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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,769 --> 00:00:03,502 Narrator: AROUND THE WORLD, THE RACE TO WIN WARS 2 00:00:03,504 --> 00:00:06,171 AND EXPLORE THE UNIVERSE HAS CREATED SOME OF THE MOST 3 00:00:06,173 --> 00:00:08,339 INCREDIBLE PRODUCTS EVER DESIGNED, 4 00:00:08,341 --> 00:00:10,308 AND WE USE THEM EVERY DAY, 5 00:00:10,310 --> 00:00:12,977 UNAWARE OF THEIR AMAZING ORIGINS. 6 00:00:12,979 --> 00:00:15,981 ON "INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS"... 7 00:00:15,983 --> 00:00:17,983 THE TAXICAB -- 8 00:00:17,985 --> 00:00:21,453 THE ICONIC LONDON TAXI'S HEROIC EXPLOITS 9 00:00:21,455 --> 00:00:23,989 DURING THE BLITZ. 10 00:00:23,991 --> 00:00:25,991 SATELLITE NAVIGATION -- 11 00:00:25,993 --> 00:00:28,193 HOW A U.S. MILITARY TOOL POINTS US 12 00:00:28,195 --> 00:00:30,863 IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION. 13 00:00:30,865 --> 00:00:32,531 THE LAVA LAMP -- 14 00:00:32,533 --> 00:00:34,266 A PIECE OF ROCKET-INSPIRED CHIC 15 00:00:34,268 --> 00:00:37,202 THAT LANDED IN YOUR LIVING ROOM. 16 00:00:37,204 --> 00:00:39,071 WE REVEAL THE AMAZING HISTORY 17 00:00:39,073 --> 00:00:40,739 AND ENGINEERING BEHIND THESE 18 00:00:40,741 --> 00:00:43,075 INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS. 19 00:00:43,077 --> 00:00:46,077 -- Captions by VITAC -- www.vitac.com 20 00:00:46,079 --> 00:00:49,048 CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS 21 00:01:00,894 --> 00:01:02,961 THE BLACK TAXI OF LONDON RANKS 22 00:01:02,963 --> 00:01:04,696 AS ONE OF THE MOST ICONIC IMAGES 23 00:01:04,698 --> 00:01:06,832 OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 24 00:01:06,834 --> 00:01:09,034 GO BACK HALF A CENTURY OR MORE, HOWEVER, 25 00:01:09,036 --> 00:01:10,702 AND YOU WILL FIND THAT THE BLACK CAB 26 00:01:10,704 --> 00:01:12,770 HAD AN ENTIRELY DIFFERENT JOB, 27 00:01:12,772 --> 00:01:16,909 ONE THAT ISN'T AS SIMPLE AS TODAY. 28 00:01:16,911 --> 00:01:19,511 EVERY TAXI OPERATING ON THE STREETS OF LONDON HAD 29 00:01:19,513 --> 00:01:22,648 TO HAVE A 25-FOOT TURNING RADIUS. 30 00:01:22,650 --> 00:01:25,250 IT'S THIS AGILITY, ALONG WITH THE SKILL OF THE DRIVERS 31 00:01:25,252 --> 00:01:27,853 IN KNOWING THEIR WAY AROUND EVERYTHING FROM BUSY TRAFFIC 32 00:01:27,855 --> 00:01:29,655 TO BURNING BUILDINGS, 33 00:01:29,657 --> 00:01:31,457 THAT GIVES THE TAXI ITS CHANCE 34 00:01:31,459 --> 00:01:34,259 TO EARN A PLACE IN WARTIME HISTORY. 35 00:01:34,261 --> 00:01:38,397 EARLY IN WORLD WAR II, LONDON ITSELF IS A TARGET. 36 00:01:38,399 --> 00:01:41,599 AS THE GERMAN LUFTWAFFE DROPS BOMBS OVER THE EAST END, 37 00:01:41,601 --> 00:01:43,268 COUNTLESS FIRES BREAK OUT 38 00:01:43,270 --> 00:01:44,670 THAT THREATEN TO JOIN TOGETHER 39 00:01:44,672 --> 00:01:48,006 TO FORM THE DREADED FIRESTORM. 40 00:01:48,008 --> 00:01:49,875 OVERWHELMED BY THE SHEER NUMBERS 41 00:01:49,877 --> 00:01:51,677 OF SMALL FIRES BREAKING OUT, 42 00:01:51,679 --> 00:01:54,079 THE LONDON FIRE CREWS HAVE THEIR HANDS FULL. 43 00:01:54,081 --> 00:01:56,215 SO THEY MUST THINK CREATIVELY -- 44 00:01:56,217 --> 00:01:58,149 HOW TO GET A SMALL FIRE CREW 45 00:01:58,151 --> 00:02:01,153 TO THE HEART OF THE PROBLEM WITHOUT VEHICLES TO SPARE. 46 00:02:01,155 --> 00:02:03,688 THE ANSWER IS SIMPLE -- A CAB. 47 00:02:03,690 --> 00:02:06,491 IT WAS TO MAKE GOOD WITH WHAT YOU'VE GOT. 48 00:02:06,493 --> 00:02:10,229 SO TAXIS, BECAUSE FEWER AND FEWER PEOPLE WERE, 49 00:02:10,231 --> 00:02:13,499 YOU KNOW, IN CITIES USING THEM FOR BUSINESS, FOR EXAMPLE, 50 00:02:13,501 --> 00:02:18,503 TAXIS WERE A VERY USEFUL WAY OF TAKING FIREMAN 51 00:02:18,505 --> 00:02:20,172 BECAUSE THEY CAN TAKE FIVE OR SIX FIREMEN 52 00:02:20,174 --> 00:02:21,439 IN THE BACK OF THE TAXI. 53 00:02:21,441 --> 00:02:23,374 AND THEY REALLY DID HELP OUT 54 00:02:23,376 --> 00:02:25,177 IN THE BIG FIRES THAT WERE CREATED 55 00:02:25,179 --> 00:02:28,313 IN THE EAST END OF LONDON DURING THE BLITZ. 56 00:02:28,315 --> 00:02:30,715 Narrator: TAXI DRIVERS HAD TO HAVE AN ENCYCLOPEDIC 57 00:02:30,717 --> 00:02:32,517 KNOWLEDGE OF THE ROUTES AROUND LONDON. 58 00:02:32,519 --> 00:02:35,653 EVERY BACKSTREET SHORTCUT COULD SAVE LIVES OR PROPERTY 59 00:02:35,655 --> 00:02:38,056 IN THE TAXI'S RACE AGAINST TIME. 60 00:02:38,058 --> 00:02:40,525 AND WITH A SMALL WATER PUMP TOWED BEHIND 61 00:02:40,527 --> 00:02:42,127 OR MANHANDLED INTO THE TRUNK OF THE CAB, 62 00:02:42,129 --> 00:02:45,063 THE FIRE CREW CAN FIGHT THE FLAMES QUICKER 63 00:02:45,065 --> 00:02:49,201 THAN A FULL-SIZED PUMP BUSY ELSEWHERE. 