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Sebastian junger: When a
society collapses into anarchy
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00:00:37,035 --> 00:00:40,302
And violence, civilians
inevitably take matters
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00:00:40,304 --> 00:00:42,704
Into their own hands.
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00:00:45,307 --> 00:00:47,174
They form armed militias.
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00:00:47,176 --> 00:00:49,442
They put up
checkpoints and roadblocks.
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00:00:49,444 --> 00:00:52,244
They kill or expel anyone
in the area who might threaten
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00:00:52,246 --> 00:00:54,545
Their grip on power.
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00:00:58,049 --> 00:01:00,216
Sebastian junger: In
that kind of environment,
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Radical ideologies are
almost guaranteed to take hold.
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Radicalism
depends on desperation.
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It depends on grievance.
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00:01:08,757 --> 00:01:11,157
And it then provides its
own harsh answers to the
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00:01:11,159 --> 00:01:13,325
Corruption and the
violence that afflict much
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Of the world.
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Sebastian junger: People will
always turn to radicalism once
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They have exhausted
every other option.
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Militant: Allahu akbar,
allahu akbar.
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Sebastian junger: They have to.
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Their very
survival is at stake.
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00:03:27,452 --> 00:03:30,454
Robin yassin kassab: At first it
wasn't a revolutionary movement.
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00:03:30,456 --> 00:03:32,756
They weren't calling for
the fall of the regime or
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00:03:32,758 --> 00:03:34,858
The execution
of the president.
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00:03:39,797 --> 00:03:41,430
Robin ysssin kassab:
It was very simple.
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00:03:41,432 --> 00:03:44,966
"we want our
children to be released."
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00:03:45,667 --> 00:03:47,868
They were
calling for dignity,
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00:03:47,870 --> 00:03:51,438
Which is important
in a country where people
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00:03:51,440 --> 00:03:54,307
Were used to being
humiliated and pushed around.
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00:03:58,780 --> 00:04:01,447
Sarah chayes: It's really
remarkable the degree to which
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00:04:01,449 --> 00:04:04,950
Corruption has played an
important role in driving a
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00:04:04,952 --> 00:04:08,453
Variety of security crises
that had been breaking out in
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The last five to ten years.
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00:04:12,490 --> 00:04:16,226
Every single one of the
arab spring revolutions was
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00:04:16,228 --> 00:04:20,396
Explicitly an
anti-corruption revolution.
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00:04:20,398 --> 00:04:23,699
These were countries run
by extremely sophisticated
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00:04:23,701 --> 00:04:27,736
And successful
criminal organizations.
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00:04:27,738 --> 00:04:31,873
The people who are paid to
uphold the law are the very
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00:04:31,875 --> 00:04:34,342
Ones violating it.
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00:04:34,344 --> 00:04:37,411
It's humiliating.
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00:04:37,612 --> 00:04:40,847
Tunisia catches fire.
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00:04:43,951 --> 00:04:46,585
Libya catches fire.
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00:04:48,854 --> 00:04:52,022
Egypt catches fire.
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Bashar al-assad looks
at that and says,
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"I'll be damned."
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00:04:57,761 --> 00:05:02,296
So he was willing
to respond to peaceful
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00:05:02,298 --> 00:05:05,432
Demonstrations with
maximal use of force.
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00:05:30,856 --> 00:05:33,557
Sarah chayes: The
bet that he made was
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00:05:33,559 --> 00:05:36,426
"there's, at this
point, no compromising
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00:05:36,428 --> 00:05:39,295
With this movement so
if I wanna stay in power,
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00:05:39,297 --> 00:05:42,731
I have to absolutely
take it to the limit."
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00:05:52,441 --> 00:05:54,608
Robin yassin kassab:
Very quickly we got into this
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00:05:54,610 --> 00:05:58,845
Cycle of protests that
were met by gunfire which led
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00:05:58,847 --> 00:06:01,013
To funerals the next day.
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00:06:03,584 --> 00:06:05,884
The funerals
became bigger protests.
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00:06:05,886 --> 00:06:09,087
The demands, then,
began to get bigger.
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00:06:10,089 --> 00:06:14,091
Social justice and freedom,
an end to corruption.
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00:06:15,593 --> 00:06:19,562
The regime responded again
with more and more violence.
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00:06:24,901 --> 00:06:27,002
Zaidoun al-zoabi: I
participated in demonstrations
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00:06:27,004 --> 00:06:29,537
And I was
detained twice afterwards.
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00:06:29,539 --> 00:06:33,741
In that jail, I
witnessed at least the death
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00:06:33,743 --> 00:06:38,478
Of 80 people who died
just because of the conditions.
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00:06:39,580 --> 00:06:43,382
There was no oxygen,
there was no medicine.
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00:06:44,917 --> 00:06:47,885
There was no space for you.
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00:06:47,887 --> 00:06:50,954
You can't sleep,
there's no sleep.
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00:06:54,625 --> 00:06:57,727
Wardens did not
have to beat us.
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00:06:57,729 --> 00:07:00,596
We used to do it
to each other.
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00:07:00,598 --> 00:07:03,498
You know, just like a couple
of rats put in a small, small,
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00:07:03,500 --> 00:07:07,368
Small space, and we were,
we were just biting each other.
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00:07:07,370 --> 00:07:10,537
It is a factory of terrorism.
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00:07:10,539 --> 00:07:15,674
You would go inside as
an ordinary person and
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00:07:15,676 --> 00:07:18,376
Leave as a terrorist.
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00:07:35,660 --> 00:07:37,761
Linda ibrahim:
I was almost 16, 17
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00:07:37,763 --> 00:07:41,731
When the
revolution started.
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00:07:41,965 --> 00:07:43,732
I wanted to do something.
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00:07:43,734 --> 00:07:45,900
I mean, I wanted to
participate in demonstrations.
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00:07:45,902 --> 00:07:48,569
I wanted these
things to stop.
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00:07:50,873 --> 00:07:55,542
Emely issa: That night,
I tried to prevent them.
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00:07:56,810 --> 00:08:00,579
I told them you are young
and we don't know yet how will
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00:08:00,581 --> 00:08:02,647
The regime
behave against you.
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00:08:02,649 --> 00:08:05,683
I was afraid
they will shoot.
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00:08:05,685 --> 00:08:07,484
They will shoot.
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00:08:09,788 --> 00:08:12,822
I tried, but they
insisted so I told them
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00:08:12,824 --> 00:08:15,524
"okay, I will
be in front of you.
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00:08:15,526 --> 00:08:19,594
I will be the first, but you
have to follow my instructions."
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00:08:34,573 --> 00:08:38,709
Emely issa: If god gave
me 1,000 years to live,
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00:08:38,711 --> 00:08:41,878
I will never
forget that sound.
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00:08:45,883 --> 00:08:48,184
Linda ibrahim: When
you see such sufferings,
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There is no childhood.
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00:08:52,622 --> 00:08:55,657
So many of my
friends were killed.
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00:08:56,025 --> 00:09:00,461
And this is the
hardest thing, you know.
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00:09:00,463 --> 00:09:03,931
Before, we wanted many
things, we wanted to change,
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00:09:03,933 --> 00:09:06,800
But now we just want
peace, you know, for,
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00:09:06,802 --> 00:09:10,903
Stop killing
children, I mean.
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00:09:11,905 --> 00:09:15,173
Stop killing
innocent people.
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00:09:18,911 --> 00:09:21,646
Bbc news: Mr. President,
human rights watch, for example,
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00:09:21,648 --> 00:09:25,182
30th of January this year,
has said that forces loyal to
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00:09:25,184 --> 00:09:28,185
Bashar al-assad "have
deliberately and viciously
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00:09:28,187 --> 00:09:30,954
Attacked civilians in
opposition-held areas using
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00:09:30,956 --> 00:09:34,490
Bashar al-assad: No, there's
no indiscriminate weapons.
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00:09:34,492 --> 00:09:37,593
When you, when you shoot,
you aim, and when you shoot,
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00:09:37,595 --> 00:09:39,761
When you aim you aim
at terrorists in order
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00:09:39,763 --> 00:09:42,764
To protect civilians.
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00:09:42,766 --> 00:09:45,233
Again, if you're talking
about casualty, that's war.
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00:09:45,235 --> 00:09:48,035
You cannot have
war without casualty.
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00:09:52,773 --> 00:09:54,940
Man: Alahu akbar...
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00:10:00,279 --> 00:10:03,214
Alahu abkar.
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00:10:13,625 --> 00:10:19,663
♪
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00:10:26,737 --> 00:10:29,705
Robin yassin kassab:
The regime wanted a war.
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00:10:29,707 --> 00:10:31,640
This sounds strange.
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00:10:31,642 --> 00:10:33,842
Why on earth would any
regime, or government,
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00:10:33,844 --> 00:10:37,011
Or state provoke a
war against itself?
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00:10:47,789 --> 00:10:50,123
Robin yassin kassab: The
regime knew very well that it
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00:10:50,125 --> 00:10:52,825
Couldn't survive a
genuine reform process.
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00:10:52,827 --> 00:10:54,960
If there was a
real reform process,
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00:10:54,962 --> 00:10:56,795
One thing would
lead to another.
