Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated:
1
00:00:14,820 --> 00:00:18,580
This is a story about the people whocame sailing across the ocean.
2
00:00:20,180 --> 00:00:24,420
It's a story about a long andperilous journey of upheaval,
3
00:00:24,500 --> 00:00:29,260
which came to change populationsand influence politics, trade,
4
00:00:29,340 --> 00:00:32,060
culture, religionand entire societies.
5
00:00:35,580 --> 00:00:40,820
It's a story about the Vikings,and how they transformed the world.
6
00:00:42,700 --> 00:00:47,660
For most people, the Vikings are seenonly as plunderers and pirates.
7
00:00:50,260 --> 00:00:52,980
But is that the whole truth?
8
00:00:53,060 --> 00:00:58,940
The process of converting Scandinavia
to Christianity is a long story.
9
00:00:59,020 --> 00:01:03,660
They were skilled tradesmen, in part
because of their ability to travel.
10
00:01:03,740 --> 00:01:06,740
They're going abroad
to take what they seek.
11
00:01:08,100 --> 00:01:11,140
In this series we will dig deeperand gain more insight
12
00:01:11,220 --> 00:01:14,420
into who the Vikings really were.
13
00:01:15,740 --> 00:01:18,340
And the truth turns outto be surprising.
14
00:01:52,380 --> 00:01:57,620
THE LAST JOURNEY OF THE VIKINGS
15
00:02:06,100 --> 00:02:09,540
At the end of the firstViking invasion of France,
16
00:02:09,620 --> 00:02:13,660
the plundered cities beganto build walls and fortifications,
17
00:02:13,740 --> 00:02:16,660
making the Vikingattacks more difficult.
18
00:02:16,740 --> 00:02:20,660
But despite this,the Viking fleets grew in number,
19
00:02:20,740 --> 00:02:24,220
as more and more people continued tojoin the voyages to Francia,
20
00:02:24,300 --> 00:02:27,380
hoping to find glory and wealth.
21
00:02:27,460 --> 00:02:30,980
When the Frankish defenses,for a time, became too strong,
22
00:02:31,060 --> 00:02:33,340
the Vikings instead set their sightson England.
23
00:02:34,620 --> 00:02:38,420
At the end of the ninth century,however, the Vikings once again
24
00:02:38,500 --> 00:02:40,980
see their chanceto return to Francia.
25
00:02:41,060 --> 00:02:44,780
But this time,they don't go back simply to loot.
26
00:02:44,860 --> 00:02:49,100
It is now that the Vikingsdecide to become Europeans.
27
00:02:49,180 --> 00:02:53,380
And soon a new duchy,Normandy, will be created.
28
00:02:53,460 --> 00:02:57,580
But how and why did the Vikingsbecome Normans?
29
00:02:57,660 --> 00:02:59,260
In order to answer that,
30
00:02:59,340 --> 00:03:02,300
we have to know more about theVikings' failed attacks on Francia
31
00:03:02,380 --> 00:03:07,860
in the late ninth century, whenCharles the Bald was still king.
32
00:03:18,900 --> 00:03:22,220
THE GOOD LAND
33
00:03:41,340 --> 00:03:45,700
During the 880s, the Carolingians
actually managed to re-establish
34
00:03:45,780 --> 00:03:48,780
their power and initiative
in their defense
35
00:03:48,860 --> 00:03:51,820
against various
Viking raiding groups.
36
00:03:51,900 --> 00:03:54,660
And they begin to
refortify their borders and push
37
00:03:54,740 --> 00:03:57,660
these groups back out to the sea.
38
00:04:04,180 --> 00:04:07,300
Charles the Bald,who was the Frankish emperor
39
00:04:07,380 --> 00:04:09,500
and the grandson of Charlemagne,
40
00:04:09,580 --> 00:04:13,940
had repeatedly been forced topay ransom to the Viking invaders.
41
00:04:18,500 --> 00:04:21,660
But during his reign the Frankishdefenses were developed,
42
00:04:21,740 --> 00:04:23,380
with the addition of a cavalry,
43
00:04:23,460 --> 00:04:28,020
as well as fortified bridgesalong the rivers.
44
00:04:28,100 --> 00:04:29,980
But when we come back
to this question of
45
00:04:30,060 --> 00:04:34,060
whether these Viking groups
somehow failed during the 880s,
46
00:04:34,140 --> 00:04:37,660
I think we need to, again,
think about this notion of whether
47
00:04:37,740 --> 00:04:41,340
there was a concerted
kind of Viking strategy.
48
00:04:44,380 --> 00:04:48,380
These groups were still being
quite successful in the field,
49
00:04:48,460 --> 00:04:51,780
they were still managing to
extract tribute and plunder
50
00:04:51,860 --> 00:04:53,300
out of the Carolingians.
51
00:04:53,380 --> 00:04:56,540
So whether or not any particular
52
00:04:56,620 --> 00:05:00,300
engagement ended in
a victory for them,
53
00:05:00,380 --> 00:05:05,060
I think, might be kind of narrowing
the focus a little too much here.
54
00:05:18,700 --> 00:05:23,220
But although the Frankish resistanceis becoming increasingly structured,
55
00:05:23,300 --> 00:05:26,620
the Vikings once again
decide to attack Paris.
56
00:05:26,700 --> 00:05:31,020
And so, another siege of the
metropolis is launched.
57
00:05:34,860 --> 00:05:39,660
What happened in 885 and 886 in Paris
58
00:05:39,740 --> 00:05:45,300
isn't necessarily to be considered
as a failure for the Vikings.
59
00:05:45,380 --> 00:05:50,180
Paris is indeed besieged
for several months,
60
00:05:50,260 --> 00:05:53,540
there are fights between
Vikings and Parisians.
61
00:05:53,620 --> 00:05:56,700
And, even if the Vikings
can't seize Paris,
62
00:05:56,780 --> 00:06:01,020
they still get an important
monetary compensation.
63
00:06:01,100 --> 00:06:05,620
So, actually, Parisians
defend themselves against
64
00:06:05,700 --> 00:06:09,420
the Vikings attempts of
raid and plundering.
65
00:06:09,500 --> 00:06:15,180
The Vikings hold for several months
and eventually accept to retreat
66
00:06:15,260 --> 00:06:19,700
in exchange for monetary compensation
coming directly from the King.