64 00:02:49,203 --> 00:02:52,203 SO, THE NEXT TIME YOU HAIL A CAB IN LONDON, 65 00:02:52,205 --> 00:02:53,805 JUST REMEMBER THE DARK PAST 66 00:02:53,807 --> 00:02:56,874 THAT THEY'VE ENDURED AND LEAVE A GENEROUS TIP. 67 00:02:56,876 --> 00:02:59,011 THE LONDON TAXI COMPANY HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED 68 00:02:59,013 --> 00:03:00,345 FOR MORE THAN 60 YEARS, 69 00:03:00,347 --> 00:03:03,414 SUPPLYING CAR BODYWORK TO MANY CAR MANUFACTURERS 70 00:03:03,416 --> 00:03:05,651 AS WELL AS THE QUEEN HERSELF. 71 00:03:11,692 --> 00:03:13,758 TODAY'S LONDON TAXIS BEGIN LIFE 72 00:03:13,760 --> 00:03:17,196 AS GRAY SHELLS OF BODIES SENT OVER FROM SHANGHAI, CHINA. 73 00:03:19,633 --> 00:03:22,034 ON ARRIVAL, THESE SHELLS ARE PLACED UNDER A GREEN LIGHT 74 00:03:22,036 --> 00:03:23,769 AND CAREFULLY SCRUTINIZED TO CHECK 75 00:03:23,771 --> 00:03:25,436 FOR ANY SMALL BUMPS OR SCRAPES 76 00:03:25,438 --> 00:03:29,775 THEY MAY HAVE PICKED UP ON THEIR LONG JOURNEY OVERSEAS. 77 00:03:29,777 --> 00:03:32,644 ONCE THOROUGHLY INSPECTED, IT'S TIME TO COAT THE BODIES 78 00:03:32,646 --> 00:03:34,980 IN THEIR TRADEMARK BLACK PAINT, 79 00:03:34,982 --> 00:03:36,715 AS WELL AS ANY ONE OF THE MANY COLOR 80 00:03:36,717 --> 00:03:38,650 OPTIONS AVAILABLE TO CUSTOMERS. 81 00:03:38,652 --> 00:03:42,054 THE BODIES ARE THEN DRIED AND POLISHED TO A SLICK SHEEN. 82 00:03:42,056 --> 00:03:44,923 THE FRESHLY POLISHED AND PAINTED SHELL 83 00:03:44,925 --> 00:03:46,658 IS THEN LIFTED ONTO THE CONVEYOR BELT 84 00:03:46,660 --> 00:03:50,595 TO BEGIN THE PRE-MOUNT PROCESS. 85 00:03:50,597 --> 00:03:52,597 DURING THIS PRE-MOUNT STAGE, 86 00:03:52,599 --> 00:03:53,798 THE ENGINEERS WILL FIT MANY 87 00:03:53,800 --> 00:03:56,134 OF THE COMPLICATED INTERNAL COMPONENTS, 88 00:03:56,136 --> 00:03:57,736 INCLUDING THE DOOR-LOCKING SYSTEM, 89 00:03:57,738 --> 00:04:00,005 THE HEATER UNIT, THE ELECTRONICS, 90 00:04:00,007 --> 00:04:02,074 THE HIGH-MOUNTED REAR BRAKE LIGHTS, 91 00:04:02,076 --> 00:04:03,342 RADIO, AND MICROPHONES 92 00:04:03,344 --> 00:04:05,811 BEFORE THE WINDOWS ARE FITTED. 93 00:04:10,818 --> 00:04:13,084 LONDON'S TAXIS CAN SOMETIMES BE ON THE ROAD 94 00:04:13,086 --> 00:04:14,819 FOR 24 HOURS AT A TIME, 95 00:04:14,821 --> 00:04:16,287 SO ONE OF THE KEY REQUIREMENTS 96 00:04:16,289 --> 00:04:19,490 IS THAT THEY'RE STRONG AND DURABLE. 97 00:04:19,492 --> 00:04:21,893 Johansen: WELL, WHAT WE CALL THE TAXI DUTY CYCLE 98 00:04:21,895 --> 00:04:24,363 IS THE MOST ARDUOUS ONE OF ANY MOTOR VEHICLE. 99 00:04:24,365 --> 00:04:26,231 IT'S HARDER THAN BUSES OR TRUCKS 100 00:04:26,233 --> 00:04:28,233 OR ANYTHING LIKE THAT BECAUSE TAXIS, 101 00:04:28,235 --> 00:04:30,835 BY AND LARGE, WORK IN CONGESTED URBAN ENVIRONMENTS 102 00:04:30,837 --> 00:04:32,637 WITH A LOT OF STOP-START. 103 00:04:32,639 --> 00:04:35,707 AND THAT PUTS A LOT OF WEAR AND TEAR ON THE ENGINE 104 00:04:35,709 --> 00:04:37,909 AND THE COMPONENTS THERE. 105 00:04:37,911 --> 00:04:39,177 Narrator: WHILE THE BODY OF THE CAR 106 00:04:39,179 --> 00:04:40,912 IS BEING PREPARED ON ONE PRODUCTION LINE, 107 00:04:40,914 --> 00:04:42,847 THE CHASSIS IS ALSO BEING PREPARED 108 00:04:42,849 --> 00:04:44,850 SIMULTANEOUSLY ON ANOTHER. 109 00:04:47,187 --> 00:04:48,453 THE CHASSIS LINE BEGINS 110 00:04:48,455 --> 00:04:50,322 WITH THE REAR AXLE DRESSING PROCESS. 111 00:04:50,324 --> 00:04:52,457 THE REAR AXLE AND FRONT SUSPENSION 112 00:04:52,459 --> 00:04:55,060 OR BEAM ARE MADE IN CHINA AND DELIVERED TRACKSIDE 113 00:04:55,062 --> 00:04:58,263 BEFORE BEING FITTED BY THE OPERATOR... 114 00:04:58,265 --> 00:05:00,365 ALONG WITH THE REAR WHEEL SENSORS, 115 00:05:00,367 --> 00:05:01,800 BRAKE LINES, 116 00:05:01,802 --> 00:05:04,002 POWER STEERING HOSES, AND PIPEWORK. 117 00:05:04,004 --> 00:05:06,671 THE CHASSIS FRAME IS ALSO PREPARED BY 118 00:05:06,673 --> 00:05:09,140 INSTALLING THE STEERING BOX, ANTI-ROLL BARS, 119 00:05:09,142 --> 00:05:11,943 THE HAND BRAKE CABLE, AND THE STEERING RODS. 120 00:05:11,945 --> 00:05:15,813 THE ENGINE IS MADE IN ITALY BY VM MOTOR 121 00:05:15,815 --> 00:05:17,882 BEFORE BEING SHIPPED TO THE LONDON TAXI COMPANY 122 00:05:17,884 --> 00:05:20,352 TO BE FITTED. 