Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:00,599 --> 00:00:06,750 Hello everybody and welcome to this tutorial. Today, I will go over a few basic commands 2 00:00:06,750 --> 00:00:11,790 you will need in order to follow this course through. There are four basic commands that 3 00:00:11,790 --> 00:00:19,110 are used in order to navigate within the terminal, or through the file system, to figure out 4 00:00:19,110 --> 00:00:25,490 where you are at the moment, to copy things, move things, get listings of files, folders, 5 00:00:25,490 --> 00:00:31,340 see the contents, remove them, change the ownership of files or change the modes of 6 00:00:31,340 --> 00:00:37,719 files. You will see shortly what I mean. First off, we have "cd" which is change directories. 7 00:00:37,719 --> 00:00:45,670 If I just type in cd/home, I am going to navigate over to my home directory. So, "cd" stands 8 00:00:45,670 --> 00:00:52,079 for change directory. As I said before, you are literally changing your working directory. 9 00:00:52,079 --> 00:01:01,969 If you type in "cd.." you will always go one step back. So ".." is always the previous 10 00:01:01,969 --> 00:01:10,100 folder. It's a shortcut you will use fairly often. Next up, we have "ls." "Ls" shows you 11 00:01:10,100 --> 00:01:17,820 the listing off the current folder contents. You can also use, for example, "ls /home/" 12 00:01:17,820 --> 00:01:24,560 and you get the listing of a specified folder as well. Typing "ls" in and of its own give 13 00:01:24,560 --> 00:01:29,799 you the listing of the current folder, as opposed to typing "ls" and then a path to 14 00:01:29,799 --> 00:01:35,039 a folder, which will give you a listing for a specified folder. In addition to that, you 15 00:01:35,039 --> 00:01:41,450 also have "ls - l" which will give you a long listing. That will tell you who the owners 16 00:01:41,450 --> 00:01:50,649 are, the size, the date, the type, the permissions and so on and so forth. However, one of the 17 00:01:50,649 --> 00:01:58,770 more common usages of "ls" is "ls - la" to show the hidden files as well. You might notice 18 00:01:58,770 --> 00:02:06,719 that I am not using "ll" like I generally use in Fedora. It goes "- ll" command not 19 00:02:06,719 --> 00:02:11,690 found. I guess I could install it here as well, but it doesn't really matter. It performs 20 00:02:11,690 --> 00:02:18,060 a fairly similar function as "ls" does, but it's a bit faster to type in. Now I'm just 21 00:02:18,060 --> 00:02:23,530 going to go ahead and clear this. Next up, is "pwd" which prints working directory. Some 22 00:02:23,530 --> 00:02:31,940 of you may find it confusing, but / in all Linux-like systems simply refers to the root 23 00:02:31,940 --> 00:02:40,050 directory, to the beginning. To the root directory from where all the files are located and from 24 00:02:40,050 --> 00:02:47,300 where everything begins. Let me just make it clear. I'm going to navigate over to home, 25 00:02:47,300 --> 00:02:53,470 and then use "pwd." You can see that I am in home at the moment. So, print working directory 26 00:02:53,470 --> 00:03:01,060 does exactly what the name itself says, it prints your current working directory. Next 27 00:03:01,060 --> 00:03:08,840 up, we have our "cp" command, which we already used in order to copy VirtualBox guest additions 28 00:03:08,840 --> 00:03:20,060 from one place to another. It's fairly simple. You type in "cp /path" -- Let's do a real 29 00:03:20,060 --> 00:03:30,450 example. So, if I, for example, go ahead and type in "cp VBoxLinuxAdditions.run," and if 30 00:03:30,450 --> 00:03:36,920 I want to copy it to somewhere, let's say that I wish to copy it to "/var/". I will 31 00:03:36,920 --> 00:03:52,240 delete, of course, I will show you how to do that as well, but it's fairly simple. You 32 00:03:52,240 --> 00:03:57,960 specify what you want to copy and where you want to copy it to. Keep in mind, you could 33 00:03:57,960 --> 00:04:04,090 have actually typed in here a folder, a full path, to this VirtualBoxguestadditions.run. 34 00:04:04,090 --> 00:04:11,130 You don't actually need to be in the home directory. This "-v" option gives us this. 35 00:04:11,130 --> 00:04:17,380 It tells us what was copied where. It's a very useful option. Let me show you what would 36 00:04:17,380 --> 00:04:24,040 happen if I didn't have that. Just like this, you see nothing. There is no output or anything 37 00:04:24,040 --> 00:04:29,970 of the kind. This is this is fairly simple. When you have one very small file and you 38 00:04:29,970 --> 00:04:36,120 don't really care, but when you will