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[siren]
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[Raj] I have no information
from anyone in space.
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I mean, this is important.
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[Patrick] Ground Leader checking in.
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I was directly told that we cannot
land on Mars before we do a med check.
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Meteor shower incoming!
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We have a meteor shower!
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[metallic banging]
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CAPCOM, come in.
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Guys, just stay calm. We believe the
orbiter can survive the meteor shower.
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[banging continues]
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I believe we have a leak.
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[beeping]
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OK, pressure's going down. This is bad.
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[camper] What do we do?
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Get them out of here!
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No! Oh my god!
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[camper screams]
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Throw them in the FEMA hallway!
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Moderate cabin pressure
onboard the Station.
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[camper]
Cabin leak check. Losing air pressure.
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[banging continues]
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Are we dead?
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Are we OK?
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All in a day's work!
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Space for me is one of the things
that defines me most, I think.
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It really is a central part of who I am.
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I am a space nerd.
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Yeah, I would say that I am a space nerd!
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I am the biggest space nerd
of all the space nerds ever.
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It may not look like it, but I am.
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Because space is space and it's awesome.
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-[CAPCOM] Up here we may be slightly...-[mission control] OK, stand by.
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We have you go for orbit.You're go for orbit.
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[Dr. Michio Kaku]
When we look at the night sky, we think
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"Are there any planets out there
that are possible homes for humanity?"
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[newscaster] The spacecraft almost seemedto grow stronger as the days went by.
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Going to Mars will foster
an entire revolution
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in how people think abouthow they will invest their brain energy
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in their lives and in their careers.
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By the way, this next generation wants
to do it because they know it's cool.
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[astronaut] Go for landing, 3,000 feet.
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[mission control] You're looking great,so we know it will be a good flight.
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[CAPCOM] Astronauts report it feels good.
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[Raj] It's been over 50 years
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since we've donesomething significant like this.
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Having a man, or woman, walk on Mars
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is just the most badass thought
in my mind.
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[mission control] Liftoff.
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I think Mars is an interesting planet
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and it would be fascinating
to do science there.
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[CAPCOM] We just had word from Houston
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we're ready to have you get outwhenever you're ready.
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[astronaut] OK, we've got our go now.Is that right?
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[CAPCOM] Affirmative.
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[Josh] This is where peopleare going to live, on another planet,
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close enough to get there in under a year.
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So yes, it's dangerous!
Yes, it's never been attempted.
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Yes, you're probably gonna die.
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But you can do it still.
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[astronaut] How you doing,Mission Control?
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-[mission control] Good.-[astronaut] Telcom? Guidance, happy?
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-[CAPCOM] Go!-[astronaut] Final go!
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[CAPCOM] 2,000 feet. 2,000 feet.Into the air, 47 degrees.
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[astronaut] Roger.
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[Tim Urban]
Does anyone regret going to the Moon?
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Does anyone who lived in the 60s say,"What a waste of time,
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I wish we hadn't done that."?
No. Going to the Moon was awesome.
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Everyone's happy we went to the Moon!
Mars is even cooler.
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[newscaster] Mariner is the spacecraft.Mars is the destination.
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[newscaster] Americans could once again look up towards their future with faith
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and with confidence.
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We're focused on Mars.
That's NASA's ultimate goal.
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To lead other nations,and particularly ourselves,
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with humans to Mars.
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[newscaster] The retrograde rocketswill be tested in space.
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The antenna housingwill transmit telemetry.
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[Alyssa] Ever since I was little,I've always had a passion for space.
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It would be so amazing just to see
the Martian surface with my own eyes.
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[mission control] T minus 25 seconds.
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We will go to Mars.
Let's go out there and explore.
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Let's make discoveries.
Let's change the world.
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-[camper] Is this the PCS right here?-[camper] OK, the L Cone...
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[instructor]
A couple of things you need to know.
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When the launch happens going to Mars,what are we going to say to the press?
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[camper] I mean, I'm sure Neil Armstronghad a ton of time
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to think what his first words would be.
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I know what I would say.
What do we want?
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[all] Oranges.
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When do we want we want them? Oranges!
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[instructor] Fantastic.
That's a great monologue.
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However, we're going to transition
to practicing your checklists now.
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Everybody has a checklist
that was either on their seat
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or around their space.
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It's under your suits.
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It's what happens when you start
before the mission starts.
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Coming to Space Camp
is the closest I can really get to space,
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at least emotionally and psychologically.
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7A on.
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[instructor] Do you guys feel good?
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[Josh] C auto.
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Tank 9. Reset.
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[instructor]
This is the suiting up process.
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We'll transition over.
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Grab the book. You got it?
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[Josh] If people want tocall me a space nerd,
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they can call me a space nerd.
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And I'll say "Yeah, so what do youwant to know about space?
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You want to knowabout SRBs, egress, ECLSS?"
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And they'll be like "What?"
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And I'll be like "So, wait, which one
did you want to know about?
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Cause I can give you at least five,
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maybe ten minutes of conversation
for each one.
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Come at me, bro!"
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-Let me out of this.
-Come on, Josh!
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Today, we were the first group ever
to test out this new Mars Mission.
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[instructor]
This mission is a futuristic mission,
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obviously, because we haven't
gone to Mars at this point.
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This is MEB, the Mars Elysium Base.
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And this base has been delivered
to Mars already
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with all the gear that you guys
are gonna need to set it up, OK?
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[Kyle] The Mars Mission is somethingthat they've had in R&D for a while.
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It's exhilarating, the fact that
we are simulating a mission to Mars.
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[instructor]
You got your guy out there. Pull it up.
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[Zoe] We are training to go to Mars.
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We know that there will be problemsbecause it is dangerous.
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We need to have the simulator
as close to a nominal mission as possible.
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[Raj] This is gonna be intense!
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[excited chatter]
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Space Camp was designed
to simulate the peak of NASA.
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This is cool! Woah!
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[Zoe] Here at Space Camp,we learn a lot about space history
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and what it will be liketo be an astronaut.
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All of the simulators here,
NASA has been recruited to help design.
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So, they're as close as we can getto what the astronauts actually use.
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[camper screams]
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Oh my God!
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[laughter and chatter]
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[Victoria]
This is my third year at Space Camp.
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I said, "I'm going to
apply for a scholarship,"
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because being an astronaut issomething I don't want to give up on.
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I'm going up whether I want to or not!
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I had to get three lettersof recommendation,
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I had to write two essays,
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and I had to do a science experiment
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and break it down
in the scientific method.
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[screams]
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[instructor] Oh! Good job, Victoria!
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[Jace] I believe thatthe people who come here
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are the future of the space program.
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It's really giving us an education
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on how to be a person
who works with space on a daily basis.
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When I grow up, I would like to be
CAPCOM for NASA.
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-I want to become a mission specialist.
-Be a machine toolist.
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I want to be an engineer.
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Aerospace engineer.
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It would be amazing to construct engines
for a mission to Mars.
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When you enter the base
and turn on the emergency power,
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it turns to red lighting.
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[instructor] That's what we're wanting...
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[Jace] The base that they've designedup there is fascinating.
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The base is all powered down.
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They have to turn on
the communications array,
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set up the solar panels,set up all of the ECLSS systems,
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and also set up a greenhouse
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because somebody
might want to eat up there.
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-[camper] Activate the power.
-Hey, guys. The hydro popo is in here.
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The fact that peopleare now even teaching children,
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16 year-olds, 15 year-olds,
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saying, "Hey, we're going to Mars"and simulating how it would work out,
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means they'll grow up and we'll grow up
to believe: hey, we're going to Mars.
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So let's go to Mars.
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[camper] I'll go there in a minute.
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Well, good luck.
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[chatter]
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[male voiceover]
Of all the planets in the solar system,
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Earth and Mars, the third and fourthplanets from the Sun,
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are the most similar.
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But despite the similarities,Mars is essentially like no other planet.
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[Jeffrey Kluger] One of the greatest allures of Mars is that Mars is nearby.
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Mars is a planet,
and it's a planet with potential.
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It once had water. It once had oceans.
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Surely, we tell ourselves,
it once had life.
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[male voiceover] Science fiction writers populated the cities
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with terrible creatures of heroic size,with skills beyond earthman's dreams.
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[Kluger] This is a place that touches usin a very basic way.
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Another thing is thatit's always had the power
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to scare the daylights out of us.
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[laser fire]
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[screams]
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[Kluger] It was always the blood red worldthat was just nearby,
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that, through telescopes,appeared to have canals,
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which presumed peopleor some kind of organisms.
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And since the only model we knowfor intelligent organisms
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is organisms that eventually try tograb land and resources and go to war,
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Mars used to frighten us.
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[robot] Welcome to Mars.
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[Bill Nye] There's a whole endless stringof movies and television shows and stories
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about aliens, alien life.
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Now, this is the plan:get your ass to Mars.
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[Urban] When people hear the word "Mars",
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they think of science fiction,of geeks talking about Martians and Mars.
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And as soon as we go there
and there's humans there, that changes.
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This is not science fiction.
This is now something we do.
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This is part of life. This is real.
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[Andy Weir] I had no idea that The Martian
would have mainstream appeal.
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It never even occurred to me.
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I thought I was writing it for this tiny
niche audience of hardcore space dorks.
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[shouts for joy]
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[Kluger] We fell in love with Marsa long, long time ago
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and our goal now is to be a part of Mars,
is to live on Mars.
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[Urban] Doing something as hardas going to Mars doesn't just happen.
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You need like a perfect storm
in many ways.
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You need the right moment
with the right funding,
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with the right people or person.
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[brass band plays celebratory music]
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[cheering and applause]
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[Nye] Wernher von Braunis a famous German scientist
219
00:10:48,857 --> 00:10:53,528
and he took these ideasabout how to operate liquid-fueled rockets
220
00:10:53,611 --> 00:10:56,948
and he made these extraordinary spacecraft
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00:10:57,031 --> 00:10:59,242
that went on to put humans on the Moon.
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[music and cheering continue]
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[Charles Bolden] Wernher von Braun,when he designed
224
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and built the Apollo program,
225
00:11:05,415 --> 00:11:09,294
in the back of his mind already,
he was way past Apollo.
226
00:11:09,377 --> 00:11:12,046
He and his team were talking about:
how do we get to Mars?
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[music and cheering continue]
228
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We knew that the city of Huntsville
was solidly behind us,
229
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and with your continued support
230
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I will see you back in orbit
with that new space station,
231
00:11:26,102 --> 00:11:29,397
to which we will all ride
in the reusable launch vehicle,
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and maybe one day
we'll have a man on Mars.
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00:11:31,941 --> 00:11:32,775
Thank you.
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♪ Gather round while I sing youOf Wernher von Braun ♪
235
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♪ A man whose allegianceIs ruled by expedience ♪
236
00:11:42,452 --> 00:11:45,788
♪ Call him a NaziHe won't even frown ♪
237
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♪ "Nazi-schmatzie"says Wernher von Braun ♪
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[Annie Jacobsen] Von Braun was a Nazi.
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00:11:52,086 --> 00:11:54,088
Von Braun was in the SS,
240
00:11:54,172 --> 00:11:57,050
which is the dreaded element
of the Nazi party.
241
00:11:57,133 --> 00:12:01,471
And von Braun wasHitler's top weapons maker.
242
00:12:02,639 --> 00:12:06,559
[Kluger] From a man who helda dark and hateful cause,
243
00:12:06,643 --> 00:12:09,270
came a missile that gave America
244
00:12:09,354 --> 00:12:12,523
one of its greatesthistorical inspirations.
245
00:12:12,607 --> 00:12:16,486
So Wernher von Braun is...a mixed bag.
246
00:12:16,569 --> 00:12:18,279
[in German accent]
♪ "Once the rockets are up ♪
247
00:12:18,363 --> 00:12:20,365
♪ Who cares where they come down?" ♪
248
00:12:20,448 --> 00:12:21,491
[laughter]
249
00:12:21,574 --> 00:12:26,829
♪ That's not my department",Says Wernher von Braun ♪
250
00:12:26,913 --> 00:12:29,374
[applause]
251
00:12:32,502 --> 00:12:34,671
-[camper] You tightened the valves?
-[camper] It works.
252
00:12:34,754 --> 00:12:37,632
[Raj] Dude, wherever I cut one
I should cut the other, right?
253
00:12:37,715 --> 00:12:38,549
[camper] Yeah.
254
00:12:38,633 --> 00:12:43,179
[Raj] So what do you say?
One, two, three, four, five, six.
255
00:12:43,262 --> 00:12:45,264
How about six runs up and six runs up?
256
00:12:45,348 --> 00:12:48,601
So it's one, two, three four.
So it's the fourth one down.
257
00:12:48,685 --> 00:12:52,605
If you could combine nerdy and cool,I hope you could get something like me.
258
00:12:53,648 --> 00:12:54,565
How's it going?
259
00:12:54,649 --> 00:12:58,194
It's a little rough. The X-Acto knife
slipped twice, as you can see.
260
00:12:58,277 --> 00:13:01,489
-Just got little duct tape bandages.
-Here, use better duct tape.
261
00:13:02,073 --> 00:13:03,491
Yeah, that's a good point.
262
00:13:03,574 --> 00:13:06,494
Nerdiness has kind of takena bad rap over the years.
263
00:13:06,577 --> 00:13:09,372
And nerdy is the new cool.
264
00:13:09,455 --> 00:13:12,667
But that doesn't mean you have to
start wearing Jordans or anything.
265
00:13:12,750 --> 00:13:15,670
But I feel like the egg should be
standing up in the compartment, though.
266
00:13:15,753 --> 00:13:18,172
-[camper] It will.
-Like standing vertically.
267
00:13:18,256 --> 00:13:20,008
-[camper] I know.
-[Raj] All right, cool.
268
00:13:20,091 --> 00:13:23,761
I'm hoping one day to run for officeand work my way up in Washington,
269
00:13:23,845 --> 00:13:26,264
and ultimately get NASAthe funding it needs
270
00:13:26,347 --> 00:13:29,142
to, you know, do these great things
like go to Mars.
271
00:13:29,225 --> 00:13:33,730
We usually just, I think we should fold it
in a way that it will definitely deploy.
272
00:13:33,813 --> 00:13:36,315
The model rocketsis a good challenge for the group.
273
00:13:36,399 --> 00:13:38,776
Of course, rocketry is
directly connected with NASA.
274
00:13:42,447 --> 00:13:45,074
[Josh] So the awesome thingabout rockets, I'd say,
275
00:13:45,158 --> 00:13:47,577
is that they're handing explosives
276
00:13:47,660 --> 00:13:50,747
and a whole bunch of, like,
firing power to teenagers.
277
00:13:50,830 --> 00:13:54,250
And they're like,"Here, go make it, go up into the air
278
00:13:54,333 --> 00:13:56,127
and if it explodes, have fun with it."
279
00:13:56,210 --> 00:13:59,922
So it's, like, yeah,
I'm definitely going to do this.
280
00:14:00,548 --> 00:14:04,969
We're gonna have to find
a way for it to disconnect
281
00:14:05,053 --> 00:14:08,598
while keeping the shot cord
inside of the body...
282
00:14:08,681 --> 00:14:10,266
-Oh yeah, definitely.
-Somehow...
283
00:14:10,349 --> 00:14:11,893
[Victoria] I enjoy building rockets.
284
00:14:11,976 --> 00:14:17,148
Later today we are launching our rocket
with our eggstronaut Egbert in it.
285
00:14:17,231 --> 00:14:21,444
And it has been so much fun
just building it and tossing around ideas.
286
00:14:21,527 --> 00:14:23,029
[project chatter]
287
00:14:23,112 --> 00:14:27,158
Put the hot glue
on the edges of these and stick it down.
288
00:14:27,241 --> 00:14:30,078
[Jace] The two things you're learningfrom these model rockets
289
00:14:30,161 --> 00:14:33,915
is crew survivability and aerodynamics.
290
00:14:33,998 --> 00:14:37,377
Everything else is intact.
We just can't get this stuff tangled up.
291
00:14:37,460 --> 00:14:39,796
As soon as this gets tangled,
we're kind of done.
292
00:14:39,879 --> 00:14:42,757
-[Raj] Let's see how this drop goes.
-[camper] High check, science geeks.
293
00:14:44,384 --> 00:14:45,510
[instructor] Very nice.
294
00:14:45,593 --> 00:14:47,804
[Jace] You have to keepyour precious payload alive,
295
00:14:47,887 --> 00:14:52,600
and you want it to pierce through the airin a beautiful parabolic trajectory.
296
00:14:52,683 --> 00:14:53,601
Ooh!
297
00:14:53,684 --> 00:14:55,395
That fits there really well.
298
00:14:55,478 --> 00:14:57,897
It's really importantthat we see the big picture.
299
00:14:57,980 --> 00:15:01,484
It's important that the whole system,
including our eggstronaut,
300
00:15:01,567 --> 00:15:02,819
are safe and reliable.
301
00:15:03,778 --> 00:15:06,656
[Raj] No, no, no.
That means we have 250 left.
302
00:15:06,739 --> 00:15:08,533
-[Josh] And then we have 150--
-[Raj] 150 left.
303
00:15:08,616 --> 00:15:12,578
[Josh] And then we just used 100
for the motor tube. So we would have 50.
304
00:15:12,662 --> 00:15:15,873
[Raj] In our engineering challenges,we're assigned a budget for what we do
305
00:15:15,957 --> 00:15:17,500
and you can't overspend it.
306
00:15:17,583 --> 00:15:20,253
And sometimes
you don't even have enough to begin with.
307
00:15:20,336 --> 00:15:22,755
Dude, we made a mistake
for the first item.
308
00:15:22,839 --> 00:15:25,716
This 150 is actually 200.
309
00:15:25,800 --> 00:15:27,552
So then now we're left with 100.
310
00:15:27,635 --> 00:15:32,598
The money is a big constriction
for humans in real life.
311
00:15:32,682 --> 00:15:35,435
So, they decided to make it
a constriction for us, too.