123 00:05:24,624 --> 00:05:26,958 ALONG WITH THE SUSPENSION, ENGINE, GEARBOX, 124 00:05:26,960 --> 00:05:28,493 REAR AXLE, AND EXHAUST SYSTEM, 125 00:05:28,495 --> 00:05:30,695 THESE ARE ALL COUPLED AND ASSEMBLED 126 00:05:30,697 --> 00:05:33,965 TO COMPLETE WHAT IS NOW THE ROLLING CHASSIS OF THE TAXI, 127 00:05:33,967 --> 00:05:38,503 BEFORE FINALLY ADDING THE WHEELS. 128 00:05:38,505 --> 00:05:41,039 EVERYTHING'S HAND-BUILT. EVERYTHING'S HAND-PAINTED. 129 00:05:41,041 --> 00:05:42,440 SO EVERYBODY'S TOUCHING, 130 00:05:42,442 --> 00:05:45,777 FEELING THE VEHICLE ALL THROUGH THE PROCESS, 131 00:05:45,779 --> 00:05:47,913 RIGHT TILL THEY'RE PASSED TO SALES. 132 00:05:47,915 --> 00:05:50,115 MOST VEHICLES, YOU KNOW, FROM START TO FINISH, 133 00:05:50,117 --> 00:05:51,583 IF WE STARTED ON A MONDAY, 134 00:05:51,585 --> 00:05:53,651 WE'D BE HAPPY IF THAT WAS GOING ON ITS WAY 135 00:05:53,653 --> 00:05:55,052 TO A CUSTOMER ON THE FRIDAY. 136 00:05:55,054 --> 00:05:56,388 Narrator: NOW THAT THE TAXI'S BODY 137 00:05:56,390 --> 00:05:58,056 AND THE CHASSIS HAVE BEEN PREPARED, 138 00:05:58,058 --> 00:05:59,857 IT'S TIME TO BRING THE TWO TOGETHER 139 00:05:59,859 --> 00:06:01,192 IN WHAT IS AFFECTIONATELY KNOWN 140 00:06:01,194 --> 00:06:05,797 AS THE MARRIAGE OF THE CARRIAGE. 141 00:06:05,799 --> 00:06:10,134 THE BODY IS LIFTED AND CAREFULLY CARRIED OVER TO THE CHASSIS. 142 00:06:10,136 --> 00:06:12,604 IT IS THEN LOWERED ONTO IT, ALL UNDER THE WATCHFUL 143 00:06:12,606 --> 00:06:15,940 EYES OF THE EXPERT MECHANICS AND ENGINEERS. 144 00:06:15,942 --> 00:06:19,478 THE BODY IS GUIDED INTO POSITION BY SIX LOCATION PINS, 145 00:06:19,480 --> 00:06:23,348 WHICH ALIGN THE BODY WITH THE CHASSIS FRAME OUTRIGGER POINTS. 146 00:06:23,350 --> 00:06:25,951 THIS IS WHERE THE BODY IS BOLTED DOWN TO THE FRAME 147 00:06:25,953 --> 00:06:28,353 BY 12 FIXING POINTS. 148 00:06:28,355 --> 00:06:30,622 ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS FROM THE POWER TRAIN 149 00:06:30,624 --> 00:06:33,391 TO THE VEHICLE MAIN HARNESS CAN NOW BE MADE. 150 00:06:33,393 --> 00:06:34,893 THE FUEL TANK IS THEN CONNECTED 151 00:06:34,895 --> 00:06:37,362 TO THE FUEL PIPE AND FILLER NECK. 152 00:06:37,364 --> 00:06:41,232 ENGINE HOSES AND PIPEWORK ARE ALSO CONNECTED. 153 00:06:41,234 --> 00:06:42,968 ONCE COMPLETED, THE BODY AND CHASSIS 154 00:06:42,970 --> 00:06:45,237 ARE PUSHED ONTO THE MOUNT LINE. 155 00:06:45,239 --> 00:06:47,973 HERE, IT BEGINS TO BECOME MORE RECOGNIZABLE 156 00:06:47,975 --> 00:06:51,309 AS THE ICONIC LONDON TAXI. 157 00:06:51,311 --> 00:06:54,112 ON THE MOUNT LINE, THE REAR CENTER DIVISION IS FITTED. 158 00:06:54,114 --> 00:06:57,048 THE SEATS AND SEAT BELTS ARE ALSO FITTED HERE 159 00:06:57,050 --> 00:07:01,586 AS PART OF THE FULL COMPLETION OF THE INTERIOR OF THE CAB. 160 00:07:01,588 --> 00:07:03,522 THE EXTERIOR SIDE AND FRONT PANELS 161 00:07:03,524 --> 00:07:05,791 OF THE CAB CAN NOW BE ADDED. 162 00:07:05,793 --> 00:07:07,925 THESE ARE DESIGNED TO BE EASILY REPLACEABLE 163 00:07:07,927 --> 00:07:09,461 IN ORDER TO MINIMIZE THE TIME THE CAB 164 00:07:09,463 --> 00:07:13,598 IS OFF THE ROAD IN CASE OF ACCIDENTS AND DAMAGE. 165 00:07:13,600 --> 00:07:15,933 THE FINAL COMPONENTS ARE FITTED TO THE ENGINE BAY. 166 00:07:15,935 --> 00:07:17,736 AND AFTER ONE LAST INSPECTION, 167 00:07:17,738 --> 00:07:19,871 THE CAB IS WASHED, WAXED, 168 00:07:19,873 --> 00:07:23,007 POLISHED, AND READY TO HIT THE STREETS. 169 00:07:23,009 --> 00:07:25,277 TAXI DRIVERS MAY NOT NEED HELP WITH DIRECTIONS, 170 00:07:25,279 --> 00:07:27,746 BUT SOME OF US RELY ON APPS AND DEVICES 171 00:07:27,748 --> 00:07:29,347 TO GET US FROM POINT "A" TO POINT "B." 172 00:07:29,349 --> 00:07:31,817 FIND OUT HOW THEY WORK WHEN WE COME BACK. 173 00:07:44,298 --> 00:07:46,097 Narrator: GETTING LOST ON A STRANGE ROAD 174 00:07:46,099 --> 00:07:49,034 IN THE MIDDLE OF THE NIGHT IS NOT ANYONE'S IDEA OF FUN. 175 00:07:49,036 --> 00:07:52,437 BEING ABLE TO TELL WHERE WE'RE GOING IS ESSENTIAL 176 00:07:52,439 --> 00:07:54,639 AND NOT JUST FOR THE EVERYDAY DRIVER. 177 00:07:54,641 --> 00:07:57,042 IT IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT FOR A SOLDIER 178 00:07:57,044 --> 00:08:00,579 IN THE MIDDLE OF A HOSTILE LAND WITH LOW VISIBILITY. 179 00:08:00,581 --> 00:08:04,416 IN THOSE SITUATIONS, GETTING LOST CAN BE A DEATH SENTENCE. 