to the inept
Medici Pope, Clement VII.
444
00:34:10,240 --> 00:34:13,120
But in May 1527, they mutinied...
445
00:34:14,600 --> 00:34:15,960
..and stormed the city.
446
00:34:23,920 --> 00:34:26,080
The Landsknecht were Protestants
447
00:34:26,080 --> 00:34:28,560
who believed the Pope
was the Antichrist.
448
00:34:30,280 --> 00:34:33,400
Infuriated by tales of
papal hedonism,
449
00:34:33,400 --> 00:34:36,200
they ran amok in the satanic city.
450
00:34:46,400 --> 00:34:49,120
The small papal army didn't
stand a chance
451
00:34:49,120 --> 00:34:51,680
as the Landsknecht went berserk.
452
00:35:00,840 --> 00:35:04,200
They slaughtered everyone
they encountered in the streets.
453
00:35:04,200 --> 00:35:06,160
They disembowelled priests.
454
00:35:06,160 --> 00:35:08,840
They turned monasteries
into brothels.
455
00:35:11,320 --> 00:35:14,440
The Eternal City had become
Hell on Earth.
456
00:35:20,800 --> 00:35:23,040
The Pope tried to
negotiate with them,
457
00:35:23,040 --> 00:35:25,040
but no-one could stop the mayhem.
458
00:35:25,040 --> 00:35:28,000
So, he escaped from the Vatican
along the passato,
459
00:35:28,000 --> 00:35:29,600
this fortified passageway,
460
00:35:29,600 --> 00:35:32,720
to seek refuge in
the Castel Sant'Angelo.
461
00:35:38,440 --> 00:35:41,240
And here he hid
for almost an entire year.
462
00:35:47,400 --> 00:35:49,400
The Pope's health disintegrated.
463
00:35:51,160 --> 00:35:54,840
Outside of the Castel,
Rome was ravaged.
464
00:35:56,280 --> 00:35:57,920
The city was devastated.
465
00:35:59,320 --> 00:36:01,640
The population halved
466
00:36:01,640 --> 00:36:04,280
by hunger, murder and plague.
467
00:36:07,520 --> 00:36:10,000
But, still, the troops
wouldn't leave,
468
00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:14,400
and in December 1527, they said
that if they didn't get their money,
469
00:36:14,400 --> 00:36:18,560
they'd hang their captains and
slice the Pope into pieces.
470
00:36:21,560 --> 00:36:24,360
By this time, the Pope was starving,
471
00:36:24,360 --> 00:36:28,040
blind in one eye and ridden
with liver disease.
472
00:36:32,440 --> 00:36:36,600
He escaped from the Castel
Sant'Angelo disguised as a servant
473
00:36:36,600 --> 00:36:40,320
and headed out of Rome to
the Papal residence at Orvieto.
474
00:36:45,120 --> 00:36:48,040
The Pope had lost his splendour
and his power.
475
00:36:48,040 --> 00:36:51,520
The Holy City had lost its ruler,
its protector.
476
00:36:54,240 --> 00:36:58,240
The Sack of Rome was the greatest
catastrophe in all its history.
477
00:37:00,680 --> 00:37:03,040
The follies of the Renaissance popes
478
00:37:03,040 --> 00:37:06,280
had brought the Eternal City
close to destruction.
479
00:37:09,600 --> 00:37:14,360
On the 11th of February 1528,
the Landsknecht were finally paid
480
00:37:14,360 --> 00:37:15,960
and the horde finally left.
481
00:37:16,960 --> 00:37:18,760
The Pope returned to Rome.
482
00:37:20,200 --> 00:37:23,080
The Sack of Rome was seen
as God's judgement,
483
00:37:23,080 --> 00:37:25,120
even by the Pope himself.
484
00:37:25,120 --> 00:37:27,920
Rome was being punished
for its sins.
485
00:37:27,920 --> 00:37:31,480
Now, one thing was clear.
The Church would have to change.