312
00:15:35,518 --> 00:15:37,478
How much money have we spent?
313
00:15:37,562 --> 00:15:40,148
Jace, I'm gonna go
glue these together, OK?
314
00:15:40,231 --> 00:15:41,566
They put a limit on it to say,
315
00:15:41,649 --> 00:15:44,068
"Hey, we're not gonna give you
all the materials,
316
00:15:44,152 --> 00:15:46,696
because if we did
you could do so much."
317
00:15:46,779 --> 00:15:51,409
[Raj] So the way these rocket engines work
is it propels downwards.
318
00:15:51,492 --> 00:15:54,162
When we deploy it,
the parachute's gonna unfurl
319
00:15:54,245 --> 00:15:56,122
and it's gonna float down like this.
320
00:15:56,205 --> 00:15:57,832
And our egg's gonna survive.
321
00:15:57,915 --> 00:16:00,376
Good stuff, guys!
This was a productive session.
322
00:16:00,460 --> 00:16:01,544
[chatter from other groups]
323
00:16:01,627 --> 00:16:02,795
[Josh] Ballin' till we drop!
324
00:16:05,256 --> 00:16:06,966
[rocket lifting off]
325
00:16:12,472 --> 00:16:14,849
[Kluger] The V2 rocket was builtby Wernher von Braun
326
00:16:14,932 --> 00:16:16,642
and his team of engineers.
327
00:16:16,726 --> 00:16:17,852
It hits randomly.
328
00:16:17,935 --> 00:16:20,813
You don't really know what you're hitting,what you're killing,
329
00:16:20,897 --> 00:16:22,315
what you're destroying.
330
00:16:22,398 --> 00:16:24,317
That was what the V2 did.
331
00:16:24,400 --> 00:16:27,111
The "V", for goodness' sake,
stood for "Vengeance".
332
00:16:29,197 --> 00:16:32,450
It was the weapon that resultedfrom a tantrum,
333
00:16:32,533 --> 00:16:34,410
in this case the tantrum of the führer.
334
00:16:34,494 --> 00:16:39,457
He wanted to lash back,as all losing causes do.
335
00:16:39,540 --> 00:16:40,917
They flail at the end.
336
00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:42,585
[announcement music]
337
00:16:43,377 --> 00:16:46,255
[newscaster]
The President of the United States.
338
00:16:46,797 --> 00:16:49,634
General Eisenhower informs me
339
00:16:49,717 --> 00:16:54,597
that the forces of Germany
have surrendered to the United Nations.
340
00:16:54,680 --> 00:16:58,476
The flags of freedom fly all over Europe.
341
00:16:58,559 --> 00:17:00,144
[Jacobsen] At the end of World War II,
342
00:17:00,228 --> 00:17:03,481
the Cold War had, in essence,already begun.
343
00:17:03,564 --> 00:17:09,695
It was clear to the Allies thatwe could not coexist with the Soviets.
344
00:17:09,779 --> 00:17:11,906
[siren]
345
00:17:12,698 --> 00:17:16,661
If we didn't get von Braun,then the Soviets would.
346
00:17:16,744 --> 00:17:18,120
We had to have him.
347
00:17:25,503 --> 00:17:27,421
[Neil deGrasse Tyson] Oh my gosh!
348
00:17:27,505 --> 00:17:29,298
How soon we forget
349
00:17:29,382 --> 00:17:35,012
how evil the communist empire
was perceived to be
350
00:17:35,096 --> 00:17:36,722
in that day and in that time.
351
00:17:36,806 --> 00:17:40,726
And how much of a motivating factor
that was to do anything we could
352
00:17:40,810 --> 00:17:43,396
to not be bested by our arch enemy.
353
00:17:43,479 --> 00:17:47,900
[Bolden] Not a lot of Americansknow that we took a...a Nazi,
354
00:17:47,984 --> 00:17:53,739
someone who helped designed rockets
that were intended to kill us,
355
00:17:53,823 --> 00:17:57,159
relocated him and his teameventually to Huntsville, Alabama,
356
00:17:57,243 --> 00:18:00,913
where they became founding fathersof the spaceflight program.
357
00:18:04,584 --> 00:18:09,213
[Jacobsen]
He became such a vocal figurehead
358
00:18:09,297 --> 00:18:14,010
for space, for exploration,
for the red planet.
359
00:18:15,052 --> 00:18:19,223
In the early to middle '50s,von Braun became famous.
360
00:18:19,307 --> 00:18:26,022
He began writing long magazine articlesabout travel to the Moon and to Mars.
361
00:18:26,105 --> 00:18:28,190
And he even signed a deal with Disney.
362
00:18:28,274 --> 00:18:31,110
[von Braun with strong German accent] Whenthe day arrives for construction to begin,
363
00:18:31,193 --> 00:18:33,779
the thousands of parts
for the space station
364
00:18:33,863 --> 00:18:37,533
will be transported to the orbit
by our multistage rockets.
365
00:18:37,617 --> 00:18:41,162
It's a real moment in American history
366
00:18:41,245 --> 00:18:45,249
when 42 million Americans tune in
367
00:18:45,333 --> 00:18:49,754
to watch von Braun talkon a Disney television program
368
00:18:49,837 --> 00:18:51,505
about space travel.
369
00:18:51,589 --> 00:18:53,424
[von Braun] If we were to start today
370
00:18:53,507 --> 00:18:56,886
on an organized
and well supported space program,
371
00:18:56,969 --> 00:19:02,642
I believe a practical passenger rocketcould be built and tested within 10 years.
372
00:19:02,725 --> 00:19:04,352
[beeping]
373
00:19:06,312 --> 00:19:08,147
[newscaster]
Today, a new moon is in the sky,
374
00:19:08,230 --> 00:19:12,193
a 23 inch metal sphereplaced in orbit by a Russian rocket.
375
00:19:12,276 --> 00:19:14,695
500 miles up, the artificial moonis boosted
376
00:19:14,779 --> 00:19:17,531
to a speed counterbalancingthe pull of gravity,
377
00:19:17,615 --> 00:19:18,532
and released.
378
00:19:18,616 --> 00:19:19,950
[beeping]
379
00:19:20,034 --> 00:19:25,790
The whole applecart was overturned
when the Russians put Sputnik into orbit,
380
00:19:25,873 --> 00:19:30,086
causing a national nervous breakdown
as a consequence.
381
00:19:30,169 --> 00:19:34,507
The Soviets had Sputnik up in the sky
and you could hear the beeping going by.
382
00:19:34,590 --> 00:19:35,424
[beeping]
383
00:19:35,508 --> 00:19:39,053
The entire countrywas in shock by Sputnik.
384
00:19:39,136 --> 00:19:41,514
[beeping continues]
385
00:19:41,597 --> 00:19:45,768
[Nye] Sputnik orbited the Earthon what you would say in military terms
386
00:19:45,851 --> 00:19:48,521
was the ultimate high ground of space!
387
00:19:48,604 --> 00:19:49,647
[sustained dramatic note]
388
00:19:49,730 --> 00:19:52,483
[newscaster] The reaction wasone of astonishment and concern.
389
00:19:52,566 --> 00:19:54,735
For it was now knownthat a potential enemy
390
00:19:54,819 --> 00:19:59,031
was at least temporarily aheadin developing means for space travel.
391
00:20:00,032 --> 00:20:02,493
We were scared to death
when Sputnik went up.
392
00:20:02,576 --> 00:20:04,286
And then we were scared to death
393
00:20:04,370 --> 00:20:07,373
when the Russians
beat us to orbit with a human.
394
00:20:07,998 --> 00:20:11,419
[Nye] It seemed at once thatthis competitive style of government
395
00:20:11,502 --> 00:20:16,048
was producing technology faster,outstripping the United States.
396
00:20:16,132 --> 00:20:19,719
And so, a civilian space agencywas formed,
397
00:20:19,802 --> 00:20:22,888
and that's the National Aeronauticsand Space Administration, NASA.
398
00:20:22,972 --> 00:20:24,348
[dramatic music plays]
399
00:20:34,442 --> 00:20:37,528
Welcome to
the Marshall Space Flight Center.
400
00:20:37,611 --> 00:20:40,239
Our special task here in Huntsville
401
00:20:40,322 --> 00:20:43,033
is to develop
the rocket powered systems necessary
402
00:20:43,117 --> 00:20:45,661
to orbit man in an Earth satellite.
403
00:20:46,871 --> 00:20:49,915
You might say
we are the long distance movers.
404
00:20:50,875 --> 00:20:54,253
[Jacobsen] All effort was giventoward making sure
405
00:20:54,336 --> 00:20:57,590
that America got into space pronto.
406
00:20:57,673 --> 00:21:00,676
And that is where von Braunbegan his ascent
407
00:21:00,760 --> 00:21:04,263
as kind of the American space savior.
408
00:21:04,346 --> 00:21:08,768
And from there, he became
the prophet of space exploration.
409
00:21:10,102 --> 00:21:11,645
[cheering and applause]
410
00:21:13,939 --> 00:21:17,026
For we meet
in an hour of change and challenge,
411
00:21:17,902 --> 00:21:20,738
in a decade of hope and fear,
412
00:21:20,821 --> 00:21:24,074
in an age of both knowledge and ignorance.
413
00:21:24,158 --> 00:21:28,954
The greater our knowledge increases,
the greater our ignorance unfolds.
414
00:21:29,038 --> 00:21:30,873
[Jacobsen]
When you think of the Apollo program,
415
00:21:30,956 --> 00:21:33,876
when you think of man on the Moon,
416
00:21:33,959 --> 00:21:38,631
no doubt von Braunis a huge piece of JFK's legacy.
417
00:21:38,714 --> 00:21:41,634
[JFK] The vast stretches of the unknown,
418
00:21:41,717 --> 00:21:43,719
and the unanswered,
419
00:21:43,803 --> 00:21:45,638
and the unfinished,
420
00:21:45,721 --> 00:21:49,683
still far outstrip
our collective comprehension.
421
00:21:50,392 --> 00:21:53,562
To be the first person on Mars,
it would definitely put you up there
422
00:21:53,646 --> 00:21:56,857
with those big names
that most people know about space.
423
00:21:56,941 --> 00:22:01,403
Alan Shepard, Yuri Gagarin,Neil Armstrong, and von Braun.
424
00:22:01,487 --> 00:22:05,866
It would definitely come
with a bit of infamy.
425
00:22:05,950 --> 00:22:12,331
[JFK] Surely the opening vistas of spacepromise high costs and hardships,
426
00:22:12,414 --> 00:22:14,250
as well as high reward.
427
00:22:14,917 --> 00:22:17,419
So, it is not surprising
428
00:22:17,503 --> 00:22:21,215
that some would have usstay where we are a little longer,
429
00:22:21,298 --> 00:22:23,259
to rest, to wait.
430
00:22:23,342 --> 00:22:28,472
To be sure, we are behind,and will be behind for some time,
431
00:22:28,556 --> 00:22:29,890
in manned flight.
432
00:22:29,974 --> 00:22:32,309
But we do not intend to stay behind,
433
00:22:32,393 --> 00:22:36,605
and in this decadewe shall make up and move ahead.
434
00:22:36,689 --> 00:22:39,400
[Todd May] Building something from scratchis a double-edged sword.
435
00:22:39,483 --> 00:22:43,612
You can't designa perfect launch vehicle from scratch
436
00:22:43,696 --> 00:22:45,489
and put it up on the pad
the very first time
437
00:22:45,573 --> 00:22:47,449
and expect things are gonna go well.
438
00:22:47,533 --> 00:22:50,703
This generation does not intend
439
00:22:50,786 --> 00:22:54,790
to founder in the backwash
of the coming age of space.
440
00:22:54,873 --> 00:22:58,002
We mean to be a part of it.
We mean to lead it.
441
00:22:58,085 --> 00:23:00,546
Since NASA was formed in 1958,
442
00:23:00,629 --> 00:23:03,340
we've had a pretty small
number of different missions
443
00:23:03,424 --> 00:23:04,550
that we've undertaken.
444
00:23:04,633 --> 00:23:06,844
The first program was the Mercury program,
445
00:23:06,927 --> 00:23:09,972
just to see if an astronautcould survive in zero gravity.
446
00:23:10,055 --> 00:23:12,725
This is Flagship 7,
radio loud and clear. Over.
447
00:23:12,808 --> 00:23:14,935
[Dr. Don Thomas]
We went on to the Gemini program,
448
00:23:15,019 --> 00:23:17,271
sending two astronauts up in a capsule.
449
00:23:18,439 --> 00:23:20,774
We learned how to dorendezvous and docking.
450
00:23:21,400 --> 00:23:23,944
And we learned how towalk in space, to float there.
451
00:23:24,820 --> 00:23:25,904
[astronaut] OK, yeah?
452
00:23:25,988 --> 00:23:27,698
[Ed White speaks indistinctly]
453
00:23:28,240 --> 00:23:29,241
OK.
454
00:23:31,160 --> 00:23:33,579
[astronaut] You're right in front, Ed.
You look beautiful!
455
00:23:33,662 --> 00:23:36,332
[White] I feel like a million dollars!
So I'm gonna kick off!
456
00:23:37,916 --> 00:23:40,669
[Dr. Thomas] We put together everythingwe learned from Mercury and Gemini
457
00:23:40,753 --> 00:23:42,129
in the Apollo program.
458
00:23:42,212 --> 00:23:47,384
[JFK] But why, some say, the Moon?Why choose this as our goal?
459
00:23:47,468 --> 00:23:51,597
And they may well ask,why climb the highest mountain?
460
00:23:52,389 --> 00:23:54,183
[mission control]
Liftoff! We have a liftoff!
461
00:23:54,266 --> 00:23:55,309
[cheering]
462
00:23:55,392 --> 00:23:59,021
[JFK] Many years ago,the great British explorer George Mallory,
463
00:23:59,104 --> 00:24:04,902
who was to die on Mount Everest,was asked why did he want to climb it.
464
00:24:05,527 --> 00:24:07,279
He said "Because it is there."
465
00:24:07,363 --> 00:24:10,324
Well, space is there,and we're going to climb it.
466
00:24:11,116 --> 00:24:13,410
And the Moon and the planets are there.
467
00:24:13,494 --> 00:24:15,954
And new hopesfor knowledge and peace are there!
468
00:24:17,122 --> 00:24:20,751
Going to the Moon, many people
just considered outright impossible.
469
00:24:21,335 --> 00:24:23,629
[astronaut] Four forward,drifting to the right a little.
470
00:24:23,712 --> 00:24:25,005
[radio blips]
471
00:24:25,089 --> 00:24:28,092
[deGrasse Tyson]
Once the impossible becomes possible,
472
00:24:28,175 --> 00:24:31,220
that opens the floodgates
of human imagination.
473
00:24:31,303 --> 00:24:34,348
That's one small step for man,
474
00:24:36,600 --> 00:24:39,311
one giant leap for mankind.
475
00:24:41,897 --> 00:24:42,731
[whistles]
476
00:24:42,815 --> 00:24:43,857
[laughs]
477
00:24:45,526 --> 00:24:50,072
[JFK] We choose to go to the Moon!We choose to go to the Moon!
478
00:24:50,155 --> 00:24:52,199
[applause and cheering]
479
00:24:56,537 --> 00:25:00,874
We choose to go to the Moon in this decadeand do the other things,
480
00:25:00,958 --> 00:25:04,628
not because they are easy,but because they are hard.
481
00:25:27,526 --> 00:25:31,405
[Raj] We should probably check it,
cause last time we had a pretty bad angle.
482
00:25:31,488 --> 00:25:33,157
Dude, come on, let's check it.
483
00:25:34,491 --> 00:25:38,162
No, I just want to make sure ours
is positioned so we won't die again.
484
00:25:39,037 --> 00:25:42,207
As a kid, I would love to witnessone of our presidents
485
00:25:42,291 --> 00:25:46,754
challenge NASA to land on Marsin a deadline that may seem impossible.
486
00:25:46,837 --> 00:25:50,215
Because I feel like
few things motivate humans.
487
00:25:50,299 --> 00:25:54,011
I mean the Soviets motivated us,
but that was out of fear.
488
00:25:55,512 --> 00:25:57,598
I swear, if ours doesn't work
489
00:25:57,681 --> 00:25:59,391
-I'm crying!
-Oh crap, dude!
490
00:25:59,475 --> 00:26:02,394
Ours looks all bent up and everything.
What is he doing?
491
00:26:02,478 --> 00:26:05,981
Dude, now look at it!
We're bent to the side now. Oh my god.
492
00:26:06,064 --> 00:26:08,567
-[camper] It's going to go that way.
-[camper]...two, one...
493
00:26:09,943 --> 00:26:11,195
[excited chatter]
494
00:26:11,278 --> 00:26:13,405
-Please, please deploy!
-Do it, do it, do it!
495
00:26:13,489 --> 00:26:15,449
[all] Yeah!
496
00:26:15,532 --> 00:26:16,658
[celebratory music]
497
00:26:16,742 --> 00:26:17,910
[cheering continues]
498
00:26:18,494 --> 00:26:20,954
[all] Rub the orange!
Rub the orange! Rub the orange!
499
00:26:21,038 --> 00:26:22,289
[all laughing and cheering]
500
00:26:23,999 --> 00:26:27,419
[Raj] I think we should go to Mars becausewe would learn so much along the way.
501
00:26:27,503 --> 00:26:29,713
Forget about actually stepping on Mars.
502
00:26:29,797 --> 00:26:32,925
I think the journey there
is far more important.
503
00:26:33,008 --> 00:26:36,094
We're checking the payload
to see if it's still intact.
504
00:26:36,178 --> 00:26:37,346
See any juice?
505
00:26:38,138 --> 00:26:39,181
[camper] Oooh...
506
00:26:40,390 --> 00:26:42,476
This chute idea might have saved us.
507
00:26:47,064 --> 00:26:47,981
It's cracked.
508
00:26:48,649 --> 00:26:52,778
No! I think we made it!