180 00:08:06,319 --> 00:08:08,186 IT'S THE U.S. MILITARY WHO DEVELOPED 181 00:08:08,188 --> 00:08:10,589 AN EXTREMELY EFFECTIVE LOCATION SYSTEM 182 00:08:10,591 --> 00:08:13,324 THAT TODAY NOT ONLY ALLOWS SOLDIERS TO EVADE THE ENEMY, 183 00:08:13,326 --> 00:08:16,327 BUT ALSO ALLOWS US TO FIND OUR FAVORITE COFFEE SHOP -- 184 00:08:16,329 --> 00:08:17,863 SATELLITE NAVIGATION. 185 00:08:17,865 --> 00:08:20,732 THIS INCREDIBLE TECHNOLOGY ALLOWS US 186 00:08:20,734 --> 00:08:22,600 TO PINPOINT OUR EXACT LOCATION 187 00:08:22,602 --> 00:08:26,204 ON OUR PORTABLE ELECTRONIC DEVICES, 188 00:08:26,206 --> 00:08:29,007 THEY ALLOW US TO PLAN A JOURNEY 189 00:08:29,009 --> 00:08:31,609 TO FIND A PARTICULAR PLACE OR BUSINESS, 190 00:08:31,611 --> 00:08:33,612 AND EVEN TO BE ABLE TO LOCATE FRIENDS 191 00:08:33,614 --> 00:08:35,379 AND FAMILY MEMBERS. 192 00:08:35,381 --> 00:08:37,082 NOT TOO LONG AGO, THIS TECHNOLOGY 193 00:08:37,084 --> 00:08:39,751 WAS THE STUFF OF SCIENCE FICTION AND SPY MOVIES. 194 00:08:39,753 --> 00:08:41,352 BUT TODAY, IT HAS BECOME 195 00:08:41,354 --> 00:08:44,022 A COMMON PART OF OUR EVERYDAY LIVES. 196 00:08:44,024 --> 00:08:46,291 Halliday: NOT JUST IN PHONE TECHNOLOGY, 197 00:08:46,293 --> 00:08:50,428 BUT ALSO IT'S BECAUSE IT CAN TRACK PEOPLE OR ANIMALS, 198 00:08:50,430 --> 00:08:53,598 IT'S VERY USEFUL FOR A WHOLE RANGE OF OTHER ACTIVITIES. 199 00:08:53,600 --> 00:08:57,302 I MEAN, CERTAINLY THE ELECTRONIC TAGS FOR CRIMINALS, 200 00:08:57,304 --> 00:08:59,838 BUT ALSO, IN THE CONSERVATION ERA, 201 00:08:59,840 --> 00:09:02,574 PEOPLE WANT TO KNOW WHERE ANIMALS ARE MIGRATING TO, 202 00:09:02,576 --> 00:09:04,175 WHETHER IT'S POLAR BEARS -- 203 00:09:04,177 --> 00:09:06,778 I MEAN, A LOT OF RESEARCH HAS HAPPENED RECENTLY ON POLAR BEARS 204 00:09:06,780 --> 00:09:09,113 AND WHERE THEY'RE MOVING AND THE FACT THAT THE ICE FLOES 205 00:09:09,115 --> 00:09:10,515 ARE ALL REDUCING, ET CETERA. 206 00:09:10,517 --> 00:09:12,517 A LOT OF THAT IS DOWN TO A GPS CHIP, 207 00:09:12,519 --> 00:09:14,185 WHICH ARE FITTED, WHICH ARE UPDATING THEIR POSITION 208 00:09:14,187 --> 00:09:15,987 SO THEY DON'T GET LOST. 209 00:09:15,989 --> 00:09:18,657 Narrator: BUT HOW DOES THIS TECHNOLOGY ACTUALLY WORK? 210 00:09:18,659 --> 00:09:21,593 SATNAV WORKS USING A SYSTEM OF SATELLITES 211 00:09:21,595 --> 00:09:24,262 THAT PROVIDE AUTONOMOUS GEOSPATIAL POSITIONING 212 00:09:24,264 --> 00:09:25,597 WITH A GLOBAL COVERAGE. 213 00:09:25,599 --> 00:09:30,201 IT LITERALLY IS SATELLITE NAVIGATION. 214 00:09:30,203 --> 00:09:33,004 THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM, OR GPS, 215 00:09:33,006 --> 00:09:35,940 IS THE MOST USED SPACE-BASED SATELLITE NAVIGATION SYSTEM. 216 00:09:35,942 --> 00:09:38,543 IT WAS DESIGNED INITIALLY FOR MILITARY USE 217 00:09:38,545 --> 00:09:39,944 AT THE HEIGHT OF THE COLD WAR 218 00:09:39,946 --> 00:09:43,681 AND INSPIRED BY THE SOVIET SPACECRAFT SPUTNIK. 219 00:09:43,683 --> 00:09:46,151 GPS HAS GRADUALLY GROWN IN SIZE, 220 00:09:46,153 --> 00:09:47,885 WITH MORE SATELLITES BEING USED, 221 00:09:47,887 --> 00:09:51,089 GIVING THE MILITARY EVEN MORE ACCURATE GEOGRAPHICAL DATA 222 00:09:51,091 --> 00:09:53,024 THAT ALLOWS THEM TO PINPOINT BOTH THEIR OWN 223 00:09:53,026 --> 00:09:55,693 AND ALSO AN ENEMY'S EXACT POSITION. 224 00:09:55,695 --> 00:09:58,496 THERE ARE THREE PARTS TO THE NAVSTAR GPS SYSTEM -- 225 00:09:58,498 --> 00:10:00,364 THE NETWORK OF SATELLITES, 226 00:10:00,366 --> 00:10:02,767 A CONTROL STATION ON EARTH THAT MANAGES THE SATELLITES, 227 00:10:02,769 --> 00:10:04,769 AND YOUR RECEIVING DEVICE. 228 00:10:04,771 --> 00:10:07,572 THERE ARE 24 NAVSTAR SATELLITES, 229 00:10:07,574 --> 00:10:09,374 AND EACH ONE IS CONSTANTLY BEAMING OUT 230 00:10:09,376 --> 00:10:12,109 A RADIO WAVE SIGNAL TOWARDS EARTH. 231 00:10:12,111 --> 00:10:15,914 AND YOUR RECEIVER LISTENS OUT FOR THESE SIGNALS. 232 00:10:15,916 --> 00:10:17,748 EACH SIGNAL TRAVELS AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT 233 00:10:17,750 --> 00:10:20,452 AND CONTAINS INFORMATION ABOUT WHICH SATELLITE IT CAME FROM 234 00:10:20,454 --> 00:10:24,055 AND THE PRECISE TIME THAT IT WAS SENT. 235 00:10:24,057 --> 00:10:26,324 BECAUSE THESE SIGNALS TRAVEL AT THE SPEED OF THE LIGHT 236 00:10:26,326 --> 00:10:28,259 AND THE SATELLITES ARE IN KNOWN POSITIONS, 237 00:10:28,261 --> 00:10:30,128 YOUR RECEIVER CAN USE THIS INFORMATION 238 00:10:30,130 --> 00:10:32,197 TO PINPOINT ITS POSITION. 239 00:10:32,199 --> 00:10:34,065 SO, HOW DOES THE NETWORK 240 00:10:34,067 --> 00:10:36,668 OF SATELLITES PLOT YOUR EXACT LOCATION? 