486
00:37:37,080 --> 00:37:40,000
The result was
the Catholic Reformation.
487
00:37:42,600 --> 00:37:45,920
Dissidence and excess were now
brutally repressed.
488
00:37:45,920 --> 00:37:47,640
For the moment, at least,
489
00:37:47,640 --> 00:37:51,840
the orgies and mistresses were out,
austerity and chastity were in.
490
00:37:54,000 --> 00:38:00,000
The new severity was personified by
Paul IV, a brutal and pedantic prig
491
00:38:00,000 --> 00:38:03,080
who regarded the ancient
monuments of Rome
492
00:38:03,080 --> 00:38:05,160
as pagan and, therefore, heretical.
493
00:38:05,160 --> 00:38:08,200
He said he would have liked to
destroy them all.
494
00:38:08,200 --> 00:38:12,240
But worse, he was disgusted by
the naked private parts
495
00:38:12,240 --> 00:38:14,840
of the Renaissance masterpieces,
496
00:38:14,840 --> 00:38:18,120
and ordered many of them
to be painted over.
497
00:38:18,120 --> 00:38:22,320
It is his fitting punishment that
history remembers him above all
498
00:38:22,320 --> 00:38:23,960
as the Fig Leaf Pope.
499
00:38:27,880 --> 00:38:31,040
The curse of the fig leaf
is still visible today
500
00:38:31,040 --> 00:38:34,760
on Michelangelo's later work
in the Sistine Chapel.
501
00:38:36,800 --> 00:38:41,200
The Last Judgment was the final
masterpiece of the Renaissance.
502
00:38:44,440 --> 00:38:46,600
I think it's the finest celebration
503
00:38:46,600 --> 00:38:49,480
of the grace and dignity
of the human body,
504
00:38:49,480 --> 00:38:54,720
but it also brutally reflects the
dystopic mayhem of the Sack of Rome.
505
00:38:56,160 --> 00:38:59,640
Its naked passions appalled
the Catholic Reformation
506
00:38:59,640 --> 00:39:02,800
and some of Michelangelo's
beautifully bare figures
507
00:39:02,800 --> 00:39:06,080
now wear rather strategically
placed pieces of cloth.
508
00:39:08,280 --> 00:39:10,360
And one previously naked woman
509
00:39:10,360 --> 00:39:14,480
has had her modesty restored with
a rather frumpy green dress.
510
00:39:16,040 --> 00:39:19,480
But the Catholic Reformation
attacked more than just art.
511
00:39:20,480 --> 00:39:23,920
It unleashed the Roman Inquisition
on the Eternal City.
512
00:39:30,320 --> 00:39:34,960
The Inquisition was set up to
enforce the doctrines of the Church
513
00:39:34,960 --> 00:39:38,320
and destroy any heresies
or impurities.
514
00:39:38,320 --> 00:39:42,440
Peccadilloes that had been
overlooked or indulged
during the Renaissance
515
00:39:42,440 --> 00:39:44,200
were now brutally punished.
516
00:39:46,480 --> 00:39:48,640
Homosexuals were burnt alive.
517
00:39:50,880 --> 00:39:55,000
Jews, who had lived peacefully
in Rome for 1,700 years,
518
00:39:55,000 --> 00:39:56,920
were confined to a ghetto.
519
00:39:59,240 --> 00:40:02,360
But the biggest challenge
to Roman supremacy
520
00:40:02,360 --> 00:40:05,160
was the new rival branch
of Christianity.
521
00:40:09,560 --> 00:40:14,840
As Protestantism spread, the papacy
resolved to fight it on every level,
522
00:40:14,840 --> 00:40:18,280
from the world of art
to the battlefield.
523
00:40:18,280 --> 00:40:23,520
In 1539, the Catholic Church
created a new militant wing.
524
00:40:33,240 --> 00:40:37,920
This is the Church of Saint Ignacio,
named after Ignacio Loyola,
525
00:40:37,920 --> 00:40:41,360
a military man who believed that
the winning of Christian souls
526
00:40:41,360 --> 00:40:44,400
could be conducted
like a military campaign.