Oh my god, we made it!
509
00:26:52,861 --> 00:26:54,279
[all celebrate] Whoa!
510
00:26:54,988 --> 00:26:55,823
Yes!
511
00:26:56,782 --> 00:26:57,825
[laughter]
512
00:26:58,200 --> 00:27:00,661
[Raj] Wow, that was so ratchet.
513
00:27:04,498 --> 00:27:08,210
[Eugene Cernan] Bob, this is Geneand I'm on the surface.
514
00:27:08,293 --> 00:27:10,796
[breathless]
515
00:27:10,879 --> 00:27:15,008
I'd like to just say,what I believe history will record:
516
00:27:15,968 --> 00:27:20,806
that America's challenge of today
517
00:27:20,889 --> 00:27:24,059
has forged man's destiny of tomorrow.
518
00:27:24,142 --> 00:27:28,021
As soon as the first landing on the Moon
seemed inevitable,
519
00:27:28,105 --> 00:27:29,982
and certainly after it happened,
520
00:27:30,065 --> 00:27:33,277
every single story
written about that success
521
00:27:33,360 --> 00:27:37,155
included a secondary story
that said "So, what's next?"
522
00:27:37,865 --> 00:27:41,869
[Cernan] And as we leave the Moonat Taurus-Littrow,
523
00:27:42,578 --> 00:27:44,204
we leave as we came
524
00:27:45,038 --> 00:27:47,249
and, God willing, as we shall return:
525
00:27:49,334 --> 00:27:54,381
with peace and hope for all mankind.
526
00:27:54,464 --> 00:27:56,925
God speed the crew of Apollo 17.
527
00:27:58,176 --> 00:28:03,223
[Jacobsen] In that moment, von Braun reveals his true ambition as a scientist.
528
00:28:03,307 --> 00:28:05,601
This is a great moment.We've gotten to the Moon.
529
00:28:05,684 --> 00:28:09,771
But actually it's a stepping stone
to the red planet, to Mars.
530
00:28:11,690 --> 00:28:14,026
[Kluger] Wernher von Brauntalked about a Mars mission
531
00:28:14,109 --> 00:28:19,281
and he talked about a possible presence,permanent presence, on Mars by 1981.
532
00:28:20,449 --> 00:28:23,035
That sounds insanely ambitious:
533
00:28:23,118 --> 00:28:26,747
11 years to have a permanent presenceon two planets.
534
00:28:26,830 --> 00:28:30,208
But the fact is,it was equally hubristic to say
535
00:28:30,292 --> 00:28:33,253
"And we're gonna put
a man on the Moon by 1969."
536
00:28:33,337 --> 00:28:34,922
Except we did it.
537
00:28:35,005 --> 00:28:41,094
So everything we were talking about doingin extremely short order, by 1981,
538
00:28:41,178 --> 00:28:42,554
getting people on Mars,
539
00:28:42,638 --> 00:28:46,808
was actually perfectly consistentwith the extremely short order work
540
00:28:46,892 --> 00:28:48,727
we had done to get to the Moon.
541
00:28:49,978 --> 00:28:52,606
[Jacobsen] The plan to go to Marswas complicated in the '60s
542
00:28:52,689 --> 00:28:56,860
because the way von Braun saw it,
this was gonna be a symbol of the future.
543
00:28:56,944 --> 00:29:00,322
But the way the public interpreted it
was entirely different.
544
00:29:00,405 --> 00:29:05,661
Now, of course, there are many other
things competing for public interest.
545
00:29:05,744 --> 00:29:11,792
There is an election coming up,and there is a war going on in Vietnam,
546
00:29:11,875 --> 00:29:14,461
and there are problems in the cities.
547
00:29:14,544 --> 00:29:19,132
And quite a few people seem to believe
548
00:29:19,216 --> 00:29:23,011
that we are taking money awayfrom the public purse.
549
00:29:23,095 --> 00:29:27,849
We prefer to see our space program
in a somewhat different light.
550
00:29:27,933 --> 00:29:30,602
We believe that
we are actually producing values,
551
00:29:30,686 --> 00:29:32,020
and we are producing values
552
00:29:32,104 --> 00:29:36,525
at a faster rate than we are
taking money out of the treasury.
553
00:29:36,608 --> 00:29:40,946
[Kluger] Nixon had a choiceto continue the program to go on to Mars.
554
00:29:41,029 --> 00:29:44,992
The infrastructurefor planetary exploration was in place.
555
00:29:45,075 --> 00:29:48,745
The NASA personnel infrastructure
that had gotten us to the Moon
556
00:29:48,829 --> 00:29:50,956
was prepared to get us to Mars.
557
00:29:51,039 --> 00:29:55,627
Mr. Speaker,
the President of the United States!
558
00:29:55,711 --> 00:29:57,170
[applause]
559
00:30:00,966 --> 00:30:02,634
[Nye] I gotta tell you, everybody,
560
00:30:02,718 --> 00:30:07,014
this longing for the Apollo erais not well advised.
561
00:30:07,097 --> 00:30:08,140
It's not coming back.
562
00:30:08,223 --> 00:30:10,767
We're operating now
not under the Kennedy doctrine,
563
00:30:10,851 --> 00:30:12,352
but under the Nixon doctrine.
564
00:30:13,103 --> 00:30:16,690
In reaching the Moon,
we demonstrated
565
00:30:16,773 --> 00:30:20,944
what miracles American technology
is capable of achieving.
566
00:30:21,945 --> 00:30:24,614
And now the time has come
to move more deliberately
567
00:30:24,698 --> 00:30:28,201
toward making full use of that technology
here on Earth.
568
00:30:28,285 --> 00:30:29,453
[applause]
569
00:30:34,166 --> 00:30:35,751
[Nye] President Nixon and his advisors
570
00:30:35,834 --> 00:30:39,963
felt that U.S. public interestin space exploration had waned.
571
00:30:40,047 --> 00:30:43,050
It was a very expensive undertaking.Let's do something else.
572
00:30:43,133 --> 00:30:44,760
[theme tune plays]
573
00:30:49,014 --> 00:30:53,810
[newscaster] Sunday, April 12, 1981.Kennedy Space Center, Florida.
574
00:30:55,645 --> 00:30:56,646
The Space Shuttle.
575
00:30:57,647 --> 00:31:03,445
Fourteen stories high, 2,000 tons,poised on the pad for its maiden flight.
576
00:31:03,528 --> 00:31:08,950
[Kluger] Nixon's goal was to contractAmerica's space footprint.
577
00:31:09,034 --> 00:31:13,830
To make getting to and from orbitroutine, affordable,
578
00:31:13,914 --> 00:31:15,248
and ultimately profitable.
579
00:31:15,332 --> 00:31:16,917
But the Nixon doctrine,
580
00:31:17,000 --> 00:31:22,130
the idea of monetizing
and simplifying access to orbit,
581
00:31:22,214 --> 00:31:23,382
did not work.
582
00:31:23,465 --> 00:31:27,928
[mission control] ...two, one,starting motor ignition and liftoff!
583
00:31:28,011 --> 00:31:29,513
Liftoff of Columbia!
584
00:31:29,596 --> 00:31:31,640
The shuttle has cleared the tower.
585
00:31:31,723 --> 00:31:33,725
Columbia, you're negative seats.
586
00:31:35,394 --> 00:31:36,561
And liftoff.
587
00:31:36,645 --> 00:31:40,941
Liftoff of the orbiter Challenger andthe sixth flight of the Space Shuttle.
588
00:31:41,650 --> 00:31:45,695
[Kluger] What's been happening at NASAhas been a very long term drift
589
00:31:45,779 --> 00:31:48,073
in terms of the manned space program.
590
00:31:48,156 --> 00:31:49,491
After we went to the Moon,
591
00:31:49,574 --> 00:31:54,371
it was the carousel of shuttle flights
around the Earth for 30-some years.
592
00:31:54,454 --> 00:31:55,580
That was it.
593
00:31:56,248 --> 00:31:58,083
[mission control]
We have ignition and liftoff
594
00:31:58,166 --> 00:32:01,878
of Atlantis and the Galileo spacecraftbound for Jupiter.
595
00:32:01,962 --> 00:32:03,588
[CAPCOM] Roger roll, Atlantis.
596
00:32:05,549 --> 00:32:08,468
[Dr. Kaku] The Space Shuttlecan't reach deep space.
597
00:32:08,552 --> 00:32:13,390
The Space Shuttle was only designedto go whizzing around the planet Earth.
598
00:32:13,473 --> 00:32:17,436
And so we began to realizethat NASA lost its way.
599
00:32:17,519 --> 00:32:19,938
And liftoff of Space Shuttle Discovery
600
00:32:20,021 --> 00:32:24,192
to complete NASA's constellationof tracking stations in the sky.
601
00:32:24,276 --> 00:32:26,903
[Raj] I understand thingsare being done by NASA right now.
602
00:32:26,987 --> 00:32:28,697
But I feel like after the '60s,
603
00:32:28,780 --> 00:32:32,701
the acceleration of the program
just declined to a sad point.
604
00:32:32,784 --> 00:32:35,078
[mission control] And liftoffof the Space Shuttle Endeavour.
605
00:32:35,162 --> 00:32:36,872
[CAPCOM] Roger roll, Endeavour.
606
00:32:36,955 --> 00:32:39,541
[deGrasse Tyson] We are no longeradvancing a space frontier.
607
00:32:39,624 --> 00:32:43,003
A space frontier is:
how far have you gone lately?
608
00:32:43,086 --> 00:32:44,838
Where are our farthest astronauts?
609
00:32:44,921 --> 00:32:49,176
They're 250 miles above our head,driving around the block,
610
00:32:49,259 --> 00:32:51,428
boldly goingwhere hundreds have gone before.
611
00:32:51,511 --> 00:32:53,305
That is not advancing space frontiers.
612
00:32:57,267 --> 00:33:00,729
[Urban] Low Earth orbit is about putting stuff in space to look back down on Earth.
613
00:33:00,812 --> 00:33:03,190
It's about support for Earth industries.
614
00:33:03,273 --> 00:33:06,568
The Space Shuttle
sounds like this big exciting thing.
615
00:33:06,651 --> 00:33:08,028
The Space Shuttle! We're exploring!
616
00:33:08,111 --> 00:33:11,364
But actually what the Space Shuttle was
was kind of a cargo delivery vehicle.
617
00:33:11,448 --> 00:33:15,285
It would bring astronauts and equipment,back and forth from low Earth orbit.
618
00:33:24,461 --> 00:33:27,172
[Kluger] The Shuttle drainedNASA's resources.
619
00:33:27,255 --> 00:33:33,970
It was a financial sinkhole, essentially,
from 1975 up through 2011.
620
00:33:35,222 --> 00:33:39,267
Any dreams of going to Mars
during the Shuttle era were impossible
621
00:33:39,351 --> 00:33:42,395
because all of the moneywas going to the Shuttle.
622
00:33:56,993 --> 00:34:01,122
[Josh] NASA is kind of at a holdup.We haven't gone places.
623
00:34:01,206 --> 00:34:02,499
So don't go to space.
624
00:34:02,582 --> 00:34:06,378
But what you can send to Mars
are non-humans and non-living things,
625
00:34:06,461 --> 00:34:07,295
like robots.
626
00:34:08,380 --> 00:34:10,382
[instructor] Before you leave this table,
627
00:34:10,465 --> 00:34:13,718
I need you to figure out what
your robot's primary task is going to be.
628
00:34:13,802 --> 00:34:15,345
You can't just send all of them in there
629
00:34:15,428 --> 00:34:17,430
and have all four of them
try and do the same task.
630
00:34:17,514 --> 00:34:19,057
That's not going to be productive.
631
00:34:19,140 --> 00:34:21,893
[Aurora] All right, guys,
we got everything up here, so...
632
00:34:21,977 --> 00:34:23,228
Is that everything?
633
00:34:23,311 --> 00:34:25,647
-[Aurora] Yes, it is.
-Can we get a picture?
634
00:34:26,815 --> 00:34:28,191
[Jace] We do robotics at Space Camp
635
00:34:28,275 --> 00:34:32,237
because robotics is
a huge part of the space program.
636
00:34:32,320 --> 00:34:34,698
Exploration done today
isn't done by humans.
637
00:34:34,781 --> 00:34:36,157
It's done by robots.
638
00:34:40,704 --> 00:34:43,748
[Kluger] NASA's unmannedexploration of the solar system
639
00:34:43,832 --> 00:34:48,211
is the great unappreciated crown jewel
of the space agency.
640
00:34:48,295 --> 00:34:51,214
[newscaster] It began here atthe Kennedy Space Center, Florida.
641
00:34:51,298 --> 00:34:55,260
Viking 1 and Viking 2 were readiedfor their separate journeys to Mars.
642
00:34:55,844 --> 00:34:59,347
[Patrick] A robot is importantfor forerunner exploration,
643
00:34:59,431 --> 00:35:01,349
where we send a robot first.
644
00:35:01,433 --> 00:35:03,893
It lets us know
it's OK for us to go there.
645
00:35:03,977 --> 00:35:07,022
The planet Mars right now
is entirely populated by robots,
646
00:35:07,105 --> 00:35:09,357
which is an interesting thing
to think about.
647
00:35:17,824 --> 00:35:20,285
[Bobak Ferdowsi] Curiosity's designedspecifically to look at
648
00:35:20,368 --> 00:35:22,996
past habitabilityand present habitability of Mars.
649
00:35:23,872 --> 00:35:29,210
That's really taking the step of where
we understood there was once water on Mars
650
00:35:29,294 --> 00:35:32,964
to whether that water
could have supported life on Mars,
651
00:35:33,048 --> 00:35:35,800
or maybe even still support life on Mars.
652
00:35:35,884 --> 00:35:40,138
[mission control]
And liftoff of the Atlas 5 with Curiosity,
653
00:35:40,221 --> 00:35:44,434
seeking clues to the planetary puzzleabout life on Mars.
654
00:35:44,517 --> 00:35:46,478
[Ferdowsi] The thing that makesMars so incredible
655
00:35:46,561 --> 00:35:48,605
is that it's this sister planet of ours,
656
00:35:48,688 --> 00:35:52,776
and the possibility that life could have
arisen there some time in the past,
657
00:35:52,859 --> 00:35:57,572
that maybe life is more prevalent
than we thought in the past.
658
00:35:58,073 --> 00:35:59,658
[mission control] At 10.13 local time
659
00:35:59,741 --> 00:36:02,035
we'll initiatethe descent stage thermal batteries,
660
00:36:02,118 --> 00:36:04,579
and from that point on
EDL ops will take over.
661
00:36:04,663 --> 00:36:06,748
[Ferdowsi] I'm a little partialto the Curiosity rover.
662
00:36:06,831 --> 00:36:08,625
[mission control]
We're down to 90 meters per second
663
00:36:08,708 --> 00:36:11,211
at an altitude of 6.5 kilometersand descending.
664
00:36:11,294 --> 00:36:13,421
I worked on that mission
for almost 10 years.
665
00:36:14,923 --> 00:36:16,216
[mission control] UHF is good.
666
00:36:17,926 --> 00:36:19,719
Touchdown confirmed.We're safe on Mars!
667
00:36:19,803 --> 00:36:21,304
[cheering]
668
00:36:21,388 --> 00:36:22,806
[mission control whoops via radio]
669
00:36:24,224 --> 00:36:26,226
[Ferdowsi] I think the longer you spendworking on them,
670
00:36:26,309 --> 00:36:27,769
the more attached you are to them.
671
00:36:27,852 --> 00:36:29,354
They become kind of like kids.
672
00:36:29,437 --> 00:36:33,858
We are going to need a button pusher.
673
00:36:33,942 --> 00:36:35,193
-I can do that.
-Jace!
674
00:36:35,276 --> 00:36:39,197
Jace, just a heads up,
that's priority numero uno!
675
00:36:39,280 --> 00:36:42,909
Jace is a good programmer.
We can't afford not to--
676
00:36:42,992 --> 00:36:45,286
-Jace, are you programming right now?
-Yes.
677
00:36:45,370 --> 00:36:47,372
[Jace]
With these robots, you have to learn
678
00:36:47,455 --> 00:36:51,501
how to program them to work
without a human being at the controls.
679
00:36:51,584 --> 00:36:53,753
Can Bucky hold
one side of the yellow doors?
680
00:36:53,837 --> 00:36:56,256
Which side do you want?
I can program for both.
681
00:36:56,965 --> 00:37:02,303
Jace is so good at programming.
He just went right to it!
682
00:37:02,387 --> 00:37:06,307
He's got a ton of patience
when it comes to testing that robot.
683
00:37:06,391 --> 00:37:08,059
A lot of times in retrieval,
684
00:37:08,143 --> 00:37:10,186
the things are
in a very specific place every time.
685
00:37:10,270 --> 00:37:14,399
So we can make a rough program,
go out, figure out what happened wrong...
686
00:37:16,234 --> 00:37:19,112
...then just make it more and moreand more and more precise
687
00:37:19,195 --> 00:37:21,948
so we can perfectly execute thatwhen the mission comes.
688
00:37:22,031 --> 00:37:22,991
Activate COMS.
689
00:37:23,074 --> 00:37:25,201
Right now I'm learninghow to code in Python.
690
00:37:25,285 --> 00:37:29,664
I'm new to it. I'll admit,
I can't make something really complicated.
691
00:37:29,748 --> 00:37:32,834
I can make a game of Pong work!That's about it.
692
00:37:32,917 --> 00:37:34,085
But I'm learning.
693
00:37:34,544 --> 00:37:38,214
A little nervous. It should work.
I programmed it for a long time.
694
00:37:50,602 --> 00:37:52,645
[Ferdowsi] With Curiosity,what was amazing
695
00:37:52,729 --> 00:37:58,193
was that the first drill hole we drilled
we found evidence of past water on Mars
696
00:37:58,276 --> 00:38:01,070
and that that water
was kind of relatively fresh
697
00:38:01,154 --> 00:38:05,033
and could have supported certain types
of life as we know them on Earth.