67
00:06:22,660 --> 00:06:25,500
On top of it, they're authorised
68
00:06:25,580 --> 00:06:32,540
to sail up the Seine
and to plunder Burgundy.
69
00:06:33,540 --> 00:06:40,220
In the months that followed, they
plundered the surroundings of Sens.
70
00:07:00,980 --> 00:07:07,180
It seems inconsistent to have the
King authorising such a thing,
71
00:07:07,260 --> 00:07:10,540
but it was apparently
the understanding they came to.
72
00:07:10,620 --> 00:07:14,820
They didn't manage to seize Paris
in the end, that's true,
73
00:07:14,900 --> 00:07:20,540
but they still gained
a lot out of it.
74
00:07:27,660 --> 00:07:31,580
While the siege of Paris
may have been relieved,
75
00:07:32,180 --> 00:07:35,580
various Viking groups were still
being quite successful in the field.
76
00:07:35,660 --> 00:07:38,900
They were still managing to extract
tribute from the Franks,
77
00:07:38,980 --> 00:07:41,700
they were still causing
quite a lot of damage
78
00:07:41,780 --> 00:07:44,020
in many parts of the kingdom.
79
00:07:44,100 --> 00:07:47,980
So again, I think we need
to come back to this idea of
80
00:07:48,060 --> 00:07:52,300
whether there was any
concerted strategy in the first place
81
00:07:52,380 --> 00:07:56,420
and think about these groups more
on their own terms as
82
00:07:56,500 --> 00:07:59,180
autonomous raiding fleets and armies
83
00:07:59,260 --> 00:08:01,180
operating with their own
individual goals.
84
00:08:13,500 --> 00:08:18,220
If we want to consider
the question of how and why
85
00:08:18,300 --> 00:08:20,580
the Vikings became European,
86
00:08:20,660 --> 00:08:27,620
we must start by saying that there
was no Europe as such at the time.
87
00:08:29,060 --> 00:08:35,140
Scandinavians integrated into
a dominant culture on the continent
88
00:08:35,220 --> 00:08:39,780
which was linked to the
Anglo-Saxon culture too,
89
00:08:39,860 --> 00:08:43,060
so the North Sea in general.
90
00:08:43,140 --> 00:08:48,860
So they adopted some elements
of that culture.
91
00:08:48,940 --> 00:08:55,380
We see that the integration happened
mostly when Scandinavians
92
00:08:55,460 --> 00:08:57,980
tried to settle down in regions
outside of Scandinavia.
93
00:08:58,060 --> 00:09:04,260
It was often then, through
power games and alliances games,
94
00:09:04,340 --> 00:09:09,660
that they accepted new ways of life,
but also a new religion.
95
00:09:12,620 --> 00:09:16,460
In Scandinavia, the process may
have taken more time,
96
00:09:16,540 --> 00:09:19,180
but we also see,
during the 11th century,
97
00:09:19,260 --> 00:09:23,380
that the Scandinavian elites
considered they were on par
98
00:09:23,460 --> 00:09:27,700
with the elites in
the rest of Europe,
99
00:09:27,780 --> 00:09:31,980
which had the same values
and ways to express power,
100
00:09:32,060 --> 00:09:38,260
and used Christianity as
well to secure that power.
101
00:09:41,900 --> 00:09:48,020
So that cultural integration process
between north and south
102
00:09:48,100 --> 00:09:54,260
happened over several centuries.
It didn't happen overnight.
103
00:09:54,340 --> 00:09:59,140
That integration process
also took place
104
00:09:59,220 --> 00:10:02,820
in the context of special interests,
105
00:10:02,900 --> 00:10:09,380
so with an often opportunist mindset
which allowed the Scandinavians
106
00:10:09,460 --> 00:10:12,260
who wanted to establish
themselves politically
107
00:10:12,340 --> 00:10:19,300
in the Anglo-Saxon England or in
Normandy to achieve their goal.
108
00:10:23,580 --> 00:10:25,380
After a period of illness,
109
00:10:25,460 --> 00:10:31,820
the Frankish emperor Charles theBald dies, on October 6, 877.
110
00:10:35,500 --> 00:10:40,500
After his death, the Frankishcoastal defenses diminish,
111
00:10:40,580 --> 00:10:44,820
and the Vikings see an opportunity toincrease their numbers in Francia.
112
00:10:47,940 --> 00:10:50,300
And now begins a new era,
113
00:10:50,380 --> 00:10:55,180
one where the objective is not onlylooting. But also integration.
114
00:10:58,340 --> 00:11:01,940
When the Scandinavians
established themselves in Europe,
115
00:11:02,020 --> 00:11:04,540
and some of them
relocated in the south,
116
00:11:04,620 --> 00:11:08,380
it was natural for them to
become full members of society.
117
00:11:08,460 --> 00:11:09,820
They wanted to integrate.
118
00:11:09,900 --> 00:11:13,100
One of the first things they did
was learn the language
119
00:11:13,180 --> 00:11:18,820
and convert to the local religion,
Christianity in this case.
120
00:11:22,500 --> 00:11:24,820
The Vikings were polytheistic,
121
00:11:24,900 --> 00:11:27,860
which meant thatthey worshipped several gods.
122
00:11:27,940 --> 00:11:31,780
This religion existed in allGermanic tribes of northern Europe
123
00:11:31,860 --> 00:11:35,020
until it was ushered outby Christianity.
124
00:11:53,380 --> 00:11:56,540
There are a number of reasons whythe Vikings are now converting
125
00:11:56,620 --> 00:11:59,620
from their old faithto become Christians.
126
00:12:01,940 --> 00:12:05,620
The Christianisation process happened
for a number of reasons
127
00:12:05,700 --> 00:12:07,220
and in a lot of different ways.
128
00:12:07,300 --> 00:12:09,220
I think, when we're looking at
129
00:12:09,300 --> 00:12:11,900
these Viking groups
operating on the continent,
130
00:12:11,980 --> 00:12:14,020
there's certainly
an element of pragmatism.
131
00:12:14,100 --> 00:12:18,700
The opportunity to engage in
trade or to engage in diplomacy
132
00:12:18,780 --> 00:12:21,460
with not only the Carolingians,
133
00:12:21,540 --> 00:12:25,260
but also with the Anglo-Saxon kings
in England.
134
00:12:29,500 --> 00:12:35,580
The conversion of Scandinavia to
Christianity is a long story.
135
00:12:35,660 --> 00:12:39,100
And a story that lasted
several centuries.