241 00:10:36,670 --> 00:10:39,003 USUALLY, YOUR GPS DEVICE WOULD NEED TO BE ABLE 242 00:10:39,005 --> 00:10:40,805 TO PICK UP FOUR SATELLITE SIGNALS 243 00:10:40,807 --> 00:10:44,342 AS A MINIMUM TO GIVE YOU AN ACCURATE POSITION. 244 00:10:44,344 --> 00:10:46,811 LET'S COLOR-CODE OUR FOUR SATELLITES IN RANGE -- 245 00:10:46,813 --> 00:10:50,081 RED, GREEN, BLUE, AND YELLOW. 246 00:10:50,083 --> 00:10:51,615 IF YOUR DEVICE IS PICKING UP A SIGNAL 247 00:10:51,617 --> 00:10:53,151 FROM THE RED SATELLITE, 248 00:10:53,153 --> 00:10:54,686 THEN WE KNOW ROUGHLY WHERE YOU ARE, 249 00:10:54,688 --> 00:10:56,287 BUT WE DO MEAN ROUGHLY. 250 00:10:56,289 --> 00:10:58,756 IF YOU ARE PICKING UP THE GREEN SATELLITE SIGNAL, 251 00:10:58,758 --> 00:11:01,025 THEN YOUR POSITION CAN BE NARROWED DOWN, 252 00:11:01,027 --> 00:11:03,627 BUT THERE IS STILL A FAIR DEGREE OF ERROR. 253 00:11:03,629 --> 00:11:05,830 ADD IN BLUE, AND WHERE THESE SIGNALS INTERSECT 254 00:11:05,832 --> 00:11:09,434 GIVES YOUR ACCURATE POSITION. 255 00:11:09,436 --> 00:11:11,635 FINALLY, IF YOUR ELEVATION IS NEEDED, 256 00:11:11,637 --> 00:11:13,304 THE YELLOW SIGNAL WILL TRIANGULATE 257 00:11:13,306 --> 00:11:15,874 WITH THE OTHER SATELLITES TO PROVIDE THAT INFORMATION. 258 00:11:17,711 --> 00:11:20,845 WITH SO MUCH WIDESPREAD USAGE AND SUCH RELIABILITY, 259 00:11:20,847 --> 00:11:23,515 THE SATNAV IS DEFINITELY STAYING WITH US. 260 00:11:23,517 --> 00:11:25,850 FOR THAT AND FOR ITS VERY BRIGHT FUTURE, 261 00:11:25,852 --> 00:11:28,252 THE SATNAV IS ONE OF OUR FAVORITE 262 00:11:28,254 --> 00:11:31,790 INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS. 263 00:11:31,792 --> 00:11:33,925 DO YOU KNOW HOW TO FIND YOUR WAY HOME 264 00:11:33,927 --> 00:11:36,460 WITHOUT USING GPS TECHNOLOGY? NO? 265 00:11:36,462 --> 00:11:39,397 WELL, WE'LL SHOW YOU HOW WHEN WE RETURN. 266 00:11:54,614 --> 00:11:58,083 Narrator: WE'VE SEEN THAT MODERN GPS TECHNOLOGY 267 00:11:58,085 --> 00:11:59,417 IS SIMPLE TO USE, 268 00:11:59,419 --> 00:12:02,554 POWERFUL, AND GETS US WHERE WE WANT TO GO FAST. 269 00:12:02,556 --> 00:12:05,890 BUT WHAT IF WE HAVEN'T GOT OUR GPS ON HAND 270 00:12:05,892 --> 00:12:07,958 AND WE'RE STUCK IN THE MIDDLE OF NOWHERE, 271 00:12:07,960 --> 00:12:10,227 THEN WHAT? NEVER FEAR. 272 00:12:10,229 --> 00:12:12,030 OUR INTREPID TESTER IS GOING TO SHOW YOU 273 00:12:12,032 --> 00:12:15,166 HOW TO NAVIGATE THE OLD-SCHOOL WAY. 274 00:12:15,168 --> 00:12:17,702 FIRST OFF, IF YOU'RE ORGANIZED, 275 00:12:17,704 --> 00:12:21,573 THEN YOU WILL HAVE A MAP AND COMPASS ON HAND. 276 00:12:21,575 --> 00:12:24,442 FIND YOUR POSITION AND NAVIGATE YOUR WAY OUT OF TROUBLE. 277 00:12:24,444 --> 00:12:26,243 JUST MAKE SURE YOU TAKE YOUR TIME 278 00:12:26,245 --> 00:12:28,646 TO ACCURATELY WORK OUT THE SURROUNDING FEATURES, 279 00:12:28,648 --> 00:12:30,114 BECAUSE A MISTAKE WILL MEAN 280 00:12:30,116 --> 00:12:33,785 YOU MIGHT HAVE TO RETRACE YOUR STEPS. 281 00:12:33,787 --> 00:12:36,921 BUT WHAT IF YOU HAVE NO COMPASS AND NO MAP? 282 00:12:36,923 --> 00:12:39,324 WHAT IF YOU FIND YOURSELF IN A FEATURELESS TERRAIN? 283 00:12:39,326 --> 00:12:42,994 DON'T PANIC. LET'S FIND NORTH. 284 00:12:42,996 --> 00:12:45,864 HAVE YOU GOT A WRISTWATCH? 285 00:12:45,866 --> 00:12:49,400 FIRST OF ALL, DO WE KNOW WHICH HEMISPHERE WE ARE IN? 286 00:12:49,402 --> 00:12:51,536 THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE, RIGHT. 287 00:12:51,538 --> 00:12:53,938 THEN POINT THE HOUR HAND AT THE SUN. 288 00:12:53,940 --> 00:12:55,206 SOUTH WILL BE HALFWAY 289 00:12:55,208 --> 00:12:57,408 BETWEEN THE HOUR HAND AND 12 O'CLOCK. 290 00:12:57,410 --> 00:13:00,211 SO IF WE FACE THAT SOUTHERLY DIRECTION, 291 00:13:00,213 --> 00:13:01,613 WE KNOW THAT NORTH IS BEHIND US, 292 00:13:01,615 --> 00:13:05,616 AND EAST IS TO OUR LEFT, AND WEST IS TO OUR RIGHT. 293 00:13:05,618 --> 00:13:07,418 ONCE WE HAVE ESTABLISHED OUR COMPASS POINTS, 294 00:13:07,420 --> 00:13:08,887 WE CAN THEN DECIDE WHICH WAY WE NEED 295 00:13:08,889 --> 00:13:11,222 TO WALK TO GET TO SAFETY. 296 00:13:11,224 --> 00:13:13,490 AND IF YOU FIND YOURSELF IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE, 297 00:13:13,492 --> 00:13:15,293 THEN YOU CAN USE THE EXACT SAME METHOD, 298 00:13:15,295 --> 00:13:18,763 BUT YOU'LL BE FACING NORTH RATHER THAN SOUTH. 