698
00:38:05,116 --> 00:38:09,287
The next questions are reallyof whether life could exist on Mars.
699
00:38:09,370 --> 00:38:12,540
Future missions can goand actually look for evidence of life.
700
00:38:12,624 --> 00:38:14,918
And maybe the best way to do that
is with humans,
701
00:38:15,001 --> 00:38:17,796
where they can bring samples back,
like the Apollo missions did.
702
00:38:21,591 --> 00:38:26,304
[Kluger] When we put a robot on Marsand we give it a name called "Curiosity",
703
00:38:26,387 --> 00:38:29,098
and we have it send down automatic Tweets,
704
00:38:29,182 --> 00:38:33,353
and we love it and we call it names
like "plucky" and "tough".
705
00:38:33,436 --> 00:38:34,479
[Raj] We're on the ground.
706
00:38:34,562 --> 00:38:36,731
Just don't move yet!
We gotta wait for Jace.
707
00:38:37,482 --> 00:38:41,820
[all] Five, four, three, two, one!
708
00:38:41,903 --> 00:38:42,737
[instructor] Begin!
709
00:38:42,821 --> 00:38:44,364
[general chatter]
710
00:38:47,951 --> 00:38:51,830
[Kluger] We humanize robotsbecause it's the next best thing.
711
00:38:51,913 --> 00:38:55,250
But in the case of explorerson other planets,
712
00:38:55,333 --> 00:38:58,419
humanizing, anthropomorphizingour machines
713
00:38:58,503 --> 00:39:01,756
are because we don't have
real people to get there.
714
00:39:03,341 --> 00:39:04,759
[cries of disappointment]
715
00:39:05,844 --> 00:39:08,179
[Raj] All right, lost a wheel.
716
00:39:09,222 --> 00:39:10,598
[Ferdowsi] Humans can do in a day
717
00:39:10,682 --> 00:39:14,060
what it takes a robot monthsor sometimes years to accomplish.
718
00:39:14,143 --> 00:39:16,855
Curiosity's been on the surfacefor a little more than three years now,
719
00:39:16,938 --> 00:39:18,940
and we guess that a human could do that
within a week.
720
00:39:19,023 --> 00:39:21,484
All the science that we've done
so far in that three years,
721
00:39:21,568 --> 00:39:25,029
a human could walk around, chisel rocks,
look at them, investigate them.
722
00:39:25,113 --> 00:39:28,950
Don't move that. Don't move that.
Patrick, don't move it!
723
00:39:29,033 --> 00:39:30,660
Patrick, don't move it!
724
00:39:30,743 --> 00:39:31,578
I can get it.
725
00:39:31,661 --> 00:39:35,790
Just kind of disappointed that our botdidn't function how we wanted it to.
726
00:39:35,874 --> 00:39:38,793
It was only able to completetwo or three tasks,
727
00:39:38,877 --> 00:39:42,005
rather than the about sixthat we had planned for.
728
00:39:42,088 --> 00:39:42,964
[camper] Oh no!
729
00:39:43,047 --> 00:39:44,674
[laughter]
730
00:39:44,757 --> 00:39:46,175
[camper] It's broken. Oh no!
731
00:39:47,468 --> 00:39:49,929
[deGrasse Tyson] I've yet to seea ticker tape parade for robots.
732
00:39:50,013 --> 00:39:51,764
Or a high school named after a robot.
733
00:39:51,848 --> 00:39:56,311
So, there's the vicarious value
that one of us experiences that
734
00:39:56,394 --> 00:39:57,854
and comes back to talk about it.
735
00:39:57,937 --> 00:39:59,647
You can touch that person.
736
00:39:59,731 --> 00:40:03,902
And that person carried outthe dreams of a civilization.
737
00:40:05,153 --> 00:40:08,239
-[camper] No!
-[Raj] Yo, man. Just keep going!
738
00:40:08,323 --> 00:40:12,243
-[camper] Ten seconds!
-[instructor] Nine, eight, seven, six...
739
00:40:12,327 --> 00:40:17,665
[all] ...five, four, three, two, one...
740
00:40:17,749 --> 00:40:19,792
-Zero!
-[instructor] Stop all your robots!
741
00:40:19,876 --> 00:40:21,002
[Jace] Programming error.
742
00:40:21,085 --> 00:40:24,797
Bot didn't function properlyas how it was intended to.
743
00:40:24,881 --> 00:40:29,636
It didn't performas it did during testing.
744
00:40:31,179 --> 00:40:35,850
It was really kind of down to me,
and I kind of failed at the last second.
745
00:40:46,527 --> 00:40:50,156
[Josh] The best thing about Marsand why everybody wants to go to Mars
746
00:40:50,239 --> 00:40:51,991
is because we have rovers there.
747
00:40:52,075 --> 00:40:54,243
We have machines, examples,
748
00:40:54,327 --> 00:40:59,165
everything from it that says,
"Hey come, come to Mars, come to Mars."
749
00:40:59,248 --> 00:41:00,291
[general chatter]
750
00:41:02,168 --> 00:41:03,670
[camper] Can this be one of our layers?
751
00:41:03,753 --> 00:41:06,422
[instructor] Yeah! You can use that
as one of your layers!
752
00:41:06,506 --> 00:41:08,758
[Josh] OK, we're naming it
Neil Applestrong.
753
00:41:10,510 --> 00:41:15,223
Applenaut training, so that's where
we have an astronaut that's a green apple
754
00:41:15,306 --> 00:41:16,724
and we make a space suit for it.
755
00:41:16,808 --> 00:41:18,977
[Jace] A really good wayto look at a space suit
756
00:41:19,060 --> 00:41:22,897
is it has to keep you alive
with oxygen and pressure.
757
00:41:22,981 --> 00:41:24,273
So a one-minute test.
758
00:41:24,357 --> 00:41:26,693
When it comes out
you're gonna blot it dry.
759
00:41:26,776 --> 00:41:28,403
We'll walk over to the hot box.
760
00:41:28,987 --> 00:41:30,989
Go. Down, down, down.
761
00:41:31,572 --> 00:41:33,366
When it comes to space, I know a lot.
762
00:41:34,575 --> 00:41:36,077
[instructor] Stop! Hold them up.
763
00:41:36,911 --> 00:41:38,121
Oh, no!
764
00:41:39,539 --> 00:41:40,498
This is unfortunate.
765
00:41:40,581 --> 00:41:42,333
-What?
-[Jace] I think there's water inside.
766
00:41:42,417 --> 00:41:46,921
[Josh] People living in space for a year now, that's huge for me. I love it.
767
00:41:47,005 --> 00:41:51,342
And it's like, whoa! I want to
live in space for five years now!
768
00:41:54,095 --> 00:41:55,888
[Abby] To apply to become an astronaut,
769
00:41:55,972 --> 00:41:58,516
all you have to dois go to the NASA website
770
00:41:58,599 --> 00:42:02,562
and you'll find a PDF that you can
download, fill out, send back in.
771
00:42:02,645 --> 00:42:05,064
The basic requirements to be an astronaut
772
00:42:05,148 --> 00:42:08,192
are not actually
that difficult to achieve.
773
00:42:08,276 --> 00:42:13,865
You need to have a four-year degreein a related field of STEM:
774
00:42:13,948 --> 00:42:16,492
Science, Technology,Engineering, and Math.
775
00:42:16,576 --> 00:42:19,245
You need to have thingssuch as general good health,
776
00:42:19,328 --> 00:42:22,665
reasonably good eyesight,hearing, those types of things.
777
00:42:23,249 --> 00:42:26,294
But it's when you look at
the requirements that aren't stated
778
00:42:26,377 --> 00:42:28,129
that things become more difficult.
779
00:42:29,756 --> 00:42:32,383
[Dr. Bob Behnken]
The original group of seven folks,
780
00:42:32,467 --> 00:42:34,969
they were all military background
when they came into the office.
781
00:42:35,053 --> 00:42:37,764
But of course the missionof actually going on to Mars
782
00:42:37,847 --> 00:42:39,891
really requiresa wide range of experiences,
783
00:42:39,974 --> 00:42:43,102
and so that includes medical doctors,it includes scientists,
784
00:42:43,186 --> 00:42:44,812
pretty much everything under the sun.
785
00:42:45,396 --> 00:42:47,648
I think I get smarter as I get older!
786
00:42:47,732 --> 00:42:49,734
My time here as an astronaut
787
00:42:49,817 --> 00:42:52,070
and my ability
to have gone to space two times
788
00:42:52,153 --> 00:42:54,447
has helped taken some baby steps
789
00:42:54,530 --> 00:42:57,742
to take that next generationof space explorers even further.
790
00:42:59,994 --> 00:43:01,579
[Dr. Thomas]
I'm way too old to go to Mars.
791
00:43:01,662 --> 00:43:05,333
25, 30 years from now,
I'm gonna be 85, 90 years-old.
792
00:43:05,416 --> 00:43:07,543
No way is NASA sending me to Mars.
793
00:43:09,629 --> 00:43:12,632
[Dr. Kaku] The Mars Generation,is the generation of today.
794
00:43:12,715 --> 00:43:16,928
It's in their DNA to become
the astronauts, to explore the red planet.
795
00:43:17,011 --> 00:43:20,139
[Abby] Ever since I was a little kid,I've wanted to be an astronaut.
796
00:43:20,223 --> 00:43:24,769
Going to Mars is definitely something thatwould help NASA to draw public interest
797
00:43:24,852 --> 00:43:27,313
and to reignite
that fire we have for space travel.
798
00:43:28,022 --> 00:43:30,358
[Ian] We were bornat exactly the right time.
799
00:43:30,441 --> 00:43:33,903
We will be in our early 30s around thetime we are predicted to set foot on Mars.
800
00:43:33,986 --> 00:43:37,240
And Neil Armstrong was only 38
when he set foot on the Moon.
801
00:43:37,824 --> 00:43:40,660
[Alyssa] The age you should reallystart focusing more
802
00:43:40,743 --> 00:43:43,538
and becoming really seriousabout becoming an astronaut
803
00:43:43,621 --> 00:43:46,415
is for me,
would probably be now,
804
00:43:46,499 --> 00:43:47,625
so around 14.
805
00:43:47,708 --> 00:43:49,502
Mainly because I'm starting to get
806
00:43:49,585 --> 00:43:52,171
those certifications that I'll needin the future,
807
00:43:52,255 --> 00:43:54,966
such as SCUBA diving certification,pilot's license
808
00:43:55,049 --> 00:43:56,717
and sky diving certification.
809
00:43:58,010 --> 00:44:02,390
[Rachel] When I got into space heavily,I was probably about 13.
810
00:44:02,473 --> 00:44:05,017
If I had the chance to go to Mars,
I would absolutely take it.
811
00:44:05,101 --> 00:44:06,769
Like, I wouldn't even think about it.
812
00:44:07,395 --> 00:44:10,064
[Zoe] I love space. I want to bean astronaut one day.
813
00:44:10,148 --> 00:44:13,401
If I died on Mars,
it would be sad, obviously.
814
00:44:13,484 --> 00:44:16,946
But at least I would have died
achieving my lifelong dream!
815
00:44:19,824 --> 00:44:21,951
[Kluger] It takesa certain kind of person.
816
00:44:22,034 --> 00:44:23,286
Most of us aren't those people.
817
00:44:23,369 --> 00:44:27,373
We are fortunate, we've always been
fortunate as a species,
818
00:44:27,456 --> 00:44:29,375
that there are people like that.
819
00:44:30,376 --> 00:44:33,546
[Dr. Kaku] We have to be honestwith the young generation of astronauts.
820
00:44:33,629 --> 00:44:36,007
And that is, yes, there are dangers,
821
00:44:36,090 --> 00:44:38,426
dangers that can be quantified,
822
00:44:38,509 --> 00:44:43,764
but nonetheless dangers that will involve
perhaps injury, perhaps even death.
823
00:44:45,516 --> 00:44:49,103
[instructor] All pilots learn how to
escape from a crashed helicopter.
824
00:44:49,187 --> 00:44:51,939
Because if you crash,
what's gonna come save you?
825
00:44:52,023 --> 00:44:53,274
A helicopter.
826
00:44:53,357 --> 00:44:56,861
What rescued the Apollo
and, before, astronauts out of the ocean?
827
00:44:56,944 --> 00:44:59,405
-[camper] A helicopter.
-[instructor] A helicopter.
828
00:45:00,656 --> 00:45:03,534
When you go in, you'll receive a number,
like you were told before:
829
00:45:03,618 --> 00:45:05,328
one, two, three, four, five, six.
830
00:45:05,411 --> 00:45:08,664
You will exit in the reverse order:
six, five, four, three, two, one.
831
00:45:08,748 --> 00:45:10,958
There's only one place that you will exit.
832
00:45:11,042 --> 00:45:14,962
[Jace] We do water survivalso that we can learn what to do
833
00:45:15,046 --> 00:45:17,131
if something goes horribly wrong.
834
00:45:17,214 --> 00:45:18,841
[instructor] We're going down!
835
00:45:26,223 --> 00:45:29,644
[Jace] If something happens and the hatch blows off of our spacecraft,
836
00:45:29,727 --> 00:45:30,937
it starts flooding,
837
00:45:31,020 --> 00:45:34,732
you have to learn how to get out
and get out fast.
838
00:45:37,985 --> 00:45:39,528
Thank you, Instructor!
839
00:45:40,363 --> 00:45:42,031
[Josh] If you're in a dangerous situation
840
00:45:42,114 --> 00:45:45,826
where you're inside of a metal cageand it starts filling up with water,
841
00:45:45,910 --> 00:45:48,788
you better know how to swimand you better know how to get out.
842
00:45:48,871 --> 00:45:50,957
Because you're gonna die.
Metal doesn't float.
843
00:45:51,040 --> 00:45:54,168
-[instructor] Everybody out!
-[Josh] Six out! Five, go!
844
00:45:55,878 --> 00:45:59,840
You have to rely on your team to swim outbefore it goes all the way under.
845
00:45:59,924 --> 00:46:02,635
And it's all aboutgetting people to work together.
846
00:46:02,718 --> 00:46:06,222
Because nobody cango to space alone on their own.
847
00:46:06,305 --> 00:46:09,350
Nobody has so far,
and I don't believe anybody will.
848
00:46:09,433 --> 00:46:12,061
-You all ready for this?
-[Raj] Yeah, I'm pumped.
849
00:46:13,688 --> 00:46:16,357
I would definitely be willing to die
to go to Mars.
850
00:46:22,071 --> 00:46:26,242
My life is worth all the things that the
human race as a whole gain from that.
851
00:46:43,300 --> 00:46:45,219
[Senator Bill Nelson]
When we went to the Moon,
852
00:46:45,302 --> 00:46:49,849
we lost three astronautsbefore we ever got off the ground
853
00:46:49,932 --> 00:46:53,019
in the Apollo 1 fire on the pad.
854
00:46:54,812 --> 00:46:58,482
[newscaster] It was all overin one stunned, horrifying second.
855
00:46:58,566 --> 00:47:00,860
An electrical spark apparently shot out
856
00:47:00,943 --> 00:47:04,655
and ignited the 100% oxygen in the cabinthat they were breathing,
857
00:47:04,739 --> 00:47:06,699
as in a real spaceflight.
858
00:47:06,782 --> 00:47:08,701
The crewmen never had a chance.
859
00:47:10,578 --> 00:47:12,705
[Senator Nelson]
Now we come into the Space Shuttle,
860
00:47:12,788 --> 00:47:14,707
and it's supposed to be routine.
861
00:47:15,666 --> 00:47:19,754
And it's supposed to be this low incident.
862
00:47:19,837 --> 00:47:24,925
Well, it almost happened to us
on the 24th flight.
863
00:47:25,009 --> 00:47:28,220
Four scrubs, any one of which,had we launched,
864
00:47:28,304 --> 00:47:30,347
it would have not been a good day.
865
00:47:31,223 --> 00:47:34,268
But then it happened to the 25th flight.
866
00:47:34,351 --> 00:47:38,731
[mission control]
Three, two, one, and liftoff.
867
00:47:39,356 --> 00:47:43,986
Liftoff of the 25th Space Shuttle missionand it has cleared the tower.
868
00:47:45,613 --> 00:47:48,741
[newscaster] So the 25th Space Shuttle mission is now on the way,
869
00:47:48,824 --> 00:47:52,203
after more delaysthan NASA cares to count.
870
00:47:52,286 --> 00:47:55,915
This morning it looked as thoughthey were not going to be able to get off.
871
00:47:57,541 --> 00:48:00,377
[mission control] 1 minute 15 seconds,
velocity 2,900 feet per second.
872
00:48:00,461 --> 00:48:03,798
Altitude 9 nautical miles,downrange just at 7 nautical miles.
873
00:48:25,778 --> 00:48:28,572
[Ronald Reagan] I want to say somethingto the school children of America
874
00:48:28,656 --> 00:48:31,575
who were watching the live coverageof the Shuttle's takeoff.
875
00:48:32,243 --> 00:48:33,869
I know it's hard to understand,
876
00:48:33,953 --> 00:48:36,622
but sometimespainful things like this happen.
877
00:48:37,248 --> 00:48:40,042
It's all part of the processof exploration and discovery.
878
00:48:41,168 --> 00:48:45,131
It's all part of taking a chance
and expanding man's horizons.
879
00:48:45,965 --> 00:48:48,384
The future doesn't belongto the fainthearted.
880
00:48:49,093 --> 00:48:50,386
It belongs to the brave.
881
00:48:59,019 --> 00:49:02,940
[newscaster] What we're seeing hereis very ominous indeed.
882
00:49:03,023 --> 00:49:10,030
These are pictures which tell the storythat is clearly the Shuttle breaking up.
883
00:49:10,114 --> 00:49:11,991
[Kluger] Somebody once asked me,
884
00:49:12,074 --> 00:49:16,954
"Is it possible to write an article
on three ways to make the Shuttle safer?"