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00:10:56,797 --> 00:10:59,297
There would, there would
be more and more transparency,
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00:10:59,299 --> 00:11:02,733
More and more crimes would
be exposed, and in the end,
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00:11:02,735 --> 00:11:06,103
At best, the president and
his top officers would have
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00:11:06,105 --> 00:11:09,773
Ended up in prison
stripped of their stolen wealth.
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00:11:13,844 --> 00:11:16,879
They thought that in a
military conflict, in a war,
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00:11:16,881 --> 00:11:20,749
They could win because
they had done it before.
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00:11:21,884 --> 00:11:27,255
Under hafez al-assad,
the father of bashar in 1982,
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00:11:27,257 --> 00:11:30,157
They used artillery,
they used aerial bombardment,
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00:11:30,159 --> 00:11:33,059
They probably used
chemical weapons,
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00:11:33,061 --> 00:11:36,162
And they killed
somewhere between 10,000 and
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00:11:36,164 --> 00:11:41,299
40,000 people, and the memory
of that terror kept the syrian
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00:11:41,301 --> 00:11:44,969
People silent until 2011.
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00:15:33,994 --> 00:15:36,228
Reporter: Pictures have
emerged today apparently
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00:15:36,230 --> 00:15:38,396
Showing members of the
syrian army defecting to join
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00:15:38,398 --> 00:15:40,398
Protesters in
the city of homs.
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00:15:42,068 --> 00:15:44,635
Robin yassin kassab: You
have a growing number of local
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00:15:44,637 --> 00:15:48,238
Volunteers and a growing
number of military defectors
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00:15:48,240 --> 00:15:51,140
Who were joining together
to form into hundreds of
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00:15:51,142 --> 00:15:54,676
Self-defense militias which
eventually all came together
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00:15:54,678 --> 00:15:58,112
Under the umbrella titled,
"the free syrian army."
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00:16:14,228 --> 00:16:17,063
Ahmed: These groups the
fsa had in aleppo at that
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00:16:17,065 --> 00:16:19,632
Time were really helpful.
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00:16:20,033 --> 00:16:22,968
Once in salaheddin, I
was demonstrating in there.
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00:16:30,107 --> 00:16:33,542
People start just
falling on the ground that,
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00:16:33,544 --> 00:16:35,610
From shooting
from the regime.
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00:16:35,612 --> 00:16:38,479
They closed the road on us.
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00:16:57,763 --> 00:16:59,997
Ahmed: And then, like out
of nothing, like angels,
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00:16:59,999 --> 00:17:02,299
Somebody shoot the
thugs and they fell
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00:17:02,301 --> 00:17:03,700
And they were
able to escape.
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00:17:44,139 --> 00:17:45,172
Soldier: Takbir!
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00:17:45,174 --> 00:17:46,339
Fsa soldiers: Allahu akbar!
146
00:17:46,341 --> 00:17:47,406
Soldier: Takbir!
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00:17:47,408 --> 00:17:48,440
Fsa soldiers: Allahu akbar!
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00:17:48,442 --> 00:17:49,441
Soldier: Takbir!
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00:17:49,443 --> 00:17:53,244
Christoph reuter: The
propaganda of the regime was
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00:17:53,246 --> 00:17:58,181
"we are not confronted
with a local revolution
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00:17:58,183 --> 00:17:59,782
Of people who
demand rights.
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00:17:59,784 --> 00:18:04,153
No, we are confronted with a
foreign-funded jihadi movement."
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00:18:04,155 --> 00:18:05,621
Peter bouckaert:
Actually, a lot of the
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00:18:05,623 --> 00:18:09,191
Jihadists were
released by the syrian regime
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00:18:09,193 --> 00:18:12,661
In the very early
stage of the conflict.
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00:18:20,302 --> 00:18:23,337
There was an amnesty which
allowed a lot of people with
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00:18:23,339 --> 00:18:27,274
Very nasty records to be
freed from custody in syria.
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00:18:27,808 --> 00:18:30,476
It was a strategy of survival.
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00:18:30,478 --> 00:18:32,644
Robin yassin kassab: The
regime thought enough people
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00:18:32,646 --> 00:18:35,313
In the outside world would
be scared away from the
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00:18:35,315 --> 00:18:39,183
Revolution by the size of
these bearded working classmen
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00:18:39,185 --> 00:18:41,552
With kalashnikovs
and they were right.
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00:18:43,655 --> 00:18:47,224
And america, in 2011,
2012, they were saying,
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00:18:47,226 --> 00:18:50,260
"we can't allow
weapons to go into syria.
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00:18:50,262 --> 00:18:53,730
We can't send the democrats,
the nationalists of the free
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00:18:53,732 --> 00:18:57,600
Army weapons, because some
of those weapons might get into
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00:18:57,602 --> 00:19:00,636
The hands of
islamist extremists."
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00:19:01,204 --> 00:19:05,106
Will mccants: In the absence
of a major international effort
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00:19:05,108 --> 00:19:10,244
To build a army to
oppose the assad regime,
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00:19:10,845 --> 00:19:14,214
A lot of private
individuals in the gulf began
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00:19:14,216 --> 00:19:18,151
To fund armed groups on
the ground inside of syria.
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00:19:18,886 --> 00:19:22,355
Ghaith abdul-ahad: Fsa was a
fantastic media labeled term,
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00:19:22,357 --> 00:19:24,423
But there was no
central authority,
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00:19:24,425 --> 00:19:27,392
No one could command anyone,
no one could have a one unity
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00:19:27,394 --> 00:19:30,561
On a frontline.
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00:19:30,728 --> 00:19:35,331
I would go to a village,
it has five, six militias.
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00:19:35,333 --> 00:19:38,867
I would come few months later,
they have multiplied into 50,
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00:19:38,869 --> 00:19:44,172
60 because forming a militia
became a way of getting money.
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00:19:44,740 --> 00:19:47,141
The amount of money,
the amount of ammunition,
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00:19:47,143 --> 00:19:49,710
The amount of weapons pumped
into that conflict totally
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00:19:49,712 --> 00:19:51,778
Destroyed the revolution
and turned it into the
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00:19:51,780 --> 00:19:54,313
Dynamics of civil war.
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00:20:29,582 --> 00:20:32,684
Peter bouckaert: Early in
the war, isis wasn't present.
184
00:20:32,686 --> 00:20:35,286
There was a very
diverse landscape.
185
00:20:35,288 --> 00:20:37,554
So a lot of the
bosnians, and the tunisians,
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00:20:37,556 --> 00:20:40,757
And the libyans, the more
extreme kind of elements of
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00:20:40,759 --> 00:20:43,860
Those groups came
on there "el muhadrim."
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00:20:44,761 --> 00:20:46,728
El muhadrim
means the immigrants,
189
00:20:46,730 --> 00:20:48,429
The foreign fighters.
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00:20:48,431 --> 00:20:51,732
These groups fought alongside
each other around aleppo.
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00:21:10,484 --> 00:21:12,952
Ahmed: Fighters came
3:00 in the morning,
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00:21:12,954 --> 00:21:14,453
Sneaked inside aleppo.
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00:21:14,455 --> 00:21:16,321
Nobody knew
they were coming.
194
00:21:16,323 --> 00:21:18,222
There were just,
like, in every corner,
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00:21:18,224 --> 00:21:20,591
You could see one fighter.
196
00:21:23,862 --> 00:21:25,428
And then in the morning,
197
00:21:25,430 --> 00:21:28,397
Two tanks started
shooting this neighborhood.
198
00:21:29,499 --> 00:21:32,334
The fsa started shooting it.
199
00:21:32,336 --> 00:21:36,270
They had only this rpg and
it was not enough for that tank.
200
00:21:37,005 --> 00:21:40,273
The second day,
three tanks came.
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00:21:43,777 --> 00:21:46,378
They destroyed the
first one and then they
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00:21:46,380 --> 00:21:49,013
Destroyed the last one.
203
00:21:49,547 --> 00:21:51,381
So the one in the
middle, just, like,
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00:21:51,383 --> 00:21:52,715
Surrendered himself.
205
00:21:52,717 --> 00:21:54,383
Man: Allahu akbar!
206
00:21:58,354 --> 00:21:59,787
Allahu akbar!
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00:21:59,789 --> 00:22:02,422
Man: Allahu akbar!
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00:22:03,824 --> 00:22:06,358
Ahmed: In the same day,
when all this happened,
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00:22:06,360 --> 00:22:08,259
Most of the
people left aleppo and
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00:22:08,261 --> 00:22:10,461
They went to
the countryside.
211
00:23:36,076 --> 00:23:38,076
Mahmoud al-basha: Hanano
military base was the biggest
212
00:23:38,078 --> 00:23:41,546
Military base for
assad regime in aleppo city.
213
00:23:41,548 --> 00:23:44,382
So when the fsa
took half of the city,
214
00:23:44,384 --> 00:23:47,451
They decided to
attack this military base.
215
00:24:15,610 --> 00:24:19,079
Ahmed: In this military base,
there were thousands of weapons,
216
00:24:19,647 --> 00:24:22,382
Warehouses
full of weapons.
217
00:24:23,784 --> 00:24:26,619
So many groups,
people I know, friends,
218
00:24:26,621 --> 00:24:29,021
Were going to hanano
military base and they were
219
00:24:29,023 --> 00:24:31,623
Just taking weapons.