136
00:12:42,140 --> 00:12:46,660
In the early eighth century, already,
there are the first missions in
137
00:12:46,740 --> 00:12:50,900
Friesland also having eyes
on the Danes.
138
00:12:51,860 --> 00:12:57,020
And throughout the eighth century,
there is close contact
139
00:12:57,100 --> 00:13:03,420
between the Christian sphere and the
non-Christian sphere in Scandinavia.
140
00:13:09,060 --> 00:13:11,180
It also happens through trade.
141
00:13:11,260 --> 00:13:14,340
Throughout the
eighth and ninth centuries
142
00:13:14,420 --> 00:13:18,180
there's contact between merchants,
143
00:13:18,260 --> 00:13:22,660
most likely Christians, coming
from the North Sea's trading posts
144
00:13:22,740 --> 00:13:24,420
and Scandinavian merchants.
145
00:13:27,860 --> 00:13:33,420
So, through trade, information is
already being transferred
146
00:13:33,500 --> 00:13:40,460
and most likely, there are already
conversions of individuals,
147
00:13:40,540 --> 00:13:43,860
merchants deciding by themselves to
convert to Christianity
148
00:13:43,940 --> 00:13:49,500
most often in order to be
granted access and the right to trade
149
00:13:49,580 --> 00:13:53,820
in the Anglo-Saxon
and Frankish cities.
150
00:13:58,340 --> 00:14:03,380
Ultimately, it became difficult
to own land and engage in trading
151
00:14:03,460 --> 00:14:04,860
unless you were a Christian.
152
00:14:04,940 --> 00:14:08,340
Certain trading posts existed where
people weren't allowed
153
00:14:08,420 --> 00:14:09,940
to trade with heathens.
154
00:14:16,900 --> 00:14:20,580
So the Vikings allowed themselves
to be baptised,
155
00:14:20,660 --> 00:14:24,780
but viewed it as a temporary thing.
156
00:14:24,860 --> 00:14:27,420
By doing so they were granted
permission to remain
157
00:14:27,500 --> 00:14:30,660
and conduct trade in these places.
158
00:14:30,740 --> 00:14:33,820
As the years went by, it became
more important to present yourself
159
00:14:33,900 --> 00:14:36,180
as Christian in order to
conduct trade
160
00:14:36,260 --> 00:14:39,580
and partake in the political game.
161
00:14:46,340 --> 00:14:50,340
In historical records we see a
surprising number, perhaps,
162
00:14:50,420 --> 00:14:55,460
of quite powerful leaders of raiding
fleets accepting baptism
163
00:14:55,540 --> 00:14:58,980
as part of their diplomatic contact
with the Carolingian kings
164
00:14:59,060 --> 00:15:02,780
and also in Anglo-Saxon England
we see this too.
165
00:15:03,300 --> 00:15:06,860
And this served a number of
pragmatic reasons.
166
00:15:06,940 --> 00:15:12,580
It meant that these leaders
could be incorporated into the
167
00:15:12,660 --> 00:15:15,420
the Christianised framework
of diplomacy and kingship
168
00:15:15,500 --> 00:15:17,820
that existed in Europe at this time.
169
00:15:17,900 --> 00:15:23,780
It allowed the Carolingians and the
Anglo-Saxons to deal with
170
00:15:23,860 --> 00:15:27,180
these leaders of these
raiding fleets as
171
00:15:27,260 --> 00:15:34,060
legitimate political figures
rather than simply as outsiders.
172
00:15:36,380 --> 00:15:38,540
And what this is doing
is really integrating
173
00:15:38,620 --> 00:15:42,660
the Scandinavians into
this diplomatic network
174
00:15:42,740 --> 00:15:44,900
of Christian Europe.
175
00:16:00,420 --> 00:16:05,300
It was beneficial for them
to be allied with the church.
176
00:16:05,380 --> 00:16:10,380
When they originally introduced
Christianity to the Vikings,
177
00:16:10,460 --> 00:16:14,300
they portrayed Jesus
slightly differently.
178
00:16:14,380 --> 00:16:20,380
Jesus was not seen as the humble
servant that turned the other cheek.
179
00:16:20,460 --> 00:16:24,740
Rather he was presented as
the strong conqueror
180
00:16:24,820 --> 00:16:30,340
that defeated and christened
people from many different lands.
181
00:16:39,540 --> 00:16:43,380
Strength and victory were ideals
in their society.
182
00:16:43,460 --> 00:16:48,180
Not so much being humble,
sensitive and loving one another.
183
00:16:48,260 --> 00:16:54,020
The Vikings believed in taking care
of society's weaker members as well.
184
00:16:54,100 --> 00:17:00,060
Christianity simply didn't present
war as the foremost ideal.
185
00:17:00,140 --> 00:17:05,980
But the idea of goodness,
taking care of those less fortunate,
186
00:17:06,060 --> 00:17:11,020
existed in both religions.
187
00:17:25,740 --> 00:17:30,220
It is hard to understand how much
this era transformed the mindset
188
00:17:30,300 --> 00:17:34,260
of people who converted to
Christianity in Scandinavia.
189
00:17:34,340 --> 00:17:39,900
Was it really a change of belief,
of the way of looking at things,
190
00:17:39,980 --> 00:17:43,740
or was it more of an acceptance
191
00:17:43,820 --> 00:17:48,340
of new values, new practices,
192
00:17:48,420 --> 00:17:53,220
that mixed up,
at least for a given time,
193
00:17:53,300 --> 00:17:57,300
with the ones they already had.
194
00:18:07,740 --> 00:18:10,740
In the beginning of
the eighth century
195
00:18:10,820 --> 00:18:12,820
and, especially,
in the early ninth century,
196
00:18:12,900 --> 00:18:17,260
conversion to Christianity takes
place among individuals.
197
00:18:17,340 --> 00:18:20,940
People decide, in certain
circumstances,
198
00:18:21,020 --> 00:18:23,580
to accept a new religion.
199
00:18:24,660 --> 00:18:28,340
In connection with the Frankish
expansion to the North,
200
00:18:28,420 --> 00:18:33,100
high classes are more and more
interested in Christianity.
201
00:18:33,180 --> 00:18:35,660
They very often seek to facilitate
202
00:18:35,740 --> 00:18:39,580
diplomatic agreements and create
alliances.