885
00:49:17,037 --> 00:49:19,874
And my answer is
"Yes, I can write it right now.
886
00:49:19,957 --> 00:49:24,962
Don't fly Discovery,
don't fly Atlantis, don't fly Endeavour.
887
00:49:25,045 --> 00:49:26,338
Problem solved."
888
00:49:26,422 --> 00:49:27,256
But we flew.
889
00:49:27,339 --> 00:49:28,883
We lost no more people
890
00:49:28,966 --> 00:49:32,178
and the program ended insomething close to triumph.
891
00:49:32,261 --> 00:49:34,054
But 14 people died.
892
00:49:35,222 --> 00:49:37,850
[mission control]
All three engines up and working.
893
00:49:37,933 --> 00:49:41,478
Two, one, zero. And liftoff!
894
00:49:41,562 --> 00:49:43,814
The final liftoff of Atlantis.
895
00:49:43,898 --> 00:49:47,985
On the shoulders of the Space Shuttle.America will continue the dream.
896
00:49:49,737 --> 00:49:52,656
[Dr. Behnken] I really feel that it'sa part of each of our legacies
897
00:49:52,740 --> 00:49:55,826
to carry on that piece that those astronauts that we lost started.
898
00:49:55,910 --> 00:49:58,871
Their legacy isthat we can continue the journey.
899
00:49:58,954 --> 00:50:01,874
If we don't, we won't be able
to continue to evolve our presence
900
00:50:01,957 --> 00:50:04,043
in low Earth orbit and on to Mars.
901
00:50:04,126 --> 00:50:07,004
[mission control] The Space Shuttle spreads its wings one final time
902
00:50:07,087 --> 00:50:09,506
for the start of a sentimental journeyinto history.
903
00:50:10,424 --> 00:50:11,717
[Dr. Thomas] One of the big ideas
904
00:50:11,800 --> 00:50:15,804
for why to retire the Shuttle
became this idea of going to Mars.
905
00:50:15,888 --> 00:50:17,932
Let's leave low Earth orbit
906
00:50:18,015 --> 00:50:21,101
and let's start going out furtherto explore Mars.
907
00:50:21,185 --> 00:50:23,479
[astronaut] Hello!This is the International Space Station!
908
00:50:23,562 --> 00:50:25,814
Well this is President Obama.Who am I talking to?
909
00:50:26,649 --> 00:50:27,733
Hello, Mr. President!
910
00:50:27,816 --> 00:50:29,777
You're talking to the increment 28 crew
911
00:50:29,860 --> 00:50:31,946
and the crew
of the Space Shuttle Atlantis.
912
00:50:32,029 --> 00:50:35,282
[Obama] Well, this mission marks thefinal flight of the Space Shuttle program.
913
00:50:35,366 --> 00:50:41,413
It also ushers in an exciting new erato push the frontiers of space exploration
914
00:50:41,497 --> 00:50:46,001
and human space flight beyond Earth,and ultimately sending humans to Mars.
915
00:50:46,085 --> 00:50:48,879
One of the reasons
that the Space Shuttle had to be retired
916
00:50:48,963 --> 00:50:51,507
is that it was so expensive to operate
917
00:50:51,590 --> 00:50:55,469
that we couldn't afford to invest
in the development of its successor.
918
00:50:55,552 --> 00:50:57,388
That's why we've actually had a gap.
919
00:50:57,471 --> 00:51:00,266
[mission control] Having firedthe imagination of a generation,
920
00:51:00,349 --> 00:51:04,186
a ship like no other,its place in history secured,
921
00:51:04,270 --> 00:51:07,564
the Space Shuttle pulls into portfor the last time.
922
00:51:07,648 --> 00:51:10,776
[deGrasse Tyson] When the Gemini program ended, no one shed a tear
923
00:51:10,859 --> 00:51:14,822
because the mighty Saturn 5 rocket
was sitting in an adjacent launch pad
924
00:51:14,905 --> 00:51:18,492
ready to continue that mission,
and we knew that was going to the Moon.
925
00:51:18,575 --> 00:51:21,287
When people shed a tearfor the last Shuttle landing,
926
00:51:21,370 --> 00:51:24,999
I accuse them of shedding a tearnot because they'd miss the Shuttle,
927
00:51:25,082 --> 00:51:29,003
but because there was not a next spaceshipto continue this adventure
928
00:51:29,086 --> 00:51:32,256
that we could all then turn to and say,
"Mothball the Shuttle,
929
00:51:32,339 --> 00:51:34,800
we're going to the next suite
of launch vehicles."
930
00:51:34,883 --> 00:51:37,094
There was nothing there,
it was an empty launch pad.
931
00:51:40,973 --> 00:51:42,766
[Russian choral music]
932
00:51:42,850 --> 00:51:44,059
[cameras click]
933
00:51:49,815 --> 00:51:52,318
[deGrasse Tyson] I'm a little embarrassedthat to get into space
934
00:51:52,401 --> 00:51:54,653
we gotta hitch a ride with the Russians.
935
00:51:54,737 --> 00:51:58,907
We're not even hitching a ride,
we're buying the seats on the Soyuz vessel
936
00:51:58,991 --> 00:52:02,077
to get to and from the International
Space Station that we built.
937
00:52:02,161 --> 00:52:05,039
So it's a little embarrassing!
I'll be honest with you.
938
00:52:05,122 --> 00:52:07,750
[cheering applause]
939
00:52:10,544 --> 00:52:11,754
[Dr. Kaku] Who'd have thought
940
00:52:11,837 --> 00:52:14,631
that with all the intense rivalrywith the Russians to go to the Moon
941
00:52:14,715 --> 00:52:19,678
that we would be dependent upon
hitching a ride on the Soyuz spacecraft?
942
00:52:22,681 --> 00:52:26,352
Let's say there's a crisis that eruptssome place on the planet Earth
943
00:52:26,435 --> 00:52:30,272
and all of a sudden we're in this awkward
situation of being beholden to them
944
00:52:30,356 --> 00:52:32,066
for access to outer space.
945
00:52:32,149 --> 00:52:34,818
Perhaps that's not such a good policy.
946
00:52:38,781 --> 00:52:42,910
[Dr. John P. Holdren] It's been costly to buy seats on the Soyuz from the Russians.
947
00:52:42,993 --> 00:52:46,580
We don't like being absolutely dependent
on one other country
948
00:52:46,663 --> 00:52:50,793
for anything as important as being able
to get our astronauts into space.
949
00:52:52,544 --> 00:52:57,758
I think the idea that we have to pay
Russia $70 million
950
00:52:57,841 --> 00:53:02,679
to send astronauts, our astronauts,
American astronauts, to the ISS
951
00:53:02,763 --> 00:53:04,598
is absolutely ridiculous.
952
00:53:09,061 --> 00:53:11,980
[Senator Nelson] If you talk tothe average person on the street,
953
00:53:12,064 --> 00:53:14,108
they think the space program is over.
954
00:53:14,191 --> 00:53:17,236
They associate our space program
955
00:53:17,319 --> 00:53:21,865
with Americans flying on American rockets.
956
00:53:21,949 --> 00:53:26,245
Not flying on the Soyuz
that we fly on right now.
957
00:53:26,954 --> 00:53:28,247
[mission control] Liftoff.
958
00:53:28,330 --> 00:53:31,417
Liftoff of the Soyuz TMA-05M
959
00:53:31,500 --> 00:53:35,045
carrying Suni Williams,Yuri Malenchenko and Aki Hoshide
960
00:53:35,129 --> 00:53:37,923
on a two-day journeyto the International Space Station.
961
00:53:38,590 --> 00:53:41,510
[Kyle] The reason why we putthe International Space Station
962
00:53:41,593 --> 00:53:42,803
up there in the first place
963
00:53:42,886 --> 00:53:46,765
is so that we could start doinglong-term experiments
964
00:53:46,849 --> 00:53:51,103
on how a human
will be able to survive in space.
965
00:53:51,186 --> 00:53:54,106
Because the journey to Mars
is going to take a long time.
966
00:53:54,731 --> 00:53:55,858
You ready?
967
00:53:55,941 --> 00:53:57,276
-[camper] Yeah, go for it.-Set?
968
00:53:57,860 --> 00:54:02,156
-Go.
-Two, three, four...
969
00:54:02,573 --> 00:54:04,992
All right, so when an astronautgoes into space,
970
00:54:05,075 --> 00:54:07,411
their body has a hard time
adjusting to the fact
971
00:54:07,494 --> 00:54:10,289
that now everything in their stomach
is floating around.
972
00:54:10,372 --> 00:54:13,917
The fluid in their ears is floating around
and that's how we sense motion.
973
00:54:14,001 --> 00:54:17,546
...twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen.
974
00:54:17,629 --> 00:54:21,592
[Kyle] Your ears are telling youthat you're moving, you know,
975
00:54:21,675 --> 00:54:23,343
you're not standing still.
976
00:54:23,427 --> 00:54:27,639
But your eyes are telling you different,
and astronauts have gotten sick from this.
977
00:54:27,723 --> 00:54:32,144
[all] ...41, 42, 43, 44, 45.
978
00:54:35,772 --> 00:54:36,940
Take off the blindfold.
979
00:54:37,566 --> 00:54:38,484
What?
980
00:54:38,567 --> 00:54:39,985
[laughter]
981
00:54:40,068 --> 00:54:40,903
Dude.
982
00:54:42,446 --> 00:54:43,530
[laughs]
983
00:54:43,614 --> 00:54:46,408
-[Kyle] You feel super disoriented, right?
-I'm still spinning!
984
00:54:51,455 --> 00:54:55,083
[Alyssa] Space, in general,is a very dangerous place to go.
985
00:54:55,167 --> 00:54:59,630
Space wasn't really meant
for humans to kind of be in.
986
00:54:59,713 --> 00:55:01,215
Hello! I'm Suni Williams.
987
00:55:01,298 --> 00:55:03,759
I'm up hereon the International Space Station.
988
00:55:03,842 --> 00:55:05,761
All right, come on back.
There's more to show you.
989
00:55:09,348 --> 00:55:11,016
One of the things we do is we exercise.
990
00:55:11,099 --> 00:55:14,603
We have some exercise equipment
onboard the Space Station.
991
00:55:14,686 --> 00:55:17,606
[Dr. Thomas] A lot of our research up on the International Space Station right now
992
00:55:17,689 --> 00:55:21,401
is looking at ways to minimizemuscle loss, to minimize bone loss,
993
00:55:21,485 --> 00:55:24,905
to minimize the effectsof radiation on the astronauts.
994
00:55:24,988 --> 00:55:26,490
And why do we do this today?
995
00:55:26,573 --> 00:55:29,535
It's all in regard to
these future missions going to Mars.
996
00:55:29,618 --> 00:55:32,120
[Suni Williams] You might have noticeda little moon on the outside.
997
00:55:32,204 --> 00:55:37,084
This is our orbital outhouse right here.
It serves for two functions.
998
00:55:37,167 --> 00:55:41,255
And, of course, you do have your privacy.
There's a little door.
999
00:55:41,713 --> 00:55:46,260
One of the really important things about
living and working in space long term
1000
00:55:46,343 --> 00:55:50,264
is to learn how to recycle
all the things you need,
1001
00:55:50,347 --> 00:55:52,641
rather than bring them up
from the Earth.
1002
00:55:52,724 --> 00:55:56,520
[Marisa] Some of the obstacles thatwe face heading to Mars is we need water.
1003
00:55:56,603 --> 00:55:58,063
Water is a major resource.
1004
00:55:58,146 --> 00:56:00,107
Right now, we're working
with the ECLSS system
1005
00:56:00,190 --> 00:56:03,193
where we can turn
our own urine into water.
1006
00:56:03,277 --> 00:56:07,239
-[camper] Oh, lost volume, OK I got you.
-[camper] We lost like a few milligrams.
1007
00:56:07,322 --> 00:56:08,949
[general chatter]
1008
00:56:09,032 --> 00:56:12,494
The thing is, if we were to use the cotton
we would lose so much.
1009
00:56:12,578 --> 00:56:16,206
[Zoe] ECLSS is the EnvironmentalControl and Life Support System.
1010
00:56:16,290 --> 00:56:19,209
It is the way that astronauts breathe
1011
00:56:19,293 --> 00:56:22,045
and it purifies the water
on the ISS for them.
1012
00:56:23,046 --> 00:56:25,632
It's still at 100.
Where's ammonia?
1013
00:56:26,133 --> 00:56:28,385
-Somewhere.
-Yeah, ammo chips.
1014
00:56:28,468 --> 00:56:32,514
Mars is the next placethat we should explore,
1015
00:56:32,598 --> 00:56:36,685
because we've already been to the Moon
and Mars just seems like the next step.
1016
00:56:36,768 --> 00:56:39,855
I want to test the pasta cause
it could absorb some of the color.
1017
00:56:39,938 --> 00:56:41,273
[camper] That's what I'm thinking.
1018
00:56:41,356 --> 00:56:42,983
[Zoe] Mars has so many cool things.
1019
00:56:43,066 --> 00:56:47,446
Like it has water and the possibility
of old extraterrestrial life
1020
00:56:47,529 --> 00:56:49,698
that doesn't exist there anymore.
1021
00:56:49,781 --> 00:56:54,286
So it would be great to see if we could
find some answers to all of that.
1022
00:56:54,369 --> 00:56:59,249
-I think maybe gravel and then charcoal.
-And then ammonia and then sand.
1023
00:57:00,167 --> 00:57:02,336
Oh look at, look at
the color in this itself.
1024
00:57:02,419 --> 00:57:04,671
It doesn't actually retain
any of the water.
1025
00:57:06,506 --> 00:57:09,885
Right now we're filtering water.
So we have this terrible mix of water.
1026
00:57:09,968 --> 00:57:11,219
It's got like a pH of three.
1027
00:57:11,303 --> 00:57:13,388
It's not even water.
It's just like poison.
1028
00:57:13,472 --> 00:57:17,392
They hinted that we are going totake this water, make our own filters,
1029
00:57:17,476 --> 00:57:18,602
and then drink it,
1030
00:57:18,685 --> 00:57:21,605
and hopefullyit's not terrible and kills us.
1031
00:57:21,688 --> 00:57:24,566
That'd be very much appreciated
if we don't die from it.
1032
00:57:24,650 --> 00:57:28,195
Water used to be delivered
in water-filled bags like this one.
1033
00:57:28,278 --> 00:57:33,867
But since 2010, we got a system onboardthat can purify the water real time.
1034
00:57:33,951 --> 00:57:36,286
We have filtersand a keg-size distiller
1035
00:57:36,370 --> 00:57:40,791
that, with it, we can recycle about6,000 liters of extra water each year.
1036
00:57:40,874 --> 00:57:42,960
[Raj] Right now,
we're holding acidic water.
1037
00:57:43,043 --> 00:57:45,420
And our hopes are
that lima beans are basic
1038
00:57:45,504 --> 00:57:49,216
and will counteract
the acidity in this disgusting mess.
1039
00:57:49,299 --> 00:57:51,843
We're running it through
the lima beans three times,
1040
00:57:51,927 --> 00:57:54,221
and then we're gonna
test the pH afterwards.
1041
00:57:54,304 --> 00:57:58,308
By some miracle, the water will be
slightly more basic than we started out.
1042
00:57:59,977 --> 00:58:01,853
I actually care a lot about this.
1043
00:58:01,937 --> 00:58:05,857
I feel like clean water
is probably the most important thing ever.
1044
00:58:05,941 --> 00:58:08,652
Just because, at least here on Earth,
1045
00:58:08,735 --> 00:58:13,031
we still have over a billion people
who don't have access to clean water.
1046
00:58:13,657 --> 00:58:16,493
I want to say four.
That's a solid acidic of four.
1047
00:58:16,576 --> 00:58:19,287
We can accomplishso much in such little time,
1048
00:58:19,371 --> 00:58:20,914
like landing on the Moon.
1049
00:58:20,998 --> 00:58:25,002
People need to understand going to Mars,it's gonna be an expensive mission.
1050
00:58:25,085 --> 00:58:28,922
But the technologies
that we'll develop from that itself
1051
00:58:29,006 --> 00:58:31,091
will pay off all that cost
1052
00:58:31,174 --> 00:58:34,886
because it'll pump new technologies
and more industries into our economy.
1053
00:58:40,934 --> 00:58:45,355
[Abby] Most people don't realize how muchNASA has done for us and for our society.
1054
00:58:45,439 --> 00:58:48,859
When you look atthe lives that we live right now,
1055
00:58:48,942 --> 00:58:51,695
they wouldn't be possible without NASA.
1056
00:58:51,778 --> 00:58:57,451
[Senator Nelson] CAT scans, MRIs,the small cameras in our iPhones.
1057
00:58:57,534 --> 00:59:01,496
All of this has originated
in our U.S. space program.
1058
00:59:02,289 --> 00:59:04,207
[Patrick] The Apollo program alone
1059
00:59:04,291 --> 00:59:06,835
was the reason computerstook the advances to where they are.
1060
00:59:06,918 --> 00:59:09,546
So if we go to Mars,I'm sure we're gonna get tech advances
1061
00:59:09,629 --> 00:59:12,090
in ways that we can't even fathom.
1062
00:59:14,301 --> 00:59:20,057
One of the things Mars can offer us
is growth and stimulation of the economy.
1063
00:59:21,850 --> 00:59:25,562
[Rachel] People say "Oh, what isthe space program really doing for us?
1064
00:59:25,645 --> 00:59:28,648
We spend all these tax dollars
into NASA. What does it give us?"
1065
00:59:28,732 --> 00:59:33,070
Space travel has one of
the highest rates of return on money
1066
00:59:33,153 --> 00:59:34,154
that we put into it.
1067
00:59:39,826 --> 00:59:42,913
[Dr. Kaku] The space programhas more than paid for itself.
1068
00:59:42,996 --> 00:59:46,541
Telecommunications, the internet,weather satellites,
1069
00:59:46,625 --> 00:59:49,669
all of it done in outer space.