220
00:24:57,516 --> 00:24:59,617
Man: Then the
bombardments started.
221
00:25:04,188 --> 00:25:06,956
Day and night, non-stop.
222
00:27:31,831 --> 00:27:33,698
Sebastian junger: One of
the problems with letting a
223
00:27:33,700 --> 00:27:35,866
Civil war go on
too long is that more
224
00:27:35,868 --> 00:27:38,768
And more people
get involved.
225
00:27:44,340 --> 00:27:46,641
It's a little bit like a
bar fight where all of a sudden,
226
00:27:46,643 --> 00:27:50,745
Everyone's jumped in and is
throwing chairs at each other.
227
00:27:53,014 --> 00:27:56,216
Syria became a civil war
in response to the violence
228
00:27:56,218 --> 00:27:59,085
Of the government.
229
00:27:59,087 --> 00:28:01,587
Eventually, iran got
involved through hezbollah
230
00:28:01,589 --> 00:28:04,856
To support
the assad regime.
231
00:28:04,858 --> 00:28:06,991
The kurds got involved.
232
00:28:06,993 --> 00:28:09,159
Turkey got involved.
233
00:28:09,161 --> 00:28:12,195
The arab gulf
states got involved.
234
00:28:13,964 --> 00:28:16,732
Eventually, all the world
powers and all the regional
235
00:28:16,734 --> 00:28:20,335
Powers had some investment
in the war in syria and in many
236
00:28:20,337 --> 00:28:22,870
Cases were actively
involved in the fighting.
237
00:28:26,040 --> 00:28:31,110
Once you get in a proxy fight,
so many people have such huge
238
00:28:31,112 --> 00:28:35,147
Interests in the outcome that
it's almost impossible to stop.
239
00:28:45,757 --> 00:28:48,959
President obama: Obviously,
this is a very tough issue.
240
00:28:48,961 --> 00:28:53,797
I have indicated repeatedly
that president al-assad has
241
00:28:53,799 --> 00:28:57,834
Lost legitimacy that
he needs to step down.
242
00:28:57,836 --> 00:29:00,971
So far, he hasn't gotten
the message and instead has
243
00:29:00,973 --> 00:29:04,374
Doubled down in
violence on his own people.
244
00:29:04,975 --> 00:29:11,113
I have, at this point, not
ordered military engagement in
245
00:29:12,181 --> 00:29:17,118
The situation, but we have
been very clear that a red line
246
00:29:17,120 --> 00:29:21,255
For us is we start
seeing a whole bunch of chemical
247
00:29:21,257 --> 00:29:24,157
Weapons moving
around or being utilized.
248
00:29:24,159 --> 00:29:25,892
That would
change my calculus.
249
00:29:25,894 --> 00:29:27,293
That would change.
250
00:29:27,295 --> 00:29:28,994
Robin yassin kassab:
When he said that,
251
00:29:28,996 --> 00:29:30,996
A lot of syrian
revolutionaries were very
252
00:29:30,998 --> 00:29:32,297
Upset because it
seems to be saying that,
253
00:29:32,299 --> 00:29:35,166
"look, you can
use scud missiles,
254
00:29:35,168 --> 00:29:38,235
You can shoot
them down in the street,
255
00:29:39,337 --> 00:29:41,871
You can use warplanes.
256
00:29:41,873 --> 00:29:44,874
Anything is fine
except chemical weapons."
257
00:30:09,199 --> 00:30:10,966
Robin yassin kassab:
Then, of course,
258
00:30:10,968 --> 00:30:13,268
He did use
chemical weapons.
259
00:30:50,105 --> 00:30:54,074
Robin yassin kassab: He killed
1450 people in five hours,
260
00:30:54,076 --> 00:30:56,109
In the
suburbs of damascus.
261
00:30:56,111 --> 00:30:59,078
Men, women, and
children, choking to death.
262
00:30:59,080 --> 00:31:01,013
Senator mccain: President
of the United States called
263
00:31:01,015 --> 00:31:03,915
Lindsey graham and me
over to the oval office.
264
00:31:03,917 --> 00:31:05,950
Looked us in
the eye and said,
265
00:31:05,952 --> 00:31:08,052
"they've crossed the
line, I'm gonna attack.
266
00:31:08,054 --> 00:31:10,421
I'm gonna degrade
bashar al-assad,
267
00:31:10,423 --> 00:31:12,256
I'm gonna upgrade the
capabilities of the free
268
00:31:12,258 --> 00:31:14,424
Syrian army and I'm
gonna reverse the momentum
269
00:31:14,426 --> 00:31:16,125
On the battlefield."
270
00:31:16,127 --> 00:31:17,926
We emphasized two.
271
00:31:17,928 --> 00:31:21,029
We walked out and there
was the usual cameras and said,
272
00:31:21,031 --> 00:31:22,964
"we're with the
president all the way."
273
00:32:08,176 --> 00:32:10,644
Senator mccain: I'm sitting
in my office and they're on cnn,
274
00:32:10,646 --> 00:32:12,912
The president
has decided not to.
275
00:32:12,914 --> 00:32:14,546
President obama: My
fellow americans.
276
00:32:14,548 --> 00:32:17,115
Tonight I wanna
talk to you about syria.
277
00:32:17,117 --> 00:32:19,016
Senator mccain: That
wasn't just disillusioning
278
00:32:19,018 --> 00:32:21,184
To me and
lindsey graham.
279
00:32:21,186 --> 00:32:24,654
The saudis had planes on
the runway when they found out
280
00:32:24,656 --> 00:32:28,557
President obama: Because we
cannot resolve someone else's
281
00:32:28,559 --> 00:32:30,659
Civil war through force.
282
00:32:30,661 --> 00:32:33,028
Robin yassin kassab: The
red line disappeared.
283
00:32:33,030 --> 00:32:36,231
There were thousands of
defections in that week.
284
00:32:36,233 --> 00:32:38,132
Thousands of soldiers and,
285
00:32:38,134 --> 00:32:41,435
And officers who'd
be loyal to the regime,
286
00:32:41,437 --> 00:32:44,037
Hadn't dared to jump,
they thought now it's going
287
00:32:44,039 --> 00:32:45,571
To change because the
americans are going to get
288
00:32:45,573 --> 00:32:47,973
Involved and they
defected in that week,
289
00:32:47,975 --> 00:32:49,040
But nothing happened.
290
00:32:58,216 --> 00:33:00,350
Robin yassin kassab: Quite
a few fighters in syria,
291
00:33:00,352 --> 00:33:02,352
Quite a few
revolutionary fighters said,
292
00:33:02,354 --> 00:33:05,254
"look, we're never going
to get help from the west.
293
00:33:05,256 --> 00:33:08,490
This guy can do
anything he wants.
294
00:33:09,091 --> 00:33:12,326
He can kill us all with
any weapons that he can find,
295
00:33:12,328 --> 00:33:16,063
In any way he chooses
and the west is never going
296
00:33:16,065 --> 00:33:18,598
To come to our aid."
297
00:33:43,522 --> 00:33:46,223
Zaidoun al-zoabi: Syria
is just a small triangle that
298
00:33:46,225 --> 00:33:49,226
Is hardly
visible on the world map.
299
00:33:49,228 --> 00:33:52,128
You will see that this
triangle is just like the
300
00:33:52,130 --> 00:33:56,332
Heart of the world and
if this crisis is not solved,
301
00:33:56,334 --> 00:34:00,268
Believe me, everyone
in the world will suffer.
302
00:34:03,472 --> 00:34:06,140
Will mccants: In 2011,
the syrian civil war
303
00:34:06,142 --> 00:34:08,008
Begins to take root.
304
00:34:08,010 --> 00:34:11,277
At the same time, the
american military finishes its
305
00:34:11,279 --> 00:34:14,046
Withdrawal from iraq.
306
00:34:14,048 --> 00:34:17,749
So, the islamic state has
more freedom of action in iraq
307
00:34:17,751 --> 00:34:21,119
And they begin to look
to syria as a place to give
308
00:34:21,121 --> 00:34:24,088
Themselves some
strategic depth.
309
00:34:24,090 --> 00:34:27,424
Robin yassin kassab: In syria,
it looks like isis is a creation
310
00:34:27,426 --> 00:34:29,292
Of bashar al-assad.
311
00:34:29,294 --> 00:34:33,229
It's a creation of his
scorched earth policy.
312
00:34:33,231 --> 00:34:36,298
Assad had in effect an
undeclared non-aggression
313
00:34:36,300 --> 00:34:38,133
Pact with isis.
314
00:34:38,135 --> 00:34:42,270
And even today, when isis
and the free army are fighting
315
00:34:42,272 --> 00:34:46,507
Each other, assad will
come and bomb the free army.
316
00:35:21,475 --> 00:35:23,642
General flynn: It's
a cancer that exists.
317
00:35:23,644 --> 00:35:28,079
The islamic
world knows it exists.
318
00:35:28,081 --> 00:35:31,715
The rest of the world
now sees it, feels it,
319
00:35:31,717 --> 00:35:33,817
Is bleeding because of it.
320
00:35:33,819 --> 00:35:36,252
Is terrorized
because of it.
321
00:35:36,254 --> 00:35:38,487
It's not
30,000 guys in syria.