203
00:18:41,100 --> 00:18:46,340
That same game comes back
in the late ninth century
204
00:18:46,420 --> 00:18:49,260
in texts written by
a monk named Notker.
205
00:18:49,340 --> 00:18:52,420
He refers to how the Danes
would often attend the court
206
00:18:52,500 --> 00:18:56,420
in order to be baptised.
207
00:18:56,500 --> 00:18:59,700
And weren't hiding that their goal
was to receive the gifts
208
00:18:59,780 --> 00:19:01,540
that were given with baptism.
209
00:19:01,620 --> 00:19:07,300
Of course, Notker laughs at the Danes
and their poorly hidden intentions.
210
00:19:07,380 --> 00:19:11,980
Their lack of sincerity during this
process must be quite exaggerated.
211
00:19:12,060 --> 00:19:16,300
But there must be some element
of truth as well;
212
00:19:16,380 --> 00:19:20,780
converting to Christianity,
going through baptism,
213
00:19:20,860 --> 00:19:24,940
aren't done out of sincere
devotion or belief in a single god.
214
00:19:25,020 --> 00:19:29,340
It is rather done in expediency. Only
as long as there is something to win.
215
00:19:29,420 --> 00:19:32,660
This also brings the question
of the way we see
216
00:19:32,740 --> 00:19:35,740
conversion into a
new religion.
217
00:19:37,460 --> 00:19:40,900
Indeed, on one side,
218
00:19:40,980 --> 00:19:44,980
there obviously is a social aspect
219
00:19:45,060 --> 00:19:51,900
to any change of religion,
220
00:19:51,980 --> 00:19:54,380
but there is also a very personal
221
00:19:54,460 --> 00:19:59,340
aspect concerning someone's faith.
222
00:19:59,420 --> 00:20:02,820
From an archaeological
point of view,
223
00:20:02,900 --> 00:20:07,740
it is very difficult to rebuild the
way people were thinking
224
00:20:07,820 --> 00:20:09,260
during the Viking Age.
225
00:20:09,340 --> 00:20:12,860
This also applies to written
sources since, very often,
226
00:20:12,940 --> 00:20:17,700
texts from that era refer to
political events,
227
00:20:17,780 --> 00:20:22,140
baptism as a ceremony,
228
00:20:22,220 --> 00:20:25,060
as a political and social event,
229
00:20:25,140 --> 00:20:31,060
but not really to more spiritual
thoughts of those affected.
230
00:20:43,300 --> 00:20:48,140
It's likely many journeyed south and
allowed themselves to be baptised,
231
00:20:48,220 --> 00:20:49,740
but when they travelled home,
232
00:20:49,820 --> 00:20:55,140
they returned to the old ways
and the old Gods.
233
00:20:56,700 --> 00:21:02,220
We have found necklaces
and amulets that could be
234
00:21:02,300 --> 00:21:07,980
both the hammer of Thor and a cross,
depending on how you wear it.
235
00:21:08,060 --> 00:21:13,460
There were casts for making
both the hammer of Thor and crosses.
236
00:21:13,540 --> 00:21:18,540
This indicates that the
line between the two religions
237
00:21:18,620 --> 00:21:21,460
was blurred for the Scandinavians.
238
00:21:38,980 --> 00:21:41,420
As Christianity and the Church
spread its influence,
239
00:21:41,500 --> 00:21:45,540
they brought with them new social
rules and women in particular
240
00:21:45,620 --> 00:21:47,260
were affected by this.
241
00:21:49,420 --> 00:21:52,300
They weren't allowed to
practise crafts.
242
00:21:52,380 --> 00:21:54,740
It was considered inappropriate.
243
00:21:54,820 --> 00:21:58,980
And it had to be done under
supervision by a man.
244
00:21:59,060 --> 00:22:02,420
They required a male guardian
of sorts.
245
00:22:04,740 --> 00:22:07,060
Prior to the spread of Christianity,
246
00:22:07,140 --> 00:22:11,300
women had the opportunity
both farm to their own land
247
00:22:11,380 --> 00:22:15,660
and rule over themselves as well as
practising various crafts,
248
00:22:15,740 --> 00:22:20,420
such as ceramics,
cloth making or baking.
249
00:22:20,500 --> 00:22:23,500
Especially when larger cities emerged
250
00:22:23,580 --> 00:22:28,660
where they could make a living
practising their craft.
251
00:22:30,620 --> 00:22:33,100
The judicial system also changed.
252
00:22:33,180 --> 00:22:38,340
Women weren't allowed to inherit
and they lost their say in marriages.
253
00:22:39,860 --> 00:22:46,500
The church also encouraged girls
and widows to join monasteries.
254
00:22:46,580 --> 00:22:51,100
And when they did,
they were encouraged to donate
255
00:22:51,180 --> 00:22:54,540
their worldly possessions
to the church.
256
00:22:54,620 --> 00:22:59,620
With this, their role in society
was weakened.
257
00:22:59,700 --> 00:23:05,220
Women were not allowed to be strong.
258
00:23:05,300 --> 00:23:11,860
She couldn't hold a position of power
or be an independent woman
259
00:23:11,940 --> 00:23:15,540
who made her own choices; instead
other people had to do it for her.
260
00:23:24,380 --> 00:23:27,900
Women always played a
fundamental part,
261
00:23:27,980 --> 00:23:32,660
but the value of their contribution
was diminished.
262
00:23:32,740 --> 00:23:35,500
Their contribution
wasn't worth as much.
263
00:23:35,580 --> 00:23:38,220
They were meant to cook,
and raise the children.
264
00:23:38,300 --> 00:23:42,660
This wasn't as important as
the role of men,
265
00:23:42,740 --> 00:23:44,820
being out in the world
in various ways.
266
00:23:44,900 --> 00:23:50,460
This view emerged with
the spread of Christianity.
267
00:24:03,180 --> 00:24:07,740
I think today, that the idea of
giving up ones religion and accepting
268
00:24:07,820 --> 00:24:12,700
a new set of beliefs would be a huge
thing for an individual to take on,
269
00:24:12,780 --> 00:24:15,980
and certainly for at least some
people during the Viking age,
270
00:24:16,060 --> 00:24:19,060
I think that must have been
very much the same.
271
00:24:24,700 --> 00:24:28,140
At the same time, I think
it's important to acknowledge that
272
00:24:28,220 --> 00:24:32,100
the pre-Christian
belief systems of Scandinavia
273
00:24:32,180 --> 00:24:33,380
during the Viking age,
274
00:24:33,460 --> 00:24:36,820
they didn't conform to any kind
of religious doctrine.