1070
00:59:49,753 --> 00:59:52,130
In fact, if you shut downthe space program,
1071
00:59:52,214 --> 00:59:55,801
we would be hurled back
almost a century into the past.
1072
00:59:59,221 --> 01:00:01,098
Everybody in space, please listen up.
1073
01:00:01,181 --> 01:00:03,558
Whenever we approach
whatever that payload is,
1074
01:00:03,642 --> 01:00:05,519
we need to be wearing protective gear.
1075
01:00:05,602 --> 01:00:08,021
Make it very clear
we will wear protective gear
1076
01:00:08,105 --> 01:00:09,564
in the search for the payload.
1077
01:00:09,648 --> 01:00:13,318
I think we should go to Marsbecause we can.
1078
01:00:13,401 --> 01:00:15,362
We can do all these things.
1079
01:00:15,445 --> 01:00:18,240
And it's just, I feel like
it's kind of sad that we haven't already.
1080
01:00:18,323 --> 01:00:21,368
Because we have developed
technologies to do things like this.
1081
01:00:21,451 --> 01:00:23,829
We definitely have the intelligence.
1082
01:00:23,912 --> 01:00:26,456
The biggest thing we're missing
is public support.
1083
01:00:26,540 --> 01:00:28,625
I'm gonna write down
some information for you.
1084
01:00:28,708 --> 01:00:31,795
If they have to do an ISS reboot...
Get a piece of paper ready.
1085
01:00:31,878 --> 01:00:38,051
I know people who think
that NASA was mothballed.
1086
01:00:38,135 --> 01:00:40,595
NASA doesn't exist anymore.
NASA's out of business.
1087
01:00:40,679 --> 01:00:44,015
That, in and of itself, is sad.
1088
01:00:44,099 --> 01:00:48,770
I think right now we should be monitoring,
cabin pressure, O2, that kind of stuff.
1089
01:00:48,854 --> 01:00:51,731
And I'm gonna be needing to do
med checks soon, just to see.
1090
01:00:51,815 --> 01:00:54,860
All right. And use all the computers
to monitor vital systems.
1091
01:00:54,943 --> 01:00:58,071
[Rachel] Space is always there.Space is a constant presence.
1092
01:00:58,155 --> 01:01:02,075
When people ask me,
"Isn't that not really a thing anymore?
1093
01:01:02,159 --> 01:01:04,786
We don't go to space anymore."
I'm always taken aback.
1094
01:01:04,870 --> 01:01:08,623
It makes me feel like peopleare losing touch with their human spirit.
1095
01:01:08,707 --> 01:01:12,335
Is there any information of what this
confidential payload may look like?
1096
01:01:12,419 --> 01:01:14,921
The information we have
is that it's experimental.
1097
01:01:15,005 --> 01:01:17,674
It can pretty much go anywhere,
do anything.
1098
01:01:17,757 --> 01:01:20,093
It is not contained and it is dangerous.
1099
01:01:20,177 --> 01:01:22,637
You need to protect yourselvesand be very careful.
1100
01:01:23,805 --> 01:01:24,973
We're on the look.
1101
01:01:25,056 --> 01:01:26,266
We don't have a shuttle.
1102
01:01:26,349 --> 01:01:29,519
We don't have any way to get to spaceourselves right now.
1103
01:01:29,603 --> 01:01:33,815
But I do believe that
the U.S. space system, it's still a force.
1104
01:01:36,276 --> 01:01:40,989
[applause]
1105
01:01:41,072 --> 01:01:43,366
[Obama] I know there have beena number of questions raised
1106
01:01:43,450 --> 01:01:46,161
about my administration's planfor space exploration,
1107
01:01:46,244 --> 01:01:48,914
and these questions comeat a time of transition.
1108
01:01:48,997 --> 01:01:50,916
And in order to reach the Space Station,
1109
01:01:50,999 --> 01:01:54,211
we will work with
a growing array of private companies
1110
01:01:54,294 --> 01:01:58,632
competing to make getting to space
easier and more affordable.
1111
01:01:58,715 --> 01:02:00,342
[Bolden] The next President of the U.S.,
1112
01:02:00,425 --> 01:02:03,553
they will have two American companies,
Boeing and SpaceX,
1113
01:02:03,637 --> 01:02:05,972
that will launch from the space coast
1114
01:02:06,056 --> 01:02:09,976
carrying the first-evercommercial crew vehicles
1115
01:02:10,060 --> 01:02:13,396
that are gonna carry Americansto the International Space Station.
1116
01:02:13,480 --> 01:02:16,983
By buying the services
of space transportation,
1117
01:02:17,067 --> 01:02:18,985
rather than the vehicles themselves,
1118
01:02:19,069 --> 01:02:20,987
we can accelerate the pace of innovations,
1119
01:02:21,071 --> 01:02:25,075
as companies, from young startupsto established leaders,
1120
01:02:25,158 --> 01:02:27,619
compete to design and build and launch
1121
01:02:27,702 --> 01:02:30,705
new means of carrying people
and materials out of our atmosphere.
1122
01:02:30,789 --> 01:02:33,124
[Bolden] We cannot dodeep space exploration,
1123
01:02:33,208 --> 01:02:35,752
particularly with humans,without these partnerships.
1124
01:02:35,835 --> 01:02:38,713
They're carrying our astronautsto the International Space Station.
1125
01:02:38,797 --> 01:02:43,176
And all of this is in preparation for,
or as a part, of the journey to Mars.
1126
01:02:43,260 --> 01:02:46,388
We expect new spacecraft
designed for long journeys
1127
01:02:46,471 --> 01:02:51,184
to allow us to begin the first-ever crewed
missions beyond the Moon into deep space.
1128
01:02:51,268 --> 01:02:55,397
Because exploration will once moreinspire wonder in a new generation.
1129
01:02:56,106 --> 01:02:57,857
[Josh] The SLS Space Launch System
1130
01:02:57,941 --> 01:03:00,485
is a new way for people to get to space.
1131
01:03:02,862 --> 01:03:05,448
[Obama]
There's a lot more of space to explore,
1132
01:03:05,532 --> 01:03:07,701
and a lot more to learn when we do.
1133
01:03:07,784 --> 01:03:10,495
The Space Launch System
is the new rocket for the agency.
1134
01:03:10,578 --> 01:03:13,456
It can take us to Mars.
It can take us to deep space.
1135
01:03:13,540 --> 01:03:16,918
[Bolden] We're gonna have the largest,most powerful rocket ever known to man.
1136
01:03:17,002 --> 01:03:20,463
I don't think there isanother vehicle on the drawing board
1137
01:03:20,547 --> 01:03:24,384
that matches the capability that SLS has.
1138
01:03:25,510 --> 01:03:29,222
[Alyssa] The way NASAis planning on getting to Mars
1139
01:03:29,306 --> 01:03:31,474
is using the SLS
Space Launch System rocket.
1140
01:03:31,558 --> 01:03:34,853
The SLS crew compartment will go to space.
1141
01:03:34,936 --> 01:03:37,814
And then the Orion capsule,which will be on top,
1142
01:03:37,897 --> 01:03:41,526
will separate and start headingtowards the trajectory of Mars.
1143
01:03:44,487 --> 01:03:46,656
[Heather McKay]
When you look at the Orion crew module,
1144
01:03:46,740 --> 01:03:50,952
you notice that it looks likethe shape of the Apollo capsule.
1145
01:03:51,036 --> 01:03:54,581
But the reason that shape is used
is because the physics haven't changed.
1146
01:03:57,334 --> 01:04:01,963
We're going to Mars.
It'll be in the decade of the 2030s.
1147
01:04:02,047 --> 01:04:07,969
And we're building the systems,the hardware, that will get us there.
1148
01:04:08,053 --> 01:04:09,971
[Obama] By the mid 2030s,
1149
01:04:10,055 --> 01:04:14,309
I believe we can send humans to orbit Marsand return them safely to Earth.
1150
01:04:15,226 --> 01:04:19,189
And a landing on Mars will follow.
And I expect to be around to see it.
1151
01:04:19,272 --> 01:04:20,982
[applause]
1152
01:04:28,782 --> 01:04:31,326
[instructor] Let's have one person
from each engineering team
1153
01:04:31,409 --> 01:04:32,786
come and get your tray.
1154
01:04:33,578 --> 01:04:36,039
Right now, NASA is working
on the Orion capsule
1155
01:04:36,122 --> 01:04:37,791
which is going to take us to Mars.
1156
01:04:37,874 --> 01:04:41,127
Two things of aluminum foil,
a cork, and some spackle.
1157
01:04:41,211 --> 01:04:43,630
OK, so this is how thick we have.
Can I take this for a minute?
1158
01:04:43,713 --> 01:04:45,340
We'll come back to that when we spackle.
1159
01:04:45,423 --> 01:04:49,552
-Yeah. Do we just spackle it right here?
-[camper] Is that everything we have?
1160
01:04:49,636 --> 01:04:50,887
[camper] That's everything.
1161
01:04:50,970 --> 01:04:53,932
[Victoria] People have been talkingabout going to Mars
1162
01:04:54,015 --> 01:04:56,101
pretty much since we landed on the Moon
1163
01:04:56,184 --> 01:04:58,853
and discovered that Mars
is another solid surface.
1164
01:04:58,937 --> 01:05:01,481
-Thanks. OK. Great.
-Build this thing, baby!
1165
01:05:01,564 --> 01:05:04,234
A little color. Liven it up!
1166
01:05:08,822 --> 01:05:13,076
Ablative shielding is a very basic
demonstration of thermodynamics.
1167
01:05:13,159 --> 01:05:14,536
Do you want to go get it?
1168
01:05:14,619 --> 01:05:17,705
-I got it!
-OK. Have fun.
1169
01:05:17,789 --> 01:05:20,583
The pasta actually works pretty well.
And I'm not sure why.
1170
01:05:20,667 --> 01:05:22,210
[Jace] There are different materials
1171
01:05:22,293 --> 01:05:25,004
that work in different ways,things that you'd never even think of.
1172
01:05:25,088 --> 01:05:26,798
Who thinks of using a sponge
1173
01:05:26,881 --> 01:05:33,888
to stop a 3,500 degree Fahrenheit flamefrom burning through a spaceship?
1174
01:05:33,972 --> 01:05:34,806
Who thinks of that?
1175
01:05:34,889 --> 01:05:36,474
I feel like this is very sturdy.
1176
01:05:38,017 --> 01:05:40,603
[Victoria] On Orion you're going to Mars,
1177
01:05:40,687 --> 01:05:46,276
so not only are you entering and exiting
the atmosphere in the Earth,
1178
01:05:46,359 --> 01:05:50,196
but you're also entering and exiting
the atmosphere on Mars.
1179
01:05:50,280 --> 01:05:53,241
So it's twice as important
that you have it
1180
01:05:53,324 --> 01:05:55,326
because you need to be safe!
1181
01:05:57,787 --> 01:05:59,998
I feel like NASA's gonna call us...
1182
01:06:00,081 --> 01:06:00,915
[laughter]
1183
01:06:00,999 --> 01:06:03,460
-...after this.
-[Victoria] Future rocket scientists.
1184
01:06:06,880 --> 01:06:08,965
[Mark Kirasich]
The reason the heat shield is so important
1185
01:06:09,048 --> 01:06:13,136
is because when you go to Mars
the heat generated is very intense.
1186
01:06:13,219 --> 01:06:15,597
So, a lot of care
goes into the heat shield.
1187
01:06:16,973 --> 01:06:19,267
[McKay] The heat shieldgets almost 4,000 degrees,
1188
01:06:19,350 --> 01:06:21,394
as it ablates all of that energy.
1189
01:06:21,478 --> 01:06:23,688
Yet inside the crew module
it's room temperature.
1190
01:06:23,771 --> 01:06:24,856
It's just like in here.
1191
01:06:26,691 --> 01:06:28,610
[camper]
I think we're feeling pretty confident.
1192
01:06:28,693 --> 01:06:30,153
Ours is destined to survive.
1193
01:06:30,236 --> 01:06:32,071
Failure is not an option for us.
1194
01:06:32,155 --> 01:06:33,156
[laughter]
1195
01:06:33,990 --> 01:06:35,366
[camper] Hey, I believe in it.
1196
01:06:41,539 --> 01:06:43,583
-So far so good!
-That's how good ours is!
1197
01:06:43,666 --> 01:06:46,211
-Propane's afraid to start.
-Yeah, really!
1198
01:06:46,294 --> 01:06:48,129
[Victoria]
My team this year is really amazing.
1199
01:06:48,213 --> 01:06:51,090
I could not have asked
to be put with a better group of kids.
1200
01:06:51,174 --> 01:06:54,302
The vast commonology of spacedoes bring us together.
1201
01:06:55,512 --> 01:06:56,429
OK...
1202
01:06:57,222 --> 01:06:58,181
Oh, man.
1203
01:06:58,264 --> 01:07:00,558
-Ooh, it's very concentrated!
-[camper] It's cooking.
1204
01:07:00,642 --> 01:07:02,685
Look at that heat dispersion. See that?
1205
01:07:03,436 --> 01:07:04,479
[all chat at once]
1206
01:07:04,562 --> 01:07:06,147
I'm seeing some smoke!
1207
01:07:08,358 --> 01:07:11,653
At school I do sometimes feel like
the odd man out,
1208
01:07:11,736 --> 01:07:14,572
because I'm very much into space.
1209
01:07:14,656 --> 01:07:15,698
Come on, come on...
1210
01:07:15,782 --> 01:07:17,617
-Yikes!
-We're hitting steel.
1211
01:07:17,700 --> 01:07:23,957
I was bullied since third grade,
and that has definitely taken a toll.
1212
01:07:24,040 --> 01:07:24,874
Don't jinx it!
1213
01:07:24,958 --> 01:07:27,544
[camper] The foil is starting to come out,
like the heat.
1214
01:07:27,627 --> 01:07:30,255
One time, we were doingan experiment in science class
1215
01:07:30,338 --> 01:07:33,716
and my partner picked me because
she said apparently I looked smart.
1216
01:07:33,800 --> 01:07:37,095
I wound up doing all the work.
1217
01:07:37,762 --> 01:07:39,639
-[camper] Oh, that's not good.
-That's not good.
1218
01:07:40,848 --> 01:07:43,226
When I would ask her about something,
1219
01:07:43,309 --> 01:07:46,437
she would just be like,"Don't fail me and I'll be fine."
1220
01:07:46,521 --> 01:07:48,147
[murmurs of uncertainty]
1221
01:07:48,231 --> 01:07:49,524
No. That's how much we've gone.
1222
01:07:49,607 --> 01:07:51,401
-I was like--
-It's only been 46?! Wow!
1223
01:07:51,484 --> 01:07:52,652
-Wow!
-[Victoria] Wow!
1224
01:07:52,735 --> 01:07:55,154
But then I come here
and I just meet these people
1225
01:07:55,238 --> 01:07:59,867
and it's like you can just be yourself
and be goofy and be funny,
1226
01:07:59,951 --> 01:08:02,370
while still learning about space.
1227
01:08:03,413 --> 01:08:05,123
[Ferdowsi] I am definitely a space nerd.
1228
01:08:05,206 --> 01:08:09,210
It's just this weird love and excitement
1229
01:08:09,294 --> 01:08:14,132
and, you know, geeking out about
certain details of space exploration.
1230
01:08:14,215 --> 01:08:16,676
You know, being impressed
and excited by it.
1231
01:08:16,759 --> 01:08:19,470
I think that's what
being a space nerd means to me.
1232
01:08:19,554 --> 01:08:22,390
It's a real honor
to be recognized by your peers.
1233
01:08:22,473 --> 01:08:25,101
And, honestly, to be recognized
by this group of people
1234
01:08:25,184 --> 01:08:29,397
and the entire Space Camp community
is... It's pretty awesome.
1235
01:08:29,480 --> 01:08:32,275
So I went to Space Camp
in the summer of 1995
1236
01:08:32,358 --> 01:08:36,112
and it was, you know,
definitely a life changing experience.
1237
01:08:36,195 --> 01:08:39,657
So I'll begin with a story.
I had my first kiss at Space Camp.
1238
01:08:39,741 --> 01:08:40,700
[laughter]
1239
01:08:40,783 --> 01:08:45,163
One of the amazing things about Space Campwas finding all these other space nerds,
1240
01:08:45,246 --> 01:08:49,292
finding my, you know,
my group, my people.
1241
01:08:49,375 --> 01:08:51,502
Honestly, you know, like so many things,
1242
01:08:51,586 --> 01:08:55,548
being here helped open the path for me
to do things that I really wanted to do,
1243
01:08:55,632 --> 01:08:57,759
to be, you know, the engineer
that I am today,
1244
01:08:57,842 --> 01:09:00,762
to work with the amazing team of people
that I get to work with.
1245
01:09:00,845 --> 01:09:04,432
To have this community is great,
and so thank you so much.
1246
01:09:04,515 --> 01:09:06,059
And to that girl that I kissed,
1247
01:09:06,142 --> 01:09:09,312
I'm a lot better kisser
and engineer nowadays, so thank you.
1248
01:09:09,395 --> 01:09:10,897
[laughter and applause]
1249
01:09:10,980 --> 01:09:17,487
[campers] Eight, seven, six, five,
four, three, two, one!
1250
01:09:17,570 --> 01:09:20,156
[camper] Parachutes deploy! Reentry!
Success!
1251
01:09:20,239 --> 01:09:22,241
-We didn't land in the swamp!
-[camper] Wait
1252
01:09:23,326 --> 01:09:24,619
He's alive!
1253
01:09:24,702 --> 01:09:27,163
-Whoo! Way to go, Egbert!
-Did it burn through the shield?
1254
01:09:27,246 --> 01:09:30,375
-Are they going to crack it to see?
-It didn't even burn through the shield.
1255
01:09:30,458 --> 01:09:32,043
Pretty cool to the touch.
1256
01:09:32,710 --> 01:09:35,546
-[camper] The yolk even survived!