299 00:13:18,765 --> 00:13:22,366 BUT WHAT IF YOU HAVE A DIGITAL WATCH OR NONE AT ALL? 300 00:13:22,368 --> 00:13:23,767 FEAR NOT. 301 00:13:23,769 --> 00:13:28,106 CAN YOU FIND A STICK OR A LONG, THIN, STRAIGHT OBJECT? 302 00:13:28,108 --> 00:13:29,707 PUSH THE STICK INTO THE GROUND 303 00:13:29,709 --> 00:13:31,309 AND PLACE A ROCK OR OBJECT 304 00:13:31,311 --> 00:13:33,911 AT THE TOP OF THE SHADOW THAT IT CASTS. 305 00:13:33,913 --> 00:13:35,713 WAIT 15 MINUTES, THEN YOU WILL NOTICE 306 00:13:35,715 --> 00:13:38,316 THAT THE SHADOW HAS MOVED. 307 00:13:38,318 --> 00:13:40,518 NOW MARK THE NEW POSITION. 308 00:13:40,520 --> 00:13:41,653 BECAUSE THE SUN RISES 309 00:13:41,655 --> 00:13:43,254 IN THE EAST AND SETS IN THE WEST, 310 00:13:43,256 --> 00:13:45,789 THE FIRST POSITION IS YOUR WEST POINT 311 00:13:45,791 --> 00:13:48,259 AND THE SECOND IS YOUR EAST. 312 00:13:48,261 --> 00:13:51,195 IF YOU DRAW A STRAIGHT LINE BETWEEN THE TWO POINTS 313 00:13:51,197 --> 00:13:53,064 AND ANOTHER LINE THAT BISECTS THE FIRST, 314 00:13:53,066 --> 00:13:57,602 THEN YOU'LL HAVE CREATED A NORTH-SOUTH, EAST-WEST AXIS. 315 00:13:57,604 --> 00:14:00,538 YOU CAN NOW START TO MOVE IN THE DIRECTION YOU NEED. 316 00:14:04,010 --> 00:14:06,878 THE 1960s, THE DECADE THAT IMMEDIATELY 317 00:14:06,880 --> 00:14:08,813 CONJURES UP IMAGES OF BRIGHT COLOR, 318 00:14:08,815 --> 00:14:10,081 FLOWER POWER, 319 00:14:10,083 --> 00:14:12,550 FASHION INNOVATIONS, AND FREEDOM. 320 00:14:12,552 --> 00:14:15,019 IT'S ALSO A TIME OF GREAT CONFLICTS 321 00:14:15,021 --> 00:14:18,823 AND A TIME WHEN THE SUPERPOWERS LOOKED TOWARDS THE STARS. 322 00:14:18,825 --> 00:14:21,826 YES, THE SPACE RACE IS IN FULL SWING 323 00:14:21,828 --> 00:14:23,695 WITH THE SOVIET UNION AND UNITED STATES 324 00:14:23,697 --> 00:14:26,831 FOCUSING THEIR RESOURCES INTO THE DREAM OF THE TIME, 325 00:14:26,833 --> 00:14:29,233 TO LAND A MAN ON THE MOON. 326 00:14:29,235 --> 00:14:32,770 TELEVISION SCREENS ARE FILLED WITH IMAGES OF PLANETS, 327 00:14:32,772 --> 00:14:34,972 SATELLITES, SPACE SUITS, AND ROCKETS. 328 00:14:34,974 --> 00:14:37,574 IT'S NO SURPRISE THAT THE SPACE RACE 329 00:14:37,576 --> 00:14:39,310 EVENTUALLY INFLUENCES DESIGN 330 00:14:39,312 --> 00:14:41,512 AND FASHION ACROSS THE WORLD. 331 00:14:41,514 --> 00:14:44,715 THE ROCKET SHIP HAD BECOME AN ICON OF A GENERATION, 332 00:14:44,717 --> 00:14:47,118 AND A WHOLE NEW ONE WAS BORN WITH IT. 333 00:14:47,120 --> 00:14:49,853 ENTER THE LAVA LAMP. 334 00:14:49,855 --> 00:14:52,656 PICTURE ANY CLASSIC 1960s HOUSEHOLD, 335 00:14:52,658 --> 00:14:54,058 AND THERE'S PROBABLY A LAVA LAMP 336 00:14:54,060 --> 00:14:55,927 SITTING THERE SOMEWHERE. 337 00:14:55,929 --> 00:14:59,464 BUT WHO DREAMED UP THESE ICONIC ORNAMENTS IN THE FIRST PLACE? 338 00:14:59,466 --> 00:15:02,734 BRITISH INVENTOR AND ECCENTRIC EDWARD CRAVEN WALKER 339 00:15:02,736 --> 00:15:04,401 COMES UP WITH THE LAVA LAMP IDEA 340 00:15:04,403 --> 00:15:06,136 WHILE SITTING IN HIS LOCAL PUB 341 00:15:06,138 --> 00:15:11,342 WATCHING A NEWLY DESIGNED EGG TIMER BUBBLE AWAY ON THE STOVE. 342 00:15:11,344 --> 00:15:12,877 Granger: HE'D SPENT YEARS 343 00:15:12,879 --> 00:15:15,279 FORMULATING THIS EGG TIMER INTO A LAMP. 344 00:15:15,281 --> 00:15:18,683 AND THEN, HE EVENTUALLY WORKED OUT HOW TO MAKE IT HAPPEN. 345 00:15:18,685 --> 00:15:21,552 HE LAUNCHED IT IN 1963 HERE IN POOLE. 346 00:15:21,554 --> 00:15:25,289 HE HAD A LITTLE VAN CALLED SMOKEY 347 00:15:25,291 --> 00:15:28,359 WITH A PICTURE OF AN ASTRO ON THE SIDE, 348 00:15:28,361 --> 00:15:31,562 AND THEY USED TO DRIVE AROUND THE COUNTRY SELLING LAVA LAMPS 349 00:15:31,564 --> 00:15:34,131 FROM THE BACK OF THIS VAN. BUT THEY DID WELL. 350 00:15:34,133 --> 00:15:36,834 THEY MANAGED TO GET THEM INTO SELFRIDGES AND HABITAT 351 00:15:36,836 --> 00:15:38,302 AND ALL SORTS OF PLACES, 352 00:15:38,304 --> 00:15:41,639 SO IT MUST HAVE BEEN QUITE FUN IN THOSE EARLY DAYS. 353 00:15:41,641 --> 00:15:44,441 Narrator: HOW IS THE ICONIC LAVA LAMP MADE? 354 00:15:44,443 --> 00:15:47,245 A MANUFACTURER SHOWS US WHEN WE RETURN. 355 00:15:59,059 --> 00:16:02,260 Narrator: AFTER TRAVELING AROUND ENGLAND IN HIS VAN NAMED SMOKEY, 356 00:16:02,262 --> 00:16:04,795 EDWARD CRAVEN WALKER FINDS GREAT SUCCESS 357 00:16:04,797 --> 00:16:08,465 IN GETTING THE WORD OUT ABOUT HIS GROOVY NEW IDEA. 358 00:16:08,467 --> 00:16:10,668 IT'S THEN THAT THE MATHMOS LAMPS IS FOUNDED 359 00:16:10,670 --> 00:16:15,406 AND BEGINS PRODUCING THE NOW WORLD-FAMOUS ASTRO LAMP. 360 00:16:15,408 --> 00:16:18,076 THE SCIENCE BEHIND THIS ICONIC INVENTION IS QUITE SIMPLE, 361 00:16:18,078 --> 00:16:21,479 BUT NO LESS AMAZING. 