322
00:35:38,489 --> 00:35:42,257
The islamic state
is a global problem.
323
00:35:42,259 --> 00:35:44,192
Christoph reuter: In its
beginning it's an iraqi
324
00:35:44,194 --> 00:35:48,229
Organization, but what they
had for syria was a blueprint,
325
00:35:48,231 --> 00:35:53,266
A very detailed
plan, step a, b, c, d,
326
00:35:53,268 --> 00:35:56,836
How to colonize
a foreign country.
327
00:35:56,838 --> 00:36:01,340
The first phase was training
camps where they form a hybrid
328
00:36:01,342 --> 00:36:05,344
Army from the incoming
people from tunisia, egypt,
329
00:36:05,346 --> 00:36:10,282
Daghestan, germany who didn't
even have one common language.
330
00:36:27,199 --> 00:36:30,534
Christoph reuter: It's an
absolutely loyal army with no
331
00:36:30,536 --> 00:36:33,236
Local affiliations.
332
00:36:33,503 --> 00:36:38,406
And then, locally to
know who is who in the
333
00:36:38,408 --> 00:36:42,676
Respective villages, they
started to open da'wah offices,
334
00:36:43,411 --> 00:36:46,146
Missionary offices.
335
00:36:46,148 --> 00:36:48,214
And they did so in
many, many places.
336
00:36:48,415 --> 00:36:51,150
In tal rifaat, in mar'a,
in al-dana, in mayadin,
337
00:36:51,451 --> 00:36:55,153
In deir ez-zor, in manbij.
338
00:36:55,387 --> 00:36:57,488
And so, slowly,
slowly, slowly,
339
00:36:57,490 --> 00:37:02,459
They knew exactly what is the
composition of this community.
340
00:37:02,461 --> 00:37:07,396
Whom we could buy,
whom we have to kill?
341
00:37:08,264 --> 00:37:11,266
First, they
did this secretly.
342
00:37:11,268 --> 00:37:14,802
Then, only, once they felt
powerful enough, they would,
343
00:37:14,804 --> 00:37:18,371
With lightning stroke,
take over a particular village.
344
00:40:40,603 --> 00:40:42,904
Sarah chayes: What they're
doing is saying this system is
345
00:40:42,906 --> 00:40:46,874
So rotten, it's so
thoroughly rotten that the
346
00:40:46,876 --> 00:40:50,143
Only way to improve
it is by fire and blood.
347
00:40:59,485 --> 00:41:02,653
Robin yassin kassab: The public
display of horrific violence
348
00:41:02,655 --> 00:41:06,490
Against individuals is something
which goes way back in history
349
00:41:06,492 --> 00:41:11,027
And every culture has done it
at some time or, or the other.
350
00:41:12,496 --> 00:41:16,899
In britain, they used to
hang, draw, and quarter.
351
00:41:17,834 --> 00:41:20,602
In china, they were
dragged into the street
352
00:41:20,604 --> 00:41:23,137
And beaten to death.
353
00:41:23,139 --> 00:41:26,773
In France, women who had
slept with german soldiers,
354
00:41:26,775 --> 00:41:29,642
Had their hair cut off and
were beaten in the streets,
355
00:41:29,644 --> 00:41:32,678
Stripped naked and paraded.
356
00:41:33,146 --> 00:41:36,515
In the United States, people
would take their wives and
357
00:41:36,517 --> 00:41:39,551
Their children along to the
lynching of the black man and
358
00:41:39,553 --> 00:41:41,586
Then they'd stand there
and smile and have their
359
00:41:41,588 --> 00:41:45,523
Photograph taken
next to his corpse.
360
00:41:45,525 --> 00:41:48,592
This display of public
violence was seen as a
361
00:41:48,594 --> 00:41:53,062
Necessary part of government
in order to send the message
362
00:41:53,064 --> 00:41:55,064
Out into society.
363
00:41:55,066 --> 00:41:57,599
"we can do anything
we like with you.
364
00:41:57,601 --> 00:42:01,135
Don't resist us because we
have total power to do the most
365
00:42:01,137 --> 00:42:04,805
Horrific things and there's
nothing you can do about it."
366
00:42:12,746 --> 00:42:14,546
Sebastian junger: All
societies are blind to
367
00:42:14,548 --> 00:42:16,748
Their own violence.
368
00:42:17,649 --> 00:42:20,617
From the use of
napalm in vietnam,
369
00:42:20,619 --> 00:42:22,752
To the bombing
of german cities,
370
00:42:22,754 --> 00:42:26,989
To the use of
nuclear weapons in japan,
371
00:42:26,991 --> 00:42:29,491
The United States has
killed far more civilians
372
00:42:29,493 --> 00:42:32,126
Than isis ever could.
373
00:42:32,128 --> 00:42:34,595
In world war ii alone,
allied forces are thought
374
00:42:34,597 --> 00:42:38,097
To have killed around
one million civilians.
375
00:42:39,999 --> 00:42:42,867
We're focused on the
wrongdoing of other groups.
376
00:42:42,869 --> 00:42:45,836
It's an adaptive trait
that's probably hardwired
377
00:42:45,838 --> 00:42:48,572
Into the brain because
it has survival value.
378
00:42:48,873 --> 00:42:51,708
President bush: Either
you're with us or you're
379
00:42:51,710 --> 00:42:54,711
With the terrorists.
380
00:42:55,045 --> 00:42:57,679
Sebastian junger: It allows us
to demonize the enemy who we
381
00:42:57,681 --> 00:43:00,948
May have to fight and
to avoid the moral conflict
382
00:43:00,950 --> 00:43:03,750
That comes with killing.
383
00:43:05,586 --> 00:43:08,120
When the united
states invaded iraq,
384
00:43:08,122 --> 00:43:11,957
They killed tens of
thousands of innocent people.
385
00:43:11,959 --> 00:43:16,528
You can't do that and imagine
there won't be consequences.
386
00:43:22,734 --> 00:43:24,735
Ghaith abdul-ahad:
By early 2003,
387
00:43:24,737 --> 00:43:27,804
The majority of iraqis
were happy to see the back
388
00:43:27,806 --> 00:43:30,540
Of saddam hussein.
389
00:43:31,108 --> 00:43:32,908
There is excitement,
there is hope,
390
00:43:32,910 --> 00:43:36,712
There is a
degree of anxiety.
391
00:43:36,714 --> 00:43:38,880
I remember two days
after the fall of baghdad,
392
00:43:38,882 --> 00:43:40,781
People were talking about,
393
00:43:40,783 --> 00:43:43,283
"why are the
americans aggressive?"
394
00:43:44,885 --> 00:43:46,886
"why are they pointing
their guns at the people
395
00:43:46,888 --> 00:43:49,922
In the street?"
396
00:43:50,223 --> 00:43:54,859
Saddam had committed
massacres within the society,
397
00:43:54,861 --> 00:43:58,829
Enormous levels of violence,
but you couldn't see it.
398
00:43:59,063 --> 00:44:01,097
Within the
american occupation,
399
00:44:01,099 --> 00:44:03,732
Violence is televised.
400
00:44:03,734 --> 00:44:06,201
Pictures of the americans
putting bags on the head of
401
00:44:06,203 --> 00:44:09,103
People and sitting
them behind barbed wire,
402
00:44:09,105 --> 00:44:12,639
Forcing people to be
naked, humiliating people.
403
00:44:19,712 --> 00:44:23,181
The loss of their
credibility was enormous,
404
00:44:23,183 --> 00:44:27,285
They could have paved the
iraqi roads in gold and still
405
00:44:27,287 --> 00:44:31,355
They can do the
humiliation of abu ghraib.
406
00:44:35,293 --> 00:44:38,962
There was a burning
american armored vehicle
407
00:44:38,964 --> 00:44:41,664
In haifa street in baghdad.
408
00:44:44,768 --> 00:44:49,771
As I'm walking I hear,
see two small helicopters.
409
00:44:51,907 --> 00:44:54,742
They fire a rocket into
the crowd that was celebrating
410
00:44:54,744 --> 00:44:57,711
Around the burning vehicle.
411
00:45:00,982 --> 00:45:07,119
I run towards the scene and
I see this circle with a young
412
00:45:08,154 --> 00:45:14,292
Boy stunned, missing leg, a
pool of blood and some liquids.
413
00:45:15,827 --> 00:45:18,862
Other people
scattered in the middle.
414
00:45:26,770 --> 00:45:28,804
They're not screaming,
they're not wailing,
415
00:45:28,806 --> 00:45:33,308
The injured people are
silent, the silence of shock.
416
00:45:37,946 --> 00:45:39,279
The helicopters come again,
417
00:45:39,281 --> 00:45:43,349
They fire another
rocket into the crowd.
418
00:45:43,351 --> 00:45:49,788
I'm trying to be as
thin as the curb, you know,
419
00:45:50,823 --> 00:45:55,193
And then you realize
there is people left in
420
00:45:55,195 --> 00:45:58,796
The middle of the road.
421
00:45:59,197 --> 00:46:02,832
There's this guy who was
injured in the first attack
422
00:46:02,834 --> 00:46:04,834
And then was hit again.
423
00:46:04,836 --> 00:46:10,172
He raises himself, he
looks around, he falls,
424
00:46:10,840 --> 00:46:14,008
Stretches his arm,
and still waits.