-[instructor] Yes, you're good. Good job.
1257
01:09:35,630 --> 01:09:36,506
[all cheer]
1258
01:09:36,589 --> 01:09:38,633
-All right!
-What layer did it get through?
1259
01:09:38,716 --> 01:09:40,843
-High fives all around.
-High fives all around!
1260
01:09:40,927 --> 01:09:42,929
[camper] Where was your...
what was your second layer?
1261
01:09:43,012 --> 01:09:44,514
[Victoria] The coolest thing about space?
1262
01:09:44,597 --> 01:09:45,973
I don't exactly know.
1263
01:09:46,057 --> 01:09:49,560
It's really hard to say
the coolest thing about space.
1264
01:09:51,062 --> 01:09:54,357
One of my favorite things to dois sometimes when I'm out late at night,
1265
01:09:54,440 --> 01:09:55,942
is to look up at the night sky
1266
01:09:56,025 --> 01:09:59,487
and try to find the little red planet
in the sky if I can.
1267
01:10:10,289 --> 01:10:14,669
[Dr. Kaku] When I look at Mars,in some sense I see our future.
1268
01:10:14,752 --> 01:10:17,255
Because it's practically a law of physics
1269
01:10:17,338 --> 01:10:22,969
that one day the Earth will no longer
be able to sustain life as we know it.
1270
01:10:27,056 --> 01:10:30,351
The Earth is not a safe place.
1271
01:10:30,435 --> 01:10:35,064
On a scale of millions of years,there could be a killer asteroid.
1272
01:10:35,148 --> 01:10:39,652
And just remember, the dinosaurs
did not have a space program.
1273
01:10:42,280 --> 01:10:45,867
On a scale of thousands of years,there could be another ice age,
1274
01:10:45,950 --> 01:10:49,996
another ice age that will force humanityto live, perhaps, deep underground,
1275
01:10:50,079 --> 01:10:52,165
or even leave the Earth itself.
1276
01:10:57,837 --> 01:11:01,674
[Urban] Our entire speciesis contained to Earth.
1277
01:11:01,758 --> 01:11:04,010
If something happens to Earth...Poof, we're gone.
1278
01:11:04,093 --> 01:11:07,096
Think about what that means.That means all music is gone.
1279
01:11:07,180 --> 01:11:09,140
All laughter is forever gone.
1280
01:11:09,223 --> 01:11:13,019
Shakespeare's gone. Mozart's gone.
Basketball's gone.
1281
01:11:13,102 --> 01:11:17,190
Everything that has to do with humanity
is just gone forever. That's it.
1282
01:11:23,196 --> 01:11:26,157
[Weir] We as a speciesneed to live on multiple planets.
1283
01:11:26,240 --> 01:11:28,326
As it sits, we're all on one planet.
1284
01:11:28,409 --> 01:11:31,454
There could be a war.There could be a plague.
1285
01:11:31,537 --> 01:11:33,915
It is possible for humanity
to be wiped out.
1286
01:11:37,877 --> 01:11:41,380
[Dr. Kaku] On a scale of decades,we also have climate change.
1287
01:11:41,464 --> 01:11:43,841
If you take a look at all the signs,
1288
01:11:43,925 --> 01:11:47,178
all the signs point up,
in terms of temperature.
1289
01:11:49,889 --> 01:11:52,391
[Nye] Our space assetsmonitor carbon dioxide,
1290
01:11:52,475 --> 01:11:55,102
they monitor the thickness of glaciers.
1291
01:11:55,186 --> 01:11:58,606
And we can see that humankind
is changing the climate.
1292
01:12:00,441 --> 01:12:02,819
[Kyle] We're not dumping a lotinto alternative energy.
1293
01:12:02,902 --> 01:12:06,823
We're cutting down rainforests,
we're using up a lot of natural habitats.
1294
01:12:10,326 --> 01:12:12,286
A lot of problems
with climate change are alarming
1295
01:12:12,370 --> 01:12:15,498
because we're finding
these things are not reversible.
1296
01:12:15,581 --> 01:12:18,334
So, by exploring space,we can either find somewhere to go,
1297
01:12:18,417 --> 01:12:21,462
or we can develop technologiesthat will help us repair
1298
01:12:21,546 --> 01:12:22,922
what damage we've done.
1299
01:12:29,595 --> 01:12:34,100
[mission control]
T minus ten, nine, eight, seven,
1300
01:12:34,183 --> 01:12:37,228
six, five, four,
1301
01:12:37,311 --> 01:12:39,647
three, two, one.
1302
01:12:48,990 --> 01:12:52,118
It's not clear
that the Space Launch System
1303
01:12:52,201 --> 01:12:54,787
is still on schedule and still on budget,
1304
01:12:54,871 --> 01:12:58,040
and this is a concern for everybody.
1305
01:13:01,377 --> 01:13:06,173
The SLS, it's an interesting machine,
to say the least.
1306
01:13:06,257 --> 01:13:09,635
Almost all of its technologies
are derived from the Space Shuttle.
1307
01:13:09,719 --> 01:13:12,847
Its engine's the RS25,
1308
01:13:12,930 --> 01:13:16,225
the same engine that we were runningfor 30 years on the Space Shuttle.
1309
01:13:17,018 --> 01:13:23,649
I'm a little bit disappointed that no
new technology really went into making it.
1310
01:13:25,443 --> 01:13:27,111
[Kluger] The SLS can get us to Mars.
1311
01:13:27,194 --> 01:13:29,405
The SLS most assuredly can get us to Mars.
1312
01:13:29,488 --> 01:13:32,825
But the problem with the SLS,the Space Launch System,
1313
01:13:32,909 --> 01:13:34,577
the 21st century Saturn 5
1314
01:13:34,660 --> 01:13:38,831
and Orion,which is the 21st century Apollo program,
1315
01:13:38,915 --> 01:13:44,879
is that there simply isn't the money
to get them built and tested and flying
1316
01:13:44,962 --> 01:13:47,381
in any kind of near term timeframe.
1317
01:13:48,549 --> 01:13:50,968
[deGrasse Tyson] NASA can saythat Mars is in our portfolio.
1318
01:13:51,052 --> 01:13:54,096
We're gonna send astronauts therein the 2030s.
1319
01:13:54,180 --> 01:13:56,974
OK, show me the money.
Talk is cheap.
1320
01:13:57,058 --> 01:13:59,226
So we can talk about going to Mars,
1321
01:13:59,310 --> 01:14:04,815
but until I see the launch pad with
the spaceship equipped to accomplish that,
1322
01:14:04,899 --> 01:14:08,110
I'm not gonna run around saying
"Yeah, we are the Mars people."
1323
01:14:08,194 --> 01:14:10,780
No we're not. Not until that happens.
1324
01:14:10,863 --> 01:14:11,822
[Donald Trump] Go ahead.
1325
01:14:11,906 --> 01:14:15,451
In my industry one of our biggest
victories was putting a man on the Moon.
1326
01:14:15,534 --> 01:14:18,371
-Yeah.
-What do you think about humans on Mars?
1327
01:14:19,580 --> 01:14:21,916
Honestly, I think it's wonderful.
1328
01:14:21,999 --> 01:14:24,961
I want to rebuild
our infrastructure first, OK?
1329
01:14:25,336 --> 01:14:26,504
I think it's wonderful.
1330
01:14:26,587 --> 01:14:27,964
[cheering and applause]
1331
01:14:28,923 --> 01:14:29,757
Go ahead.
1332
01:14:32,468 --> 01:14:35,012
NASA's not in charge,
it's at the whim of government.
1333
01:14:35,096 --> 01:14:37,181
So every time
there's a change in presidents,
1334
01:14:37,264 --> 01:14:39,684
there's a lot of changes at NASA, automatically.
1335
01:14:39,767 --> 01:14:41,018
[reporters all ask questions]
1336
01:14:41,102 --> 01:14:42,353
Thank you, everybody!
1337
01:14:42,436 --> 01:14:45,022
We're not, we are not going to be
taking any questions.
1338
01:14:45,106 --> 01:14:46,023
Thank you, guys!
1339
01:14:46,107 --> 01:14:47,358
[Patrick] We are building the SLS,
1340
01:14:47,441 --> 01:14:51,904
but at the rate we're going right now,
it won't be done until I'm like 40 or 50.
1341
01:14:51,988 --> 01:14:54,365
They keep saying my generation
is the Mars Generation,
1342
01:14:54,448 --> 01:14:55,783
but we're not at this rate.
1343
01:14:55,866 --> 01:14:59,537
We could be if we gave them the same
support we showed the Apollo program.
1344
01:15:00,788 --> 01:15:02,957
[Nye] During the Apollo era, everybody,
1345
01:15:03,040 --> 01:15:07,461
NASA was fundedat 4% of the federal budget.
1346
01:15:08,671 --> 01:15:11,757
Today, it's 0.4%,
1347
01:15:11,841 --> 01:15:15,386
almost exactly a tenth of what it wasduring the Apollo era.
1348
01:15:15,469 --> 01:15:18,431
And that's not gonna change.
That's the way it is right now.
1349
01:15:20,808 --> 01:15:22,727
[Urban] NASA is handcuffedto the U.S. budget.
1350
01:15:22,810 --> 01:15:25,896
The U.S. budget has a thousand claws on ittrying to get the money.
1351
01:15:25,980 --> 01:15:29,650
For NASA to innovate, for NASA to doamazing things that it would like to do,
1352
01:15:29,734 --> 01:15:31,694
it needs an insane budget.
1353
01:15:31,777 --> 01:15:35,614
It needs a far different budget
than the other kind of agencies.
1354
01:15:37,116 --> 01:15:39,410
[Jace] NASA, all of the moneythey have ever received
1355
01:15:39,493 --> 01:15:40,995
from the government combined,
1356
01:15:41,078 --> 01:15:43,664
is still lessthan the yearly budget of the D.O.D.
1357
01:15:44,582 --> 01:15:46,667
Which is kind of appalling to me.
1358
01:15:51,380 --> 01:15:53,299
[Urban] SLS and Orion are cool.
1359
01:15:53,382 --> 01:15:55,426
I mean, if you like rockets,they're gonna be awesome.
1360
01:15:55,509 --> 01:15:57,762
They're gonna haveimmense amount of thrust.
1361
01:15:57,845 --> 01:16:00,556
But they haven't done
the important innovation,
1362
01:16:00,639 --> 01:16:03,517
which is that they're still
super crazy expensive.
1363
01:16:09,398 --> 01:16:13,110
If every time you flew in an airplane,you landed, the passengers got out,
1364
01:16:13,194 --> 01:16:15,905
and the plane was thrown awaycause planes flew once,
1365
01:16:15,988 --> 01:16:20,493
well, it would cost a millionand a half dollars for a coach seat.
1366
01:16:20,576 --> 01:16:23,537
No one would fly.
It would be a zero industry.
1367
01:16:23,621 --> 01:16:26,832
It would be for crazy billionaires only.
1368
01:16:26,916 --> 01:16:30,169
That's the current state
of our aerospace industry.
1369
01:16:32,630 --> 01:16:37,426
[Dr. Kaku] There is a nasty four-letter word that has haunted the space program.
1370
01:16:37,510 --> 01:16:40,096
It's the "C" word.
"Cost".
1371
01:16:40,179 --> 01:16:42,932
Imagine your body made out of solid gold.
1372
01:16:43,015 --> 01:16:46,644
That's what it costs
to put you up in outer space.
1373
01:16:46,727 --> 01:16:49,563
That's why we have to drive down the cost.
1374
01:16:55,319 --> 01:16:58,823
[Urban] You can improve incrementallywhen it comes to getting off of Earth
1375
01:16:58,906 --> 01:17:01,283
with cheaper rocketsand maybe better fuel.
1376
01:17:01,367 --> 01:17:04,995
But what was needed
was like a giant leap forward
1377
01:17:05,079 --> 01:17:06,413
in the cost of space travel.
1378
01:17:06,497 --> 01:17:08,249
And there really was one way to do that.
1379
01:17:08,332 --> 01:17:12,169
And it was the factthat every rocket was used once.
1380
01:17:13,504 --> 01:17:17,675
There's a debate as to whether private
enterprise or the federal government
1381
01:17:17,758 --> 01:17:19,301
can create innovation.
1382
01:17:20,678 --> 01:17:22,054
[Jace] Privatization of space.
1383
01:17:22,138 --> 01:17:25,724
This is a very interesting subject,
to say the least.
1384
01:17:25,808 --> 01:17:28,018
[Raj] The private space industryis a direct result
1385
01:17:28,102 --> 01:17:31,313
of NASA not being able to fund
everything it wants to do.
1386
01:17:31,397 --> 01:17:33,691
I don't think it's a bad thing,
it's a good thing.
1387
01:17:34,650 --> 01:17:39,530
[Urban] NASA has a lot of leadership potential and a lot of budget potential.
1388
01:17:39,613 --> 01:17:41,824
And it can use itto partner with these companies.
1389
01:17:41,907 --> 01:17:45,202
Rather than fight against these companies
and make its own rocket,
1390
01:17:45,286 --> 01:17:48,664
let the private companiesfight for who has the best rocket,
1391
01:17:48,747 --> 01:17:53,919
and then NASA will use that best rocketto do its business in space and in Mars.
1392
01:17:55,713 --> 01:17:59,466
[newscaster] Welcome to the live webcastof the SpaceX launch of the ORBCOM mission
1393
01:17:59,550 --> 01:18:02,678
from Launch Complex 40
out of Cape Canaveral, Florida.
1394
01:18:07,600 --> 01:18:09,059
[Nye] Elon Musk of SpaceX,
1395
01:18:09,143 --> 01:18:12,563
he asked, "What is it
we need to do to go to Mars?"
1396
01:18:12,646 --> 01:18:15,024
And people told him,
these are experts told him,
1397
01:18:15,107 --> 01:18:18,777
"We need to lower the cost
of getting into low Earth orbit."
1398
01:18:22,031 --> 01:18:24,450
[Urban]
Elon thinks of Earth as a hard drive,
1399
01:18:24,533 --> 01:18:27,328
and he thinks of humanity asa very important file on that hard drive,
1400
01:18:27,411 --> 01:18:30,164
and Elon looks at the history
of mass extinction events
1401
01:18:30,247 --> 01:18:32,333
and sees the hard drive
has a tendency to crash.
1402
01:18:34,627 --> 01:18:37,671
Some people think it's fine,
just stay on Earth forever.
1403
01:18:37,755 --> 01:18:38,923
And some people don't.
1404
01:18:39,924 --> 01:18:42,384
Creating a self-sustainedcivilization on Mars
1405
01:18:42,468 --> 01:18:44,929
to provide insurance for lifeas a whole,
1406
01:18:45,012 --> 01:18:48,349
a future where we are
a space-faring civilization
1407
01:18:48,432 --> 01:18:50,768
and out there among the stars
1408
01:18:50,851 --> 01:18:54,146
is infinitely more exciting and inspiring
than one where we are not.
1409
01:18:58,067 --> 01:19:00,945
The goal of SpaceX is reallyto build the transport system.
1410
01:19:01,028 --> 01:19:03,364
It's like buildingthe Union Pacific Railroad.
1411
01:19:10,829 --> 01:19:12,790
[Urban] What SpaceX is trying to do
1412
01:19:12,873 --> 01:19:18,212
is to build the first reliableinterplanetary railroad.
1413
01:19:24,218 --> 01:19:26,929
[Lauren Lyons]
Using today's standard technologies,
1414
01:19:27,012 --> 01:19:31,475
it would cost about $10 billion per personto get to Mars and to live there.
1415
01:19:31,558 --> 01:19:35,396
That's pretty absurd. Not many people
on this planet that can afford that.
1416
01:19:35,479 --> 01:19:38,857
And if we're going to build
a real civilization there
1417
01:19:38,941 --> 01:19:41,068
where we have thousands,
if not millions, of people
1418
01:19:41,151 --> 01:19:43,070
living, working and thriving on Mars,
1419
01:19:43,737 --> 01:19:46,323
we're gonna have toget that cost down significantly.
1420
01:19:47,283 --> 01:19:48,867
[mission control] T minus one minute.
1421
01:19:51,078 --> 01:19:56,583
[Urban] The idea is the rocket takes off,pings a spacecraft into space,
1422
01:19:56,667 --> 01:19:59,003
either into low Earth orbitor towards Mars.
1423
01:19:59,086 --> 01:20:02,006
The rocket comes backand lands vertically,
1424
01:20:02,089 --> 01:20:04,008
gets some maintenance, gets refueled.
1425
01:20:04,091 --> 01:20:06,468
Boom! Pings another thing out into space.
1426
01:20:06,552 --> 01:20:07,970
It can do this all day.
1427
01:20:08,053 --> 01:20:10,431
It can send 15 things out in a day,
one rocket.
1428
01:20:12,808 --> 01:20:14,059
[mission control] Liftoff!
1429
01:20:18,188 --> 01:20:21,525
[Kluger] While the U.S. plansto get human beings to Mars
1430
01:20:21,608 --> 01:20:23,527
sometime vaguely in the 2030s,
1431
01:20:23,610 --> 01:20:26,113
he believes he can cut that time
by 10 years
1432
01:20:26,196 --> 01:20:28,657
and get them there in the mid 2020s.
1433
01:20:33,287 --> 01:20:35,748
It never pays to rule out Elon Musk.
1434
01:20:35,831 --> 01:20:41,128
But, also, it never pays to get so seduced
by the Tony Stark side of Elon Musk
1435
01:20:41,211 --> 01:20:43,047
that we think he can do anything.
1436
01:20:43,130 --> 01:20:44,590
He's gonna come up against
1437
01:20:44,673 --> 01:20:47,676
the same obstacles
every other rocketeer in history has.
1438
01:20:58,562 --> 01:21:02,775
[Jace] Private industry is willingto take risks that NASA isn't.
1439
01:21:02,858 --> 01:21:04,777
This could be economically.