have a large file, let's say it's 20GB or so, you 39 00:04:36,120 --> 00:04:41,650 are copying you'll just have a blank screen below. Nothing will be happening. You will 40 00:04:41,650 --> 00:04:49,260 not be able to figure out whether the copying process is going on or if it has actually 41 00:04:49,260 --> 00:04:57,280 crashed, bugged or something of a kind. Just pass the "-v" option which is always useful 42 00:04:57,280 --> 00:05:02,460 to have simply because the machine actually tells you what it is doing. Now, you might've 43 00:05:02,460 --> 00:05:06,470 noticed that all of these commands, more or less, have their own arguments, which can 44 00:05:06,470 --> 00:05:11,720 be passed to them in order to modify what the command does. You can view a listing of 45 00:05:11,720 --> 00:05:18,660 these arguments. You do not need to memorize them all. So, let's take an example of "cp 46 00:05:18,660 --> 00:05:24,960 --help." This is a universal way of getting help on the subject within the terminal. You 47 00:05:24,960 --> 00:05:31,630 type in the command, a space, then "--help," press enter and you get a listing of possibilities. 48 00:05:31,630 --> 00:05:35,910 So, I know it looks a bit messy and a bit difficult to see, but you don't actually need 49 00:05:35,910 --> 00:05:41,210 to look at all of these things here. Just scroll upwards and there you go. You can see 50 00:05:41,210 --> 00:05:48,720 all the arguments. They are listed clearly here. You have the argument here, and an explanation 51 00:05:48,720 --> 00:05:54,520 of what that argument does. For the time being, you're not going to be able to memorize all 52 00:05:54,520 --> 00:06:04,160 of these. Over time, as you practice more, and start actually is using these commands, 53 00:06:04,160 --> 00:06:10,320 you will be remembering more, and more, and more, and more, without actually wish it. 54 00:06:10,320 --> 00:06:17,450 Basically it will be caching the information, so to say. Anyway, over here, in the upper 55 00:06:17,450 --> 00:06:24,950 part of this help menu you got usage. In usage, you get the format or the syntax of the command. 56 00:06:24,950 --> 00:06:33,430 So basically, "cp" option, and then you specify your source and destination. Very simple, 57 00:06:33,430 --> 00:06:38,280 no problems there. This is universal for all of the commands, you can always use the help 58 00:06:38,280 --> 00:06:46,860 menu. However, in addition to the help menu, you also have man pages. So if I type in man, 59 00:06:46,860 --> 00:06:57,620 and I can use the command "pwd." The man pages on "pwd" give me a ton of information. You 60 00:06:57,620 --> 00:07:04,020 can see it gives you the name. It's called synopsis here, but basically the syntax of 61 00:07:04,020 --> 00:07:09,520 the command. You get a full description of what the command does, a full description 62 00:07:09,520 --> 00:07:16,900 of the arguments, you even get the author who actually wrote, some notes, copyright 63 00:07:16,900 --> 00:07:26,139 and some references to something else as well. This is a very short man page because "pwd" 64 00:07:26,139 --> 00:07:38,240 is a very short, basic command. For example, if I was to type in, "man grep," you can see 65 00:07:38,240 --> 00:07:46,550 that the man page is a lot bigger. I'm just scrolling down and it seems to go on. "Grep" 66 00:07:46,550 --> 00:07:51,120 is a multipurpose command which I'll show to you in a moment. I just wanted to show 67 00:07:51,120 --> 00:07:57,270 the difference between a basic and a more complex command. Let me just go ahead and 68 00:07:57,270 --> 00:08:06,550 clear the screen. Next up, we have move so, "mv." That will cause a folder to move. This 69 00:08:06,550 --> 00:08:13,120 is how you rename folders too, or files. So just go ahead and navigate over to "var," 70 00:08:13,120 --> 00:08:24,760 where I have actually copied this file. Excellent. If I type, "mv VBoxLinuxAdditions. I can move 71 00:08:24,760 --> 00:08:32,689 to some different folder, under some different name, or I can just rename it within my current 72 00:08:32,689 --> 00:08:52,779 folder. If I just type it in "RandomIsNotSoRandom." I'm just going to rename it to that. Say ".run." You can 73 00:08:52,779 --> 00:08:57,459 put whatever extension you want. Of course, it won't function the same. I am just showing 74 00:08:57,459 --> 00:09:05,639 you the way of renaming files. if I do "ls" again, you see, that VboxLinuxadditions.run 75 00:09:05,639 --> 00:09:15,730 has been successfully renamed to RandomIsNotSoRandom.run. I can also do this. I can RandomIsNotSoRandom 76 00:09:15,730 --> 