527
00:40:44,400 --> 00:40:48,920
So, he founded the Society
of Jesus, the Jesuits.
528
00:40:48,920 --> 00:40:51,360
And a look at
this astonishing ceiling
529
00:40:51,360 --> 00:40:54,920
tells you all you need to know
about the passionate energy
530
00:40:54,920 --> 00:40:56,400
of the Jesuit mission.
531
00:41:05,360 --> 00:41:11,440
Saint Ignacio commands the centre,
empowered by Jesus Christ himself.
532
00:41:11,440 --> 00:41:17,080
His heart radiates four sacred beams
that propel his female missionaries
533
00:41:17,080 --> 00:41:20,160
to the four corners of the world
534
00:41:20,160 --> 00:41:22,040
to slay the pagans.
535
00:41:25,360 --> 00:41:29,960
Indeed, the Jesuit mission was
international and universal.
536
00:41:29,960 --> 00:41:32,320
It was to convert everyone.
537
00:41:34,960 --> 00:41:37,880
It used both the sword
and the prayer book.
538
00:41:43,320 --> 00:41:46,560
The Jesuits valued education
above all else,
539
00:41:46,560 --> 00:41:50,280
and used their sophisticated
analysis of human character
540
00:41:50,280 --> 00:41:53,160
to win souls, defeat enemies,
541
00:41:53,160 --> 00:41:56,160
and to defend and spread
papal authority.
542
00:42:01,080 --> 00:42:02,640
By the 17th Century,
543
00:42:02,640 --> 00:42:05,480
the reach of Rome had spread
beyond its walls
544
00:42:05,480 --> 00:42:07,600
to the four corners of the world.
545
00:42:13,520 --> 00:42:15,520
The Renaissance may have passed,
546
00:42:15,520 --> 00:42:18,720
but a new heyday now dawned
for the Holy City.
547
00:42:20,400 --> 00:42:24,800
Rome was the heart of a new
Christendom. Not just Catholic,
548
00:42:24,800 --> 00:42:26,360
but Roman Catholic.
549
00:42:30,640 --> 00:42:34,760
The battle against Protestantism
would embellish Rome itself.
550
00:42:36,920 --> 00:42:40,400
The popes launched a new
and exhilarating war of culture.
551
00:42:42,440 --> 00:42:44,840
They championed an artistic movement
552
00:42:44,840 --> 00:42:47,720
to project a new-found
intensity of passion
553
00:42:47,720 --> 00:42:49,600
and ecstasy of revelation.
554
00:42:50,840 --> 00:42:53,520
This new art was personified
by one man.
555
00:42:56,120 --> 00:43:00,720
Gian Lorenzo Bernini was
the master of baroque art.
556
00:43:00,720 --> 00:43:02,680
Impulsive and emotional,
557
00:43:02,680 --> 00:43:05,520
when he found his mistress was
having an affair with his brother,
558
00:43:05,520 --> 00:43:07,800
he beat his brother up
with a crowbar
559
00:43:07,800 --> 00:43:11,400
and had her permanently scarred
with a razor blade.
560
00:43:13,880 --> 00:43:17,360
But Bernini was adored by
Pope Urban VIII,
561
00:43:17,360 --> 00:43:21,000
who told him, "You're lucky
to have me as Pope,
562
00:43:21,000 --> 00:43:23,720
"but I'm even luckier to have you."
563
00:43:26,880 --> 00:43:29,040
Their partnership was responsible
564
00:43:29,040 --> 00:43:31,200
for much of what we see
in Rome today.
565
00:43:33,360 --> 00:43:36,000
Bernini, in many ways, is
to the 17th century
566
00:43:36,000 --> 00:43:39,120
what Michelangelo had been
in the 16th century,
567
00:43:39,120 --> 00:43:41,320
and he certainly was the best
interpreter
568
00:43:41,320 --> 00:43:43,800
of the wishes of the popes.