275
00:24:36,900 --> 00:24:42,020
This was not a religion in the sense
that we would today understand it,
276
00:24:42,100 --> 00:24:43,860
but more a kind of belief system,
277
00:24:43,940 --> 00:24:47,340
a way of seeing the world
and interacting
278
00:24:47,420 --> 00:24:49,020
with the world around you.
279
00:24:49,500 --> 00:24:54,380
And in that sense, if you have a
polytheistic outlook
280
00:24:54,460 --> 00:24:57,100
on religious beliefs,
you have many gods,
281
00:24:57,180 --> 00:25:01,180
and in addition to those you have
a whole range of spirits
282
00:25:01,260 --> 00:25:04,140
and supernatural creatures that
live in the world around you,
283
00:25:04,220 --> 00:25:06,460
and you interact with these
on a daily basis,
284
00:25:06,540 --> 00:25:10,940
then the idea of taking on
another deity as part of this
285
00:25:11,020 --> 00:25:17,580
may not have been as outlandish
or as traumatic as we might think.
286
00:25:17,660 --> 00:25:24,500
There is an acknowledgement of other
beliefs and maybe there was
287
00:25:24,580 --> 00:25:27,820
some way that these
could be integrated
288
00:25:27,900 --> 00:25:33,420
into people's existing belief systems
rather than replacing them directly.
289
00:26:04,380 --> 00:26:07,940
In the late ninth centuryand early 10th century,
290
00:26:08,020 --> 00:26:11,660
as more and more Viking groups inFrancia learn the language
291
00:26:11,740 --> 00:26:14,500
and convertfrom paganism to Christianity,
292
00:26:14,580 --> 00:26:17,940
they start to naturally integrateinto Frankish society.
293
00:26:18,020 --> 00:26:20,420
And as more Vikings are integrated,
294
00:26:20,500 --> 00:26:24,260
they also become a significant anddangerous power to be reckoned with.
295
00:26:25,660 --> 00:26:31,060
In the late ninth century, Vikings
had been present in Normandy
296
00:26:31,140 --> 00:26:34,460
and the Channel for several decades.
297
00:26:34,540 --> 00:26:38,500
They had already settled in
a more or less permanent way
298
00:26:38,580 --> 00:26:41,020
in different areas
299
00:26:41,100 --> 00:26:45,260
of Brittany and around
the Seine's estuary in Normandy.
300
00:26:58,340 --> 00:26:59,700
For the Frankish emperor,
301
00:26:59,780 --> 00:27:03,060
it became important to havegood diplomatic relations
302
00:27:03,140 --> 00:27:05,380
with the Vikings and their leaders.
303
00:27:06,700 --> 00:27:13,220
And in 911 an experiencedViking chief steps forward.
304
00:27:13,300 --> 00:27:17,140
What we see at this time as part of
diplomatic negotiation,
305
00:27:17,220 --> 00:27:21,700
a Viking leader who we know
in the historical record as Rollo
306
00:27:24,980 --> 00:27:29,100
is granted a swathe of territory in
what is now Normandy.
307
00:27:37,780 --> 00:27:40,380
Rollo had already taken part
308
00:27:40,460 --> 00:27:44,860
in several Viking incursions
on the Seine, and for several years.
309
00:27:44,940 --> 00:27:49,700
He was well known to the
Frankish authorities.
310
00:27:56,140 --> 00:27:59,540
In this environment,
where on one side,
311
00:27:59,620 --> 00:28:07,540
Viking incursions are taken up again
in the 880s to 890s.
312
00:28:07,620 --> 00:28:10,740
They are a threat to the area,
a real one.
313
00:28:10,820 --> 00:28:17,220
And, on the other side, the fact that
several groups of Vikings
314
00:28:17,300 --> 00:28:21,500
are already settled more or less
permanently in different areas.
315
00:28:21,580 --> 00:28:24,940
The Scandinavians
are already quite present
316
00:28:25,020 --> 00:28:30,620
and they are starting to
be not only a permanent threat,
317
00:28:30,700 --> 00:28:33,060
but quite an annoying one.
318
00:28:34,140 --> 00:28:39,660
It's with this background that the
leader, Rollo, comes to an agreement
319
00:28:39,740 --> 00:28:46,700
with the King to gain control over
territories in Normandy
320
00:28:46,780 --> 00:28:52,380
in order to remedy
321
00:28:52,460 --> 00:28:56,620
a more or less
already existing situation
322
00:28:56,700 --> 00:29:02,620
of the Seine's estuary
and thus access to Paris
323
00:29:02,700 --> 00:29:05,860
and to the richest areas
in the Kingdom.
324
00:29:07,980 --> 00:29:13,140
This is the context that allows Rollo
to get the first territories
325
00:29:13,220 --> 00:29:16,940
of what will later become Normandy.
326
00:29:17,020 --> 00:29:21,380
This agreement with Rollo isa clear way for the Frankish power
327
00:29:21,460 --> 00:29:24,620
to control him and make him an ally.
328
00:29:25,740 --> 00:29:28,740
This will have enormous
consequences...
329
00:29:30,580 --> 00:29:35,820
The agreement was formalised in 911.
We haven't found this document,
330
00:29:35,900 --> 00:29:42,260
but it is referred to in different
sources from 918.
331
00:29:46,540 --> 00:29:50,860
And the purpose of this, primarily
from the Carolingian perspective,
332
00:29:50,940 --> 00:29:56,420
is to establish a strong, powerful
adversary in a region where
333
00:29:56,500 --> 00:30:02,740
where he's become almost a
protector of the Carolingian Kingdom,
334
00:30:02,820 --> 00:30:05,740
because their job, essentially,
in holding this territory,
335
00:30:05,820 --> 00:30:10,060
is to stop other potential incursions
from taking place.
336
00:30:16,220 --> 00:30:20,660
It has its merits to position
capable warriors
337
00:30:20,740 --> 00:30:22,620
by the mouth of the river Seine.
338
00:30:22,700 --> 00:30:28,340
This ensured they were prepared for
potential hostile invasions.
339
00:30:28,420 --> 00:30:34,180
In addition, by granting them
this land they eliminated
340
00:30:34,260 --> 00:30:39,020
the probability of further
Viking raids.