362 00:16:21,481 --> 00:16:24,281 INSIDE THE LAMP ARE BLOBS OF WAX WHICH, 363 00:16:24,283 --> 00:16:25,950 WHEN HEATED BY THE INCANDESCENT BULB, 364 00:16:25,952 --> 00:16:27,551 CHANGES IN DENSITY, 365 00:16:27,553 --> 00:16:30,555 MAKING THE WAX RISE AND FALL IN THICK GLOBULES, 366 00:16:30,557 --> 00:16:32,423 GIVING THE IMPRESSION OF LAVA. 367 00:16:32,425 --> 00:16:35,359 FAST-FORWARD TO TODAY AND THE LAVA LAMP 368 00:16:35,361 --> 00:16:36,961 IS STILL AS POPULAR AS EVER. 369 00:16:36,963 --> 00:16:40,565 AND ITS MANUFACTURE PROCESS IS JUST AS GROOVY. 370 00:16:43,102 --> 00:16:45,035 THE BASE AND CAP FOR THE LAVA LAMP 371 00:16:45,037 --> 00:16:46,504 ARE MADE FROM SPUN ALUMINUM 372 00:16:46,506 --> 00:16:50,774 AT THE NEWTEC SPINNING FACILITY IN DEVON, ENGLAND. 373 00:16:50,776 --> 00:16:53,311 COMBINING CONTEMPORARY TECHNOLOGY AND MANUFACTURING 374 00:16:53,313 --> 00:16:55,112 TECHNIQUES WITH TRADITIONAL METHODS, 375 00:16:55,114 --> 00:16:57,648 THE FULLY-AUTOMATED METAL-SPINNING ROBOTS 376 00:16:57,650 --> 00:16:58,916 ARE ABLE TO PRODUCE THE BASE 377 00:16:58,918 --> 00:17:01,919 AND CAPS FOR THE LAVA LAMPS WITH SPEED AND PRECISION. 378 00:17:01,921 --> 00:17:05,056 THIS MEANS THAT THEY WILL BE EXACTLY THE RIGHT FIT 379 00:17:05,058 --> 00:17:06,724 WHEN COMBINED WITH THE GLASS BOTTLES 380 00:17:06,726 --> 00:17:10,995 THAT GIVE THE LAVA LAMPS THEIR FAMOUS ROCKET SHIP LOOK. 381 00:17:10,997 --> 00:17:14,598 ONCE THE ALUMINUM IS SPUN TO THE CORRECT SHAPE AND SIZE, 382 00:17:14,600 --> 00:17:16,667 THEY'RE POLISHED AND THEN SUB-ASSEMBLED 383 00:17:16,669 --> 00:17:18,736 WITH A CORD SET AND BULB, 384 00:17:18,738 --> 00:17:22,406 READY TO BE MATCHED UP WITH THE GLASS BOTTLES. 385 00:17:22,408 --> 00:17:23,808 THE CRYSTAL-CLEAR BOTTLES 386 00:17:23,810 --> 00:17:26,277 ARE PRODUCED AT THE STOLZLE FLACONNAGE GLASS FACTORY 387 00:17:26,279 --> 00:17:27,945 IN WEST YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND. 388 00:17:27,947 --> 00:17:30,147 WITH OVER A CENTURY OF EXPERIENCE BEHIND IT, 389 00:17:30,149 --> 00:17:31,949 THE FACTORY HAS BECOME A STATE-OF-THE-ART 390 00:17:31,951 --> 00:17:33,551 GLASS PRODUCTION FACILITY. 391 00:17:33,553 --> 00:17:35,085 THE BOTTLES FOR THE LAVA LAMPS 392 00:17:35,087 --> 00:17:37,955 ARE MADE ON A FULLY-AUTOMATED PRODUCTION LINE. 393 00:17:37,957 --> 00:17:39,357 GLASS IS MADE HERE BY HEATING 394 00:17:39,359 --> 00:17:41,892 AND COMBINING SEVERAL NATURAL RAW MATERIALS, 395 00:17:41,894 --> 00:17:44,695 THE MAIN INGREDIENT BEING SILICA SAND. 396 00:17:44,697 --> 00:17:47,098 THESE ARE THEN COMBINED AND HEATED 397 00:17:47,100 --> 00:17:49,300 TO EXTREMELY HIGH TEMPERATURES IN A FURNACE 398 00:17:49,302 --> 00:17:53,237 THAT CAN REACH UPWARDS OF 3,000 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT. 399 00:17:53,239 --> 00:17:55,039 THE HUGE FURNACE IS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING 400 00:17:55,041 --> 00:17:58,976 110 MILLION GLASS CONTAINERS A YEAR. 401 00:17:58,978 --> 00:18:02,246 THIS PRODUCES A GOOEY LIQUID OF MOLTEN GLASS THAT POURS 402 00:18:02,248 --> 00:18:04,248 OUT OF THE FURNACE AND THROUGH SHEARS 403 00:18:04,250 --> 00:18:06,250 THAT CUT THE GLASS INTO CYLINDERS, 404 00:18:06,252 --> 00:18:07,652 READY TO BE DROPPED INTO THE MOLDS 405 00:18:07,654 --> 00:18:10,320 OF THE BOTTOM-FORMING MACHINES. 406 00:18:10,322 --> 00:18:12,523 THESE MACHINES CAN SHAPE THE GLASS 407 00:18:12,525 --> 00:18:13,924 IN A MATTER OF SECONDS. 408 00:18:13,926 --> 00:18:16,627 AND THAT GIVES THEM THE RECOGNIZABLE BOTTLE SHAPE. 409 00:18:19,933 --> 00:18:23,000 THE BOTTLES ARE THEN COOLED AT A CONTROLLED RATE IN A LAIR 410 00:18:23,002 --> 00:18:26,804 TO ENSURE THEY DON'T CRACK FROM TEMPERATURE SHOCK. 411 00:18:26,806 --> 00:18:29,006 THE BOTTLES ARE INDIVIDUALLY CHECKED BY HAND 412 00:18:29,008 --> 00:18:30,541 THROUGHOUT PRODUCTION TO ENSURE 413 00:18:30,543 --> 00:18:32,710 THEY'RE OF THE BEST POSSIBLE QUALITY. 414 00:18:34,947 --> 00:18:37,948 THEY ARE THEN TESTED TO ENSURE THEY ARE EXACTLY THE RIGHT SIZE, 415 00:18:37,950 --> 00:18:39,784 WEIGHT, AND STRENGTH. 416 00:18:45,958 --> 00:18:47,892 AFTER ONE LAST VISUAL CHECK, 417 00:18:47,894 --> 00:18:50,428 THEY ARE THEN BOXED UP AND SENT ON THEIR WAY, 418 00:18:50,430 --> 00:18:53,830 READY TO BE TURNED INTO LAVA LAMPS. 