425
00:46:14,010 --> 00:46:16,477
No one can help him,
no one can do anything.
426
00:46:16,479 --> 00:46:18,045
The helicopters were gone,
427
00:46:18,047 --> 00:46:22,982
But everyone was
mortified with fear.
428
00:46:24,851 --> 00:46:28,153
Violence by the end
of 2003, early 2004,
429
00:46:28,155 --> 00:46:31,823
Is a normal fact of society.
430
00:46:32,024 --> 00:46:34,925
When you see body
parts in the street,
431
00:46:34,927 --> 00:46:38,228
When you see pieces of
flesh hanging from a tree,
432
00:46:38,230 --> 00:46:43,066
When you see children killed
because they were playing in
433
00:46:43,068 --> 00:46:47,070
The middle of the road,
I don't think there is
434
00:46:47,072 --> 00:46:51,974
Difference in horror between
seeing children just being hit
435
00:46:52,375 --> 00:46:55,410
By an american rocket
with their limbs scattered,
436
00:46:55,412 --> 00:46:58,479
With their, with their legs
oozing these fluids in the
437
00:46:58,481 --> 00:47:01,482
Middle of the street of
baghdad and seeing someone,
438
00:47:01,484 --> 00:47:05,018
You know, executed by isis.
439
00:47:05,020 --> 00:47:07,420
You don't equate
the two parties,
440
00:47:07,422 --> 00:47:09,855
But from the perspective
of someone who lost his leg
441
00:47:09,857 --> 00:47:13,558
There is no good violence
and bad violence.
442
00:47:17,896 --> 00:47:19,930
Peter bouckaert: It is
very important for people to
443
00:47:19,932 --> 00:47:24,968
Understand just how much what
is happening in syria today is
444
00:47:24,970 --> 00:47:28,905
Related to what happened
in iraq over a decade ago.
445
00:47:31,074 --> 00:47:36,111
Iraq under saddam hussein
was a sunni ruled country with
446
00:47:36,113 --> 00:47:40,014
Both the kurdish and the
shia majority that suffered very
447
00:47:40,016 --> 00:47:43,950
Significantly at the
hands of that sunni dominance.
448
00:47:46,086 --> 00:47:50,122
Whether you agree or not
with the military intervention,
449
00:47:50,124 --> 00:47:53,992
The main failures were
not the military intervention.
450
00:47:53,994 --> 00:47:56,561
It's the de-ba'athification
of the country,
451
00:47:56,563 --> 00:47:58,963
Which completely marginalized
the sunni population.
452
00:48:00,131 --> 00:48:02,966
Paul bremer: I am
today establishing an iraqi
453
00:48:02,968 --> 00:48:05,234
De-ba'athification council.
454
00:48:05,236 --> 00:48:07,402
General petraeus: I was an
occupation commander with all
455
00:48:07,404 --> 00:48:09,837
Of the responsibilities
that went along with that,
456
00:48:09,839 --> 00:48:12,973
Which essentially meant
running part of iraq,
457
00:48:14,075 --> 00:48:16,943
Firing the ba'ath party,
casting them on the ash heap
458
00:48:16,945 --> 00:48:21,080
Of history, created
tens of thousands of iraqis,
459
00:48:21,082 --> 00:48:23,582
Including the
most educated and,
460
00:48:23,584 --> 00:48:26,952
And influential in
various sunni-arab communities
461
00:48:26,954 --> 00:48:29,988
Especially, whose
incentive now was to oppose
462
00:48:29,990 --> 00:48:34,058
To new iraq rather
than to support it.
463
00:48:34,060 --> 00:48:35,592
Huge mistake.
464
00:48:35,594 --> 00:48:38,027
Dennis ross: It didn't make
sense to do this kind of
465
00:48:38,029 --> 00:48:41,096
Wide-scaled de-ba'athification
when within iraq itself,
466
00:48:41,098 --> 00:48:44,432
You wanna get a job, you
had to join the ba'ath party.
467
00:48:44,434 --> 00:48:47,034
So, you know, you, it's,
it's a little bit like the
468
00:48:47,036 --> 00:48:48,201
De-nazi-fication.
469
00:48:48,203 --> 00:48:51,504
Not everyone was, you know,
470
00:48:51,506 --> 00:48:56,274
Part of shaping a
repressive regime that
471
00:48:56,276 --> 00:48:59,010
Suppressed everybody else.
472
00:49:15,660 --> 00:49:17,894
Ghaith abdul-ahad: The
sunnis were oppressed by the
473
00:49:17,896 --> 00:49:20,196
Americans, by the
shi'a government of iraq.
474
00:49:20,198 --> 00:49:23,032
Isis comes and
promises liberation,
475
00:49:23,034 --> 00:49:27,536
Promises the end of that,
promises bringing back the
476
00:49:27,538 --> 00:49:31,373
Sunni's pride that they've
lost from 2003 and bringing
477
00:49:31,375 --> 00:49:34,275
Them back into control.
478
00:49:47,988 --> 00:49:49,922
Christoph reuter: If you
called something ba'athi
479
00:49:49,924 --> 00:49:52,157
Nobody would follow,
but once they discovered,
480
00:49:52,159 --> 00:49:56,394
"hey, if you, if we say that
we fight in the name of islam,
481
00:49:57,028 --> 00:50:01,097
In the name of jihad
against the foreign occupiers,
482
00:50:01,099 --> 00:50:04,433
We have something
that resonates."
483
00:50:24,220 --> 00:50:30,625
♪ . ♪
484
00:50:50,243 --> 00:50:52,611
Robin yassin kassab:
Their propaganda owes a lot to
485
00:50:52,613 --> 00:50:56,047
Hollywood action
films and to computer games
486
00:50:56,049 --> 00:50:58,182
That kids grow
up on these days.
487
00:51:00,385 --> 00:51:05,088
Isis knows that if they make
a high production video shot
488
00:51:05,090 --> 00:51:08,291
From various angles,
if they get a white guy,
489
00:51:08,293 --> 00:51:12,395
Put him in a guantanamo
style orange jumpsuit,
490
00:51:12,397 --> 00:51:16,365
They get a child or
an english speaker to cut his
491
00:51:16,367 --> 00:51:21,569
Head off with a knife,
they know that that night,
492
00:51:21,571 --> 00:51:25,172
Maybe the film will not
be shown on mainstream tv,
493
00:51:25,174 --> 00:51:28,542
But they know that the story
of the film will be headline
494
00:51:28,544 --> 00:51:31,011
News everywhere in the world.
495
00:51:31,013 --> 00:51:32,645
Lester holt: There
is breaking news tonight of a
496
00:51:32,647 --> 00:51:34,580
Chilling new
isis propaganda video.
497
00:51:34,582 --> 00:51:36,648
Reporter: The men believed
to be syrian were shackled and
498
00:51:36,650 --> 00:51:41,085
The video shows the egyptian
prisoners being marched onto a
499
00:51:41,087 --> 00:51:43,087
Beach by militants
dressed in black then the
500
00:51:43,089 --> 00:51:46,123
Prisoners are
beheaded brutally.
501
00:51:46,125 --> 00:51:48,758
Robin yassin kassab: Nobody
will be talking about assad on
502
00:51:48,760 --> 00:51:51,660
The same day he may have
incinerated a hundred people
503
00:51:51,662 --> 00:51:54,729
In barrel bombs, but we
don't see those people dying.
504
00:51:54,731 --> 00:51:57,298
We've, nobody has made
a high-production video of it
505
00:51:57,300 --> 00:52:00,200
And followed it up
with a threat to the west.
506
00:52:03,502 --> 00:52:07,137
It's very effective at
striking fear into the hearts
507
00:52:07,139 --> 00:52:11,207
Of their enemies because the
prospect of being captured by
508
00:52:11,209 --> 00:52:14,143
These people is too
horrific to contemplate.
509
00:53:24,881 --> 00:53:27,349
Daniel koehler: The way they
use social media sites like
510
00:53:27,351 --> 00:53:30,819
Facebook, twitter, youtube,
and messenger services is so
511
00:53:30,821 --> 00:53:33,121
Incredibly sophisticated.
512
00:53:33,123 --> 00:53:35,423
They have a type of
member that only engage in
513
00:53:35,425 --> 00:53:37,158
Online jihad.
514
00:53:37,160 --> 00:53:39,827
This is the place where
they spread the ideology,
515
00:53:39,829 --> 00:53:45,232
Peter bergen: You know, 6900
westerns have gone to join.
516
00:53:45,866 --> 00:53:48,234
So, you know, it's not
an insignificant number.
517
00:53:48,236 --> 00:53:51,704
Some of these kids
who are joining, you know,
518
00:53:51,706 --> 00:53:55,741
Fairly living pretty humdrum
lives in belgium, France,
519
00:53:55,908 --> 00:53:59,777
London, United States,
and they're joining isis and
520
00:53:59,779 --> 00:54:01,311
They're part of something
bigger than themselves and
521
00:54:01,313 --> 00:54:02,345
It's exciting.