569
00:43:43,800 --> 00:43:47,160
Art historian Alexandra Massini
has brought me to see
570
00:43:47,160 --> 00:43:50,480
the sculpture that Bernini
considered his masterpiece.
571
00:43:52,840 --> 00:43:56,640
It's called
The Ecstasy Of Saint Teresa.
572
00:43:58,880 --> 00:44:01,440
Tell me about this piece.
I mean, this is extraordinary.
573
00:44:01,440 --> 00:44:04,960
Well, this is really a very intense
religious experience
574
00:44:04,960 --> 00:44:07,240
that is described by Saint Teresa
575
00:44:07,240 --> 00:44:09,920
but, you know, if I read out
her own words
576
00:44:09,920 --> 00:44:12,400
and you see the sculpture
that goes along with it,
577
00:44:12,400 --> 00:44:16,200
I think there's little ambiguity
as to what exactly is happening...
578
00:44:16,200 --> 00:44:18,160
So, let me just read this...
579
00:44:18,160 --> 00:44:21,480
"I saw that he had a long
golden dart in his hand..."
580
00:44:21,480 --> 00:44:25,640
She's referring to this angel
that she sees appearing.
581
00:44:25,640 --> 00:44:29,680
"I thought that he pierced my heart
with this dart several times
582
00:44:29,680 --> 00:44:33,240
"and in such a manner that it
went through my very bowels
583
00:44:33,240 --> 00:44:36,880
"and when he drew it out, it seemed
as if my bowels came with it,
584
00:44:36,880 --> 00:44:41,120
"and I remained wholly inflamed
with a great love of God.
585
00:44:41,120 --> 00:44:45,920
"The pain thereof was so intense
that it forced deep groans from me,
586
00:44:45,920 --> 00:44:49,520
"but the sweetness which this
extreme pain caused in me
587
00:44:49,520 --> 00:44:53,240
"was so excessive that there was
no desiring to be free from it."
588
00:44:53,240 --> 00:44:57,280
So, I think this is a very graphic
and very erotic rendering
589
00:44:57,280 --> 00:44:59,640
of an absolutely physical
experience.
590
00:44:59,640 --> 00:45:02,840
Now, this was very different
from, really, what had gone before,
591
00:45:02,840 --> 00:45:05,960
because we're coming out of
the Counter-Reformation,
592
00:45:05,960 --> 00:45:10,280
a strict time, a severe time,
a time of a sort of moral crackdown,
593
00:45:10,280 --> 00:45:14,520
and suddenly we have
this explosion of sensual...
594
00:45:14,520 --> 00:45:16,880
sensual extravagance, really.
595
00:45:16,880 --> 00:45:20,280
The restraints of the
Counter-Reformation are long gone
596
00:45:20,280 --> 00:45:22,000
by this stage, and...
597
00:45:22,000 --> 00:45:25,680
What you are out to do is really
to draw in the viewer
598
00:45:25,680 --> 00:45:27,880
and that's why you do things
599
00:45:27,880 --> 00:45:30,920
that are absolutely theatrical
and absolutely dramatic,
600
00:45:30,920 --> 00:45:33,560
and that explains why you have
such an erotic piece
601
00:45:33,560 --> 00:45:36,720
that ends up in a church, where
you would at least expect it.
602
00:45:36,720 --> 00:45:39,160
The viewer thinks... A modern-day
viewer would think,
603
00:45:39,160 --> 00:45:42,760
"OK, this is something absolutely
secular. What is it doing
inside a church?"
604
00:45:42,760 --> 00:45:46,560
But it is part, I think, of this
emotional sensibility that...
605
00:45:46,560 --> 00:45:48,760
people expected at the time,
606
00:45:48,760 --> 00:45:50,960
even inside a church,
even from the faithful.
607
00:45:50,960 --> 00:45:53,640
It is part of the religious
picture of the time.