419 00:18:53,832 --> 00:18:56,300 UPON ARRIVAL AT THE MATHMOS HEADQUARTERS IN DORSET, 420 00:18:56,302 --> 00:18:58,969 THE RAW BOTTLES ARE CAREFULLY INSPECTED BY HAND 421 00:18:58,971 --> 00:19:00,638 AND QUALITY RECHECKED. 422 00:19:00,640 --> 00:19:03,240 THE ACTUAL LAVA COMPONENT OF THE LAMPS 423 00:19:03,242 --> 00:19:04,842 IS MADE UP OF A WAX FORMULA, 424 00:19:04,844 --> 00:19:06,644 THE EXACT INGREDIENTS OF WHICH REMAIN 425 00:19:06,646 --> 00:19:09,447 A CLOSELY GUARDED SECRET TO THIS DAY. 426 00:19:09,449 --> 00:19:13,184 THE NEXT STEP IS TO MIX THE FORMULA IN A LARGE VAT. 427 00:19:13,186 --> 00:19:17,487 THIS VAT CAN PRODUCE 300 LAMPS' WORTH OF WAX PER BATCH. 428 00:19:17,489 --> 00:19:20,390 THE BOTTLES ARE THEN TREATED WITH A SOLUTION IN ORDER 429 00:19:20,392 --> 00:19:23,260 TO PREVENT THE WAX FROM CLINGING TO THE SIDES. 430 00:19:23,262 --> 00:19:26,063 WHEN THIS IS COMPLETED, THE RAW BOTTLES ARE INJECTED 431 00:19:26,065 --> 00:19:28,799 WITH THE ALL-IMPORTANT WARM WAX FROM THE VAT 432 00:19:28,801 --> 00:19:31,669 BEFORE BEING WEIGHED TO ENSURE EXACTLY THE PRECISE AMOUNT 433 00:19:31,671 --> 00:19:34,004 OF WAX IS BEING USED. 434 00:19:34,006 --> 00:19:37,675 NEXT UP IS A KEY ELEMENT IN THE LAMP'S CREATION. 435 00:19:37,677 --> 00:19:39,543 A METAL COIL OR SPRING 436 00:19:39,545 --> 00:19:41,745 IS DROPPED INTO EACH OF THE BOTTLES. 437 00:19:41,747 --> 00:19:44,348 THIS SPRING IS VITAL TO THE LAVA LAMP'S FUNCTIONALITY. 438 00:19:44,350 --> 00:19:47,685 THE SPRING ACTS AS A HEATING ELEMENT, 439 00:19:47,687 --> 00:19:50,888 AND ALSO, IT BREAKS THE SURFACE TENSION UP OF THE WAX. 440 00:19:50,890 --> 00:19:52,623 IF YOU DIDN'T HAVE THE SPRING IN, 441 00:19:52,625 --> 00:19:55,159 THEN ALL YOU WOULD HAVE IS JUST A BALL OF WAX 442 00:19:55,161 --> 00:19:57,428 FLOATING IN THE MIDDLE, NOT DOING ANYTHING. 443 00:19:57,430 --> 00:20:00,497 Narrator: THE BOTTLES ARE NOW FILLED WITH THE MASTER FLUID, 444 00:20:00,499 --> 00:20:02,432 ANOTHER VERY CLOSELY GUARDED SECRET, 445 00:20:02,434 --> 00:20:05,903 ALTHOUGH WE ARE TOLD IT IS WATER-BASED. 446 00:20:05,905 --> 00:20:07,904 ONCE THE MASTER FLUID HAS BEEN ADDED, 447 00:20:07,906 --> 00:20:09,707 THE NEWLY FILLED BOTTLES ARE SUBMERGED 448 00:20:09,709 --> 00:20:11,375 INTO A TANK OF WARM WATER 449 00:20:11,377 --> 00:20:13,978 AT A TEMPERATURE OF 161 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT. 450 00:20:13,980 --> 00:20:15,980 DOING THIS WARMS THE WAX, 451 00:20:15,982 --> 00:20:19,050 MAKING IT SIT NEAT AND LEVEL AT THE BOTTOM OF THE BOTTLE. 452 00:20:19,052 --> 00:20:20,784 AS WELL AS ENSURING THE WAX IS NEAT, 453 00:20:20,786 --> 00:20:23,654 THIS TANKING PROCESS ALSO SHOCK TESTS THE BOTTLES 454 00:20:23,656 --> 00:20:25,189 AND ENSURES THE FINISHED LAMPS 455 00:20:25,191 --> 00:20:28,191 WILL WITHSTAND BEING TAKEN FROM COOL TO WARM TEMPERATURES. 456 00:20:28,193 --> 00:20:31,862 THE BOTTLES ARE THEN LEFT TO COOL OVERNIGHT. 457 00:20:34,067 --> 00:20:36,533 NOW THAT THE BOTTLES ARE AT THE CORRECT LIQUID LEVEL 458 00:20:36,535 --> 00:20:40,404 TO ENSURE A SAFETY AIR GAP, IT'S TIME TO SEAL THE CAPS. 459 00:20:40,406 --> 00:20:44,141 HOT GLUE IS PUMPED ONTO THE THREADS OF THE GLASS. 460 00:20:44,143 --> 00:20:46,611 A COMPRESSION TOOL THEN TIGHTENS THE CAPS. 461 00:20:49,749 --> 00:20:51,882 AFTER ONE FINAL QUALITY CONTROL TEST, 462 00:20:51,884 --> 00:20:53,950 THE BOTTLES ARE CLEANED, THEN FULLY ASSEMBLED 463 00:20:53,952 --> 00:20:56,153 WITH THE METAL BASE AND CAP. 464 00:20:56,155 --> 00:20:57,954 THEY'RE NOW READY TO BE PACKED 465 00:20:57,956 --> 00:21:00,157 AND DISTRIBUTED TO CUSTOMERS WORLDWIDE, 466 00:21:00,159 --> 00:21:04,895 AS POPULAR NOW AS THEY WERE OVER 50 YEARS AGO. 467 00:21:04,897 --> 00:21:07,030 SO THERE YOU HAVE IT, 468 00:21:07,032 --> 00:21:08,566 A GLANCE THROUGH THE HIDDEN HISTORY 469 00:21:08,568 --> 00:21:10,767 AND SUPER SCIENCE OF SOME AMAZING PRODUCTS 470 00:21:10,769 --> 00:21:12,637 THAT YOU USE EVERY DAY -- 471 00:21:12,639 --> 00:21:15,172 THE TAXICAB, SATELLITE NAVIGATION, 472 00:21:15,174 --> 00:21:16,774 AND THE LAVA LAMP. 473 00:21:16,776 --> 00:21:18,642 THEY MAY SEEM COMMON AND ORDINARY. 474 00:21:18,644 --> 00:21:21,112 HOWEVER, THESE PRODUCTS HELPED CHANGE THE WORLD 475 00:21:21,114 --> 00:21:30,602 ONE INCREDIBLE INVENTION AT A TIME. 52484

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