522
00:55:10,947 --> 00:55:12,881
Will mccants: The men
who run the islamic state
523
00:55:12,883 --> 00:55:19,320
For all of its pretense to
be a religious organization, uh,
524
00:55:19,587 --> 00:55:21,454
And all its
quotation of scripture,
525
00:55:21,456 --> 00:55:24,790
When you look at how they
behave as an organization,
526
00:55:24,792 --> 00:55:28,527
Um, in many ways,
uh, it resembles, uh,
527
00:55:28,529 --> 00:55:32,497
The rough and tumble politics
of a criminal organization.
528
00:55:32,499 --> 00:55:34,866
I mean, they put
hits out on people,
529
00:55:34,868 --> 00:55:36,534
They extort people,
530
00:55:36,536 --> 00:55:39,403
Raising millions of dollars
a year by these activities.
531
00:55:56,320 --> 00:55:58,321
Christoph reuter: They went
into an area and the first
532
00:55:58,323 --> 00:56:01,991
Thing they would do is
the flour mill, the bakery,
533
00:56:01,993 --> 00:56:05,361
The concrete
factory has to be taken
534
00:56:05,363 --> 00:56:07,863
Without damage immediately.
535
00:56:08,564 --> 00:56:13,501
They thought about "what
do we need to maintain the
536
00:56:13,503 --> 00:56:16,871
Infrastructure of this area?"
537
00:56:36,558 --> 00:56:38,659
Christoph reuter:
For example, for the,
538
00:56:38,661 --> 00:56:40,594
From a policeman and
soldiers on the iraqi side,
539
00:56:40,596 --> 00:56:42,662
They told him,
"you're an infidel."
540
00:56:42,664 --> 00:56:44,964
Theoretically, you have
to die, but you can buy
541
00:56:44,966 --> 00:56:47,566
A "forgiveness card."
542
00:56:47,568 --> 00:56:49,868
The forgiveness card and the
money you have paid for shows
543
00:56:49,870 --> 00:56:53,404
That you are repenting and
every checkpoint will know if
544
00:56:53,406 --> 00:56:54,972
You show them the
forgiveness card that
545
00:56:54,974 --> 00:56:56,740
You have been forgiven.
546
00:56:59,543 --> 00:57:02,611
So everybody bought for
$400 a forgiveness card.
547
00:57:02,878 --> 00:57:05,613
A few months later,
the decree came out and,
548
00:57:05,615 --> 00:57:07,681
"oh, the forgiveness
cards have expired."
549
00:57:07,683 --> 00:57:10,050
You can buy a new one,
but it costs a bit more.
550
00:57:10,785 --> 00:57:14,454
So everything,
everything is costly.
551
00:57:14,688 --> 00:57:16,522
Robin yassin kassab: The
vast majority of the syrian
552
00:57:16,524 --> 00:57:20,893
People see, um, isis as
a foreign occupation force.
553
00:57:21,995 --> 00:57:26,597
In January
2014, the free army,
554
00:57:27,165 --> 00:57:30,734
The islamic front
militias, and al-qaeda,
555
00:57:30,736 --> 00:57:33,870
All of them
declared war on isis.
556
00:58:39,866 --> 00:58:42,601
Robin yassin kassab: They
kicked isis out of the whole
557
00:58:42,603 --> 00:58:47,171
Of western syria out of
latakia, idlib, out of aleppo,
558
00:58:48,773 --> 00:58:53,710
But then in iraq, because
the iraqi state had become so
559
00:58:53,712 --> 00:58:57,914
Dysfunctional because the
sunni arabs in iraq had become
560
00:58:57,916 --> 00:59:02,517
So alienated, they
welcomed these people back in,
561
00:59:02,519 --> 00:59:05,620
Or some of them did.
562
00:59:06,121 --> 00:59:09,756
Christoph reuter: They started
their blitzkrieg in iraq,
563
00:59:09,758 --> 00:59:15,594
Taking over mosul,
tikrit, shirgat, hawija.
564
00:59:15,596 --> 00:59:19,798
And they managed to overrun
the weapon depots of about
565
00:59:19,800 --> 00:59:22,734
Four iraqi army divisions.
566
00:59:22,935 --> 00:59:26,270
They were drowning in weapons,
they couldn't even take all
567
00:59:26,272 --> 00:59:29,006
The weapons with them
and burned some of them.
568
00:59:29,008 --> 00:59:31,742
But now, they were a
full-fledged army with
569
00:59:31,744 --> 00:59:33,810
Humvees, with
strikers, with tanks.
570
00:59:36,680 --> 00:59:38,681
Robin yassin kassab: They
captured all the money in the
571
00:59:38,683 --> 00:59:41,750
Banks in the north of
iraq and they used this money
572
00:59:41,752 --> 00:59:45,553
And the weapons to
surge back into syria.
573
00:59:45,555 --> 00:59:49,757
And they took large
parts of the country.
574
00:59:50,825 --> 00:59:54,828
Christoph reuter: It was
the peak of their power.
575
00:59:54,830 --> 00:59:59,032
And they used this moment
to declare the caliphate.
576
01:00:36,003 --> 01:00:38,170
Sebastian junger: Only a few
centuries after the birth of
577
01:00:38,172 --> 01:00:41,907
Christ, the muslim
world started expanding.
578
01:00:41,909 --> 01:00:45,343
They were at the
forefront of the arts,
579
01:00:45,345 --> 01:00:48,379
Of the sciences,
of astronomy.
580
01:00:49,881 --> 01:00:53,250
They really were the center
of knowledge in the world.
581
01:00:56,722 --> 01:00:59,823
There's a real yearning to
return to those days of glory,
582
01:00:59,825 --> 01:01:01,925
Understandably.
583
01:01:01,927 --> 01:01:03,927
They have been enduring
enormous oppression by
584
01:01:03,929 --> 01:01:07,797
Dictators that are often
propped up by the west and
585
01:01:07,799 --> 01:01:10,266
Completely dominated
by western technology
586
01:01:10,268 --> 01:01:13,102
And western culture.
587
01:01:13,104 --> 01:01:16,305
Part of what isis is doing
is trying to regain the former
588
01:01:16,307 --> 01:01:22,310
Glory of the caliphate and
of the worldwide dominance that
589
01:01:22,312 --> 01:01:25,746
Muslim society enjoyed
many, many centuries ago.
590
01:01:33,854 --> 01:01:36,655
Charlie rose: Reports from
iraq today say the isis army
591
01:01:36,657 --> 01:01:40,358
And other sunni muslim forces
captured another major target.
592
01:01:40,360 --> 01:01:43,227
It is the oil refinery
in baiji that produces
593
01:01:43,229 --> 01:01:44,294
One-third of iraq fuel.
594
01:01:44,296 --> 01:01:46,963
Christine romans: Isis
militants have seized a major
595
01:01:46,965 --> 01:01:51,834
Uh, the field produces
75,000 barrels of oil a day.
596
01:01:51,836 --> 01:01:53,268
It's the latest.
597
01:01:56,338 --> 01:01:58,838
Amos hochstein: From the
early days of the conflict,
598
01:01:58,840 --> 01:02:01,307
Gaining territory control
over areas that have energy
599
01:02:01,309 --> 01:02:05,044
Infrastructure were of
primary focus because they
600
01:02:05,046 --> 01:02:08,947
Give revenue, but they
also give semblance of a state
601
01:02:08,949 --> 01:02:11,916
To be able to provide
natural resources, electricity,
602
01:02:11,918 --> 01:02:13,984
Fuel, cooking oil.
603
01:02:13,986 --> 01:02:16,353
All those things is
what a government does.
604
01:02:19,256 --> 01:02:22,891
They had people that were able
to handle the expertise part.
605
01:02:22,893 --> 01:02:25,193
There are enough syrians in
the local areas that have been
606
01:02:25,195 --> 01:02:27,929
Working on these
oil fields for decades.
607
01:02:27,931 --> 01:02:30,031
Amos hochstein: And while
they controlled a relatively
608
01:02:30,033 --> 01:02:32,967
Smaller portion of the
overall syrian territory,
609
01:02:32,969 --> 01:02:35,102
They controlled an
overwhelming percentage
610
01:02:35,104 --> 01:02:38,405
Of the oil and gas
infrastructure and fields.
611
01:02:39,473 --> 01:02:41,273
George kiourktsoglou:
Based on our research,
612
01:02:41,275 --> 01:02:45,410
We came up with a number
of 45,000 barrels a day.
613
01:02:46,111 --> 01:02:49,813
You are looking at a ceiling
of roughly two million dollars
614
01:02:49,815 --> 01:02:52,816
A day income for daesh.
615
01:03:31,355 --> 01:03:33,322
George kiourktsoglou:
Daesh is a different beast.
616
01:03:33,324 --> 01:03:35,957
Daesh has a whole
portfolio of financial resources
617
01:03:35,959 --> 01:03:39,160
And of course, the
smuggling of crude oil is
618
01:03:39,162 --> 01:03:40,961
Just a part
of this portfolio.
619
01:03:40,963 --> 01:03:44,497
This portfolio also
include weapons trafficking, uh,
620
01:03:44,499 --> 01:03:47,533
Human trafficking, smuggling,
and of course, antiquities.
621
01:03:53,539 --> 01:03:56,774
Doctor al-azm: Looting of
antiquities in the region,
622
01:03:56,776 --> 01:03:58,509
Not just in syria,
in the region as a whole,
623
01:03:58,511 --> 01:04:00,978
Is a time-honored tradition.