341
00:30:39,100 --> 00:30:44,260
It was still a possibility, but
having local Norsemen
342
00:30:44,340 --> 00:30:49,060
living there, they might have
negotiated and discussed things
343
00:30:49,140 --> 00:30:53,020
with the locals before
they took up arms.
344
00:30:57,380 --> 00:31:01,180
Very quickly it seems that the
territory of Normandy grows
345
00:31:01,260 --> 00:31:07,420
as more land is granted and this
area, this new Scandinavian enclave,
346
00:31:07,500 --> 00:31:10,500
starts to expand quite rapidly.
347
00:31:11,700 --> 00:31:15,700
And a part of this we see an
acculturation into Frankish society.
348
00:31:15,780 --> 00:31:20,340
Not only the adoption of Christianity
which is an ongoing process,
349
00:31:20,420 --> 00:31:24,380
but also a move towards
a more Frankish way of life.
350
00:31:24,460 --> 00:31:28,060
Quite quickly, I think,
within a number of years,
351
00:31:28,140 --> 00:31:33,900
we're not gonna be seeing, or hearing
rather, Scandinavian languages spoken
352
00:31:33,980 --> 00:31:35,220
in the Normandy region.
353
00:31:35,300 --> 00:31:40,660
We're gonna see a disappearance
of Scandinavian custom
354
00:31:40,740 --> 00:31:45,260
and the emergence of what really
looks like a Frankish territory.
355
00:31:46,820 --> 00:31:51,620
They rapidly adapted
Christian graves and culture.
356
00:31:54,100 --> 00:32:00,420
It didn't take long for them to
become fully fledged Frenchmen.
357
00:32:12,020 --> 00:32:18,500
From brief excursions,
to staying over the winter...
358
00:32:21,780 --> 00:32:24,780
and to eventually be granted
their own share of the land...
359
00:32:26,780 --> 00:32:30,100
within the span of roughly 150 years
360
00:32:30,180 --> 00:32:34,620
meant that the Norsemen had an
established presence in Francia.
361
00:32:39,940 --> 00:32:45,180
The early winters in Francia
granted the Vikings
362
00:32:45,260 --> 00:32:51,900
enough social attachment to
establish diplomatic relations
363
00:32:51,980 --> 00:32:55,460
and discussions on warfare
and common enemies
364
00:32:55,540 --> 00:33:00,100
that, in turn, strengthened their
presence in Francia.
365
00:33:04,580 --> 00:33:09,140
I think trying to put a single
determining factor on why these
366
00:33:09,220 --> 00:33:13,100
processes of acculturation
take place is quite difficult.
367
00:33:13,180 --> 00:33:16,140
In one sense, I think there's an
element of pragmatism here.
368
00:33:16,220 --> 00:33:20,420
If you're going to be establishing
yourself within a new landscape
369
00:33:20,500 --> 00:33:24,900
and among a new society, there has to
be a degree of integration
370
00:33:24,980 --> 00:33:27,420
to ensure peaceful coexistence.
371
00:33:27,500 --> 00:33:29,620
At the same time I also
think this is natural.
372
00:33:29,700 --> 00:33:33,100
As people come together
and coexist and
373
00:33:33,180 --> 00:33:35,260
communicate and
learn from each other,
374
00:33:35,340 --> 00:33:38,780
there's going to be an exchange of
culture and an exchange of ideas.
375
00:33:38,860 --> 00:33:42,260
And I think, in that sense,
that this is a process that
376
00:33:42,340 --> 00:33:45,740
can't necessarily be quantified
or put into a box:
377
00:33:45,820 --> 00:33:47,060
This is why it happened.
378
00:33:47,140 --> 00:33:50,940
Over time, this is something that
would naturally take place
379
00:33:51,020 --> 00:33:54,020
as we see in the continuing
evolution of Normandy
380
00:33:54,100 --> 00:33:55,940
to what it becomes in
the 11th century.
381
00:33:59,460 --> 00:34:04,660
When we think that Normandy was
established as a political territory
382
00:34:04,740 --> 00:34:07,980
based on Scandinavian colonisation,
383
00:34:08,060 --> 00:34:11,660
it can seem surprising that
on an archaeological level
384
00:34:11,740 --> 00:34:16,220
we have almost zero material evidence
of that Scandinavian presence.
385
00:34:16,300 --> 00:34:19,620
One of the possible
explanations is that
386
00:34:19,700 --> 00:34:24,180
the integration of the Scandinavians
happened very quickly
387
00:34:24,260 --> 00:34:27,660
through those marriage alliances.
388
00:34:27,740 --> 00:34:32,340
And very quickly they adopted
a way of life close to that
389
00:34:32,420 --> 00:34:35,860
of the Frankish populations who
used to live there beforehand.
390
00:34:35,940 --> 00:34:40,780
So we don't notice in
an obvious way in archaeology
391
00:34:40,860 --> 00:34:43,260
that Scandinavian presence.
392
00:34:48,060 --> 00:34:52,500
Rollo's reign of Normandylasted until 928,
393
00:34:52,580 --> 00:34:56,700
he is believed to have died in 930,at the age of 70.
394
00:34:59,420 --> 00:35:04,020
Rollo's offspring and his followersbecame known as The Normans.
395
00:35:10,020 --> 00:35:16,060
There was periodic fighting
between Rollo's children,
396
00:35:16,140 --> 00:35:18,540
grandchildren and the French King.
397
00:35:18,620 --> 00:35:25,180
But by the end of the 10th century,
the region saw a return to stability
398
00:35:25,260 --> 00:35:31,540
when the great grandson
of Rollo married
399
00:35:31,620 --> 00:35:36,140
a woman who moved there.
400
00:35:36,220 --> 00:35:41,980
And they created a peaceful
society that catered to
401
00:35:42,060 --> 00:35:48,980
both the Norsemen and the Europeans
that already lived there.
402
00:35:52,220 --> 00:35:56,820
The union of Gunnor, the daughter ofa rich family in West Normandy,
403
00:35:56,900 --> 00:36:00,380
and Rollo's grandson,Richard I of Normandy,
404
00:36:00,460 --> 00:36:02,540
proved to be one of themost important
405
00:36:02,620 --> 00:36:04,860
political marriages in the region.
406
00:36:07,740 --> 00:36:11,820
She ruled the land following her
husband's passing
407
00:36:11,900 --> 00:36:13,340
as their son was still young.