608
00:45:53,640 --> 00:45:55,920
Was this new sensibility of
the Catholic Church,
609
00:45:55,920 --> 00:45:57,880
represented by the baroque
and Bernini,
610
00:45:57,880 --> 00:46:01,080
really also a way of competing
with Protestantism?
611
00:46:01,080 --> 00:46:02,760
It definitely was, yes.
612
00:46:02,760 --> 00:46:06,000
I think that whereas
the Protestants are really...
613
00:46:06,000 --> 00:46:09,480
sticking to a literal reading
of the Bible,
614
00:46:09,480 --> 00:46:11,960
here we have something
totally different. It is...
615
00:46:11,960 --> 00:46:15,760
You reach God through the senses,
through opening up your heart,
616
00:46:15,760 --> 00:46:20,080
through experiencing things
to the...to your bones, literally,
617
00:46:20,080 --> 00:46:24,080
and that, I think, is what makes
this work of art so powerful.
618
00:46:24,080 --> 00:46:26,280
Saying, "The Church can
give you this."
619
00:46:26,280 --> 00:46:28,400
Exactly. The Church can
give you this.
620
00:46:28,400 --> 00:46:30,800
And that's quite something.
Yes. Yes, indeed.
621
00:46:36,080 --> 00:46:39,240
The Church deployed every
available weapon
622
00:46:39,240 --> 00:46:41,600
to win the battle of
Christian souls.
623
00:46:43,680 --> 00:46:47,080
But to complete Rome's status
as the ultimate Holy City,
624
00:46:47,080 --> 00:46:50,920
there was one major task
left undone...
625
00:46:50,920 --> 00:46:52,920
to finish the new St Peter's.
626
00:47:04,680 --> 00:47:08,920
By 1610, the exterior was
finally complete.
627
00:47:13,360 --> 00:47:18,880
115 years after Julius II had
knocked down the original,
628
00:47:18,880 --> 00:47:22,920
a vast new structure
now dominated Rome's skyline.
629
00:47:24,360 --> 00:47:28,480
It proclaims the power and
confidence of the Catholic Church.
630
00:47:30,080 --> 00:47:32,680
But the basilica still lacked
a centrepiece.
631
00:47:34,280 --> 00:47:37,680
And it's here that Bernini
produced his masterpiece.
632
00:47:51,360 --> 00:47:55,560
The new basilica had been built
above the original tomb of St Peter.
633
00:47:57,040 --> 00:48:00,440
To honour the shrine which gave
Papal Rome its sanctity,
634
00:48:00,440 --> 00:48:03,880
Bernini created
this monumental canopy,
635
00:48:03,880 --> 00:48:05,600
his baldacchino.
636
00:48:22,280 --> 00:48:24,920
There's something very thrilling
and powerful
637
00:48:24,920 --> 00:48:29,080
about this triumphalist piece
of architecture here.
638
00:48:29,080 --> 00:48:32,440
It's not just declaring
the triumph of the Church
639
00:48:32,440 --> 00:48:35,040
and the majesty of the papacy,
640
00:48:35,040 --> 00:48:38,080
but it's also pointing out
the connection
641
00:48:38,080 --> 00:48:40,240
between Rome and Jerusalem.
642
00:48:44,640 --> 00:48:48,800
These gorgeous curving pillars
are specially designed
643
00:48:48,800 --> 00:48:53,560
as replicas of pillars from
the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem.
644
00:48:53,560 --> 00:48:58,040
And so, what Bernini is saying here
is that Rome is the new Holy City,
645
00:48:58,040 --> 00:49:00,000
Rome is the new Jerusalem.
646
00:49:08,720 --> 00:49:11,920
On the 18th of November 1626,
647
00:49:11,920 --> 00:49:15,800
the vision of Julius II
was finally realised.
648
00:49:22,120 --> 00:49:25,640
20 popes later,
the new St Peter's was finished.
649
00:49:30,160 --> 00:49:33,480
Today, it remains the largest
church in the world.