1440
01:21:04,860 --> 01:21:09,198
They could try to throw a lot of money
at something that might not work.
1441
01:21:09,281 --> 01:21:13,827
But if it does work, boom.
You have something amazing.
1442
01:21:16,372 --> 01:21:19,958
[mission control]
The first stage is returning to land.
1443
01:21:20,042 --> 01:21:25,255
The second stage powersthe Earth satellites into low Earth orbit.
1444
01:21:26,298 --> 01:21:27,966
[Urban] If rockets aren't reusable,
1445
01:21:28,050 --> 01:21:32,137
then humans don't go to Mars
this century or next century,
1446
01:21:32,221 --> 01:21:34,014
or maybe ever.
1447
01:21:34,098 --> 01:21:36,642
[excited chatter]
1448
01:21:36,725 --> 01:21:41,063
[mission control] That is the first stage.Coming back down and landing!
1449
01:21:41,146 --> 01:21:42,606
[cheering]
1450
01:21:53,409 --> 01:21:55,577
[more cheering]
1451
01:22:06,672 --> 01:22:10,926
I was just...not shocked, because I knew
we had what it would take to do this,
1452
01:22:11,009 --> 01:22:13,303
we had come so close in the past.
1453
01:22:13,387 --> 01:22:16,265
But feeling all of these things
that we've been talking about,
1454
01:22:16,348 --> 01:22:19,768
all this effort, blood, sweat, and tearsthat went into this to succeed,
1455
01:22:19,852 --> 01:22:20,853
it was now real.
1456
01:22:20,936 --> 01:22:22,312
It was there in front of us.
1457
01:22:24,648 --> 01:22:28,694
Being a part of that unique moment
in history was just mind-blowing for me.
1458
01:22:41,290 --> 01:22:44,960
[Urban] Elon's idea is notto make the Mars thing happen by himself.
1459
01:22:45,043 --> 01:22:48,046
Elon is trying
to start this chain reaction,
1460
01:22:48,130 --> 01:22:49,798
he's trying to
start a forest fire with a match.
1461
01:22:49,882 --> 01:22:52,843
By solving this one giant problem,
1462
01:22:52,926 --> 01:22:56,472
the fact that you had to builda new rocket for every launch in the past.
1463
01:22:56,555 --> 01:23:00,100
By doing that, he thinks he can ignitean entire new era of space travel
1464
01:23:00,184 --> 01:23:02,686
where we becomea genuinely space-faring civilization.
1465
01:23:14,656 --> 01:23:19,203
[Lyons] The vision of buildinga civilization on Mars,
1466
01:23:19,286 --> 01:23:21,538
it's such a big, huge endeavor.
1467
01:23:21,622 --> 01:23:24,249
It's not something
one single company can do alone.
1468
01:23:24,333 --> 01:23:25,626
You need another perfect storm,
1469
01:23:25,709 --> 01:23:30,506
you need some perfect storm of resources
and technology and the right people.
1470
01:23:30,589 --> 01:23:35,010
And it's exciting
that I think maybe we have that.
1471
01:23:37,888 --> 01:23:40,140
What SpaceX is trying to dois create a situation
1472
01:23:40,224 --> 01:23:43,352
where all these industries and governmentssuddenly start saying,
1473
01:23:43,435 --> 01:23:45,562
"Well, now this is an optionwe want to get in the game."
1474
01:23:45,646 --> 01:23:50,067
And suddenly, all this money
pours into rocket innovation,
1475
01:23:50,150 --> 01:23:52,402
into Earth/Mars industries.
1476
01:23:52,486 --> 01:23:57,491
Then that's what empowers the big push
to get a million people there eventually.
1477
01:24:02,579 --> 01:24:05,040
[Nye] Now, you can only go to Marsevery 26 months.
1478
01:24:05,123 --> 01:24:07,668
The orbits have to be oriented.
1479
01:24:07,751 --> 01:24:11,129
You can't just fly over the Sun.
We don't have enough rocket fuel for that.
1480
01:24:13,882 --> 01:24:16,134
[Alyssa] Sometimes Marsis really close to the Earth,
1481
01:24:16,218 --> 01:24:17,594
sometimes it's really far,
1482
01:24:17,678 --> 01:24:20,138
because planets orbitin an elliptical path.
1483
01:24:21,640 --> 01:24:25,435
And we'll stay on Mars for abouta year or two, depending on its orbit.
1484
01:24:25,519 --> 01:24:28,063
We have to wait for Mars
to come all the way back around
1485
01:24:28,146 --> 01:24:30,107
to its closest point
for us to come back.
1486
01:24:32,901 --> 01:24:34,611
[Kluger] Once you're there,
1487
01:24:34,695 --> 01:24:37,948
you have to be preparedto stay for an extended period of time.
1488
01:24:38,031 --> 01:24:41,827
And once you're preparedto stay for an extended period of time,
1489
01:24:41,910 --> 01:24:45,831
and the first handful of people,
four people, six people, eight people,
1490
01:24:45,914 --> 01:24:49,418
learn to live off the land
to the extent that that can be done,
1491
01:24:49,501 --> 01:24:53,589
learn to make Mars their homefor more than a few days,
1492
01:24:53,672 --> 01:24:58,093
once you do that,
you've hammered your first piton
1493
01:24:58,176 --> 01:25:01,221
in the great mountain
of colonizing another planet.
1494
01:25:06,476 --> 01:25:11,106
If you establish first a cargo route
and then a human transportation route,
1495
01:25:11,189 --> 01:25:14,026
you have to imaginethat by a year like 2060,
1496
01:25:14,109 --> 01:25:17,779
you have a thriving civilization on Mars.
1497
01:25:17,863 --> 01:25:19,865
It's gonna be this normal part of life.
1498
01:25:20,991 --> 01:25:22,868
There'll be peoplegoing there for college,
1499
01:25:22,951 --> 01:25:24,870
people are going to bein long distance relationships.
1500
01:25:24,953 --> 01:25:27,623
There will be people born on Mars
who want to go to Earth for a stint
1501
01:25:27,706 --> 01:25:32,044
to see the Eiffel Tower in the flesh,
to see the Sphinx in the flesh.
1502
01:25:37,007 --> 01:25:42,596
[Victoria] If we could have a Mars colony,that would just be so cool,
1503
01:25:42,679 --> 01:25:48,518
to put footprints on Mars
and now we are having life living there.
1504
01:25:48,602 --> 01:25:51,813
We can put people there.
We can have people live there.
1505
01:25:51,897 --> 01:25:54,816
We could even terraform it
if we really tried.
1506
01:25:57,569 --> 01:25:59,321
[Urban]
What we're talking about eventually
1507
01:25:59,404 --> 01:26:03,200
is a blue-green planet with maybe7 billion of its own people on it.
1508
01:26:03,283 --> 01:26:05,535
And you could look at a picture
of a gorgeous green mountain
1509
01:26:05,619 --> 01:26:07,537
and a lake and not know
what planet you're looking at.
1510
01:26:11,416 --> 01:26:15,128
[deGrasse Tyson] It's a brand new planet,who knows what future economies await us
1511
01:26:15,212 --> 01:26:16,922
on that planetary surface?
1512
01:26:17,005 --> 01:26:20,592
Even if you can't think of one now,
it doesn't mean there isn't one.
1513
01:26:20,676 --> 01:26:24,262
And especially given
the history of exploration and discovery,
1514
01:26:24,346 --> 01:26:25,472
there probably will be.
1515
01:26:27,265 --> 01:26:31,395
[Kluger] When you go somewhere elseand live in a wild, rustic life,
1516
01:26:31,478 --> 01:26:34,439
you've made the decision thatthat kind of life,
1517
01:26:34,523 --> 01:26:35,941
the world you're building,
1518
01:26:36,024 --> 01:26:39,027
is more valuable to you
than the world that's already built.
1519
01:26:39,111 --> 01:26:45,117
Your motivation is to live here,to settle here, to die here.
1520
01:26:45,200 --> 01:26:47,327
Because what you have in mind
1521
01:26:47,411 --> 01:26:51,039
is three, five,a hundred generations beyond you,
1522
01:26:51,123 --> 01:26:54,292
and you've made the decision
that you're going to be
1523
01:26:54,376 --> 01:26:57,587
the first stake in the ground
of that new world.
1524
01:26:57,671 --> 01:26:59,840
[chatter]
1525
01:27:01,091 --> 01:27:04,344
[Jace] Tell Orion that you're gonna start their primary ingress checklist
1526
01:27:04,428 --> 01:27:07,180
for Commander and Pilotand DDP 1 and 2 and B 1 and 2.
1527
01:27:07,264 --> 01:27:10,684
[Colin]
All right, so...you first, Orion, on F1.
1528
01:27:10,767 --> 01:27:13,103
Primary ingress checklist
for Pilot and Commander...
1529
01:27:13,186 --> 01:27:17,441
All right, IDP CR22 power is on.
1530
01:27:17,524 --> 01:27:20,318
Major functions set to DNC.
1531
01:27:21,153 --> 01:27:25,198
We ordered that pizza 45 minutes ago.
It's been over 30 minutes. It's free now.
1532
01:27:25,282 --> 01:27:27,951
No it's not.
They stopped doing that anyway.
1533
01:27:28,034 --> 01:27:29,411
[Patrick] I want my free pizza!
1534
01:27:30,579 --> 01:27:34,249
-[Raj] All checklists are done.
-Yay! Ascent procedures.
1535
01:27:34,332 --> 01:27:36,334
[Raj] Everyone switchto ascent procedures.
1536
01:27:36,418 --> 01:27:41,339
[all] Five, four, three, two, one...
1537
01:27:42,758 --> 01:27:45,844
[camper] Oh my goodness! That is amazing.
1538
01:27:53,727 --> 01:27:56,188
[Dr. Thomas] One thing that'simpressed me the most, of anything else,
1539
01:27:56,271 --> 01:27:59,649
is that kids today have that same drive,
1540
01:27:59,733 --> 01:28:03,403
that same interest, that same passionfor space exploration
1541
01:28:03,487 --> 01:28:07,783
that I had as a young boy watching
the first American launch into space.
1542
01:28:09,618 --> 01:28:12,162
-[camper] That's a lot of retro.
-[Raj] All right, listen up Orion.
1543
01:28:12,245 --> 01:28:15,999
Now we're done with launch so
start focusing on our checklist again.
1544
01:28:16,082 --> 01:28:18,794
Our engines are turned off.
We are good to unbuckle.
1545
01:28:20,545 --> 01:28:23,298
I'm floating around
in the most peculiar way.
1546
01:28:24,049 --> 01:28:27,344
Early this morning, the Space Launch
System launched from Cape Canaveral,
1547
01:28:27,427 --> 01:28:30,931
carrying along with it the Orion capsuleand six brave Americans
1548
01:28:31,014 --> 01:28:33,850
on their way to go boldly
where no man has ever gone before.
1549
01:28:33,934 --> 01:28:35,310
Let's do this!
1550
01:28:36,186 --> 01:28:38,897
[Kluger] Exploration is absolutelyembedded in our DNA.
1551
01:28:38,980 --> 01:28:42,651
If we are on this hill,we want to know what's on the next hill.
1552
01:28:42,734 --> 01:28:45,237
We cannot help ourselves.
1553
01:28:45,320 --> 01:28:50,200
There's no reason for us
not to surrender to that impulse.
1554
01:28:54,788 --> 01:28:59,084
[Ferdowsi] The first steps on Marswon't just be a national moment of pride,
1555
01:28:59,167 --> 01:29:02,254
but really a worldwide moment of pride,
1556
01:29:02,337 --> 01:29:06,967
and ultimately, I think, kicks off this
sense of exploration on the right foot,
1557
01:29:07,050 --> 01:29:09,761
of one that is
as an entirely global experience.
1558
01:29:12,556 --> 01:29:14,140
[deGrasse Tyson] I have good evidence
1559
01:29:14,224 --> 01:29:16,226
that space mattersto the hearts and minds of people.
1560
01:29:16,309 --> 01:29:19,771
There's something special,
I think, about the night sky
1561
01:29:19,855 --> 01:29:21,147
and about the universe
1562
01:29:21,231 --> 01:29:22,607
that lives within us.
1563
01:29:24,401 --> 01:29:27,153
[Nye] There are two questionsthat get everybody.
1564
01:29:27,821 --> 01:29:30,949
The first one is: where did we come from?
1565
01:29:31,700 --> 01:29:34,286
Where did we all come from?How did we get here?
1566
01:29:36,204 --> 01:29:39,374
And the other question is:are we alone in the universe?
1567
01:29:40,250 --> 01:29:42,252
If we were to discover evidence of life,
1568
01:29:42,335 --> 01:29:45,380
or stranger still,
something alive on Mars today,
1569
01:29:45,463 --> 01:29:47,716
it would change
the course of human history
1570
01:29:47,799 --> 01:29:50,885
in the same way astronomyhas humbled us in the past.
1571
01:29:51,303 --> 01:29:52,637
The Earth is not flat.
1572
01:29:52,721 --> 01:29:55,599
We are not the center of it.The Sun's the center of it.
1573
01:29:55,682 --> 01:29:57,392
Wait! The Sun's not the center of it.
1574
01:29:57,475 --> 01:30:01,146
We're just one more sunin this galactic disc.
1575
01:30:01,229 --> 01:30:04,107
And we're not the only galaxy!We're not by any means!
1576
01:30:04,190 --> 01:30:07,986
We're just these specks on a speckorbiting specks in specklessness.
1577
01:30:08,069 --> 01:30:09,195
We're nothing.
1578
01:30:11,406 --> 01:30:14,492
Yet, we can understand that.
1579
01:30:21,124 --> 01:30:23,376
[Urban] Humans have liveda thousand centuries so far.
1580
01:30:24,586 --> 01:30:28,840
This century is the first time
where suddenly going to Mars is an option.
1581
01:30:33,720 --> 01:30:37,349
[deGrasse Tyson] I think it's awesome thatwe have an entire generation of people
1582
01:30:37,432 --> 01:30:39,684
who want to go to into space,who want to go Mars,
1583
01:30:39,768 --> 01:30:41,144
who want to be STEM fluent.
1584
01:30:41,227 --> 01:30:47,359
But I can tell you that all of that
will fall on fallow soil,
1585
01:30:48,652 --> 01:30:51,112
if there isn't some big mission
1586
01:30:51,196 --> 01:30:54,824
on the other sideof that educational pipeline
1587
01:30:54,908 --> 01:30:57,619
where they can applythis energy and this enthusiasm.
1588
01:31:00,705 --> 01:31:03,625
[Dr. Kaku] It's our dutyto breathe life and fire
1589
01:31:03,708 --> 01:31:06,252
into the imagination of these young people
1590
01:31:06,336 --> 01:31:09,631
so they will say,"Yes! I want to become an astronaut!
1591
01:31:09,714 --> 01:31:11,216
I want to explore outer space!"
1592
01:31:11,299 --> 01:31:15,136
Because our true place is among the stars.
1593
01:31:15,220 --> 01:31:16,721
[chatter]
1594
01:31:18,890 --> 01:31:20,183
[Colin] Oh wow, we're landing.
1595
01:31:22,310 --> 01:31:24,396
We're landing. Guys, we're landing.
1596
01:31:24,479 --> 01:31:26,815
We are frickin' landing on Mars right now.
1597
01:31:26,898 --> 01:31:28,817
Dude, dude, dude.
We just landed.
1598
01:31:30,235 --> 01:31:31,194
We're on Mars.
1599
01:31:36,491 --> 01:31:39,703
[Abby] I hope that my generationwill be defined by Mars.
1600
01:31:39,786 --> 01:31:43,707
I can't think of a better thing
to be defined by!
1601
01:31:47,669 --> 01:31:51,631
[Jace] Somebody from my generationwill step out of the lander
1602
01:31:51,715 --> 01:31:55,135
and put their footprint downin the Martian soil.
1603
01:31:55,218 --> 01:32:01,391
If I could contribute to that in any way,
it would be an amazing experience.
1604
01:32:07,814 --> 01:32:09,858
[Rachel] This datewill go down in history.
1605
01:32:09,941 --> 01:32:12,694
After a long 183-day journey,
1606
01:32:12,777 --> 01:32:15,947
six Americans have finally exitedthe all-terra lander
1607
01:32:16,030 --> 01:32:18,116
and put their boots
in the red Martian soil.
1608
01:32:18,199 --> 01:32:19,951
[inspirational music plays]
1609
01:32:21,536 --> 01:32:24,205
The Mars Generation is...us.
1610
01:32:31,921 --> 01:32:35,508
[Jace] Exploration isingrained within our DNA.
1611
01:32:38,595 --> 01:32:43,183
Human beings,
they want to learn about the cosmos.
1612
01:32:47,353 --> 01:32:48,813
[Josh] We know so little about space.
1613
01:32:48,897 --> 01:32:51,941
There's so much to doand so much to learn.
1614
01:32:52,025 --> 01:32:53,067
And I want to do it all.
1615
01:32:53,151 --> 01:32:54,903
[inspirational music continues]
1616
01:32:56,696 --> 01:32:59,491
[Aurora] Like, can you imagineif there was just nothing else?
1617
01:32:59,574 --> 01:33:02,035
That we had foundeverything there is to find?
1618
01:33:02,911 --> 01:33:04,412
Life would be so boring!
1619
01:33:10,293 --> 01:33:11,878
Let's go. Let's go to Mars.
1620
01:33:17,634 --> 01:33:18,843
[Raj] It's been long enough.
1621
01:33:18,927 --> 01:33:21,179
We need to go for it, full speed.
1622
01:33:21,262 --> 01:33:24,599
Because humans need todo significant things,
1623
01:33:24,682 --> 01:33:26,559
because that's just how humanity is.
1624
01:33:27,268 --> 01:33:29,604
We gotta get off this planet
and we gotta land on Mars.
1625
01:33:29,687 --> 01:33:31,773
[inspirational music continues]
1626
01:33:51,584 --> 01:33:53,670
[calming space travel music plays]
151177
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