408
00:36:13,420 --> 00:36:19,300
She left her imprint on the area
and managed to collaborate with
409
00:36:19,380 --> 00:36:22,940
the Scandinavian people
410
00:36:23,020 --> 00:36:27,580
and countries, as well
as the rest of Francia.
411
00:36:41,420 --> 00:36:45,460
The attempt to stabilise
relationships between
412
00:36:45,540 --> 00:36:51,060
Scandinavian elite warriors settling
in Normandy and Frankish authorities
413
00:36:51,140 --> 00:36:54,780
includes marriages that also play
an important part.
414
00:36:54,860 --> 00:36:57,780
Within personal alliances,
415
00:36:57,860 --> 00:37:02,020
risk of conflict
among members of a family
416
00:37:02,100 --> 00:37:04,580
is theoretically diminished.
417
00:37:04,660 --> 00:37:08,100
In practice,
it is often far from true,
418
00:37:08,180 --> 00:37:14,140
but it is done to limit conflicts.
419
00:37:14,220 --> 00:37:17,660
In those marriages,
420
00:37:17,740 --> 00:37:21,580
women play a major part.
421
00:37:26,220 --> 00:37:29,420
Not in an obvious or active way,
422
00:37:29,500 --> 00:37:34,100
they don't decide who they
are getting married to,
423
00:37:34,180 --> 00:37:37,740
they are mostly arranged marriages,
things are decided for them,
424
00:37:37,820 --> 00:37:41,300
but through these marriages they
manage to establish
425
00:37:41,380 --> 00:37:44,260
some kind of authority of obvious
importance in politics.
426
00:37:44,340 --> 00:37:50,740
Their part, as is the case for Gunnor
and many others is,
427
00:37:50,820 --> 00:37:56,580
on one hand to have some
influence on political stakes,
428
00:37:56,660 --> 00:38:03,140
and on the other hand to
make sure their children
429
00:38:03,220 --> 00:38:06,620
will have access to
power and inheritance.
430
00:38:06,700 --> 00:38:10,860
One of the main things at stake for
elite women in Normandy
431
00:38:10,940 --> 00:38:15,940
is to make sure their children
have access to the rights
432
00:38:16,020 --> 00:38:20,180
and inheritance
that should be theirs.
433
00:38:38,980 --> 00:38:41,980
I mean, of course these kind of
marriages would have strengthened
434
00:38:42,060 --> 00:38:47,140
political and personal bonds between
very powerful families
435
00:38:47,220 --> 00:38:49,260
and across borders.
436
00:38:49,340 --> 00:38:53,260
In addition to this I think there
would have been also financial gain
437
00:38:53,340 --> 00:38:58,500
for one or both parties,
but also a chance to, again,
438
00:38:58,580 --> 00:39:02,900
for these people to increase their
power through these relationships.
439
00:39:02,980 --> 00:39:07,980
And these marriages greatly
facilitate the establishment of
440
00:39:08,060 --> 00:39:13,220
what would hope to be stable
dynasties of rule and in that sense
441
00:39:13,300 --> 00:39:14,900
these marriages legitimise
442
00:39:14,980 --> 00:39:18,580
the future rule of the children
born of those unions.
443
00:39:26,420 --> 00:39:30,580
During the 10th century,
the kingdoms grew.
444
00:39:30,660 --> 00:39:32,580
They controlled larger areas of land,
445
00:39:32,660 --> 00:39:35,300
which meant they had access to
bigger pools of resources.
446
00:39:35,380 --> 00:39:40,940
They were also better educated
and taught diplomacy,
447
00:39:41,020 --> 00:39:44,620
how to negotiate
448
00:39:44,700 --> 00:39:51,540
and to read and write in order
to administrate their kingdoms.
449
00:39:51,620 --> 00:39:56,260
They also kept books for taxes.
450
00:39:56,340 --> 00:40:00,900
Much of this was likely done
by the women, the queens,
451
00:40:00,980 --> 00:40:06,780
that took care of their own families
as well as their descendants.
452
00:40:13,180 --> 00:40:16,660
Even though Christianity reducedthe status of women,
453
00:40:16,740 --> 00:40:18,420
some of them actually gained more
454
00:40:18,500 --> 00:40:21,140
power through thesepolitical marriages.
455
00:40:51,860 --> 00:40:55,460
I think it goes without saying that
women have always been prominent
456
00:40:55,540 --> 00:41:00,100
in matters of politics and religion,
457
00:41:00,180 --> 00:41:02,580
we just don't always
read about them in the texts,
458
00:41:02,660 --> 00:41:05,700
which are quite heavily
biased towards
459
00:41:05,780 --> 00:41:08,860
describing the lives of Kings,
essentially.
460
00:41:08,940 --> 00:41:12,300
But as we move into this period,
women do
461
00:41:12,380 --> 00:41:16,580
hold an increasingly powerful role in
dynastic politics,
462
00:41:16,660 --> 00:41:22,700
as people from which you have royal
dynasties and bloodlines.
463
00:41:22,780 --> 00:41:26,900
They become, diplomatically as
well, very important people
464
00:41:26,980 --> 00:41:29,380
through marriages between families,
465
00:41:29,460 --> 00:41:34,460
in an effort to strengthen political
ties and establish bonds,
466
00:41:34,540 --> 00:41:38,060
both between families and across
territorial borders as well.
467
00:41:38,140 --> 00:41:41,660
In addition to this,
women held many important roles
468
00:41:41,740 --> 00:41:46,500
within the ecclesiastical hierarchy
and as members of
469
00:41:46,580 --> 00:41:51,220
higher status families contributed to
the strong relationship
470
00:41:51,300 --> 00:41:56,620
that secular rulers had with the
church and greatly facilitated this.
471
00:42:09,740 --> 00:42:12,980
It also seems that women are
becoming increasingly active in
472
00:42:13,060 --> 00:42:18,140
aspects of political leadership and
playing key roles in the formation
473
00:42:18,220 --> 00:42:21,740
of alliances and relationships
between powerful families.
474
00:42:29,940 --> 00:42:33,740
They were at the seat of power.
If their men left,
475
00:42:33,820 --> 00:42:37,900
travelled abroad or they were
widowed, they were given
476
00:42:37,980 --> 00:42:41,460
complete autonomy over
their Kingdoms.
477
00:42:47,300 --> 00:42:51,660
They could negotiate favourable
marriages for their children,
478
00:42:51,740 --> 00:42:56,820
or taxes, they held the Kingdom
in their hands.