624
01:04:01,546 --> 01:04:03,947
In times of hardship,
what do people do?
625
01:04:03,949 --> 01:04:06,482
They find alternative
sources of income.
626
01:04:08,184 --> 01:04:11,819
And so now, they just
start to loot at will.
627
01:04:25,530 --> 01:04:30,133
Doctor al-azm: The islamic
state institutionalized the
628
01:04:30,135 --> 01:04:31,968
Process of looting.
629
01:04:31,970 --> 01:04:34,337
They made it
part of the state.
630
01:04:53,356 --> 01:04:55,390
Doctor al-azm: As the looting
process became more and more
631
01:04:55,392 --> 01:04:58,960
Sophisticated, they would
issue permits to allow people
632
01:04:58,962 --> 01:05:01,829
To bring in heavy machinery.
633
01:05:01,996 --> 01:05:04,564
They established
auctions in which to sell
634
01:05:04,566 --> 01:05:07,199
These looted items.
635
01:05:07,400 --> 01:05:11,569
Colonel bogdanos: History be
damned, get me more material,
636
01:05:11,571 --> 01:05:16,473
More canay-formed
tablets, more cylinder seals.
637
01:05:16,475 --> 01:05:18,475
More anything.
638
01:05:18,477 --> 01:05:20,410
More is just more.
639
01:05:20,412 --> 01:05:22,845
More means more money.
640
01:05:22,847 --> 01:05:25,314
From syria alone,
isis was making
641
01:05:25,316 --> 01:05:27,983
Tens of millions of dollars.
642
01:05:30,953 --> 01:05:34,121
While tens of millions of
dollars may not mean much to
643
01:05:34,123 --> 01:05:36,022
You, how much
does an ied cost?
644
01:05:36,024 --> 01:05:39,091
How much is
a 7.62 mm bullets?
645
01:05:39,093 --> 01:05:41,026
How much do 50 of
those bullets go for?
646
01:05:41,028 --> 01:05:42,560
How much does an ak-47 cost?
647
01:05:42,562 --> 01:05:44,128
How much is an rpg?
648
01:05:44,130 --> 01:05:46,430
How many rpgs can you
buy with a million dollars?
649
01:05:46,432 --> 01:05:49,099
Doctor al-azm: Isis
sees cultural heritage as
650
01:05:49,101 --> 01:05:51,267
An exploitable resource.
651
01:05:51,269 --> 01:05:54,003
And so for them, they
will loot what they can sell,
652
01:05:54,005 --> 01:05:56,939
But one of the primary
uses has been propaganda.
653
01:06:08,150 --> 01:06:10,885
Colonel bogdanos: Once you
destroy the cultural heritage
654
01:06:10,887 --> 01:06:13,954
Of a people, you are
in effect attacking and
655
01:06:13,956 --> 01:06:17,123
Destroying their
cultural identity.
656
01:06:17,125 --> 01:06:19,258
Once you destroy
their cultural identity,
657
01:06:19,260 --> 01:06:21,593
It's but a short step
to destroy and eradicate
658
01:06:21,595 --> 01:06:24,395
The people themselves.
659
01:06:47,285 --> 01:06:50,453
♪
660
01:07:36,232 --> 01:07:39,067
Reporter: Tens of thousands
of people from the yazidi
661
01:07:39,069 --> 01:07:42,203
Religious minority fled to
this mountain ridge to escape
662
01:07:42,205 --> 01:07:45,072
Isis militants who
recently captured the
663
01:07:45,074 --> 01:07:46,606
Nearby town of sinjar.
664
01:08:11,464 --> 01:08:15,200
Christoph reuter: The kurdish
regional government made it a
665
01:08:15,202 --> 01:08:20,238
Huge international outcry
that we have tens of thousands
666
01:08:20,240 --> 01:08:25,142
Of yazidis thirsty and starved
to death on this mountain.
667
01:08:26,277 --> 01:08:30,113
It was like you are touched,
the biblical maze of masada.
668
01:08:30,547 --> 01:08:33,115
People on the
mountain, 50 degrees,
669
01:08:33,117 --> 01:08:36,751
In hot summer without water,
and all the jihadists sitting
670
01:08:36,753 --> 01:08:41,021
Around the mountains
waiting to kill everybody.
671
01:08:41,023 --> 01:08:45,191
You had old conflicts, old
hatreds between the yazidis
672
01:08:45,193 --> 01:08:50,663
From sinjar and the sunni's
ultra-loyalists to saddam.
673
01:08:50,665 --> 01:08:54,433
They were keen to make clear
that this area will never be
674
01:08:54,435 --> 01:08:57,169
Inhabited by yazidis again.
675
01:08:58,137 --> 01:09:01,806
♪ . ♪
676
01:09:07,179 --> 01:09:11,448
Sebastian junger: One of their
slogans is "we the jihadists,
677
01:09:11,450 --> 01:09:15,351
We love death more than
you in the west love life."
678
01:09:16,419 --> 01:09:21,222
A lot of people think that that
means that they're psychotic.
679
01:09:21,224 --> 01:09:24,058
Only crazy people
would act like that.
680
01:09:24,060 --> 01:09:27,629
But there is no way to
fight people who frame their
681
01:09:27,631 --> 01:09:32,333
Struggle in those terms
without also taking into
682
01:09:32,335 --> 01:09:35,602
Account some kind of
social and historical justice.
683
01:13:13,487 --> 01:13:19,592
♪
684
01:13:55,528 --> 01:14:01,032
♪
685
01:14:08,874 --> 01:14:10,908
President obama: Our
objective is clear.
686
01:14:10,910 --> 01:14:14,678
We will degrade and ultimately
destroy isil through a
687
01:14:14,680 --> 01:14:19,515
Comprehensive and sustained
counterterrorism strategy.
688
01:14:40,836 --> 01:14:43,704
Christoph reuter: Isis had
not anticipated this reaction
689
01:14:43,706 --> 01:14:47,607
Because when two months
prior, they had overrun mosul.
690
01:14:47,609 --> 01:14:49,642
Obama's reaction was basically,
691
01:14:49,644 --> 01:14:52,111
"oh, we should do
something about it."
692
01:14:52,113 --> 01:14:54,646
But nothing happened.
693
01:14:54,648 --> 01:14:58,783
Once the americans started
to attack the islamic state,
694
01:14:58,785 --> 01:15:02,219
Isis needed to react somehow.
695
01:15:02,221 --> 01:15:04,688
So it was a
message for the u.S.
696
01:15:04,922 --> 01:15:06,656
Isis militant: We are
willing to lay down our blood
697
01:15:06,658 --> 01:15:07,957
On this soil.
698
01:15:07,959 --> 01:15:09,959
So try, try to come.
699
01:15:09,961 --> 01:15:13,629
I will kill every
single soldier, bismillah.
700
01:15:13,896 --> 01:15:15,897
We will chop off the
heads of the americans,
701
01:15:15,899 --> 01:15:18,633
Chop off the heads of the
french, chop off the heads of.
702
01:15:20,736 --> 01:15:22,737
Sebastian junger: Every war
is a form of dialogue between
703
01:15:22,739 --> 01:15:24,805
The warring parties
and all actions are a
704
01:15:24,807 --> 01:15:27,707
Form of communication.
705
01:15:32,646 --> 01:15:36,749
When president obama
decided to bomb isis forces,
706
01:15:36,751 --> 01:15:39,651
He was communicating to isis
that we were not gonna stand
707
01:15:39,653 --> 01:15:42,820
By and let anything happen.
708
01:15:43,621 --> 01:15:46,689
And isis needed to be
communicating to the west that
709
01:15:46,691 --> 01:15:48,824
They could not be messed with.
710
01:15:48,826 --> 01:15:50,926
Isis member: Today,
your military air force is
711
01:15:50,928 --> 01:15:52,794
Attacking us daily in iraq.
712
01:15:52,796 --> 01:15:56,631
So any attempts by you, obama,
to deny the muslims their
713
01:15:56,633 --> 01:15:59,800
Rights of living in safety
under the islamic caliphate
714
01:15:59,802 --> 01:16:02,902
Will result in the
bloodshed of your people.
715
01:16:06,273 --> 01:16:09,808
Sebastian junger: As a result,
isis cut off james foley's head.
716
01:16:10,776 --> 01:16:13,844
That didn't stop the bombing,
so they kept cutting off heads
717
01:16:13,846 --> 01:16:15,679
And we kept bombing.
718
01:16:15,946 --> 01:16:18,647
Isis member: I'm back,
obama, because of your arrogant
719
01:16:18,649 --> 01:16:20,715
Foreign policy
towards the islamic state.
720
01:16:20,717 --> 01:16:24,552
You, obama, have yet
again, for your actions,
721
01:16:24,554 --> 01:16:27,688
Killed yet another
american citizen.
722
01:16:27,955 --> 01:16:29,855
David cameron: We will
stick to the very clear
723
01:16:29,857 --> 01:16:31,556
Strategy that we have.
724
01:16:31,558 --> 01:16:33,791
To help make sure the
kurds get the arms they need
725
01:16:33,793 --> 01:16:37,761
To fight off, uh, these
brutal, uh, extremist militants.
726
01:16:38,629 --> 01:16:41,564
Isis member: This british man
has to pay the price for your
727
01:16:41,566 --> 01:16:43,966
Promise, cameron, to
arm the peshmerga against
728
01:16:43,968 --> 01:16:45,667
The islamic state.