650
00:49:35,360 --> 00:49:39,120
I think the gigantic force
of this church
651
00:49:39,120 --> 00:49:42,240
defines Rome as
the capital of Christendom.
652
00:49:43,800 --> 00:49:47,080
An emblem of the success of
the Renaissance dream
653
00:49:47,080 --> 00:49:48,800
and global Catholicism.
654
00:49:53,360 --> 00:49:55,720
Julius's gamble had paid off.
655
00:50:05,840 --> 00:50:07,400
By the 18th century,
656
00:50:07,400 --> 00:50:11,280
the story of the making of
the Holy City is almost complete.
657
00:50:14,360 --> 00:50:17,760
At first glance, Rome looked
very much like it does today...
658
00:50:19,640 --> 00:50:23,080
..filled with tourists eager
to see its beautiful monuments.
659
00:50:24,880 --> 00:50:28,480
But there was one crucial difference
between then and now.
660
00:50:28,480 --> 00:50:31,120
The popes were still
the autocratic rulers
661
00:50:31,120 --> 00:50:35,480
of their own swathe of Italian
territories - the Papal States.
662
00:50:35,480 --> 00:50:38,000
But all of that was about to change.
663
00:50:45,520 --> 00:50:46,920
In the mid 19th century,
664
00:50:46,920 --> 00:50:49,920
new ideologies were
sweeping across Europe,
665
00:50:49,920 --> 00:50:53,200
which would permanently alter
the shape of the Holy City...
666
00:50:54,920 --> 00:50:57,360
..republicanism and nationalism.
667
00:50:58,880 --> 00:51:02,880
They rejected the medieval
and sclerotic papal autocracy.
668
00:51:09,320 --> 00:51:11,440
Having already taken hold of France,
669
00:51:11,440 --> 00:51:15,160
the idea of a republican nation
was gathering momentum
670
00:51:15,160 --> 00:51:18,560
across the separate states of
the Italian peninsula.
671
00:51:19,800 --> 00:51:24,760
A doctor's son from the northern
city of Genoa named Giuseppe Mazzini
672
00:51:24,760 --> 00:51:29,200
led the campaign to unite the
various kingdoms of the peninsula
673
00:51:29,200 --> 00:51:32,760
into just one country - Italy.
674
00:51:32,760 --> 00:51:35,960
And Mazzini believed
there could only be one capital.
675
00:51:35,960 --> 00:51:40,400
"Rome," he said, "was the national
centre of Italian unity,
676
00:51:40,400 --> 00:51:44,600
"the dream of my young years,
the religion of my soul."
677
00:51:50,800 --> 00:51:55,560
If Mazzini succeeded,
he would end papal rule for ever.
678
00:51:55,560 --> 00:51:59,640
Not surprisingly, the Pope denounced
the new Italian nationalism
679
00:51:59,640 --> 00:52:02,000
and called on all Catholics
to reject it.
680
00:52:05,440 --> 00:52:06,840
War was looming.
681
00:52:11,320 --> 00:52:13,440
In 1849, the Republican troops,
682
00:52:13,440 --> 00:52:17,080
led by the swashbuckling warlord
Giuseppe Garibaldi,
683
00:52:17,080 --> 00:52:18,640
descended on Rome.
684
00:52:24,160 --> 00:52:27,000
This time, the Pope had
a surprising ally
685
00:52:27,000 --> 00:52:30,760
in his opposition to
Italian republicanism.
686
00:52:30,760 --> 00:52:34,640
France - now ruled
by Emperor Napoleon III,
687
00:52:34,640 --> 00:52:37,880
nephew of the great
Napoleon Bonaparte.
688
00:52:37,880 --> 00:52:41,520
And when Rome fell to Garibaldi
and the Republicans,
689
00:52:41,520 --> 00:52:44,240
Napoleon sent an army
to get it back.