479
00:42:56,900 --> 00:43:02,420
This meant these women
were crucial for the exercise
480
00:43:02,500 --> 00:43:06,340
of power in those days.
481
00:43:19,540 --> 00:43:22,500
An important step in the creation
of wealth and power
482
00:43:22,580 --> 00:43:26,740
is to arrange suitable marriages
where the possessions of a man
483
00:43:26,820 --> 00:43:30,620
and a woman were combined.
484
00:43:30,700 --> 00:43:36,580
And this isn't something that the man
or woman have much say in.
485
00:43:36,660 --> 00:43:40,420
Rather it is up to their families,
their advisers,
486
00:43:40,500 --> 00:43:46,780
that negotiate and discuss matters
such as the size of the dowry,
487
00:43:46,860 --> 00:43:52,300
what possessions will be
part of the marriage,
488
00:43:52,380 --> 00:43:58,740
which becomes a very official union
of these two individuals.
489
00:43:58,820 --> 00:44:04,620
They become symbols for
the creation of alliances
490
00:44:04,700 --> 00:44:08,620
within the sphere of power
that they live.
491
00:44:08,700 --> 00:44:14,380
This creates a strong bond
between groups,
492
00:44:14,460 --> 00:44:18,180
that everyone involved is
keen to maintain.
493
00:44:18,260 --> 00:44:22,020
This leads to an increased wealth
for the families
494
00:44:22,100 --> 00:44:28,260
and hopefully greater stability
in their countries.
495
00:44:31,940 --> 00:44:35,420
The greater the alliance,
the more power it creates,
496
00:44:35,500 --> 00:44:40,020
and hopefully it will
keep war at bay.
497
00:44:43,260 --> 00:44:46,060
So it isn't just about
the families involved
498
00:44:46,140 --> 00:44:48,260
and that they try to gather
more power,
499
00:44:48,340 --> 00:44:51,660
rather it's about entire countries
and populations.
500
00:44:51,740 --> 00:44:56,020
And it's a lot of responsibility
being put on these individuals
501
00:44:56,100 --> 00:45:00,820
that often were quite young
when they wed.
502
00:45:00,900 --> 00:45:02,980
They didn't have a say in the matter.
503
00:45:03,060 --> 00:45:05,580
What matters is that they have
children to ensure
504
00:45:05,660 --> 00:45:10,540
the survival of the family and
the union of their lineages.
505
00:45:10,620 --> 00:45:15,780
But kings and queens can become
widows or widowers,
506
00:45:15,860 --> 00:45:18,980
then new alliances
must be formed.
507
00:45:19,060 --> 00:45:23,020
The King should not be unwed
when the possibility
508
00:45:23,100 --> 00:45:28,540
to strengthen an alliance with
a new territory or family exists.
509
00:45:28,620 --> 00:45:31,140
Instead new marriages are arranged.
510
00:45:40,620 --> 00:45:46,340
If we try to imagine Cnut the Great
and Queen Emma's court,
511
00:45:46,420 --> 00:45:51,700
it's far from being easy.
512
00:45:51,780 --> 00:45:55,300
First, there is an
important element to remember.
513
00:45:55,380 --> 00:45:59,900
For both of them,
it wasn't their first marriage.
514
00:46:12,300 --> 00:46:17,820
Cnut had been married in the past to
Ælfgifu who was Anglo-Saxon.
515
00:46:17,900 --> 00:46:22,180
He had been present in England
516
00:46:22,260 --> 00:46:24,580
for several years already when
he married Emma.
517
00:46:24,660 --> 00:46:30,300
Regarding Emma, she had been married
to King Edward the Confessor.
518
00:46:30,380 --> 00:46:35,540
So she had already been an
Anglo-Saxon queen for several years.
519
00:46:39,180 --> 00:46:45,020
On one side, we have Cnut's Danish
origins and on the other,
520
00:46:45,100 --> 00:46:48,100
we have Emma's Norman origins.
521
00:46:49,540 --> 00:46:55,420
On a cultural point of view,
we could expect a blending marked
522
00:46:55,500 --> 00:46:59,500
with Danish and Norman cultures,
so largely Frankish,
523
00:46:59,580 --> 00:47:02,580
as well as the Anglo-Saxon culture.
524
00:47:10,300 --> 00:47:15,820
In reality, I think it was more like
a synthesis of all of this
525
00:47:15,900 --> 00:47:21,940
and that the elites' way of life was
generally not associated with
526
00:47:22,020 --> 00:47:26,020
a culture or a region in particular,
527
00:47:26,100 --> 00:47:32,100
but rather was common to most
elites in north western Europe
528
00:47:32,180 --> 00:47:34,820
in the early 11th century.
529
00:48:24,660 --> 00:48:28,580
The reason why the Vikings chose tointegrate into Frankish culture
530
00:48:28,660 --> 00:48:32,940
and became Europeans was the greatadvantages that came along with it.
531
00:48:34,380 --> 00:48:37,860
Only Christian Europeanscould own land in Normandy.
532
00:48:37,940 --> 00:48:42,380
And owning land was far moreimportant than simply owning gold.
533
00:48:42,460 --> 00:48:46,100
Land meant real power,which gave the Vikings influence
534
00:48:46,180 --> 00:48:50,060
over the politicallandscape in Normandy.
535
00:48:50,140 --> 00:48:53,060
After a time of Viking integration,
536
00:48:53,140 --> 00:48:56,860
many members of the Normanas well as the English royal courts
537
00:48:56,940 --> 00:49:00,740
now have their originsin Scandinavia.
538
00:49:00,820 --> 00:49:05,180
There is a large degree of culturalmixing at the various courts,
539
00:49:05,260 --> 00:49:08,460
which creates tension betweenthe royal houses.
540
00:49:08,540 --> 00:49:12,740
As we have seen, this tension can bereconciled through marriage,
541
00:49:12,820 --> 00:49:16,140
however this led tosibling rivalry and family feuds
542
00:49:16,220 --> 00:49:18,100
over claims to the crown.
543
00:49:18,180 --> 00:49:21,580
And this would soon result in adecisive conclusion
544
00:49:21,660 --> 00:49:25,940
and lead to one of the most famousbattles in European history.
545
00:49:39,700 --> 00:49:42,700
Subtitles: Lily Ray
www.plint.com
47930
Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.