00:09:22,800 to my home directory. If I do "ls," specify a path to my home directory and press enter, 77 00:09:22,800 --> 00:09:28,610 you see that I've actually moved it here. Unlike the copy command, it doesn't retain 78 00:09:28,610 --> 00:09:40,589 the original within wherever the source might have been. So, once you move it, it's gone 79 00:09:40,589 --> 00:09:47,809 from the source folder, however, it's going to appear in the destination one. Also tricky 80 00:09:47,809 --> 00:09:53,199 one: when you delete something with move, when you move something over something else, 81 00:09:53,199 --> 00:10:00,379 it's so difficult to recover, if not impossible. Also, be very careful with deleting files 82 00:10:00,379 --> 00:10:10,129 in Linux. Once you delete them from the terminal, you will not be able to recover them. There 83 00:10:10,129 --> 00:10:17,619 are some complex procedures that might give you a fraction of what you wanted to recover. 84 00:10:17,619 --> 00:10:21,959 If you remove it from the terminal. It's very, very, very difficult. It's not like Windows 85 00:10:21,959 --> 00:10:26,029 or something. When you delete something in Windows, you can always recover. It's like 86 00:10:26,029 --> 00:10:33,869 you basically didn't delete it. You just don't see it. But here, when you delete something 87 00:10:33,869 --> 00:10:43,309 it's gone permanently. So take great caution, take care but don't be afraid. I mean, over 88 00:10:43,309 --> 00:10:50,309 time, these things become second nature to you. You will take it into consideration without 89 00:10:50,309 --> 00:11:02,839 even thinking about it. I'll go ahead and clear the screen. Next up, we have "cat." 90 00:11:02,839 --> 00:11:19,110 Let's navigate home. Let's type "cat RandomIsNotSoRandom." You see what it does. It actually shows you-- 91 00:11:19,110 --> 00:11:29,089 this is a bit of a longer file-- all the contents of that file, whatever that might be. This 92 00:11:29,089 --> 00:11:34,050 content is not pretty at all. You can't read it like this, but doesn't matter. Let's just 93 00:11:34,050 --> 00:11:44,999 create another file. So, nano is my favorite text editor from the terminal. You will need 94 00:11:44,999 --> 00:11:50,869 to learn how to use the terminal text editors because you don't want to be switching back 95 00:11:50,869 --> 00:11:58,989 and forth between GUI text editors and working on something a terminal. It's extremely time-consuming. 96 00:11:58,989 --> 00:12:05,029 Here on Kali Linux, you can actually edit things with root. However, if you are using 97 00:12:05,029 --> 00:12:09,759 some other distribution or something of a kind, most of the GUI text editors will not 98 00:12:09,759 --> 00:12:15,899 be able to run as root. You will get an error message. So that can be a bit problematic. 99 00:12:15,899 --> 00:12:21,639 That's why you should always learn how to use text editors that are terminal text editors. 100 00:12:21,639 --> 00:12:27,410 Just type in "nano" and type in the name of the file you wish to create. For example, 101 00:12:27,410 --> 00:12:33,720 I'm just going to go ahead and type in "test." Since this is a test file no need to give 102 00:12:33,720 --> 00:12:39,619 it any extensions or anything of the kind. There we go, we are in the nano text editor. 103 00:12:39,619 --> 00:13:03,290 So here I can write some text, "Some random text goes here." You have a variety of options. 104 00:13:03,290 --> 00:13:10,639 This carrot sign, "^X" simply means control-X. If you press control-x you are going to exit. 105 00:13:10,639 --> 00:13:17,300 Control-O, write out, that's basically save. You don't need this. where is, is basically 106 00:13:17,300 --> 00:13:24,920 how you search things. Hit control-V to search. Let's look for "random" press enter and there 107 00:13:24,920 --> 00:13:31,489 you go. It's going to point to random. It found it, no problems. Previous page don't 108 00:13:31,489 --> 00:13:37,129 need and the next page we are not going to be that engaged with it. So cut text is also 109 00:13:37,129 --> 00:13:43,809 very nice. It allows you to actually remove large portions of text at a relatively fast 110 00:13:43,809 --> 00:13:49,249 rate. So if I just say control-K, it's going to remove the current line where the cursor 111 00:13:49,249 --> 00:13:56,449 is, not what you have selected with your mouse. Just so you know. Let me just bring that back. 112 00:13:56,449 --> 00:14:01,579 I'm just going to go ahead and continue talking about this in part two, in the following tutorial. 113 00:14:01,579 --> 00:14:03,589 Until then, I bid you farewell. 15082