690
00:52:47,400 --> 00:52:51,320
They bombarded Rome
and, as chance would have it,
691
00:52:51,320 --> 00:52:55,920
a French cannon ball smashed right
in to the sumptuous great hall
692
00:52:55,920 --> 00:52:58,040
of Prince Colonna's Palace.
693
00:52:58,040 --> 00:53:01,880
Now, this is one of my
favourite secrets of Rome,
694
00:53:01,880 --> 00:53:04,560
because that Napoleonic cannonball
695
00:53:04,560 --> 00:53:08,760
embedded itself in Prince Colonna's
marble staircase...
696
00:53:08,760 --> 00:53:10,680
and it's still there to this day.
697
00:53:18,440 --> 00:53:21,240
Thanks to the support
of Napoleon III,
698
00:53:21,240 --> 00:53:23,480
the Pope still ruled Rome.
699
00:53:25,640 --> 00:53:29,280
But Mazzini's vision of Rome as
the capital of Italy lived on.
700
00:53:32,400 --> 00:53:36,680
In 1870, Napoleon III fell,
the French withdrew,
701
00:53:36,680 --> 00:53:40,920
and the army of the new nation
of Italy entered Rome.
702
00:53:44,680 --> 00:53:46,520
Commanded by Victor Emmanuel,
703
00:53:46,520 --> 00:53:49,680
king of the newly-formed
Kingdom of Italy.
704
00:53:49,680 --> 00:53:53,680
He made Rome his capital,
while its former ruler, the Pope,
705
00:53:53,680 --> 00:53:56,080
retreated behind the walls
of the Vatican,
706
00:53:56,080 --> 00:53:59,360
where he melodramatically
declared himself a prisoner.
707
00:54:04,720 --> 00:54:08,480
Secularism had taken control
of the Holy City.
708
00:54:11,880 --> 00:54:15,720
A vast monument in honour
of King Victor Emmanuel
709
00:54:15,720 --> 00:54:19,080
was erected to dominate
the Rome of the past
710
00:54:19,080 --> 00:54:21,600
and dwarf its religious buildings.
711
00:54:24,280 --> 00:54:27,160
Grotesque it may be,
but its message was clear.
712
00:54:29,840 --> 00:54:32,040
Rome had new masters.
713
00:54:32,040 --> 00:54:34,640
The city no longer
belonged to the Pope.
714
00:54:37,920 --> 00:54:40,720
But the Pope was not going
to make this easy.
715
00:54:46,520 --> 00:54:50,200
Historian Anne Wingenter has been
studying this pivotal period
716
00:54:50,200 --> 00:54:51,360
in Rome's history.
717
00:54:52,480 --> 00:54:55,760
So, when King Victor Emmanuel,
King of Italy,
718
00:54:55,760 --> 00:54:59,040
arrived and united Rome with
the rest of Italy,
719
00:54:59,040 --> 00:55:01,120
how did that effect the Pope?
720
00:55:01,120 --> 00:55:03,960
Well, I mean, the Pope essentially
refused to recognise
721
00:55:03,960 --> 00:55:07,160
the Kingdom of Italy, and not
just this particular Pope
722
00:55:07,160 --> 00:55:10,000
when Rome was taken, but
the next several popes, and...
723
00:55:10,000 --> 00:55:13,920
they encourage Catholics, not just
in Italy, but around the world,
724
00:55:13,920 --> 00:55:16,800
not to recognise
the Kingdom of Italy.
725
00:55:16,800 --> 00:55:19,320
And threatening Italians with
ex-communication
726
00:55:19,320 --> 00:55:22,840
if they participate in
the political life of the state.
727
00:55:22,840 --> 00:55:24,560
You know, it's a real problem,
728
00:55:24,560 --> 00:55:28,000
because there's a priest
in every village, you know,
729
00:55:28,000 --> 00:55:33,000
telling people that, you know,
the state is illegitimate.
730
00:55:33,000 --> 00:55:35,720
And the Pope retreats to
the Vatican Palace?