729
01:16:45,669 --> 01:16:48,636
Your evil alliance with
america will only accelerate
730
01:16:48,638 --> 01:16:50,738
Your destruction.
731
01:19:09,106 --> 01:19:11,340
Peter bergen: The long-term
prognosis of isis is not great
732
01:19:11,342 --> 01:19:13,175
Because they made
a world of enemies.
733
01:19:13,177 --> 01:19:16,044
That is not a
winning strategy.
734
01:19:16,046 --> 01:19:19,247
Napoleon was the greatest
general of the modern era but
735
01:19:19,249 --> 01:19:23,718
So everybody, then,
coalesced to get rid of him.
736
01:19:23,720 --> 01:19:25,086
Isis is making
the same mistake.
737
01:19:35,096 --> 01:19:37,097
Peter bergen: They're already
suffering the consequences.
738
01:19:37,099 --> 01:19:39,899
They keep losing territory.
739
01:19:40,300 --> 01:19:43,201
Basically the whole world
is ganged up against them.
740
01:20:22,039 --> 01:20:24,440
Dennis ross: Putin didn't
go into syria to fight isis.
741
01:20:24,442 --> 01:20:26,442
If that was the case,
he would've fought isis.
742
01:20:26,444 --> 01:20:29,010
80% of the bombing
was on non-isis targets.
743
01:20:38,519 --> 01:20:41,354
Senator mccain: I see what
looks like the future now and
744
01:20:41,356 --> 01:20:45,191
That is a very influential
russia with a bashar assad
745
01:20:45,193 --> 01:20:48,961
That is able to at least
control the areas of syria
746
01:20:48,963 --> 01:20:51,797
That are of most
importance to him.
747
01:20:51,799 --> 01:20:54,199
Robin yassin kassab: The assad
regime and lately russia, too,
748
01:20:54,201 --> 01:20:57,001
Have been bombing not just
militia formations on the
749
01:20:57,003 --> 01:21:01,805
Ground, they've been bombing
bakeries, schools, hospitals.
750
01:21:16,921 --> 01:21:19,856
Because the people can't
defend themselves from this
751
01:21:19,858 --> 01:21:23,926
Aerial bombardment,
it's absolute hell on earth.
752
01:21:24,928 --> 01:21:28,563
Assad wants those in the
middle to be eliminated so the
753
01:21:28,565 --> 01:21:31,465
Choice is either him or isis.
754
01:24:26,602 --> 01:24:28,202
Peter bergen: The airstrikes
are killing about a thousand
755
01:24:28,204 --> 01:24:33,473
Isis members every month,
and ratcheting down the oil,
756
01:24:33,475 --> 01:24:35,641
And getting rid of
some of their money.
757
01:24:35,643 --> 01:24:37,676
That is really
going to impact them.
758
01:24:37,678 --> 01:24:39,678
If you control several
million people and you're
759
01:24:39,680 --> 01:24:42,013
Taxing them for pretty
much everything they do.
760
01:24:42,015 --> 01:24:43,314
That's all the money.
761
01:24:43,316 --> 01:24:45,316
So every time
they lose a big city which is
762
01:24:45,318 --> 01:24:49,186
That's several hundred
thousand people they can't tax.
763
01:29:02,502 --> 01:29:05,670
Alex jordanov: This new form
of terrorism was introduced by
764
01:29:05,672 --> 01:29:09,540
Al-qaeda's ideologue
abu musab al-suri.
765
01:29:09,974 --> 01:29:14,744
In his writings where he calls
for a form of low cost terror,
766
01:29:14,746 --> 01:29:18,314
Many terror acts all over the
place conducted by the people
767
01:29:18,316 --> 01:29:19,381
That actually live there.
768
01:29:30,893 --> 01:29:32,526
Reporter: San
bernardino, california
769
01:29:32,528 --> 01:29:33,927
Mass casualty situation.
770
01:29:33,929 --> 01:29:35,595
A terror attack in
the french city of nice.
771
01:29:35,597 --> 01:29:36,796
At least 80 people.
772
01:29:36,798 --> 01:29:39,365
The 17-year-old
used an axe and knife
773
01:29:39,367 --> 01:29:44,436
A lone gunman called 911
to pledge allegiance to isis.
774
01:29:46,038 --> 01:29:47,738
Woman: Oh my god.
775
01:30:11,762 --> 01:30:13,562
General flynn: This
is what terrorists do.
776
01:30:13,564 --> 01:30:15,897
They instill fear
in societies.
777
01:30:15,899 --> 01:30:18,499
If you instill
fear in a society,
778
01:30:18,501 --> 01:30:19,566
It comes at a big cost.
779
01:30:19,568 --> 01:30:25,705
With some of the, you know,
some of the comments that are
780
01:30:25,707 --> 01:30:28,574
Being made about various,
781
01:30:28,576 --> 01:30:31,510
Parts of our society
and what to do about them.
782
01:30:31,512 --> 01:30:34,579
You know, the whole
issue of immigration is a big,
783
01:30:34,581 --> 01:30:37,448
Big deal, uh, and that's,
784
01:30:37,450 --> 01:30:40,651
That's playing out
terribly in europe.
785
01:31:53,690 --> 01:31:55,824
Teun voeten: The
summer of 2015,
786
01:31:55,826 --> 01:31:57,992
Suddenly hundreds of
thousands of people came,
787
01:31:57,994 --> 01:32:00,995
Syrian refugees from turkey.
788
01:32:00,997 --> 01:32:04,565
There are a lot of extremely
decent, sophisticated, uh,
789
01:32:04,567 --> 01:32:07,167
People among the immigrants.
790
01:32:07,169 --> 01:32:09,536
But you have also
small time criminals
791
01:32:09,538 --> 01:32:11,204
And infiltrators from isis.
792
01:32:13,540 --> 01:32:15,941
A lot of people feel
overwhelmed by what they
793
01:32:15,943 --> 01:32:18,443
Perceive as an invasion
of muslims threatening
794
01:32:18,445 --> 01:32:21,212
Our way of life.
795
01:32:21,846 --> 01:32:24,447
The muslim people
in europe it's only around
796
01:32:24,449 --> 01:32:28,451
5% but in certain cities,
for instance in brussels,
797
01:32:28,453 --> 01:32:29,685
One generation from now,
798
01:32:29,687 --> 01:32:33,455
The muslim community
will be the majority.
799
01:32:35,724 --> 01:32:38,859
This has caused an
enormous political backlash
800
01:32:38,861 --> 01:32:42,062
And resurgence of
right-wing movements.
801
01:32:44,198 --> 01:32:46,599
General flynn: The resources
that are gonna be required to
802
01:32:46,601 --> 01:32:49,501
Correct some of these
problems that we have, refugees,
803
01:32:49,503 --> 01:32:51,569
Displaced people
around the world, is,
804
01:32:51,571 --> 01:32:53,771
Just the numbers
are staggering.
805
01:32:53,773 --> 01:32:57,040
We have to get back in there,
stabilize that area to the
806
01:32:57,042 --> 01:32:59,776
Point where you can then
tell all these people who would
807
01:32:59,778 --> 01:33:01,744
Rather live in
their own homes,
808
01:33:01,746 --> 01:33:03,946
You can tell them and
they'll all come back.
809
01:33:03,948 --> 01:33:08,016
Otherwise, the likelihood
of a far greater conflict grows
810
01:33:08,018 --> 01:33:10,685
Higher and higher every day.
811
01:35:22,184 --> 01:35:24,185
Sebastian junger: Any
reasonable person would flee
812
01:35:24,187 --> 01:35:27,921
The kind of fighting
that we've seen in syria.
813
01:35:29,823 --> 01:35:31,958
They'd happily
risk their lives to be
814
01:35:31,960 --> 01:35:33,759
Smuggled across the border.
815
01:35:33,761 --> 01:35:35,193
They'd collect by
the millions in neighboring
816
01:35:35,195 --> 01:35:40,731
Countries even living
in squalid refugee camps.
817
01:35:40,733 --> 01:35:42,899
Eventually, they'd make
their way to the west to look
818
01:35:42,901 --> 01:35:45,501
For a better life
for their children.
819
01:35:46,169 --> 01:35:49,237
People say "look,
it's not our problem."
820
01:35:49,239 --> 01:35:51,939
Okay, it's not your
problem but that doesn't mean
821
01:35:51,941 --> 01:35:54,942
You won't be affected by it.
822
01:36:01,983 --> 01:36:03,850
You can say that you
don't actually care about human
823
01:36:03,852 --> 01:36:07,320
Suffering but the truth is
that all violence and misery
824
01:36:07,322 --> 01:36:10,423
Eventually affect
the entire world.
825
01:36:12,325 --> 01:36:15,393
In that sense, there is no
escaping the fact that we are
826
01:36:15,395 --> 01:36:18,929
All part of the human race.
827
01:36:19,196 --> 01:36:21,864
There is no escaping the
fact that borders become
828
01:36:21,866 --> 01:36:24,900
Irrelevant once people
start dying and societies
829
01:36:24,902 --> 01:36:29,938
Begin to collapse.
830
01:38:15,142 --> 01:38:20,379
♪ ♪
75078
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