731
00:55:35,720 --> 00:55:37,240
The popes stay in the Vatican,
732
00:55:37,240 --> 00:55:40,200
and they don't give the address
in St Peter's Square.
733
00:55:40,200 --> 00:55:45,240
They sort of cut the state off
from...the mother Church
734
00:55:45,240 --> 00:55:49,000
which, if you're a believing
Catholic, is...is a problem.
735
00:55:55,080 --> 00:55:59,560
The papacy and the kingdom would
be in a stand-off for 60 years.
736
00:56:03,000 --> 00:56:06,080
Surprisingly, the man who
solved the problem
737
00:56:06,080 --> 00:56:09,000
was the Fascist dictator
Benito Mussolini.
738
00:56:14,840 --> 00:56:18,040
Mussolini understood
the popularity of the Church
739
00:56:18,040 --> 00:56:21,280
would add to the legitimacy
of his fascist regime.
740
00:56:21,280 --> 00:56:25,200
So in 1929, he signed
the Lateran Pact with the Pope,
741
00:56:25,200 --> 00:56:27,760
that created the Vatican state.
742
00:56:27,760 --> 00:56:29,800
The border is right here.
743
00:56:29,800 --> 00:56:32,680
Now, I'm standing in
the Republic of Italy,
744
00:56:32,680 --> 00:56:34,000
and when I cross the line...
745
00:56:35,880 --> 00:56:38,360
..now I'm standing
in the Vatican state,
746
00:56:38,360 --> 00:56:40,520
the Pope's own country.
747
00:56:44,560 --> 00:56:48,120
The Vatican state became
the world's smallest nation.
748
00:56:50,160 --> 00:56:52,080
At just 0.2 square miles,
749
00:56:52,080 --> 00:56:55,960
the new papal state was a miniature
of its former glories.
750
00:56:59,440 --> 00:57:03,760
But it meant that the Pope could
lead his billion global Catholics
751
00:57:03,760 --> 00:57:06,040
as an independent priest monarch.
752
00:57:15,960 --> 00:57:18,840
Now, for the first time
in Roman history,
753
00:57:18,840 --> 00:57:24,720
secular and sacred power
were separate in one Holy City.
754
00:57:24,720 --> 00:57:27,320
Espiritu Santo...
755
00:57:28,520 --> 00:57:33,000
In today's Rome, all the strands
of old and new come together.
756
00:57:37,800 --> 00:57:41,120
You can see it right here
on this street corner,
757
00:57:41,120 --> 00:57:45,840
surrounded by tourists and yet,
nowadays, strangely overlooked.
758
00:57:45,840 --> 00:57:48,600
Right up there, you can see
Romulus and Remus,
759
00:57:48,600 --> 00:57:52,000
the founders of Ancient Rome,
and above them,
760
00:57:52,000 --> 00:57:55,360
the fasces, the symbols of fascism.
761
00:57:55,360 --> 00:57:58,840
And all of this on this
majestic thoroughfare
762
00:57:58,840 --> 00:58:03,120
leading straight to the magnificent
basilica of St Peter's.
763
00:58:05,920 --> 00:58:08,800
All of it, modern and ancient,
764
00:58:08,800 --> 00:58:12,800
now, together, seem
happily, typically, Roman.
765
00:58:15,200 --> 00:58:16,800
For three millennia,
766
00:58:16,800 --> 00:58:20,160
Rome has been the definition
of power and sanctity.
767
00:58:21,520 --> 00:58:25,360
Rome, like Christianity's
other holy city, Jerusalem,
768
00:58:25,360 --> 00:58:28,680
is a place where man
meets the divine.
769
00:58:30,640 --> 00:58:32,120
Throughout its history,
770
00:58:32,120 --> 00:58:35,360
Rome's destiny has
been determined inseparably
771
00:58:35,360 --> 00:58:38,920
by both the cruel
necessities of power
772
00:58:38,920 --> 00:58:41,080
and by the passion of faith.
773
00:58:58,960 --> 00:59:04,360
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd
67474
Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.